Native Forb and Milestone

Milestone® (aminopyralid) is a broadleaf herbicide that has reduced risk to the environment compared with other commercially available herbicides, making it a desirable alternative for invasive weed control on rangeland and wildland sites. Effect of Milestone on desirable native when making decisions about controlling invasive plants. Expat 16 locations in 6 states to determine longMilestone® applied in summer or fall, and to develop a tolerance/susceptibility ranking for native plants. Studies were established within diverse native plant communities in western Montana; Boulder and SteamboatPark (TRNP), North Dakota; Glacial Ridge PreserveSouth Dakota Fish and Game, and o

This is a summary of multiple research locations completed by Mary Halstvedt, Dow AgroSciences Field Scientist. The folloexperiments: Travis Almquist, Luke Samuel, Rodney Lym, North Dakota State University, Fargo; K. George Beck, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins; RogerBecker, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; CelestineServices, Helena, MT; Pat Green, US Forest Service Ecologist (Retired) IDMoechnig, South Dakota State University; and Missoula.

Materials and Methods: Plant communities with high levels of diversity were selected as research sites. locations had light to moderate yellow starthistle, or spotted knapweedrandomized complete block with two to five replications 2004 to 2009. Herbicide treatments were Broadcast ground applications were made with either a COpickup boom sprayer. At one Ma helicopter. Treatments were made in seven locations, June/July at fourtwo Minnesota and Colorado sites

® Trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC

orb and Shrub Toleranceilestone® Herbicide

is a broadleaf herbicide that has reduced risk to the environment compared with other commercially available herbicides, making it a desirable alternative for invasive weed control on rangeland and wildland sites. Effect

on desirable native forbs and shrubs is a consideration for land managers when making decisions about controlling invasive plants. Experiments were established

states to determine long-term response of native forbs and shrubs to er or fall, and to develop a tolerance/susceptibility ranking

for native plants. Studies were established within diverse native plant communities in and Steamboat, Colorado; Theodore Roosevelt National

Glacial Ridge Preserve and restored prairies in Mouth Dakota Fish and Game, and open grassland near Grangeville, Idaho

This is a summary of multiple research locations completed by Mary Halstvedt, Dow

. The following researchers conducted the field Travis Almquist, Luke Samuel, Rodney Lym, North Dakota State

University, Fargo; K. George Beck, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins; RogerBecker, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; Celestine Duncan, Weed Management

Pat Green, US Forest Service Ecologist (Retired) IDMoechnig, South Dakota State University; and Peter Rice, University of Montana,

Plant communities with high levels of diversity were selected as research sites. to moderate infestations of invasive species such as Canada thistle

or spotted knapweed. Field experiments were designed as zed complete block with two to five replications per treatment and initiated from

. Herbicide treatments were Milestone® at 5 or 7 fluid ounces/ABroadcast ground applications were made with either a CO2 backpack sprayer, or pickup boom sprayer. At one Montana location a broadcast application was made with a helicopter. Treatments were made in late season (August/September/Oct

/July at four locations, and June and September comparisons at sites, and South Dakota.

LC

olerance to

is a broadleaf herbicide that has reduced risk to the environment compared with other commercially available herbicides, making it a desirable alternative for invasive weed control on rangeland and wildland sites. Effect

forbs and shrubs is a consideration for land managers eriments were established

term response of native forbs and shrubs to er or fall, and to develop a tolerance/susceptibility ranking

for native plants. Studies were established within diverse native plant communities in Theodore Roosevelt National

restored prairies in Minnesota; Idaho.

This is a summary of multiple research locations completed by Mary Halstvedt, Dow wing researchers conducted the field

Travis Almquist, Luke Samuel, Rodney Lym, North Dakota State University, Fargo; K. George Beck, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins; Roger

Weed Management Pat Green, US Forest Service Ecologist (Retired) ID; Michael

Peter Rice, University of Montana,

Plant communities with high levels of diversity were selected as research sites. Some such as Canada thistle,

Field experiments were designed as and initiated from

5 or 7 fluid ounces/A. backpack sprayer, or

location a broadcast application was made with October) at

comparisons at

Data collection across sites varied and included either canopy cover or plant counts along a permanent transect, or plant density within each plot. Table 1: Research Locations and Methods:

First year post-application vegetation sampling was conducted in June and July the summer after treatment at all locations. Second year sampling was completed at 14 study sites. Individual rankings of tolerance to Milestone® were established for 90 native forb species and 19 shrubs. Many species will show transient symptoms the year of treatment and those observations were not quantified.

