For Peer Review · 2019-04-19 · For Peer Review 3 1 Mayonnaise is an acidic oil-in-water emulsion...

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For Peer Review Egg white hydrolysate inhibits oxidation in mayonnaise and a model system Journal: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Manuscript ID BBB-160707.R2 Manuscript Type: Regular Paper Date Submitted by the Author: 23-Jan-2017 Complete List of Authors: Kobayashi, Hideaki ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Sasahara, Ryou ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Yoda, Shoichi ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Kotake-Nara, Eiichi; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Food Research Institute Keywords: chelate, egg white, hydrolysate, mayonnaise, oxidation Subject Categories: Food & Nutrition Science Classification of Research Fields: V - 2) Chemistry and Biochemistry < V. Foods, V - 4) Processing, Preservation, and Safety < V. Foods Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry on 16 Feb 2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/09168451.2017.1290519

Transcript of For Peer Review · 2019-04-19 · For Peer Review 3 1 Mayonnaise is an acidic oil-in-water emulsion...

Page 1: For Peer Review · 2019-04-19 · For Peer Review 3 1 Mayonnaise is an acidic oil-in-water emulsion food that 2 consists of vegetable oil, eggs, and vinegar. It contains nutrients

For Peer Review

Egg white hydrolysate inhibits oxidation in mayonnaise and

a model system

Journal: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

Manuscript ID BBB-160707.R2

Manuscript Type: Regular Paper

Date Submitted by the Author: 23-Jan-2017

Complete List of Authors: Kobayashi, Hideaki ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Sasahara, Ryou ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Yoda, Shoichi ; Kewpie Corporation, Institute of Technology R&D Div. Kotake-Nara, Eiichi; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Food Research Institute

Keywords: chelate, egg white, hydrolysate, mayonnaise, oxidation

Subject Categories: Food & Nutrition Science

Classification of Research Fields:

V - 2) Chemistry and Biochemistry < V. Foods, V - 4) Processing, Preservation, and Safety < V. Foods

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry on 16 Feb 2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/09168451.2017.1290519

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Ar t i c l e t y pe : R e g u l a r p a p e r 1

2

Runn i ng t i t l e : A n t i o x i d a n t a c t i o n o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e 3

4

Ti t l e : E g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e i n h i b i t s o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e 5

a n d a m o d e l s y s t e m 6

7

Au thor s : H i d e a k i K o b a y a s h i1 , 3 , ∗

, Ry o u S a s a h a r a1, S h o i c h i Yo d a

1, 8

E i i c h i K o t a k e - N a r a2 , 3 , ∗

9

10

Af f i l i a t i o n : 11

1 I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h no l o g y R&D D i v. , K ewp i e Co r p o r a t i o n , 2 - 5 - 7 , 12

S en gawa - c ho , Ch o f u - s h i , To k y o , 1 8 2 - 00 02 , J a pa n 13

2Food R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e , Na t i o na l A g r i c u l t u re a nd Fo o d 14

Re s e a rc h O rga n i z a t i o n , 2 - 1 - 12 K annon da i , Ts u k ub a , I b a r a k i 15

3 0 5 -8 64 2 , J ap a n 16

3I n s t i t u t e o f B i omed i c a l S c i e n c e s , To ku s h ima Un i v e r s i t y 17

Gradua t e S c ho o l , 3 - 1 8 - 1 5 Ku ramo t o - c h o , To ku s h ima 7 70 - 85 03 , 18

J ap an 19

20

∗∗∗∗To whom c o r re spondenc e s h ou l d b e add re s s e d . 21

1Te l : + 8 1 - 3 - 5 3 8 4 - 7 7 5 8 ; F a x : + 8 1 - 3 - 5 3 8 4 - 7 8 6 0 ; E - m a i l : 22

h i d e a k i _ k o b a y a s h i @ k e w p i e . c o . j p , 2Te l : + 8 1 - 2 9 - 8 3 8 - 8 0 3 9 ; F a x : 23

+ 8 1 - 2 9 - 8 3 8 - 7 9 9 6 ; E - m a i l : e k o t a k e @ a f f r c . g o . j p . 24

25

Abb re v i a t i o n s : D M S O , d i m e t h y l s u l f o x i d e ; D P P H , 26

1 , 1 - d i p h e n y l - 2 - p i c r y l h y d r a z y l ; E W H , e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e ; 27

