for seed id tifi tiid entification species classification · species classification ... selection...
Transcript of for seed id tifi tiid entification species classification · species classification ... selection...
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ISTA Purity Seminar15. June 2009 Zürich
T l f d id tifi tiTools for seed identificationspecies classificationspecies classification and nomenclatureand nomenclature
by
b i d d iNorbert Leist and Andrea JonitzProf. Dr. Norbert LeistBrahmsstr.25
Dr. Andrea JonitzLTZ Augustenberg
76669 Bad Schö[email protected]
Neßlerstr.2376227 [email protected]
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Aquilegia vulgaris, Variation
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Variation• Variation is everywhere in biological systems. y g y
Natural variation at the population level is usualy not continuous, but occurs in discrete units or taxa. Easily the most important taxonomic level is the species because it is often the smallest clearly recognizable and discrete set of populationsdiscrete set of populations.
• Understanding how species form and how to recognize them have been major challenges to systematistshave been major challenges to systematists.
The variation in one population becomes interrupted, the way to a split into two species
strong hairy nearly glabrous
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Variation on speciesVariation on species
• Sources of variation:
M t tiMutation
Recombination
Independent assortment of the chromosomes
Random genetic drift
SelectionSelection
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Conservation of species characteristics avoiding gene flowConservation of species characteristics avoiding gene flow
Isolating barriers:
temporal (seasonal, diurnal)
habitat (wet, dry; calceous, silicious)
floral (structural, behavioral eg. adaptations for pollinators)
reproductive mode (self fertilisation, agamospery)
incompatibility (pollen, seeds)
hybrid inviability
hybrid floral isolation
hybrid sterility
hybrid break down
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Iris germanica Iris sibiricagIsolation by habitat
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Definition of species“ is not easyDefinition of „species is not easy
A species is the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual)
or lineages (asexual) diagnostible by a unique combination of
character states in comparable individuals
(Nixon and Wheeler 1990)
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Ph lPhylogeny SystematicsSystematics Taxonomy y
Classification Nomenclature
What does this mean?
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Systematic TaxonomySystematic, Taxonomy
Two concepts:
• Systematic is the science of the diversity ofSystematic is the science of the diversity of organism
T i h i f h l ifi i f• Taxonomy is the science of the classification of the organism
Nowadays many biologists do not make a differentiation between systematics anddifferentiation between systematics and taxonomy and use the terms equally
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How to define species
• Heritable characters are needed• Heritable characters are needed. A heritable character is any aspect of the l ` h l h b d dplant`s morphology that can be passed down
genetically through evolutionary time and still be recognizable.
Eg: Petal color, inflorescence structure and general growth pattern are all known to be g g punder genetic control and therefore stably inherited from one generation to the nextinherited from one generation to the next.
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Basis for systematics• Systematics need the precise observation of organism• Systematics need the precise observation of organism.
The assessment of similarity is the basis of comparative biology, and of systematics in particular. gy, y pTwo structures may be considered to be similar if
– they are found in a similar position in both organism
– they are similar in their cellular and histological structure
– they are linked by intermediate forms of the structurey y(Remane`s criteria of similarity)
Such structures may be
– morphological: flowers, fruits, seeds, pollen, stem woodyness, root habit, annual – perennial lifespan
– anatomical features: eg. Trachees
– physiological features: chemical components eg. Alkaloids, t iproteins
– DNA sequences
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Tools for systematists work
• Morphology Anatomy Physiology
• Biochmistry Organography Phytographyy g g p y y g p y
• Phytochoreology Phylogenetics Paleontology
• Karyology Histology CytologyKaryology Histology Cytology
• Genetics
• Only all the tools together lead to reliable results for a naturalOnly all the tools together lead to reliable results for a natural system
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Lunaria rediviva Thalictrum aquilegifoliumPapaver paucifoliatum Anemone sylvestris
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f h l “ f lOne of the „natural systems“ of plants
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Aquilegia vulgaris, Variation
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ClassificationClassification
• Order Ranunculales
• Family RanunculaceaeFamily Ranunculaceae
• Genus Aquilegia
• Species vulgaris
• PopulationPopulation
• Individual plants Variability
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Classification of the plant kingdom• Kingdom• Kingdom
• Division, Phylum ‐ phyta Spermatophyta
• Subdivision ‐ phytina Magnoliophytina
• Class ‐ opsida Liliopsida
• Subclass ‐ idae Liliidae
• Order ‐ ales Asparagales
• Suborder ‐ ineae
• Family ‐ aceae Amaryllidaceae• Family ‐ aceae Amaryllidaceae
• Subfamily ‐ oideae
• Tribe ‐ eae
• Subtribe ‐ inae
• Genus Narcissus
b lb• Species bulbocodium
• Suspecies subsp. bulbocodium
• Variety var citrinumVariety var. citrinum
• Cultivar `Kenellis`
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PhylogenyPhylogeny
• The knowledge about many characteristics of plants is rapidly
increasing Therefore also the understanding of the naturalincreasing. Therefore also the understanding of the natural
system, based on the relationships of the taxa is increasing.