NameLocation

CodeResearcher Site Type Treatment Time Methods

Theadore Roosevelt

National Park

Western ND

USFS ND

Rod Lym and Luke

Samuel, North Dakota

State University

Canada thistle/arid

grassland

Milestone®

at 7 fluid

oz/A

October

2004

Pre and Post: 30 plots - 3

frames/plot - 90 frames

per treatment

Two Rivers and

Hedquist- MN Dept of

Natural

Resources(DNR)

Southwest

MN 2008

Roger Becker,

University of Minnesota

Canada thistle prairie

restoration

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

June and

September

2006

Post only: 20 frames per

treatment for counts by

species and presence

per plot

Glacial Ridge Nature

Conservancy

Northern MN

GlacialRidge

Rod Lym and Travis

Almquist, North Dakota

SU

Canada thistle prairie

restoration

Milestone®

at 7 fluid

oz/A

October

2006

Pre and Post: 90 frames

per treatment % cover by

species

Larry Creek Bitterroot

National Forest

Western MT

MTRice

Peter Rice, University

of Montana

Open canopy,

commercially thinned

Ponderosa pine with

spotted knapweed

Grant Cr. Elk Refuge

National Wildlife

Federation

Western MT

MTRicePeter Rice

Rough fescue

grassland with spotted

knapweed

Pattee Canyon Lolo

National Forest

Western MT

MTRicePeter Rice

Open canopy,

Ponderosa pine habitat

with spotted knapweed

Boulder Open SpaceBoulder, CO

CO2007

George Beck and Jim

Sebastian, Colorado

State University

Diffuse knapweed

upland rangeland

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

June 2007

Pre and post data -

density of each species

per plot.

Native rangeland with

good forb diversity

Helena, MT

MTDuncan

Celestine Duncan,

Weed Management

Services

Native Rangeland

weed free

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

June 2007Pre and post canopy

cover by species

Montana USFS Aerial

Operational Study

Western MT

USFSMT

Celestine Duncan and

Andy Kulla, US Forest

Service

Spotted knapweed

open canopy forest

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

applied by

helicopter

October

2007

Pre and post canopy

cover by species

Mount Sentinel Missoula, MT

MTRice08

Peter Rice, University

of Montana

Native bunchgrass and

forb plant community

with moderate spotted

knapweed infestation

Milestone®

at 7 fluid

oz/A

June 2008

Pre and Post: 5 reps - 4

transects with 9 frames -

180 frames per

treatment. Canopy cover

by species.

Morris Wetland

Management Distirct

US Fish and Wildlife

Ortonville, MN

MNKufrin

Roger Becker,

University of Minnesota

Kufrin Waterfowl

Production Area

Canada thistle control

in 2 year old prairie

restoration

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

June and

September

2006

Plant counts taken per

square yard for each

species and % visual

cover by species

Native rangeland in

Western Colorado - 2

locations

Steamboat,

CO2009

George Beck and Jim

Sebastian, Colorado

State University

High elevation (8200

feet) native rangeland

Milestone®

at 7 fluid

oz/A

July and

September

2009

Pre and post data -

density of each species

per plot.

Open grassland in

North Central Idaho

Grangeville

IDGreen

Pat Green, US Forest

Service Ecologist

(Retired)

Native rangeland with

yellow starthistle

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

August

2009

Pre and post canopy

cover by species - 4

transects with 9 frames

South Dakota Fish

and Game

Big Stone, SD

SD2009

Micheal Moechnig,

South Dakota State

University

Native Prairie

Milestone®

at 7 fluid

oz/A

July and

September

2009

% Visual canopy cover by

species

®Trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC

Milestone®

at 5 fluid

oz/A

Pre and Post: 5 reps - 4

transects with 9 frames -

180 frames per

treatment. Canopy cover

and frequency of

occurance

October

2006

Evaluations were the year following treatment and were reduction in canopy cover or density compared to non Table 2: Four categories were developed for ranking tolerance of forbs anMilestone® herbicide:

Copyright 2012 Dow AgroSciences LLC

Of the 90 forb species categorized, moderately susceptible (MS), moderately tolerantone year after application. Many forbs recovered by the second year following Milestone® application with only 1Sunflower, yarrow, and lobelia were very susceptible to Alexander and wild bergamot were very tolerant. Figure 1: Results of 90 forb species with both 1 and 2 YATshowing increase in species tolerance by the second year following treatment. There were 29 plant families represented, with the greatest number of species (35%) in the Asteraceae family.