E D TA , e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c a c i d ; P V, p e r o x i d e v a l u e ; T C A , 28

t r i ch l o r oa ce t i c a c i d . 29

Page 1 of 41 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Abs t r a c t 1

T h e f l a v o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e i s i n d u c e d b y i r o n , 2

w h i c h i s r e l e a s e d f r o m e g g y o l k p h o s v i t i n u n d e r a c i d i c 3

c o n d i t i o n s a n d p r o m o t e s l i p i d o x i d a t i o n . To p r e v e n t o x i d a t i v e 4

d e t e r i o r a t i o n , n a t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s , r a t h e r t h a n s y n t h e t i c 5

c h e m i c a l s s u c h a s e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c a c i d h a v e b e e n 6

r e q u i r e d b y c o n s u m e r s . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y, w e e v a l u a t e d t h e 7

i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s o f t h r e e e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s w i t h t h e s a m e 8

a m i n o a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n , n a m e l y e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , h y d r o l y s a t e , 9

a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e , o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e a n d 10

a n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a m o d e l s y s t e m . We f o u n d t h a t t h e 11

h y d r o l y s a t e h a d t h e s t r o n g e s t i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n 12

a m o n g t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s . T h e m e c h a n i s m u n d e r l y i n g t h e 13

a n t i o x i d a n t e f f e c t w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. 14

T h u s , e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e m a y h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l a s n a t u r a l 15

i n h i b i t o r s o f l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e . 16

17

18

Key wor d s : c h e l a t e , e g g w h i t e , h y d r o l y s a t e , m a y o n n a i s e , 19

o x i d a t i o n 20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

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M a y o n n a i s e i s a n a c i d i c o i l - i n - w a t e r e m u l s i o n f o o d t h a t 1

c o n s i s t s o f v e g e t a b l e o i l , e g g s , a n d v i n e g a r. I t c o n t a i n s n u t r i e n t s 2

s u c h a s p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s a n d i r o n d e r i v e d f r o m e g g 3

y o l k p h o s v i t i n ,1 )

w h i c h c o n t a i n s m a n y p h o s p h o r y l a t e d s e r i n e 4

r e s i d u e s .2 )

I r o n , w h i c h i s r e l e a s e d f r o m e g g y o l k p h o s v i t i n 5

b e c a u s e o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n p H c a u s e d b y a c e t i c a c i d i n v i n e g a r, 6

i n d u c e s t h e o x i d a t i v e d e g r a d a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e .3 )

I n o t h e r 7

w o r d s , p h o s v i t i n h a s l i t t l e c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y i n m a y o n n a i s e . To 8

m a i n t a i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l v a l u e o f m a y o n n a i s e , c a l c i u m d i s o d i u m 9

e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c a c i d ( E D TA ) h a s b e e n u s e d a s a f o o d 10

a d d i t i v e o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d i n m o s t c o u n t r i e s . E D TA i s a n 11

e c o n o m i c a l a g e n t t h a t i s h i g h l y e f f e c t i v e i n s t r o n g l y c h e l a t i n g 12

i r o n . H o w e v e r , E D TA i s a l s o a c h e m i c a l s y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t t h a t 13

t e n d s t o g i v e a n e g a t i v e i m a g e t o c o n s u m e r s . T h u s , a n t i o x i d a n t s 14

d e r i v e d f r o m a n a t u r a l p r o d u c t a r e r e q u i r e d a s f o l l o w s .4 - 8 )

15

P r e v i o u s l y, i t w a s e v a l u a t e d w h e t h e r n a t u r a l a n t i o x i d a n t s s u c h a s 16

p h y t i c a c i d ,4 )

g a l l i c a c i d ,5 )

t o c o p h e r o l ,6 )

a s c o r b i c a c i d ,7 )

a n d 17

p u r p l e c o r n h u s k e x t r a c t s8 )

i n h i b i t e d t h e o x i d a t i o n o f l i p i d s i n 18

m a y o n n a i s e . A m o n g t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s , o n l y p u r p l e c o r n h u s k 19

e x t r a c t s i n h i b i t e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e , b u t t h e c o l o r o f 20

m a y o n n a i s e t u r n e d p u r p l e . We h a v e a c o n c e r n t h a t t h e p u r p l e 21

c o l o r w i l l n o t b e a c c e p t a b l e t o c o n s u m e r s . 22

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e n a t u r a l a n t i o x i d a n t s , s o m e p r o t e i n s a n d 23

p e p t i d e s a r e a l s o k n o w n t o f u n c t i o n a s a n t i o x i d a n t s .9 )

