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Transcript of Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin Gary E....
![Page 1: Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin Gary E. Bates, Univ. of Tennessee Extension Gregory L. Brann, USDA-NRCS.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062800/56649e055503460f94af1558/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd
Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin
Gary E. Bates, Univ. of Tennessee Extension
Gregory L. Brann, USDA-NRCS
![Page 2: Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin Gary E. Bates, Univ. of Tennessee Extension Gregory L. Brann, USDA-NRCS.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062800/56649e055503460f94af1558/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definitions
Grass – any one of a number of plant species that have leaves that are typically longer than they are wide, with parallel veins
Forb –broadleaf plants that are not grasses, sometimes divided to separate out legumes
Legume – plants that produce pod type fruits and are characterized by fixing atmospheric N
Browse – the leaves and growing tips of forbs and woody shrubs
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Goats are Browsers!
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Botanical Composition of Grazing Animal Diets
0
1020
30
40
5060
70
8090
100
% of D
iet
Bison Horses Cattle Sheep Goats Deer
Livestock Species
GrassForbBrowse
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Methods of Pasture Establishment
1. Conventional tillage
2. No-till with equipment
3. Broadcast seeding1. Frost seeding
2. Animal Tread-in
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Keys to Successful Pasture Establishment
1. Select the proper seeding rate
2. Plant within the proper seeding date window
3. Insure good soil-seed contact
4. Control competition from weeds and existing species
5. Make sure soil pH and fertility are adequate
6. Inoculate legumes
![Page 7: Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin Gary E. Bates, Univ. of Tennessee Extension Gregory L. Brann, USDA-NRCS.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062800/56649e055503460f94af1558/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Soil Sampling Pasture Systems
A sample should represent a maximum of 20 acres, preferably much less
Avoid sampling within 150 feet of watering points, mineral access, and shade
Use a coring device to take 15-20 cores from the area the sample will represent
Take to the depth used by the lab you are using
Sample pastures every 3-5 years
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Tolerance of Forage Species to Soil pH
Legumes Cool-season Warm-Season
High (5.8-6.5)
Alfalfa, Sweet clover, Sainfoin
Medium (5.5-5.8)
Arrowleaf clover, Ball clover Johnsongrass,
Sorghum-sudangrass
Low (5.1-5.5)
White clover, Red clover, Bromegrass, Pearl millet,
Crimson clover, Reed canarygrass, Napier, Guinea
Subterranean clover, Orchardgrass, Dallisgrass
Birdsfoot trefoil Wheat, Oats
Very Low (Below 5.1)
Kudzu Tall fescue Bermudagrass
Sericea lespedeza, Ryegrass, Rye, Timothy Bahiagrass
Annual lespedezas Crabgrass
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Checklist for Forage Stand Failures
Failure to germinate Dry seedbed Non-viable seed Hard or dormant seed Unfavorable temperature Herbicide residue Waterlogged soil
Emergence failure, germination but no emergence
Early seedling stand failure
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Checklist for Forage Stand Failures
Failure to germinate
Emergence failure, germination but no emergence Planted too deep Soil crusted at surface Poor seedling vigor Insects or disease Extreme temperatures
Too hot or too cold
Early seedling stand failure
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Checklist for Forage Stand Failures
Failure to germinate Emergence failure, germination but no emergence Early seedling stand failure
Soil too acid or low fertility Insects or disease Drought Weed competition No legume nodulation Winterkill Frost heaving Sandblasting from high winds Grazing too early
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Managing Soil Fertility
Liming Impacts nutrient availability and root growth of
forage species Nitrogen
Influences vegetative growth of pasture species, especially grasses
Phosphorus Important to root growth, especially of seedlings
Potassium Impacts cold hardiness and disease resistance of
forages
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Mineral Nutrient Cycling in Pastures
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Nutrient Availability in Relation to Soil pH from Troeh and Thompsen, 2005
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Average Annual Nitrogen Fixation by Common Forage Legumes
Legume Annual N Fixation(kg/ha)
Alfalfa 150-350Alsike clover 20-165Annual lespedeza 50-193Birdsfoot trefoil 30-130Ball clover 34-112Crimson clover 56-230Hairy vetch 110-168Red clover 60-200Sweet clover 70-140White clover 112-190
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Palatability
Physical factors Texture Hairiness Thorns and spines Succulence Leafiness
Chemical factors Aroma Sugar content Fertilization/mineral content
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Grazing Preference - dependent on forages available and animals experience
Desirable Multiflora rose Briars Ironweed Ragweed Lambsquarter Sericea lespedeza Annual lespedezas Honeysuckle Spiny amaranth pigweed Privet Kudzu Buckbush Curly dock Winter annuals
Intermediate bermuda Chickweed Thistle Burdock Tree of heaven White clover Buttercup Japanese grass
Undesirable Horse nettle Black nightshade Perilla mint Poison hemlock
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Proximate Analysis
1. MoistureOven dry at 135°C
2. AshInorganic constituents remaining after ashing at >600°C in muffle furnace
3. Crude Protein (CP)N content X 6.25 Kjeldahl distillationAssumes all N is in protein and all protein is 16% N
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Proximate Analysis - Continued
4. Ether ExtractFats, oils, waxes, resins, and pigments
5. Crude FiberDigest in dilute acid, dilute alkali
Residue – Ash = Crude Fiber
Consists of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose
6. Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)100 – (Moisture + Crude Fiber + Ether Extract + Ash + CP)
Measures mostly the remaining carbohydrates
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TDN
Total Digestible Nutrients
TDN = DCF + DNFE + DCP + (DEE X 2.25)
Requires digestiblity coefficients for each constituent.
