Forecasting ERP implementations in the US public sector

7/26/2019 Forecasting ERP implementations in the US public sector

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Universidad Popular

Autnoma del Estado de

Puebla

DOCTORATE IN

INFORMATION TECHNOO!IE" AND DECI""ION"

ANA#"I"

DOCTORAL PROTOCOLDra$ Maria del Ro%&o !uadalupe

Morales "al'adoPro(e%t) Forecasting ERP implementation results for

US public sector, applying predictive methodologies

eopoldo Re*es CarballoID) +++,-+.

Es%ondido/ Cali0ornia/ Ma* 12t3/ 451.$

Table o0 Contents

Introdu%tion +

T3eme 4T3emati% 4Problem 4Problemati% 4"%ope 56usti0i%ation 5Ob(e%tive 5"pe%i0i% Ob(e%tives 5Re0erential 0rame7or8 6Con%ept map 10Con%eptual 0rame7or8 11


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PROJECT REYES

Met3od 22H*pot3eses 36C3apters 37Met3odolo'* 39Re0eren%es 40

Introdu%tion

The implementation process o an !RP s"stem has #een lac$in% an aecti&e an'relia#le metho'olo%"( )hich has ca*se' a hi%h rate o aile' implementations+ Accor'in%to the cons*ltin% irm ,artner( this rate is *p to 75-+

This research has the o#.ecti&e o i'enti"in%( anal"/in% an' correlatin% the &ario*scritical actors )hich lea' to a s*ccess*l !RP implementation+ The metho'olo%" or thisresearch )ill #e mie' an' correlational #eca*se o the s*#.ecti&e nat*re orespon'ents opinions a#o*t the consi'erations o those critical actors( to theo#.ecti&eness o processin% o the 'ata compile' #" the s*r&e"s( an' to the anal"sis that)ill #e perorme' to in' o*t ho) those critical actors are interrelate'+

ore than a hal o the !RP implementations ha&e aile' '*e to actors s*ch asina'e*ate plannin% o technolo%"( *ser inte%ration( trainin%( #*'%et an' lac$ o propers$ills eheshti( la"loc$( en'erson an' Lollar( 2014+ Asemil( Da&arpanah an' Re/a2010 state )hen the critical actors are properl" a''resse' there ma" #ea si%niicantimpro&ement to the implementation o a pro.ect+ 8ranmanesh( ho'a'a'i( an' :a%ho*#i;Panah 2011 'e&elope' a rame)or$ or a *//";ne*ral epert s"stem to e&al*ate theris$s o the !RP implementations( the res*lts o their )or$ ma" help the 'ecision ma$ers

)hen comparin% 'ierent pro.ects o*tcomes+

2


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T3eme

This propose' research is inten'e' to in' a scientiic metho' to orecast or pre'ict aP*#lic


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Pre-Project REYES

intelli%ence to 'isco&er implementation errors( learn o s*ccess*l cases an' ela#orate#est practices in the implementation process an' impro&e the s*ccess rate>

Problemati%

1+ o) to correlate the critical actors in the !RPs implementations>2+ o) to pre'ict the res*lts o an !RP implementation *sin% its critical actors

)ei%hts>3+ ase' on the pre'ictions( ho) to a'.*st an !RP implementation plans tas$s to

ins*re s*ccess>

"%ope

The scope o this research proposal is limite' to the ollo)in% aspects=

Spatial= This research )ill #e con'*cte' in the ?nite'


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Pre-Project REYES

Determine technolo%ical an' h*man actor )hich inter&ene in the !RP

implementations+ Anal"/e the importance o aore mentione' actors )ithin the !RP implementation

process+ Pon'er the aore mentione' actors assi%nin% them a )ei%ht #ase' on pre&io*s

eperiences o !RP implementations+ Correlation o aore mentione' actors 8'enti" en&ironmental con'itions )hich aect the aore mentione' actors '*rin% the

!RP implementation process+ Propose a he*ristics techni*e o artiicial intelli%ence to learn rom pre&io*s ail*res+ Create a metho'olo%" #ase' on aore mentione' learnin%+

