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Transcript of FOR YOUR EYES ONLY Centre 1 - From Vimy to Juno your eyes only centre 1 use the contents of this...
FORYOUREYESONLY
Centre1
USETHECONTENTSOFTHISDOSSIERTOFURTHERYOURTRAININGASANAGENTOF
THESPECIALOPERATIONSEXECUTIVE.
PrisonersofWarareoftenreferredtobytheacronymPOW.TheHongKonggarrisonwasamixedforceofabout14000British,Indian,Canadian,andChinesesoldiers.Defenceequipmentconsistedofafewanti-aircraftguns,sixairplanes,andafewsmallgunboats.TwobattalionsofCanadiansoldiers,theWinnipegGrenadiersandtheRoyalRiflesfromQuebec,totaling1975men,arrivedinHongKongonNovember16,1941,underthecommandofBrigadierJ.K.Lawson.Lessthanamonthlater,onDecember7,1941,theJapaneseattackedHongKongfromthelandwardside.ThedefendersresistedbravelybutwereforcedtosurrenderonChristmasDay.Alliedlosseswere2445killed,woundedandmissing.Canadianlosseswere267killed,includingBrigadierLawson,and290moreweretodieduring44monthsofoftenbrutalcaptivity.CanadianPOWswerefirstinternedonHongKongIslandandonmainlandChina.BetweenJanuary1943andApril1944,morethan1100CanadiansweremovedtoJapantoworkasforcedlabourers,mainlyincoalandironoremines.Onesurvivortellshisstory:“Oneofmyboyscaughtaratandcookedit,andhesavedmeasmallportion.Isatitontopofmyricewhileitwasstillhot,soIcouldtastethatflavorthroughtherice.Whenyou’restarving,anythingtastesgood.”
-CSMRedWindsor,POWJapan
Prisoners of War
FORYOUREYESONLY
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USETHECONTENTSOFTHISDOSSIERTOFURTHERYOURTRAININGASANAGENTOFTHESPECIALOPERATIONSEXECUTIVE.
- Gotohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_wwtwo_movies_soe.shtml
- PluginsomeearbudsandwatchthemovieanimationabouttheAllies’SecretOperationsExecutiveduringWorldWarII
- Respondtothequestionsonyourstudentworksheetasyouwatch.
Secret War – Online Flash Movie
FORYOUREYESONLY
Centre3
USETHECONTENTSOFTHISDOSSIERTOFURTHERYOURTRAININGASANAGENTOFTHESPECIALOPERATIONSEXECUTIVE.
WeallknowthatmanyCanadiansfoughtwiththeAlliedforcestodefenddemocracyduringtheSecondWorldWar.Manyofthesepeoplewerekilledorwoundedandallmadetremendoussacrificesservingtheircountry.
Notsowellknownarethe contributionsmadebyasmall,butunique,groupofCanadianswhoservedthecauseoffreedominadifferentway—thosewhovolunteeredtobe“secretagents.”Thesebravemenandwomenworkedbehindenemylines,inGerman-occupiedEuropeandJapanese-occupiedAsia,supportingtheeffortsoftheundergroundresistancemovements.Theseresistancemovementsweremadeupoflocalpeoplefightingagainstfascistpowerstryingtotakeovertheircountries.
ManyCanadiansfoughtbehindenemylinesintheSecondWorldWarasagentsfortheBritishorganizationsthat,stealthily,slowlyatfirstbutwithgrowingeffectiveness,raidedcoastalGermanandJapanesedefenses,operatedagentnetworksandorganizedactsofsabotageinoccupiedcountries.Theyworenouniforms,andallknewwithoutexception,thatifcaptured,theycouldnotlookforthesmallestprotectionfromtheAlliedcommand.Manywerecaptured,tortured,andexecutedbyhostileforces.
MostCanadianswhobecamesecretagentsduringtheSecondWorldWarservedwiththeSpecialOperationsExecutive(SOE).Withalmost14000membersatitspeak,theSOE,wasanorganizationofhighlytrainedsaboteurswhichwassecretlycreatedbytheBritishWarCabinetonthe
Camp X
22ndofJuly1940.TheSOEwassoonunleashedbyPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchilltostrikefearintotheheartofAsiaandsetoccupiedEuropeablaze.