Code Category

T TolerantMinimal symptoms <15% injury - may have

MT Moderately tolerant

Symptoms include cupping/yellowing and can

inhibit flowering, with recovery the first growing

MS Moderately susceptibleInjury could be significant the first year and may

S Susceptible

Severe injury the season of application and

stand reduction the year after treatment with

possible death of established plants. Some

plants may regenerate from seed bank

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the year following treatment and were based on individual species reduction in canopy cover or density compared to non-treated controls or baseline data

Table 2: Four categories were developed for ranking tolerance of forbs an

Dow AgroSciences LLC

forb species categorized, 23, 14, 19, and 34 were ranked susceptible

, moderately tolerant (MT), and tolerant (T), Many forbs recovered by the second year following

application with only 19 of 90 native forbs ranked either MS or SSunflower, yarrow, and lobelia were very susceptible to Milestone® while lupine,

and wild bergamot were very tolerant.

orb species with both 1 and 2 YAT (year after treatment)showing increase in species tolerance by the second year following treatment.

There were 29 plant families represented, with the greatest number of species (35%) in

Symptoms Injury LevelMinimal symptoms <15% injury - may have

slight cupping of leaves<15%

Symptoms include cupping/yellowing and can

inhibit flowering, with recovery the first growing

season after application

15 to 50% stand reduction

Injury could be significant the first year and may

reduce stand 51 to 75% stand reduction

Severe injury the season of application and

stand reduction the year after treatment with

possible death of established plants. Some

plants may regenerate from seed bank

>75% stand reduction

AgroSciences LLC.

based on individual species treated controls or baseline data.

Table 2: Four categories were developed for ranking tolerance of forbs and shrubs to

susceptible (S), , respectively at

Many forbs recovered by the second year following native forbs ranked either MS or S (Figure 1).

while lupine, golden

(year after treatment) data showing increase in species tolerance by the second year following treatment.

There were 29 plant families represented, with the greatest number of species (35%) in

Injury Level

<15%

15 to 50% stand reduction

51 to 75% stand reduction

>75% stand reduction

Table 3: Tolerance rankings of forb species to Milestone® herbicide. Forbs are listed alphabetically by common name within plant family and rankings are shown for 1 and 2 years after treatment (YAT). See Table 1 and 2 for locations and category description.

Common Name Family Genus Species 1 YAT 2 YAT

Appl

Time Location

Golden Alexanders Apiaceae Zizia aurea T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Golden Alexanders Apiaceae Zizia aurea T T Summer MNKufrin

Hearl-leaved alexanders Apiaceae Zizia aptera T NA Both MN2008

Nine-leaf lomatium Apiaceae Lomatium triternatum MT T Fall MTRice

Wyeth's biscuitroot Apiaceae Lomatium ambiguum T T Fall MTRice

Spreading dogbane Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Common milkweed Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Arrowleaf balsamroot Asteraceae Balsamorhiza sagittata MS MT Fall MTRice

Arrowleaf balsamroot Asteraceae Balsamorhiza sagittata MS+ MT+ Summer MTRice08

Black-eyed Susan Asteraceae Rudbeck ia hirta S NA Both MN2008

Blanket flower Asteraceae Gaillardia aristata MT T BothMT Rice/Glacial/MTRice08

Canada goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago canadensis MT+ NA Summer SD/MN Kufrin

Canada goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago canadensis MS MS Fall Glacial Ridge,MNKufrin

cudweed sage Asteraceae Artemesia ludoviciana T T Summer MTDuncan

Cup plant Asteraceae Silphium perfoliatum MT NA Both MN2008

Daisy fleabane Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus MT NA Both MN2008

Gay feather Asteraceae Liatris punctata T T Summer CO2007

Giant goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago gigantea MT NA Both MN2008

Giant sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus giganteus S MS Fall Glacial Ridge

