Forced Migration Case Study: Zimbabwe to South...

Disease Case Study

Malaria

Development and HealthMalaria

Disease Case Study: Introduction to Malaria

Today I will:- know the main features of Malaria- be able to describe its distribution


Introduction


Global population at risk: 2.3 billion people (about

40% of the world’s population)

Global annual mortality: 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000

each day

In the time it takes to say the word malaria, ten people, seven of them

children, will have caught it


The name comes from the Italian mal (bad) and aria (air) – it was originally thought the disease was spread by the damp air from swamps.


The link between the disease and the Anopheles Mosquito was first made by Ronald Ross, a Scottish army doctor, working in India.


You can catch Malaria from blood transfusions, infected needles or intra placentally i.e. from a mother to the baby in her womb.

But by far the most common way is by being bitten by the female Anopheles Mosquito.


When the Anopheles Mosquito “bites”, it actually sinks a long, thin mouth part, the proboscis, into the skin.

The mosquito then pumps saliva under the skin, to stop the blood clotting – so that it can drink uninterrupted! In the saliva is the main culprit, the Plasmodium, a single-cell blood parasite.


There are four types of malaria: Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium Falciparum – the most deadly.

If the person is infected, then they will transfer the Plasmodium into the mosquito, which can then fly off and infect someone else.

If the mosquito is carrying the Plasmodium, then it will transfer it to the victim’s bloodstream in its saliva.


The Effects

Sudden onset of cold stage – patient shivers violently and turns blue with

cold, even though his actual temperature is rising. Lasts about one

hour…

Hot stage – high temperature, headache,

sickness and dizziness. Lasts several hours…

Sweating stage patient soaked in sweat, but

begins to feel better after 2-3 hours…

Several days of weakness and slow recovery

INFECTIONSeveral days of

headaches and vague, flu-like pains of the

body…



Microscopic magnification shows Plasmodium

falciparum—the most virulent of the four malaria

parasites that infect humans—destroying red blood cells in the liver. It

digests a cell's haemoglobin, multiplies

inside to the point of rupturing the cell, and rapidly spreads a new

generation of infection.


Blood vessels to the brain are blocked with dead red blood cells, starving the brain of oxygen. Coma or death

will follow rapidly.


Most at risk are the very young, who have not yet developed any degree of natural immunity…

…along with pregnant women, whose immune system is weakened.


Without rapid medical help, many of these children will die: currently one every 30 seconds or less.


Adult victims will have repeated

attacks for many years,

unless treated. When ill, they cannot work.


Some famous sufferers of

malaria


Distribution(Where can you find malaria?)


Malaria is a disease which is endemic in many countries. This means it is always present.

Forced Migration Case Study: Zimbabwe to South...

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