Withanurgentneedtotrainsecretagentsformissionsbehindenemylines,CampXwasestablishedona275-acrefarmborderingLakeOntariobetweenthecityofOshawaandtheTownofWhitby.ItwasthefirstsecretagenttrainingschoolinNorthAmerica.
TheCampwasthefirstexperimentofitskindinAnglo/American/CanadianintelligencecooperationandoperatedasoneofthehubsofintelligencetrainingandwartimecommunicationsfortheAlliedwareffort.
AgenttrainingatCampXwasextremelyrigorousandrannonstoparoundtheclock,winterandsummer.TheCamp’scurriculum,whichwasdesignedtomakeorbreakpotentialagents,coveredavarietyofintelligence/counterintelligenceandinfiltrationtechniques.Agentsenduredintensephysicalfitnesstraining,livefireexercisesandweretaughtthebasicsinsurvivaltraining,handtohandcombat(silentkill),useofsmallarms,parachutejumping,explosivestraining,mapreading,radiooperation,secretwriting,agentrecruitment,disguises,propaganda,andpsychologicalwarfaretechniques.
In1944,theCampceasedoperatingasasecretagenttrainingschoolbutsurvivedthetransitionfromtheWorldWartotheColdWarwiththeemergenceoftheSovietthreatandwentontoplayanimportantroleasatopsecretcommunicationsfacility(Hydra).
FORYOUREYESONLY
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Sneakersadaptedtoleavefalsefootprints:TheseshoesweredevisedforraidingpartiesintheFarEast.Theyleftprintsinthesandthatlookedlikethebarefootprintsoflocalpeople.Heavybootprintswouldhavebeenaninstantgiveaway.
Theseplasterlogsweredesignedtosmugglearmsandammunitionintoenemyterritory.Thearmsorammunitionwerepackedintocardboardcontainers,andsealedtoprotectthecontentsfromthedamp.Thesealedcontainerswerethenbuiltintodummylogs,whichwerecarefullymodelledonactualcommontreevarietiesoftheplaceofdestination.Theywerethenpaintedandembellishedwithmossandlichen,tomakethemlookevenmorereal.
Thesecham
berswereused
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ouldhavebeen
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etube
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shavingcreamor
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asteso
thatitcou
ldbeused
normally,avertinganysuspicion.
Thisnormalbottlecorkhashadasecretcompartmentwhittledoutofit.Itwasusedtoconcealcodesandmicro-printsfromtheenemy.
Theseincend
iary
suitcaseswereintend
ed
toprovide
securityfor
secretdocum
ents,and
acta
saboo
bytrapfo
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pingenemy
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fely,theSOEagen
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atth
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Itisnotknownwhetherthesleevegunwasactuallyusedinthefield.AccordingtotheSOEcatalogue,theassassinletsthegunslideintohishandandpressesthemuzzleagainstthevictim,whilstpullingthetriggerwithhisthumb.Asthegunisonlyafewinchesinlength,itcanthenonceagainbehiddenupthesleeve.Thebulletcartridgeremainswithinthegun,sothereisnotell-taleevidenceleftlyingaround.Thegunhadarangeofuptothreeyards,butallowedonlyoneshot.
TheSOEusedarangeofdisguisetechniques.Theillustrationshowswhatthecatalogueclaimscanbedonewitha'littleshading,atheatricalmoustacheandapairofglasses'.Theseminimalist,buthighlyeffective,disguisetechniquesweredrilledhometotheSOErecruitsbytheirinstructors.Inthefield,newdisguiseshadtobequickandeasy.Formoreradicaldisguises,someagentsevenunderwentplasticsurgerytochangetheirappearance.