Gumweed Asteraceae Grindelia squarrosa MS MT Fall MTRice

Hairy golden aster Asteraceae Chrysopsis villosa MT T Both MT Rice/MT Duncan

Heath aster Asteraceae Aster ericoides MT NA Both MN2008

Hound's tongue hawkweed Asteraceae Hieracium cynoglossoides MT MT Fall MTRice

Little sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus pumilus MS MT Summer CO07/CO09

Little sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus pumilus T NA Fall CO09

Maximilian sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus maximiliani S S Fall Glacial Ridge

Missouri goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago missouriensis MT T Fall MTRice

Nuttall's pussy-toes Asteraceae Antennaria parviflora MS MT Fall MT Rice

Nuttall's pussy-toes Asteraceae Antennaria parviflora S MS Summer MT Duncan

Orange arnica Asteraceae Arnica fulgens S S Fall MTRice

Panicled aster Asteraceae Aster lanceolatum MT NA Both MN2008

Prairie blazingstar Asteraceae Liatris aspera MT NA Both MN2008

Prairie goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago missouriensis MS MT Fall Glacial Ridge

Prairie sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus pauciflorus MS NA Fall Glacial Ridge, MN

Rosy pussy-toes Asteraceae Antennaria microphylla MT T Fall MTRice

Shaggy fleabane Asteraceae Erigeron pumulis MT T Fall MTRice

Smooth Blue aster Asteraceae Aster laeve MT NA Both MN2008

Stiff goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago rigida MT NA Summer MN2008

Stiff goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago rigida S NA Fall MNKufrin

Stiff sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus pauciflorus MT NA Summer SD

Stiff sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus pauciflorus MS MT Fall Glacial Ridge

Sweet clover Asteraceae Melilotus officinalis S T Fall Glacial Ridge

Sweet smooth oxeye Asteraceae Heliopsis helianthoides MT NA Both MN2008

Tall sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus giganteus S NA Both MN2008

White panicle aster Asteraceae Aster simplex S MT Fall Glacial Ridge

White prairie aster Asteraceae Aster ericoides MS NA Summer SD

White prairie aster Asteraceae Aster ericoides MT MT Fall Glacial Ridge/SD

Yarrow Asteraceae Achillea millefolium S S Both MTRice/MTRice08

Yellow prairie coneflower Asteraceae Ratibida pinnata S NA Both MN2008

Wayside gromwell Boraginaceae Lithospermum ruderale MT MT Fall MTRice

Alyssum Brassicaceae Alyssum alyssoides T T Summer MTDuncan

Nuttall's rockress Brassicaceae Arabis nuttallii T T Fall MTRice

Palespike lobelia Campanulaceae Lobelia spicata S S Fall Glacial Ridge

Field chickweed Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense MS MT Fall MTRice

Jagged chickweed Caryophyllaceae Holosteum umbellatum S T Fall MTRice

threadleaf sandwort Caryophyllaceae Arenaria capillaris S MT Summer MTDuncan

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Table 3: Continued

Common Name Family Genus Species 1 YAT 2 YAT

Appl

Time Location

Prairie spiderwort Commelinaceae Tradescantia occidentalis MS NA Both MN2008

Dwarf morning glory Convolvulaceae Ipomoea tricolor MT T Summer CO2007

Equisetum Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense T NA Both MN2008

Flowering spurge Euphorbacae Euphorbia corollata T NA Both MN2008

Robust spurge Euphorbia Tithymalus brachyceras T T Summer CO2007

Lupine Fabaceae Lupinus sericeus T T Fall MT Rice

Lupine Fabaceae Lupinus sericeus MT T Summer CO2009/MTRice08

Purple prairie clover Fabaceae Dalea purpurea S MS Fall Glacial Ridge

Purple prairie clover Fabaceae Dalea purpurea T NA Summer MNKufrin

Round-headed bush clover Fabaceae Lespedeza capitata MS NA Both MN2008

Showy tickfoil Fabaceae Desmodium canadense MS NA Both MN2008

Silky prairie clover Fabaceae Petalostemum villosum MS NA Both MN2008

Slimflower scurfpea Fabaceae Psoralea lanceolata S MT Summer CO2007

Trailing wild bean Fabaceae Strophostyles helvola T NA Both MN2008

Weedy milkvetch Fabaceae Astragalus miser S MS Fall MTRice

White prairie clover Fabaceae Dalea candida S S Fall Glacial Ridge

White wild indigo Fabaceae Baptisia alba MT NA Both MN2008

American water horehound Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Hedgenettle Lamiaceae Stachys palustris T T Both Glacial Ridge