E g g 24

a l b u m i n i n h i b i t e d t h e i r o n - c a t a l y z e d o x i d a t i o n o f e g g 25

p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e .1 0 )

F a t - f r e e e g g y o l k p r o t e i n e x e r t e d a n 26

a n t i o x i d a n t e f f e c t o n e t h a n o l / w a t e r o r o n c o o k i e s c o n t a i n i n g 27

l i n o l e i c a c i d . C o m p a r e d w i t h e g g - y o l k p r o t e i n , t h e h y d r o l y s a t e 28

e x h i b i t e d a s t r o n g e r a n t i o x i d a n t e f f e c t .1 1 )

B e c a u s e t h e c o l o r o f 29

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t h e s e e g g p r o t e i n s / h y d r o l y s a t e i s w h i t e , t h e e g g - d e r i v e d 1

c o m p o n e n t s m a y p r e v e n t t h e o x i d a t i o n o f l i p i d s i n f o o d s w i t h o u t 2

c h a n g i n g t h e c o l o r o f m a y o n n a i s e . 3

A s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , a c e t i c a c i d c a u s e d t h e r e l e a s e o f i r o n , 4

s u b s e q u e n t l y l e a d i n g t o l i p i d o x i d a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , a c e t i c a c i d 5

i t s e l f m a y d i r e c t l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e 6

b e c a u s e a c e t i c a c i d w a s r e p o r t e d t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e o x i d a t i o n o f 7

s o y b e a n o i l .1 2 )

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s o m e o r g a n i c a c i d s h a v e a n 8

a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t ,1 2 - 1 4 )

a n d t h e y m a y i n h i b i t t h e l i p i d 9

o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e . 10

H e n c e , i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y, w e d e t e r m i n e d t h e i n h i b i t o r y 11

e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s a n d o r g a n i c a c i d s , i n s t e a d o f 12

a c e t i c a c i d , o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n u s i n g r e a l m a y o n n a i s e a n d a m o d e l 13

s y s t e m , a n d t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e m e c h a n i s m s w e r e a l s o e v a l u a t e d . 14

15

Mate r i a l s a nd Me thods 16

Ma t e r i a l s . S h e l l e d e g g s w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m a 17

s u p e r m a r k e t i n To k y o . G l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d o f f o o d a d d i t i v e g r a d e 18

w a s p u r c h a s e d f r o m T h e N i p p o n S y n t h e t i c C h e m i c a l I n d u s t r y C o . , 19

L t d . ( O s a k a , J a p a n ) . C a l c i u m d i s o d i u m E D TA w a s p u r c h a s e d 20

f r o m M a r u z e n C h e m i c a l s C o . , L t d . ( To k y o , J a p a n ) . Tr o l o x a n d 21

n e o c u p r o i n e w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m S i g m a - A l d r i c h ( S t L o u i s , M O , 22

U S A ) . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e E P - 1 ® i s a p r o d u c t o f 23

K e w p i e C o . ( To k y o , J a p a n ) . I t i s o b t a i n e d b y t r e a t i n g a l b u m i n 24

w i t h n e u t r a l p r o t e a s e o f As pe rg i l l u s o r i g i n . I t s a v e r a g e 25

m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t i s 11 0 0 . C i t r i c a c i d , 26

1 , 1 - d i p h e n y l - 2 - p i c r y l h y d r a z y l ( D P P H ) , a n d 27

3 - ( 2 - p y r i d y l ) - 5 , 6 - d i p h e n y l - 1 , 2 , 4 - t r i a z i n e - 4 ′ , 4 ″ - d i s u l f o n i c a c i d 28

m o n o s o d i u m s a l t h y d r a t e ( f e r r o z i n e ) w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m Wa k o 29

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P u r e C h e m i c a l I n d u s t r i e s , L t d . ( O s a k a , J a p a n ) . A m m o n i u m i r o n 1

( I I ) s u l f a t e h e x a h y d r a t e , F e C l 3 , 1 0 0 % t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d ( T C A ) , 2

a n d 5 - s u l f o s a l i c y l i c a c i d d i h y d r a t e w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m N a c a l a i 3

Te s q u e , I n c . , ( K y o t o , J a p a n ) . E D TA - 2 N a w a s p u r c h a s e d f r o m 4