FORYOUREYESONLY
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GustaveBieler–wasborninMontreal,andwasthefirstCanadianSpecialOperationsExecutive(SOE)agenttoworkinoccupiedFrance.Afterfourmonthsoftraining,BielerparachutedintoFrance,whenhisspinewasbadlyinjured.Evenso,heorganizedasabotagegroup.Theyderailedandblewuptrainscarryingtroopsandarms.Bielerwascapturedwithhisradiooperatorin1944.MonthsoftorturebytheGestapofailedtobreakBieler,andthiswonhimtherespectofhiscaptors.WhenBielerwasmarchedtohisdeathinSeptember1944,hewasgrantedtheunusual“privilege”ofbeingshotbyfiringsquadinsteadofbeinghanged.
HenryFung–HenryFungwasthefirstChinese-CanadianagenttobeparachutedintoMalaya,inJune1945.Only19yearsold,heworkedwithanSOEteam,blowinguptelephonelinesandrailwaybridges,andharassingJapaneseroadconvoys.Whenhefellillwithmalariaandjaundice,HenrywasevacuatedtoBritainandeventuallymadehiswayhometoCanada.Nevertheless,whenthewarendedhehelpedreceivethesurrenderofJapaneseforcesintheirjunglegarrisons.HenryFungwasoneofthehundredsofyoungChinese-CanadianswhovolunteeredforSOEserviceintheAsia-Pacific.
JoeGalleny–wastrainedasaneliteespionageagentandparachutedintoNazi-heldYugoslavia.Later,inHungary,Joewascapturedandtortured.Helost170pounds(77kg).Heescapedand,whilehidingoutinBudapest,helpedforgetraveldocumentsforfellowspiesandJewsfacingNazipersecution.WhentheRussiansarrived,theytookhimintocustodybuthewaseventuallyfreed.Hefelthehadagedtwodecadesinhistwo-yearstintasasecretagent.
FrankPickersgill–ofWinnipegwascapturedwhenhelandedinFrance.Nazidoubleagentshadgivenhimaway.Herefusedtobreakunderbrutalquestioning.Whenhiscaptorsswitchedfromthreatstobribery,hebrokeabottleonhisinterrogator’sdesk,slashedthethroatofanSSguard,andjumpedoutasecondfloorwindowbeforebeingstoppedby4bullets.Inprisoncamp,heorganizedresistance,helpingprisonersregainlostpride.TheNazisfinallyexecutedPickersgilland15otheragentsbyhangingthemfrommeathooksin1944.
FirstblueplaqueforBritishspyasWWIIsecretagentwhosurvivedGestapoishonoured
By NIALL FIRTH
WingCommanderEdwardYeoThomas,oneofBritain'smostfamoussecretagents,in1944Hisaction-packedlifewasthestuffofboyhoodfantasy.Asthefamousspycodenamed'TheWhiteRabbit',ForestFredericEdwardYeo-ThomasspenttheSecondWorldWarbehindenemylinesandwascapturedandtorturedbytheNazis.
AndintheFirstWorldWartheRAFfightercommandofficerwascapturedbytheRussiansandonlymanagedtoescapebystranglinghisguard.Today,morethan60yearsafterhereceivedtheGeorgeCross,Yeo-Thomas'slifewascelebratedwithablueplaqueoutsidehishome.OnasecretmissioninFranceduring
theSecondWorldWarheevadedcapturebytheNazisbyhidinginahearse.In1944hewascapturedbytheGestapoandtorturedbeforebeingheldatthenotoriousBuchenwaldconcentrationcamp.ThespyisrecognisedbytheOxfordDictionaryofNationalBiographyas'amongthemostoutstandingworkersbehindenemylineswhomBritainproduced'.
HeisthefirstsecretagenttobecommemoratedwithanEnglishHeritageblueplaquewhichwasunveiledatQueenCourt,GuildfordStreet,inCamden,London,wherehelivedwithhiswifeBarbara.Itwasunveiledbyhisniece,CarolGreen.Yeo-Thomas'biographerMarkSeamanwithmembersoftheaircrewfromNo47SquadronatRAFLynehamathishometodayAftercompletinghiseducation,undertakeninFrance,wherehegrewup,andinEngland,Yeo-ThomasjoinedtheAlliedarmiesintheFirstWorldWar.