Horsemint Lamiaceae Monarda fistula T T Fall MTRice

Spearmint Lamiaceae Mentha spicata MT NA Summer CO2009

Spearmint Lamiaceae Mentha spicata S NA Fall CO2010

Wild bergamot Lamiaceae Monarda fistulosa T T Both Glacial Ridge/MNKufrin

Wild mint Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Death camas Lilaceae Zigadenus venenosus T T Both MTRice/MTRice08

Yellow bell Lilaceae Fritillaria pudica T T Both MTRice/MTRice08

Prairie onion Liliaceae Allium stellatum T NA Both MN2008

Sand lilly Lillaceae Leucocrinum montanum MS MT Summer CO2007

Blue flax Linaceae Linum lewisii S MS Summer CO2007

Common primrose Onagraceae Oenothera biennis S NA Both MN2008

Evening Primrose Onagraceae Oenothera howardii MS MT Summer CO2007

Scarlet beeblossum Onagraceae Gaura coccinea S MT Summer CO2007

Tall annual willow-herb Onagraceae Epilobium paniculatum S MS Fall MTRice

Yellow woodsorel Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta T T Fall Glacial Ridge

Narrow-leaf collomia Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis S MS Fall MTRice

Pink microsteris Polemoniaceae Microsteris gracilis T T Fall MTRice

Douglas's knotweed Polygonaceae Polygonun douglasii T T Fall MTRice

Pale dock Polygonaceae Rumex altissimus S NA Both MN2008

Subalpine buckwheat Polygonaceae Eriogonum subalpinum S NA Summer CO2009

Subalpine buckwheat Polygonaceae Eriogonum subalpinum MT NA Fall CO2010

Water smartweed Polygonaceae Polygonum amphibium MS T Fall Glacial Ridge

Winged buckwheat Polygonaceae Pterogonum alatum S S Summer CO2007

Western androsace Primulaceae Androsace occidentalis MS T Fall MTRice

Purple meadow-rue Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dasycarpum MT MT Fall Glacial Ridge

Prairie cinquefoil Rosaceae Potentila arguta S NA Both MN2008

Prairie smoke Rosaceae Geum triflorum MT T Fall MTRice

Soft cinquefoil Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis S MT Fall MTRice

Soft cinquefoil Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis T T Both CO2009

Virginia strawberry Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana T T Fall MTRice

wild rose Rosaceae Rosa sp. S NA Summer MTDuncan

Small-flowered fringecup Saxifragaceae Lithophragma parviflora S MS Both MTRice/MTRice08

Yellow Paintbursh Scorphulariaceae Castilleja occidentallis T T Both CO2009

Blue-eyed Mary Scrophulariaceae Collinsia parviflora T T Both MTRice/MTRice08

One-sided penstemon Scrophulariaceae Penstemon secundiflorus MT MT Summer CO2007

Clammy groundcherry Solanaceae Physalis heterophylla S NA Both MN2008

Stinging nettle Urticaceae Urtica dioica MT NA Both MN2008

Blue vervain Verbenaceae Verbena hastata T NA Both MN2008

Hoary vervain Verbenaceae Verbena stricta T NA Both MN2008

Nuttalls violet Violaceae Viola nuttallii MS T Summer CO2007

Shrubs were more tolerant than forbs to 74% were ranked either MT or T. Shrubs in the Rosaceae Family were generally the most susceptible to Milestone Table 4: Tolerance of shrub species to MilestoneT=tolerant; MT moderately tolerant; MS moderately susceptible; and S= susceptible (see Table 2 for category description)

Conclusions: � Most native forb species and shrubs were moderately tolerant to tolerant, or

recovered following treatment with � Historical data1 suggests that by the third or fourth year post

be little difference in non-target forb tolerance with only a few very sensitive forbs being adversely impacted in the long term