• That leads in some cases to new arrangements in the
phylogenetic tree of species genera or even families Aphylogenetic tree of species, genera or even families. A
consequence is that nomenclature has to follow this
knowledge.
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Further readings
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Poales
Poaceae, Andropogon glomeratusJuncaceae, Juncus dichotomusPoaceae Oryza sativaPoaceae, Oryza sativa
Typhaceae, Typha domingensisCyperaceae, Rhynchospora colorataCyperaceae, Rhynchospora colorataPoaceae, Uniola paniculata
Restionaceae, Elegia capensisCyperaceae, Carex verrucosaBromeliaceae, Tillandsia hotteana
Ex: Plant Systematics, Judd et al. 2008
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Carl von Linnaeus 1753• introduced the binear nomenclature and based his artificial system on the floral characteristicsy
• the principle of his concept is still today valid d t b k th hand was a great break through
• before that time the species were named pdescripitivly:
• Fumaria bulbosa radice non cava major or• Fumaria bulbosa radice non cava major or
• Trifoliastrum pratense corymbiferum majus repens, corymbis forum magis sparsis, pediculis longissimis insidentibus, siliquis tetraspermisg , q p
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Rules to check and to set up correct plant names
Started 1753 New findings
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Need for a new scientific name
• A new species has been discovered• A new species has been discovered
• The check of the herbarium in a museum showed under the
description of one species more than one species
B i th i f i it b id t• By comparing the specimens of a species it becomes evident,
that the same species has been described two times (eg.
Cactus specimen collected by a botanist from Argentine and
from Canada)from Canada)
• New studies on a genus elucidated, that one of their species
belongs to another genus
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Nomenclature
Taxonomic groups require names to ensure efficient
communication regarding their identity, phylogenetic relationshipscommunication regarding their identity, phylogenetic relationships
and other aspects of their biology.
The naming of plants is called botanical nomenclature. The
principles and rules of botanical nomenclature have been
developed and adapted by a series of international botanical
d li t d i th I t ti l C d f B t i lcongresses and are listed in the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature, ICBN (2006).
The major goal of the ICBN is to provide one correct name for each
i i hi bl ftaxonomic group or taxon within a stable system of names
(classification)
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ICBN Requirements for naming new species
Th i b d Th b i L i• The species must be named. The name must be in Latin or latinized, in a binomial format and it must not ducplicate any name already in existencename already in existence
• The rank of the name must be clearly indicated
• A type specimenmust be designated• A type specimen must be designated
• The specices must be described in Latin, or described in another language and accompanied by a Latin diagnosis (a brief statementlanguage and accompanied by a Latin diagnosis (a brief statement of the character of the species or a comparison with a similar species) or linked to a reference with a Latin description.
• All of this information must be effectively published; that means it must be presented in a publication that is availale to other botanists, such as a botanical journal or book. Publishing in a seed catalogue, newspaper, e‐mail message or other ephemeral sources do not qualify as effective publicationsources do not qualify as effective publication.
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Nomenclature, Scientific Names• Nomenclatural Principles
Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological nomenclature
• The application of names to taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types, documented as holotype in a h b i ( t i b i i )herbarium (= type specimen or name‐bearing specimen). Duplicates of holotypes are isotypes
• The nomenclature of taxonomic groups is based on priority of• The nomenclature of taxonomic groups is based on priority of publication. Later published names of the same taxon are called synonyms, that are not the correct names.y y ,
• Each taxon can bear only one correct name
• Scientific names are in Latin or Greek regardless their derivation.Scientific names are in Latin or Greek regardless their derivation. The use of latinised names facilitates communication among systematists from diverse cultural and language groups
• The rules of nomenclature are retroactive . The ICBN system of rules has to be followed, even if there is no biological basis
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Examples for Synonyms
• The name behind the species is the describer, very often L. for C l LiCarl von Linnaeus
Ch di l i L• Chenopodium vulvaria L.
• If the name is changed, the first describer is in brackets
• Cerastium cerastioides (L.)Britt. (= C. trigynum Vill.)