ADVENTURESOFTHEWHITERABBIT
1920-CapturedbytheRussiansandescapesbystranglingguard1939-JoinstheRAF1942-JoinsranksoftheSpecialOperationsExecutive1943-DroppedbyparachuteintoFrancewherehehelpstoorganisetheResistance1944-CapturedandtorturedbytheGestapoandheldatBuchenwaldconcentrationcamp1945-Realiseshisdreamofreturninghometohiswife1946-AwardedtheGeorgeCross
ThiswasalsotheyearthathemetBarbaraDean,withwhomhewouldcometosharetheflatatQueenCourt,fromthedatesheacquireditin1941andthenthroughouttherestofthewaryears.AftercompletingmorethantwoyearsintheRAF,includingworkasanintelligenceofficerinFighterCommand,Yeo-ThomaswantedamoreactivepartinthewarandwantedtohelpliberateFrance.
In1942hejoinedtheranksoftheSpecialOperationsExecutive(SOE),actingasaliaisonofficerbetweenSOEandGeneraldeGaulle'sBureauCentraldeRenseignementsetd'Action.
In1943hedroppedbyparachuteintoFrance.AsecondmissiontoFrancelaterthatyearsawYeo-Thomasorganisingandplanningstrategywithundergroundgroupleaders,investigatingtheMaquis'surgentneedforsuppliesandavoidingcaptureconcealedinsideahearse.HereportedbackdirectlytothePrimeMinister,WinstonChurchill,onhisreturntoLondon,andensuredanincreaseinweaponsandsuppliesfortheresistanceinFrance.InFebruary1944,Yeo-ThomasleftQueenCourtonhisthirdmissiontoFrance-hishardest.
OnemonthlaterhewasbetrayedandcapturedbytheGestapo.Hewassubjectedtolongperiodsofinterrogation,tortureandimprisonmentinFrancebeforebeingdeportedtoBuchenwald.HeavoidedexecutionandsurvivedotherNazicampsbeforefinallyescapingandreachingtheUSlinesasthewarended.In1945hisdreamofreturninghometohiswifewasrealised.Forhisexceptionalcourage,Yeo-ThomaswasawardedtheGeorgeCross,theMilitaryCrossandbar,theCroixdeGuerre,thePolishcrossofmerit,andwasmadeacommanderoftheLegiond'honneur.AfterhelpingtobringtotrialseveralNaziwarcriminals,hereturnedtowork-ofallthings-inaParisfashionhousein1946andin1950joinedtheFederationofBritishIndustriesasitsrepresentativeinFrance,apositionhehelduntilhisdeathin1964.Hisbiographersaid:'HisstoryismoreextraordinarythananyfictiondreamedupbyanovelistorfilmedbyHollywood.'Asthetitleofhisbiographystates,hewasthe'BravestoftheBrave'.'
FORYOUREYESONLY
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EnigmamachineswereusedextensivelybyGermanythroughoutWWII.Enigmaallowedanoperatortotypeinamessage,thenscrambleitbymeansofthreetofivenotchedwheels,orrotors,whichdisplayeddifferentlettersofthealphabet.Thereceiverneededtoknowtheexactsettingsoftheserotorsinordertoreconstitutethecodedtext.Overtheyearsthebasicmachinebecamemorecomplicated,asGermancodeexpertsaddedplugswithelectroniccircuits.
HelpedbyitscloserlinkstotheGermanengineeringindustry,thePolesmanagedtoreconstructanEnigmamachine,completewithinternalwiring,andtoreadtheWehrmacht'smessagesbetween1933and1938.
WithGermaninvasionimminentin1939,thePolesoptedtosharetheirsecretswiththeBritish.Britain'sGovernmentCodeandCipherSchool(GC&CS)atBletchleyPark,Buckinghamshire,becamethecentreforAlliedeffortstokeepupwithdramaticwar-inducedchangesinEnigmaoutput.