D o j i n d o L a b o r a t o r i e s ( K u m a m o t o , J a p a n ) . A l l o t h e r c h e m i c a l s 5

w e r e o f a n a l y t i c a l r e a g e n t g r a d e . 6

7

The am i no a c i d c ompo s i t i o n s o f t h e e gg w h i t e p ro t e i n a n d 8

h yd ro l y s a t e , a n d p re p a r a t i o n o f t h e am in o a c i d m i x t u re . 9

E g g w h i t e w a s f r e e z e - d r i e d a n d t h e n p o u n d e d i n a m o r t a r. T h e 10

r e s u l t i n g c o m p o u n d w a s u s e d a s e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n . T h e a m i n o 11

a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n s o f e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n a n d E P - 1 w e r e m e a s u r e d 12

u s i n g a J L C / 5 0 0 V 2 a m i n o a c i d a n a l y z e r ( N i p p o n D e n s h i , To k y o , 13

J a p a n ) a s f o l l o w s . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n a n d E P - 1 w e r e h y d r o l y z e d 14

b y H C l . C y s t e i n e w a s o x i d i z e d t o c y s t e i c a c i d u s i n g p e r f o r m i c 15

a c i d p r i o r t o h y d r o l y s i s .1 5 )

Tr y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t w a s d e t e r m i n e d 16

v i a b a r i u m h y d r o x i d e h y d r o l y s i s .1 6 )

T h e a m i n o a c i d c o n t e n t s o f 17

e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n a n d E P - 1 a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e 1 . T h e f i n d i n g s 18

w e r e s i m i l a r b e t w e e n t h e t w o . 19

To p r e p a r e a n a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e t h a t h a s t h e s a m e 20

f o r m u l a t i o n r a t i o a s E P - 1 , 1 8 a m i n o a c i d s w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m 21

K a n t o C h e m i c a l C o . , I n c . ( To k y o , J a p a n ) a n d w e r e t h e n 22

c o m p o u n d e d . 23

24

Pre p a r a t i o n o f a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a mod e l s y s t em f o r 25

l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n may o nn a i s e . T h e s o l i d c o n t e n t o f e g g 26

y o l k w a s a d j u s t e d t o 4 3 % v i a t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s m a l l a m o u n t o f 27

e g g w h i t e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e .1 7 )

A f t e r t h e e g g y o l k 28

m i x t u r e ( 1 0 g ) w a s d i l u t e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r ( 1 3 0 g ) , t h e 29

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d i l u t e d e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s h e a t e d a t 6 0 °C f o r 3 m i n . F u r t h e r , 1

t h e e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s a d j u s t e d t o p H 4 . 0 u s i n g o r g a n i c a c i d s 2

s u c h a s g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d . T h e f i n a l s o l i d c o n t e n t o f e g g y o l k i n 3

t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s 1 % . E g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s a s 4

c a n d i d a t e a n t i o x i d a n t s w e r e d i s p e r s e d w i t h a v o r t e x m i x e r 5

( m o d e l T M - 1 5 1 ; A G C Te c h n o G l a s s C o . , L t d . S h i z u o k a , J a p a n ) i n 6

t h e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r. T h e s e c o m p o n e n t s w e r e a d d e d t o t h e a c i d i c 7

e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n , a n d t h e n t h e a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i o n w a s e v a l u a t e d 8

a s f o l l o w s . 9

T h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n ( 1 0 m L ) i n a 1 5 - m L g l a s s t u b e o f 1 0

11 m m i n n e r d i a m e t e r w i t h a s c r e w c a p w a s i n c u b a t e d a t 5 5 °C i n 11

t h e d a r k . L i p i d o x i d a t i o n w a s e v a l u a t e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e 12

f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a c c o r d i n g t o p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s .1 8 - 2 0 )

I n 13

b r i e f , e t h e r / e t h a n o l ( 1 : 3 , v / v ) w a s a d d e d t o a n a l i q u o t o f t h e 14

o x i d i z e d r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e a n d t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d a t 1 , 2 0 0 g f o r 5 15

m i n a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e u p p e r p h a s e w a s m e a s u r e d a t 16

e x c i t a t i o n a n d e m i s s i o n w a v e l e n g t h s o f 3 6 0 a n d 4 4 0 n m , 17

r e s p e c t i v e l y, u s i n g a H i t a c h i F - 2 0 0 0 s p e c t r o p h o t o f l u o r o m e t e r. 18