• Chenopodium strictum Roth (Ch. strictum (Kras.) Murr; = Ch. lb L i (K )J M )album L. ssp. strictum (Kras)J.Murr)
• Silene latifolia Poir. (= Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, = S. alba (Mill )E H L Krause)alba (Mill.)E.H.L.Krause)
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Nomenclature, examples
Amaryllidaceae:
• Descriptor Traub: Rauhia peruviana Traub 1957
• Ravenna recognized it conspecific with Phaedranassa multifloraKunth 1850
• New name: Rauhia multiflora (Kunth) Ravenna
Cactaceae:
• Opuntia caespitosa found 1828, described by Poeppig 1835
• This name is preoccupied by the north american O i i fi 830Opuntia cespitosa Rafinesque 1830
• Therefore Pfeiffer named Poeppigs discovery Opuntia poeppigii Otto
• The same species described as Opuntia maihuenia Gay 1847
• Systematic research lead to Peireskia poeppigii
• Maihuenia poeppigii Philippi ex K. Schum. 1898 ………….B.E. Leuenberger, 2008, Pereskia, Maihuenia, and Blossfeldia –Taxonomic history, updates, and notes. Haseltonia No.14,54‐93
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SubspeciesSubspecies
• In the case of subspecies, sensu strictu, the subspecies with holotype gets the name without author and the second one the name of the author responsible for the new description:the name of the author responsible for the new description:
• Carex atrata L• Carex atrata L. Hoppe found that there were different subspecies they were named:
• Carex atrata L. ssp. atrataCarex atrata L. ssp. atrata
• Carex atrata L. ssp. aterrima (Hoppe) Hartm.
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Hybrid Names
• Hybrids between two species within the same genus may be designated by the alphabetical listing of both species names, separated by xseparated by x
• Verbascum lychnitis x V. nigrum
• Alternatively a hybrid may be described and given its own epithet preceded by xepithet, preceded by x
• Verbascum x schiedeanum (V. lychnitis x V. nigrum)
Such names require descriptions in Latin the designation of typeSuch names require descriptions in Latin, the designation of type specimens and effective publication
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Hybrid NamesHybrid Names
• Hybrids between species in different genera may also be designated by the parental species names separated by a multiplication sign Alternatively they may be represented bymultiplication sign. Alternatively, they may be represented by a condensed generic formula along with a specific epithet. A condensed generic formula is composed of elements of the g pgeneric names and is preceded by a multiplication sign
• xDialaeliocattleya (hybrid of Diacrium, Laelia, Cattleya)
• xTriticosecale
• Such generic formulas require no Latin descriptions. This conventions are not applied to species originating by natural hybridization
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Cultivated PlantsPl d d i l i i h h h b idi i ifi i l• Plants produced in cultivation through hybridisation, artificial selection or other processes may receive additional epithets according the International Code of Nomenclature foraccording the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), which recognizes „cultivars“ and „cultivar groups“
• The term cultivar is a combination of the words cultivated and variety; theses entities were often called „varieties“ in the earlier literature. Cultivars should not be confused with botanical varieties, which usually represent naturally occuring geographic races or morphologically distinct populationsgeographic races or morphologically distinct populations.
• Cultivars are selections from any source – from the wild or from cultivation – that can be reliably reproduced by a prescribedcultivation that can be reliably reproduced by a prescribed method of propagation.
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Cultivated Plants
• Cultivar epithets may be in any language, but epithets published after Januar 1, 1959, may not be in Latin. However, if a species is reduced to a cultivar , it will retain its epithet: Mahonia japonica becomesMahonia „japonica“.
• In former times the cultivar epithet was preceded with „cv.“, but this has been disallowed since 1996.„ ,
• Cultivar names may be used after generic, specific or intraspecific names. Equivalent designations of the sameintraspecific names. Equivalent designations of the same cultivar are: Citrullus „Crimson Sweet“; Citrullus lanatus „CrimsonCitrullus „Crimson Sweet ; Citrullus lanatus „Crimson Sweet“.
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The actual naming in GRIN(Germplasm Resources Information Network)
Dr. John H. Wiersema, Chair of TCOM Nomenclature, and his colleagues in GRIN Taxonomy United States Department ofcolleagues in GRIN Taxonomy, United States Department of Agriculture, present the newest nomenclature for plants worldwide accepted as well as the actual valid nomenclature for pISTA under
http://www.ars‐grin.gov/cgi‐bin/npgs/html/taxassoc.pl
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Thank you very much for your y y yattention !
Silene pusillaSilene pusilla