Re0erential 0rame7or8

,o&ernment has #een slo)l" a'optin% the 8< strate%ies rom the pri&ate;sector techcompanies+ The a'option o the e# 2+0 stan'ar' an' its interacti&e components hasena#le' the %o&ernment to pro&i'e its citi/ens )ith more an' more online( )ireless an'mo#ile tools to 'o #*siness an' interact )ith their %o&ernment+ Citi/ens are moreen%a%e' an' )ant a%reater &oice )ith )hichto transorm the )a" %o&ernment 'eli&ersser&ices to them+ eca*se the %o&ernment in&estment in 8T is *n'er p*#lic scr*tin"(%o&ernment mana%ement has #een &er" ca*tio*s a#o*t ho) the" spen' tapa"erpro&i'e' *n'in%+

The 8normation


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Pre-Project REYES

emplo"ees an' pri&ate;sector tech companies( an' its p*rpose is #rin%in% inno&ati&etools to allo) Co*nt" to sol&e pro#lems *sin% the technolo%" an' empo)erin%%o&ernment emplo"ees to #e more pro'*cti&e sa&in% tapa"ers mone" FACO( 2011( p+2+

The Co*nt" o


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Pre-Project REYES

The p*#lic sector ser&ices can #e 'eine' as Bacti&ities *se' to satis" p*#lic nee's()here#" the *n'amental &al*es o mo'ern 'emocratic societies are achie&e'+elemen( 2014( p+ 1537+ To in' Ba s*ita#le metho'olo%" or proper coor'ination o#*siness processes an' ser&ices is an essential %oal or Local %o&ernments Attila(alK/s( Oros/ Oros/( 2012( p+ 119+ There are man" platorms an' s"stems that the%o&ernment can implement to han'le its #*siness acti&ities an' ali%ns its #*siness an'

8< strate%ies to%ether+ o)e&er( an enterprise )i'e stan'ar'i/e' an' pac$e' s"stemcalle' !RP is the #est option to achie&e %o&ernment %oals to pro&i'e eicientl" p*#licser&ices to its citi/ens+

The !RP sot)are )as intro'*ce' in the 1990s eheshti( la"loc$( en'erson "Lollar( 2014 an' its *tili/ation #" mi' to lar%e si/e companies has #een increase' '*rin%the last 'eca'e+ The man*act*rin% irms )ere the irst *sin% the !RP s"stemsinte%ratin% the )hole irm process into one 'istri#*te'( share' an' sin%le entr" point8


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Pre-Project REYES

Fi'ure 4 A%%ela Civi% Plat0orm

@i%*re 2+ A'apte' rom Bhat Does the Ci&ic Platorm ean to e> #" M+


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Pre-Project REYES

implementations an' their res*lts mi%ht help 'ecision ma$ers to compare 'ierentpro.ects+Con%ept Map

9


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2


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3


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4


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Con%eptual 0rame7or8

1$ Fa%tors

6


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Pre-Project REYES

4$1$Components

!RP s"stem #*il'in% #loc$s+

4$1$1$ Hard7are

Comp*ter e*ipment or enterin%( processin% an' o*tp*ttin% inormation+

4$1$1$1$ "ervers

Fet)or$s no'es pro&i'in% ser&ices to other no'es calle' clients+

4$1$1$1$1$ Appli%ation

4$1$1$1$4$ @eb

4$1$1$1$+$ Data bases

4$1$1$4$ Net7or8s

Telecomm*nications Fet)or$ )hich allo)s comp*ters to !chan%e an'share 'ata+

4$1$1$4$1$ Fire7alls

Fet)or$


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Pre-Project REYES

Pro%rams or instr*ctions %i&en to a comp*ter+ These pro%rams an'instr*ctions allo) the comp*ter to process the inormation+

4$1$4$1$ Operatin' "*stem


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Pre-Project REYES

4$4$1$ Publi%

The publi% se%toris the part o the econom" concerne' )ith pro&i'in% &ario*s

%o&ernmental ser&ices+

4$4$1$1$ Consultants

Proessionals )ho pro&i'e epert a'&ice in the comp*ter sciences an'#*siness ana%ement areas+