T h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y w a s e x p r e s s e d a s a v a l u e r e l a t i v e t o 19

t h e s t a n d a r d v a l u e f o r 1 µg / m L q u i n i n e s u l f a t e / 0 . 1 N s u l f u r i c a c i d 20

s e t a s 1 0 0 . 21

22

GC-MS an a l y s i s . Vo l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s p r o d u c e d b y l i p i d 23

o x i d a t i o n f r o m t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w e r e a n a l y z e d b y 24

G C - M S a c c o r d i n g t o a p r e v i o u s r e p o r t .2 1 )

I n b r i e f , t h e a c i d i c e g g 25

y o l k s o l u t i o n ( 3 m L ) w a s i n c u b a t e d i n a s e a l e d g l a s s t u b e a t 4 0 °C 26

f o r 5 m i n . Vo l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s w e r e a d s o r b e d v i a h e a d s p a c e s o l i d 27

p h a s e m i c r o e x t r a c t i o n u s i n g a 28

p o l y d i m e t h y l s i l o x a n e / C a r b o x e n / d i v i n y l b e n z e n e ( S i g m a - A l d r i c h ) 29

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f i b e r a t 4 0 °C f o r 2 0 m i n a n d t h e n a n a l y z e d b y G C u s i n g a n 1

A g i l e n t 6 8 9 0 g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h c o u p l e d t o a 5 9 7 3 m a s s 2

s p e c t r o m e t e r ( A g i l e n t Te c h n o l o g i e s , P a l o A l t o , C A ) w i t h 3

e l e c t r o n i m p a c t i o n i z a t i o n a t 7 0 e V. M a s s u n i t s w e r e m o n i t o r e d 4

f r o m 2 9 t o 2 9 0 m / z . S e p a r a t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d o n a S o l - G e l - Wa x 5

c a p i l l a r y c o l u m n ( 3 0 m × 0 . 2 5 m m i . d . , 0 . 2 5 µm f i l m t h i c k n e s s ; 6

S G E A n a l y t i c a l S c i e n c e , Vi c t o r i a , A u s t r a l i a ) c a r r y i n g a c o n s t a n t 7

f l o w o f h e l i u m ( 1 . 0 m L / m i n ) . T h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e w a s s e t a t 8

2 5 0 °C . T h e c o l u m n o v e n t e m p e r a t u r e p r o g r a m c o n s i s t e d o f a n 9

i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n o f 3 5 °C h e l d f o r 5 m i n , f o l l o w e d b y a n i n c r e a s e 10

t o 1 2 0 °C a t a r a t e o f 5 °C / m i n a n d t h e n 2 2 0 °C a t a r a t e o f 11

1 5 °C / m i n , f o l l o w e d b y a f i n a l h o l d t i m e o f 6 m i n . T h e m a s s 12

s p e c t r a o f p e a k s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e N I S T 13

d a t a b a s e m a s s s p e c t r a l l i b r a r y. 14

15

Pre p a r a t i o n o f ma yon na i s e . M a t e r i a l s f o r m a y o n n a i s e 16

w e r e c o m p o u n d e d u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a t i o n s h o w n i n Ta b l e 2 a n d 17

t h e n p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e c o l l o i d m i l l o f a K e w p i e p i l o t p l a n t 18

( K e w p i e C o . ) a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e b y, m a y o n n a i s e 19

f o r m u l a t i o n s h a v i n g a n a v e r a g e p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r o f 2− 5 µ m w e r e 20

o b t a i n e d . T h e p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a l a s e r 21

d i f f r a c t i o n p a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y z e r ( m o d e l S A L D - 2 0 0 V ; S h i m a d z u , 22

K y o t o , J a p a n ) . T h e m a y o n n a i s e f o r m u l a t i o n s ( 2 0 0 g ) w e r e 23

e n c l o s e d i n s q u a r e b a g s ( 1 4 0 m m w i d e × 1 7 0 m m d e e p ) o f t h i n 24

p l a s t i c m a d e o f n y l o n 1 5 µm / l i n e a r l o w - d e n s i t y p o l y e t h y l e n e 6 0 25

µm . 26

27

L ip i d o x i d a t i o n i n ma y o nn a i s e a n d t a s t e s e n s o r y e v a l u a t i o n . 28

M a y o n n a i s e f o r m u l a t i o n s w e r e a u t o x i d i z e d a t 5 5 °C f o r 7 d a y s i n 29