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Neutral Detergent FiberP. J. Van Soest
Buffered 2% sodium lauryl sulfate
Extracts soluble cell contents and pectins.
Residue
LIGNIN + CELLULOSE + HEMICELLULOSE
Highly correlated with intake.
%bw DMI = 120/%NDF
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Acid Detergent Fiber
1N H2SO4 + 2% hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
Extracts hemicellulose and some cellulose.
Residue
LIGNIN + CELLULOSE
Highly correlated with digestibility.
DDM%= 88.9-(%ADF x 0.779)
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Detergent Fiber Sequence
Neutral Detergent
Acid Detergent
Solubles Insoluble Residues
KM nO 72% H2SO4
IgnitionIgnition
Cell Contents
Hemicellulose
Ash
Cellulose & Ash
Ash
Lignin & Ash
Lignin & Cellulose
Cell Walls
Forage Sam ple
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Forage Quality & Goat Requirements TDN
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
TDN
%
Dry & Early Pregnant Does
Does in Early Lactation Yearling
Weanling
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Forage Quality & Goat Requirements PROTEIN
0
5
10
15
20
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
CP % Dry and Early Pregnant
Does
Yearling
Weanling Does in Early Lactation
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Protein (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
9/97 6/98
Black locust
Mimosa
Mulberry
Honey locust
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Chemical composition of various plants browsed by goats (%)
Browse type
Crude protein
Neutral
detergent fiber Calcium Phosphorous
Multiflora rose 18.2 34.5 0.99 0.32
Black locust 23.0 44.0 1.26 0.21
Honeysuckle 16.0 34.5 1.21 0.30
Brambles 17.1 24.5 0.23 0.84
Privet 20.0 26.8 0.89 0.34
Green briar 16.1 39.5 0.60 0.18
Trumpet creeper
16.7 43.1 0.42 0.22
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Standard Growth Curve of Forages
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The Grass Crown
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Plant Growth Habits
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Types of Forage Plants
1. AnnualsPlants that complete their life cycle in one year and
need to be re-seeded to come back
2. PerennialsPlants that come back every year from vegetative plant
parts without needing to be re-seeded
3. Warm-Season PlantsPlants that complete the majority of their growth in the
summer at temperatures of 85-95ºF Cool-Season Plants
Plants that complete the majority of their growth in the fall and spring at temperatures of 65-75ºF
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Cool Season –vs- Warm Season
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Perennial Browse Species
Warm-SeasonCedar
Elm
Greenbriar
Maple
Oak
Sumac
Wild Plum
Yaupon
Buckbrush
Multiflora rose
Privet
Cool-SeasonHoneysuckle
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PrivetPerennial warm-season browse
![Page 35: Forage Considerations for the Goat Herd Richard E. Joost, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin Gary E. Bates, Univ. of Tennessee Extension Gregory L. Brann, USDA-NRCS.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062800/56649e055503460f94af1558/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Multiflora RosePerennial warm-season browse
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YauponPerennial warm-season browse
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GreenbriarPerennial warm-season browse
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HoneysucklePerennial cool-season browse
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Perennial Forb Species
Warm-SeasonBurdock
Plantain
Goldenrod
Ironweed
Curly Dock
Thistle
Cool-SeasonChicoryDandelion
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GoldenrodPerennial warm-season forb
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IronweedPerennial warm-season forb
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ChicoryPerennial cool-season forbSeeding rate 4 lbs/acre
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Perennial Grass Species
Warm-SeasonBermudagrass
Big bluestem
Dallisgrass
Eastern gamagrass
Indiangrass
Johnsongrass
Switchgrass
Cool-SeasonKentucky bluegrassMatua BromegrassOrchardgrassReed canarygrassTall fescue’Timothy
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BermudagrassPerennial warm-season grassSeeding rate 5 lbs/acre
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Big BluestemPerennial warm-season grassSeeding rate 8 lbs/acre
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JohnsongrassPerennial warm-season grassSeeding rate 20 lbs/acre
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Tall FescuePerennial cool-season grassSeeding rate 20 lbs/acre