4$4$1$1$1$ HP

4$4$1$1$4$ A%%enture

4$4$1$1$+$ Deloitte

4$4$1$1$-$ C!I

4$4$1$4$ =endors

!nterprise that contri#*tes %oo's or ser&ices+

4$4$1$4$1$ A%%ela

Lea'er pro&i'er or %o&ernment


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Pre-Project REYES

!nterprise that contri#*tes %oo's or ser&ices+

4$4$4$1$1$ Ora%le

4$4$4$1$4$ Mi%roso0t

4$4$4$1$+$ I:M

4$4$4$1$-$ Tress

4$4$4$4$ Consultants

Proessionals )ho pro&i'e epert a'&ice in the comp*ter sciences an'#*siness ana%ement areas+

4$4$4$+$ Industr*

8n'*str" is the pro'*ction o %oo's or relate' ser&ices )ithinan econom"+

4$4$4$+$1$ :an8s

4$4$4$+$4$ Insuran%e %ompanies

4$4$4$+$+$ Utilities %ompanies

Pri&ate companies that pro&i'es ser&ices to the p*#lic+

4$4$4$+$+$1$ !as

4$4$4$+$+$4$ Ele%tri%it*

4$+$T*pes

4$+$1$ Hi'3l* %ustomi?ed

8t is 'eine' as #*il'in% c*stom eat*res #" *sin% stan'ar's pro%rammin%lan%*a%es or the !RP s"stems lan%*a%e( chan%in% the !RP s"stemco'e( an'or incl*'in% thir';part" pac$a%es that re*ire some 'e%ree opro%rammin% to implement+

4$+$1$1$1$ T3ird part* %omponents

12


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Pre-Project REYES

8T epert *sers )ho pro&i'e technical s*pport to en' *sers+

4$-$1$1$1$ Remote session tools

4$-$1$1$4$ P3one

4$-$1$1$+$ Email

4$-$4$ E


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Pre-Project REYES

8t is a s"stematic approach to help an or%ani/ation optimi/e its *n'erl"in%processes to achie&e more eicient res*lts+

4$,$1$1$ Operations %ontrol

4$,$1$4$ De%isions ma8in' pro%ess speed improved

4$,$4$ Costs redu%tion

A more eicient a'ministration normall" lea's to sa&e mone" an' eorts+

4$,$+$ Contribute to ot3er areas

An !RP s"stem pro&i'es impro&ements in other or%ani/ation areas s*chas inter'epartmental comm*nication( #*siness processesstan'ar'i/ation( transparenc"( etc+

4$,$+$1$ "tandardi?ation

4$,$+$4$ Transparen%*

4$,$+$+$ E9%ommer%e

4$.$:usiness reuirements

8t represents the or%ani/ation or client hi%h le&el %oals or an a*tomate' s"stem+

4$.$1$ Fun%tional

@*nctional re*irements epress the nat*re o the s"stem #eha&ior+

4$.$4$ Non Fun%tional

These re*irements 'eine ho) the s"stem sho*l' #e+

4$.$4$1$ Or'ani?ational spe%i0i%ations

Re*irements %i&en #" the or%ani/ation an' 'epen' hea&il" on the

speciic nee's o the 'ierent #*siness processes+

4$.$4$1$1$ Or'ani?ational politi%s

4$.$4$1$4$ Pro%edures

4$.$4$4$ Produ%ts

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Pre-Project REYES

Re*irements that &en'or nee's to ollo) to ma$e a pro'*ctm*ltiplatorm( porta#le an' ha&in% %oo' perormance+

4$.$4$4$1$ Per0orman%e

4$.$4$4$4$ Portabilit*

4$.$4$4$+$ A%%ountabilit*

4$.$4$4$-$ Usabilit*

4$.$4$4$,$ "pa%e

4$.$4$+$ E


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Pre-Project REYES

!RPs lon%( mi''le an' short terms #eneits+

4$2$1$4$1$ E%onomi%

4$2$1$4$4$ Operational

4$2$4$ "u%%ess

4$2$4$1$ Impa%t

!RPs lon%( mi''le an' short terms #eneits+

4$2$4$1$1$ E%onomi%

4$2$4$1$4$ Operational

4$2$4$4$ Rate

4$2$4$4$1$ 4,9.5

4$$Maintenan%e

!RP post;8mplementation ser&ices to maintain the s"stem *p'ate'( in %oo'shape an' )ith all the nee'e' impro&ements+