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t h e d a r k t o m e a s u r e t h e p e r o x i d e v a l u e ( P V ) . A f t e r o x i d i z a t i o n , 1

l i p i d s i n t h e m a y o n n a i s e w e r e e x t r a c t e d u s i n g t h e B l i g h a n d D y e r 2

m e t h o d .2 2 )

P V w a s d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e J a p a n O i l 3

C h e m i s t s S o c i e t y ( J O C S ) o f f i c i a l m e t h o d 2 . 5 . 2 . 2 - 2 0 1 3 . 4

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a u t o x i d a t i o n , m a y o n n a i s e f o r m u l a t i o n s w e r e 5

a l s o p h o t o - o x i d i z e d a t 2 5 °C f o r 7 d a y s u n d e r a f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p 6

a t 5 0 0− 6 0 0 l x f o r s e n s o r y t e s t i n g . Ta s t e , a s e v a l u a t e d b y 7

e i g h t - t r a i n e d p a n e l i s t s , w a s s c o r e d f r o m 0 t o 7 , w i t h h i g h e r 8

n u m b e r s i n d i c a t i n g b e t t e r t a s t e , o n t h e b a s i s o f a s c o r e o f 7 a s 9

t h e s t a n d a r d t a s t e o f m a y o n n a i s e s t o r e d a t 4 °C f o r 7 d a y s i n t h e 10

d a r k . 11

12

DPPH r ad i c a l - s c a v e ng i n g a c t i v i t y . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n 13

w a s d i s p e r s e d i n 1 % ( w / v ) t a u r o c h o l a t e a n d t h e n s o n i c a t e d w i t h a 14

p r o b e - t y p e h o m o g e n i z e r ( U l t r a S , V P - 5 S ; Ta i t e c , S a i t a m a ) . E g g 15

w h i t e p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e ( E P - 1 ) a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e 16

w e r e d i s s o l v e d i n 6 N H C l / D M S O ( 0 . 0 1 6 : 1 , v / v ) a n d 6 N 17

H C l / D M S O ( 0 . 0 5 6 : 1 , v / v ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y. T h e t h r e e r e s u l t i n g 18

s o l u t i o n s w e r e v i s u a l l y c l e a r. T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s e s a m p l e s 19

w a s 2 0 m g / m L , a n d t h e n e g a t i v e c o n t r o l s a n d d i l u t i o n s w e r e 20

p r e p a r e d u s i n g t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v e h i c l e s . 21

T h e s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y o f t h e s e s a m p l e s o n D P P H r a d i c a l s 22

w a s e v a l u a t e d u s i n g a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d 23

p r e v i o u s l y.2 3 )

T h e s o l u t i o n s ( 2 0 µL ) o f e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , e g g 24

w h i t e p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e , a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e w e r e 25

i n c u b a t e d w i t h D P P H w o r k i n g s o l u t i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f 9 0 µL o f 26

1 0 0 m M D P P H - e t h a n o l a n d 9 0 µL o f 1 0 0 m M a c e t a t e b u f f e r ( p H 27

4 . 0 ) i n e a c h w e l l o f a 9 6 - w e l l p l a t e f o r 3 0 m i n a t r o o m 28

t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t s ( 1 0 0 µL ) w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d a t 29

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1 , 6 0 0 g f o r 1 0 m i n a t 4 °C , t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n e w 9 6 - w e l l p l a t e , a n d 1

t h e n d i l u t e d 2 - f o l d w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r. T h e D P P H c o n t e n t w a s 2

a n a l y z e d a t 5 1 0 n m u s i n g a m i c r o p l a t e r e a d e r ( Te c a n G r o u p , 3

M ä n n e d o r f , S w i t z e r l a n d ) . Tr o l o x - e t h a n o l w a s u s e d a s a p o s i t i v e 4

c o n t r o l . 5

6

Fe2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y w a s 7

e v a l u a t e d u s i n g a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d 8

m e t h o d .2 4 , 2 5 )

T h e s o l u t i o n s ( 7 5 µL ) o f e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , e g g 9

w h i t e p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e , t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e , a n d n e g a t i v e 10

c o n t r o l s a n d d i l u t i o n s a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y w e r e m i x e d w i t h 11