� Land managers can use these data communities when using Milestone

� Milestone® Herbicide (aminopyralid

mixed plant communities 1 Rice, P. M., J. C. Toney, D. J. Bedunah, and C. E. Carlson. 1997. Plant community diversity and growth

form responses to herbicide applications for control of

Copyright 2012 Dow AgroSciences LLC This information should only be used as a guideline, environmental situations can vary. To obtain an electronic copy of this report or for more information on invasive weed management, go to techlinenews.com

Common Name Family

Yucca Agavaceae

Dogbane Apocynaceae

Big Sagebrush Asteraceae

Fringe sage Asteraceae

Louisiana sage Asteraceae

Silver sagebrush Asteraceae

White sagebrush Asteraceae

Oregon Grape Berberidaceae

Elderberry Caprifoliaceae

Western snowberry Caprifoliaceae

Buffaloberry Elaeagnaceae

Silver Buffaloberry Elaeagnaceae

Kinnikinnick Ericaceae

Buckbrush Rhamnaceae

Chokecherry Rosaceae

Nine-bark Rosaceae

Serviceberry Rosaceae

Wood's rose Rosaceae

Golden current Saxifragaceae

rubs were more tolerant than forbs to Milestone®. There were 19 shrub species, and 74% were ranked either MT or T. Shrubs in the Rosaceae Family were generally the

Milestone®.

olerance of shrub species to Milestone® herbicide. Rankings include: T=tolerant; MT moderately tolerant; MS moderately susceptible; and S=

2 for category description)

Most native forb species and shrubs were moderately tolerant to tolerant, or recovered following treatment with Milestone® herbicide.

suggests that by the third or fourth year post-application there would target forb tolerance with only a few very sensitive forbs

being adversely impacted in the long term. Land managers can use these data as a guideline to evaluate risk to native plant

Milestone® for invasive species management(aminopyralid) can be used to manage invasive plants

mixed plant communities and facilitate recovery of desirable forbs and shrubs.

Rice, P. M., J. C. Toney, D. J. Bedunah, and C. E. Carlson. 1997. Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa. J. Appl. Ecol. 34:1397

Dow AgroSciences LLC

be used as a guideline, environmental situations can vary. To obtain an electronic copy of this report or for more information on invasive weed

techlinenews.com

Family Genus Species 1 YAT

Agavaceae Yucca glauca T

Apocynaceae Apocynum andro MT

Asteraceae Artemisia tridentata T

Asteraceae Artemesia frigida MS

Asteraceae Artemesia ludovicia MS

Asteraceae Artemisia cana T

Asteraceae Artemisia ludoviciana T

Berberidaceae Berberis repens T

Caprifoliaceae Sambucus racemosa T

Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos occidentalis T USFS ND Fall, USFS MT

Elaeagnaceae Shepherdia canadensis MT

Elaeagnaceae Shepherdia argentea T

Ericaceae Arctostaphalos uvaursi T

Rhamnaceae Ceanothus velutinus T

Rosaceae Prunus virginiana MT USFS ND Fall, USFS MT

Rosaceae Physorcarpus mon S

Rosaceae Amelancheir alnifolia S

Rosaceae Rosa woodsii S CO-Summer, USFS MT

Saxifragaceae Ribes aureum T

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registered for sale or use in all states. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state.

Always read and follow label i

. There were 19 shrub species, and 74% were ranked either MT or T. Shrubs in the Rosaceae Family were generally the

herbicide. Rankings include:

Most native forb species and shrubs were moderately tolerant to tolerant, or

application there would target forb tolerance with only a few very sensitive forbs

luate risk to native plant for invasive species management.

invasive plants in recovery of desirable forbs and shrubs.

Rice, P. M., J. C. Toney, D. J. Bedunah, and C. E. Carlson. 1997. Plant community diversity and growth . J. Appl. Ecol. 34:1397-1412

be used as a guideline, environmental situations can vary. To obtain an electronic copy of this report or for more information on invasive weed

Location

CO-Summer

USFS MT

Wyoming Summer

CO-Summer

CO-Summer

USFS ND Fall

USFS ND Fall

USFS MT

USFS MT

USFS ND Fall, USFS MT

USFS MT

USFS ND Fall

USFS MT

USFS MT

USFS ND Fall, USFS MT

USFS MT

USFS MT

CO-Summer, USFS MT

USFS ND Fall

of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Milestone is not registered for sale or use in all states. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state.

el instructions