4$$1$ Maintenan%e

!RP post;8mplementation ser&ices to maintain the s"stem *p'ate'( in

%oo' shape an' )ith all the nee'e' impro&ements+

4$$1$1$ Ora%le

4$$1$4$ ""R"

4$$1$+$ Cr*stal

4$$1$-$ BM

4$$4$ Con0i'uration

Process *se' to t*ne *p an !RP s"stem accor'in%l" to the clients nee'san' speciications+

4$$4$1$ "*stem

17


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Pre-Project REYES

8aa< reers to online ser&ices that a#stract the *ser rom the 'etails oinrastr*ct*re li$e ph"sical comp*tin% reso*rces( location( 'atapartitionin%( scalin%( sec*rit"( #ac$*p etc+

4$11$4$4$ Implementation model

Clo*' implementation mo'el that allo)s on 'eman' access oconi%*ra#le comp*ter reso*rces( thro*%h a Fet)or$( *#i*ito*sl"(eicientl" an' con&enientl"( )hich can pro&isione' *ic$l" an'release' )ith a minim*m a'ministration an' interaction eort )iththe ser&ice pro&i'er+

4$11$4$4$1$ Publi%

4$11$4$4$4$ Private

4$11$4$4$+$ Communit*

4$11$4$4$-$ H*brid

4$14$ P3ases

Or%ani/ation acti&ities or a'optin%( a'ministerin% an' ma$in% an !RPimplementation a ro*tine+

4$14$1$1$ Pro(e%t or'ani?ation

4$14$1$4$ Data preparation

4$14$1$+$ !o9live

4$14$1$-$ Testin'

4$14$1$,$ Anal*sis

4$14$1$.$ Desi'n

+$ Fore%astin'

@orecastin%is the process o ma$in% pre'ictions o the *t*re #ase' on past an'

present 'ata an' anal"sis o tren's+

20


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Pre-Project REYES

+$1$Heuristi%s

8t is an" approach to pro#lem sol&in%( learnin%( or 'isco&er" that emplo"s apractical metho' not %*arantee' to #e optimal or perect( #*t s*icient or theimme'iate %oals+

+$1$1$ Arti0i%ial intelli'en%e

Aca'emic iel' o st*'" )hich st*'ies ho) to create comp*ters an'comp*ter sot)are that are capa#le o intelli%ent #eha&ior+

+$1$1$1$ Fu??* lo'i%

@*//" lo%icis a orm oman";&al*e' lo%icin )hich thetr*th &al*eso&aria#les ma" #e an" real n*m#er #et)een 0 an' 1( consi'ere' to #eH*//"H+

+$1$1$4$ Neural Net7or8s

8nmachine learnin%an'co%niti&e science(artiicial ne*ral

net)or$sAFFs are a amil" o mo'els inspire' #"#iolo%ical ne*ral

net)or$sthe central ner&o*s s"stemso animals( in partic*lar the#rain

an' are *se' to estimate orapproimate*nctionsthat can 'epen' on a

lar%e n*m#er oinp*tsan' are %enerall" *n$no)n+

+$1$1$+$ :a*esians Net7or8s

Aa"esian net)or$ is apro#a#ilistic %raphical mo'ela t"pe ostatistical

mo'el that represents a set oran'om &aria#lesan' theircon'itional

'epen'encies&ia a'irecte' ac"clic %raph DA,+

21


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Pre-Project REYES

Met3od

Item "our%e Instrument Anal*sis

1 Critical @actors;Clear an' attracti&emission Pro.ectana%er(client an'cons*ltant


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Pre-Project REYES

44 8mplementation;Components;ar')are;


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Pre-Project REYES

-5 8mplementation;