Ahostoftopmathematiciansandgeneralproblem-solverswasrecruited,andabankofearlycomputers,knownas'bombes',wasbuilttoworkoutthevastnumberofpermutationsinEnigmasettings.
TheGermanswereconvincedthatEnigmaoutputcouldnotbebroken,sotheyusedthemachineforallsortsofcommunications–onthebattlefield,atsea,intheskyand,significantly,withinitssecretservices.TheBritishdescribedanyintelligencegainedfromEnigmaas'Ultra',andconsideredittopsecret.
The Enigma Machine
SourceC:
InFebruary1942theGermanshitbackbyintroducinganewfourthwheel(multiplyingthenumberofsettingsanother26times)intotheirNavalEnigmamachines.Theresulting'net'wasknowntotheGermansas'Triton'andtotheBritishas'Shark'.ForalmostayearBletchleycouldmakenoinroadsintoShark,andAlliedlossesintheAtlanticagainincreasedalarmingly.
InDecember1942Sharkwasbroken,butGermaninnovationsmeantthattheAllieshadtowaituntilAugustthefollowingyearbeforeNavalEnigmawasregularlyreadagain.BythentheAmericanswereactivecombatants,providingmuch-neededcomputerpowertoBletchley.
SourceA:Bletchley'sresourceswereconcentratedonbreakingEnigmacodesusedbyGermanU-boatsinthissphereofwar.IftheAlliescouldfindoutinadvancewhereU-boatswerehunting,theycoulddirecttheirships,carryingcrucialsuppliesfromNorthAmerica,awayfromthesedangerzones.
SourceB:ItsoonbecameclearthatthebestwayofkeepingupwithrapidchangesinciphersandrelatedtechnologywastocaptureEnigmamachinesandcode-booksonboardGermanvessels.AbreakthroughcameinMarch1941,however,whentheGermantrawlerKrebswascapturedoffNorway,completewithtwoEnigmamachinesandtheNavalEnigmasettingslistforthepreviousmonth.ThisallowedGermanNavalEnigmatoberead,albeitwithsomedelay,inApril,bycodebreakersatBletchley.
ThecaptureofthesupplyshipGedaniaandweathershipLauenburginJuneyieldedcodebooksforthefollowingmonth,andopenedthewaytothereadingofNavalEnigmaalmostconcurrentlywithevents.
TheambushofthreeGermanU-boatsoffCapeVerdeinSeptember,however,coupledwithadramaticfallinthenumberofAlliedshipssunkintheNorthAtlantic,ledtheGermanAdmiralKarlDönitztoquestionifthenavy'scipherhadbeencompromised.
SourceD:Charles“Checker”Tompkins,shownhereasamemberoftheRoyalCanadianOrdnanceCorps.AMétisman,speakingfluentCree,hehelpeddeveloptheCreecodefortransmittingvitalmessagesinWW2,oneofmanyCanadian“codetalkers”.
SeveralIndigenousCreefromwesternCanada–AlbertaandSaskatchewan–hadjoinedthearmyandweregivenaverysecretassignmentofcommunications.
TheCanadianIndigenouslanguagespeakerswouldtranslatevitalmessagesintoCreeandtransmitthemtoanotherCreespeakerattheotherendwhowouldtranslatethemessagebackintoEnglish.
OnedayhewassummonedtoCanadianmilitaryheadquartersinLondon,underunusualsecrecy,notevenhiscommandingofficerwastoldwhy.
Thereitwasexplainedhisnewroleasa“codetalker”.Becausemanymilitarytermsdidn’texistinnativelanguages,newtermshadtobemadeupforthingsliketanks,machineguns,andbombers.Amachinegunmightbecalled,forexample,a“littlegunthatshootsfast”,whileaMosquitofighter-bomberwouldusetheCreewordformosquito:“sakimes”.
Afteraweekofdevelopingnewterms,theywenttowork.TompkinswassenttoworkwiththeAmerican8thAirForce,andwassworntoabsolutesecrecy.
From:http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/07/15/the-unbreakable-canadian-code-of-the-second-world-war/