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TimothyPerennial cool-season grassSeeding rate 8 lbs/acre
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Perennial Legume Species
Warm-SeasonIllinois bundleflower
Kudzu
Sericea lespedeza
Alfalfa
Cool-SeasonBirdsfoot trefoilRed cloverSweetcloverWhite clover
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Illinois BundleflowerPerennial warm-season legumeSeeding Rate 13 lbs/acre
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Sericea lespedezaPerennial warm-season legumeSeeding Rate 25 lbs/acre
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KudzuPerennial warm-season legume
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AlfalfaPerennial cool-season legumeSeeding rate 15 lbs/acre
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Annual Forb Species
Warm-SeasonLambsquarter
Pigweed
Spiny amaranth
Ragweed
Cool-SeasonForage rapeKale SwedesTurnips
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LambsquarterAnnual warm-season forb
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PigweedAnnual warm-season forb
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PigweedAnnual warm-season forb
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RagweedAnnual warm-season forb
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Forage RapeseedAnnual cool-season forb
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Annual Grass Species
Warm-SeasonBroadleaf signalgrass
Crabgrass
Foxtails
Pearl millet
Sorghum-sudangrass
Cool-SeasonOatsRyeRyegrassTriticale
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Broadleaf SignalgrassAnnual warm-season grass
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FoxtailAnnual warm-season grass
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Annual Legume Species
Warm-SeasonCowpea
Hemp sesbania
Korean lespedeza
Partridge pea
Striate lespedeza
Cool-SeasonArrowleaf cloverBerseem cloverCrimson cloverVetch
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Striate lespedezaAnnual warm-season legumeSeeding rate 25 lbs/acre
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Hemp sesbaniaAnnual warm-season legume
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Partridge peaAnnual warm-season legume
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Crimson cloverAnnual cool-season legumeSeeding rate 20 lbs/acre
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Grazing Management
DefinitionManipulation of animal grazing to supply the forage needed for the grazing animal to achieve production
goals while obtaining desired plant, land and economic responses.
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GRAZING HEIGHT,GRAZING HEIGHT,FROM SOIL SURFACEFROM SOIL SURFACE
HIGHER ….TO LOWERHIGHER ….TO LOWER
Goat >Cattle > Sheep Goat >Cattle > Sheep >> Horse Horse
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Rotational vs. Continuous Stocking
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Guidelines for Grazing System Design
1. Water placement
2. Paddock shape
3. Number of paddocks
4. Follow the landscape
5. Use of similar grazing capacities
6. Plan alleyways for animal movement only
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Impact of Distance to Water on Forage Utilization
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Paddock Shape
Keep paddocks as near square as possible Improves uniformity of grazing Interacts with distance to water
With shorter grazing periods, shape is less critical Amount of fencing required varies with paddock shape
Area = 1 acrePerimeter = 834.84 ft.
Area = 1 acrePerimeter = 1043.55 ft.
Area = 1 acrePerimeter = 1147.9 ft.
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Number of Paddocks
Select based on utilization and performance goals
Consider grazing tolerance of forages Base on regrowth characteristics of forages Look at the economic potential of various
systems
Paddocks needed = (Rest period/Grazing period) + 1
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Follow the Landscape
Allows producers to better fit forages to soil capability
Provides better ability to pull paddocks out of rotation for hay harvest
Evens out pasture productivity
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Use Similar Grazing Capacities
Better maintains forage availability and quality throughout a grazing period
Keeping paddocks similar sized may result in nutritional stress Need to focus on stocking rate and animal
production when setting fences
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Impact of Grazing Rotation on Forage Quality
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Parasitized Goat
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Parasite Larvae in a Dew Drop