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Pre-Project REYES

or

,2 8mplementation;T"pes;i%hl"c*stomi/e';Coni%*ration

!RP


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Pre-Project REYES

25 8mplementation;eneits;Contri#*teto other areas;!;commerce

ClientsApplications Portolioana%er

Clients 8T


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Pre-Project REYES

2 8mplementation;*sinessre*irements;Fon @*nctionals;


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Pre-Project REYES

111

8mplementation;aintenance;?p'ates;?p'ates

!RP


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Pre-Project REYES

11

8mplementation;Approach;Tra'itional;*ti tier;Client

Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplications Portolio

ana%er(an' en'or

8nter&ie)s( !RPinstallation an'a'ministrationman*al

Q*alitati&e an'Q*antitati&e

145

8mplementation;Approach;Tra'itional;*ti tier;i''le tier;e# ser&er

Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplications Portolioana%er(an' en'or



141

8mplementation;Approach;Tra'itional;*ti tier;Applicationser&er




144 8mplementation;Approach;Tra'itional;Data;Data#ase


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Pre-Project REYES

14+

8mplementation;Approach;Clo*';


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Pre-Project REYES

14.

8mplementation;Approach;Clo*';8mplementation mo'el;Pri&ate


ana%er(C"#ersec*rit"team an'en'or



14;

8mplementation;Approach;Clo*';8mplementation mo'el;Comm*nit"

Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplication

s Portolioana%er(C"#ersec*rit"team an'en'or



142

8mplementation;Approach;Clo*';8mplementation mo'el;"#ri'

Client(cons*ltantan'&en'ors

Applications Portolioana%er(C"#ersec*rit"team an'en'or



14

8mplementation;Phases;Pro.ector%ani/ation


8nter&ie)s( !RPinstallation an'a'ministrationman*al( Client*sinessprocesses an' 8Tstrate%"'oc*mentation


34


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Pre-Project REYES

1+5

8mplementation;Phases;Datapreparation


ana%er(an' en'or

8nter&ie)s( !RPinstallation an'a'ministrationman*al( Client*sinessprocesses an' 8T

strate%"'oc*mentation


1+1

8mplementation;Phases;,o;li&e Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplications Portolioana%er(an' en'or



1+4

8mplementation;Phases;Testin% Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplications Portolioana%er(an' en'or



1++ 8mplementation;Phases;Anal"sis Client(cons*ltant

an'&en'orsApplications Portolioana%er(an' en'or



1+-

8mplementation;Phases;Desi%n Client(cons*ltantan'&en'orsApplications Portolioana%er(an' en'or



35


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Pre-Project REYES

1+,

@orecastin%;e*ristics;8A;@*//"lo%ic

Researcher Articles Q*alitati&e an'Q*antitati&e

1+.

@orecastin%;e*ristics;8A;Fe*ralnet)or$s

Researcher Articles Q*alitati&e an'

Q*antitati&e1+;

@orecastin%;e*ristics;8A;a"esiannet)or$s

Researcher Articles Q*alitati&e an'Q*antitati&e

H*pot3esis

Null 3*pot3esis) " appl"in% pre'icti&e metho'olo%ies to the !RP

implementation it )ont ca*se an" impro&ement on the implementation+

"ub 3*pot3eses)

1+ ill the proper i'entiication an' a''ress o the critical actors impro&e the

!RP implementation o*tcome>2+ ill the proper )ei%h *p o the critical actor help to pre'ict the !RP

implementation o*tcome>3+ ill the *tili/ation o ris$ assessment metho'olo%ies in the earl" !RP

implementation sta%es help to a'.*st the implementations 'irection>

36


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Pre-Project REYES

C3apters

Acti&it" Timein

Deli&era#ler*#ric

8mpact @actorlo) 1( me'i*m

2( hi%h 3

Ris$ iti%ation


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Pre-Project REYES

Chapter 2 12(000

;8ntro'*ctionpro#lem(o#.ecti&e(h"photesis(

;


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Pre-Project REYES

@*//";ne*raltoole&al*ation

; !RPrea'inessassessmentrame)or$

Concl*sion

Met3odolo'*

D*e to the act this research )ill han'le n*meric an' statistical 'ata to )ei%ht an'correlate the critical actors that inl*ence a s*ccess*l !RP implementation( this )ill #ea *antitati&e research+

o)e&er( the s*r&e"s )ill ha&e s*#.ecti&e *estions thereore 8T mana%ers(cons*ltants( &en'ors an' en' *sers )ill ans)er them #ase' on their o)n perspecti&ean' perception( this research also incl*'es a *alitati&e research+

The research metho'olo%" is 'escri#e' as ollo)s=

1+ Rea'in% an' 'isc*ssion o literat*re relate' to the pro.ect an' pro.ectspro#lematic+

2+ Recollection an' anal"sis o inormation relate' to the companies to #eresearche'+

3+ Application o inter&ie)s to selecte' companies+4+ Disc*ssion an' interpretation o inormation compile' rom researche'

companies+5+ Comparati&e interpretation o cases o st*'"+6+ De&elopment o a *//";ne*ral tool or anal"/in% the ris$s o !RP

implementations+7+ Res*lts &ali'ation o application o *//";ne*ral tool+E+ Doctoral thesis )ritin%+

39


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Pre-Project REYES

Re0eren%es

A##as( saUtrctU.UesrcUsso*rceU)e#c'U1ca'Ur.a*actUE&e'U0ah?!)imMPnLAh?,0i::DhA:0Q@%%hAA*rlUhttp-3A-2@-2@airccse+or%[email protected]*[email protected]@[email protected]+p'*s%[email protected]#2rO3$h&MtppA2MQ;'L9Q#&mU#&+11E443451('+e!

40
http://www.accela.com/images/resources/whitepaper/CDG14_Research_Report_Accela_V.pdfhttp://accela.com/images/resources/success_stories/accela-case-study-civic-platform-san-diego-county.pdfhttp://www.accela.com/images/resources/whitepaper/CDG14_Research_Report_Accela_V.pdfhttp://accela.com/images/resources/success_stories/accela-case-study-civic-platform-san-diego-county.pdf


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Pre-Project REYES

Ainin(


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Pre-Project REYES

Retrie&e' Apr 3r'( 2016 rom http=)))+%oo%le+com*rl>saUtrctU.UesrcUsso*rceU)e#c'U1ca'Ur.a*actUE&e'U0ah?!)iRtLopPnLAhLC:cAAsQ@%%hAA*rlUhttp-3A-2@-2@aisel+aisnet+or%-2@c%i-2@&ie)content+c%i-3@article-3D1096-26contet-3Dpacis2003*s%[email protected],*rotA0:el&$o#r#@D'Mp3Mt:%#&mU#&+11E443451('+e!

Chei( +( Cle%%( +( *mar( P+ D+ 2013+ Ris$ mana%ement in enterprise reso*rceplannin% implementation= a ne) ris$ assessment rame)or$+Pro'*ction Plannin% Control( 24 1( pp+ 1;14+ Retrie&e' rom https=)))+%oo%le+com*rl>saUtrctU.UesrcUsso*rceU)e#c'U3ca'Ur.a*actUE&e'U0ah?!).)hP2a1s7Ah?CC:


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Pre-Project REYES

saUtrctU.UesrcUsso*rceU)e#c'U1ca'Ur.a*actUE&e'U0ah?!).R76VnLAh!OC::$CF8Q@%%AA*rlUhttp-3A-2@-2@*npan1+*n+or%-2@intra'oc-2@%ro*ps-2@p*#lic-2@'oc*ments-2@apcit"-2@*npan050205+p'*s%[email protected]!eF2?)'i8tEsh0FCt%%1'SpQ#&mU#&+11E443451('+e!

,o&ernment @inance Oicers Association 2012+ The real impact o !RP s"stems in the

P*#lic sector+ Pp+ 2;12+ Retrie&e' Apr 3r'( 2016 rom http=)))+%oo%le+com*rl>saUtrctU.UesrcUsso*rceU)e#c'U1ca'Ur.a*actUE&e'U0ah?!)i;&oCTo&nLAh2


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Pre-Project REYES

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54/54

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Forecasting ERP implementations in the US public sector

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