75 µL o f ammonium i r on ( I I ) s u l f a t e he xahydr a te a t 1 0 0 µM 12

a n d 6 0 0 µL o f 1 0 0 m M a c e t a t e b u f f e r ( p H 4 . 0 ) . A f t e r i n c u b a t i o n 13

a t 5 5 °C f o r 3 0 m i n , 7 . 5 µL o f 1 0 0 % T C A w e r e a d d e d t o 1 5 0 µL o f 14

t h e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e a n d t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d a t 9 , 6 0 0 g f o r 1 0 m i n a t 15

4 °C . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t s ( 1 0 0 µL ) w e r e i n c u b a t e d w i t h 8 0 µL o f 16

1 0 % ( w / v ) a m m o n i u m a c e t a t e a n d 2 0 µL o f t h e f e r r o u s i r on c o l o r 17

i n d i c a t o r c o n s i s t i n g o f 6 . 1 m M f e r r o z i ne and 1 4 . 4 m M 18

n e o c u p r o i n e , w h i c h c o u l d b e d i s s o l v e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f s e v e r a l 19

d r o p s o f 6 N H C l , i n 9 6 - w e l l p l a t e s f o r 5 m i n a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , 20

a n d t h e n a n a l y z e d a t 5 6 0 n m u s i n g t h e m i c r o p l a t e r e a d e r. 21

E D TA - 2 N a w a s u s e d a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l . Ve h i c l e a l o n e w a s 22

u s e d a s t h e n e g a t i v e c o n t r o l f o r e a c h s a m p l e . 23

D u r i n g t h e i n c u b a t i o n , t h e r e w a s a c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g 24

r e d u c t i o n s o f F e2 +

c o n t e n t b y a u t o x i d a t i o n . C o n c o m i t a n t w i t h t h e 25

m e a s u r e m e n t o f c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y, t h e o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f F e2 +

26

i n e a c h n e g a t i v e c o n t r o l s o l u t i o n w a s e v a l u a t e d . I n a d d i t i o n , d u e 27

t o t h e p o s s i b l e c o n v e r s i o n o f F e2 +

t o F e3 +

c a u s e d b y t h e e g g 28

w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s , s u p e r n a t a n t s ( 1 0 0 µL ) o f s a m p l e s w e r e a l s o 29

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m i x e d w i t h 1 0 0 µL o f 5 - s u l f o s a l i c y l i c a c i d d i h y d r a t e a t 2 0 0 µM 1

i n 9 6 - w e l l p l a t e s f o r 1 0 m i n a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , f o l l o w e d b y 2

a n a l y s i s a t 5 1 0 n m u s i n g a m i c r o p l a t e r e a d e r v i a a m o d i f i c a t i o n 3

o f a p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d m e t h o d f o r e v a l u a t i n g F e3 +

.2 6 )

B e c a u s e 4

F e3 +

d i d n o t c a u s e a c o l o r c h a n g e i n t h e r e a c t i o n u s i n g t h e 5

f e r r o u s i r o n c o l o r i n d i c a t o r, t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f F e3 +

i n d u c e d b y 6

t h e c o m p o n e n t s m i g h t c r e a t e t h e m i s t a k e n i m p r e s s i o n o f 7

e f f e c t i v e F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. 8

9

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . T h e d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g 10

o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h D u n n e t t t e s t o r w i t h Tu k e y−K r a m e r t e s t . 11

P - v a l u e s < 0 . 0 5 w e r e c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t . 12

13

Re su l t s 14

L ip i d o x i d a t i o n i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n 15

We m e a s u r e d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e o f s u b s t a n c e s p r o d u c e d b y t h e 16

o x i d a t i o n o f a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a m a y o n n a i s e m o d e l . T h e 17

f l u o r e s c e n t s u b s t a n c e s a r e t h o u g h t t o b e p r o d u c t s o f a l d e h y d e 18

g r o u p s i n v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s a n d a m i n o g r o u p s a s d e s c r i b e d 19

b e l o w. 20

F i g . 1 A s h o w s a G C c h r o m a t o g r a m o f t h e v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s 21

f o r m e d b y o x i d a t i o n i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a t 5 5 °C f o r 22

7 2 h . T h e t h r e e m a i n p e a k s w e r e a s s i g n e d b y c o m p a r i n g M S 23

s p e c t r a w i t h t h o s e o f t h e d a t a b a s e l i b r a r y a s f o l l o w s : p e a k a , 24

h e x a n a l ( F i g . 1 B ) ; p e a k b , 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n ( F i g . 1 B ) ; a n d p e a k c , 25

a c e t i c a c i d ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . 26

We p l o t t e d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y o f s u b s t a n c e s a g a i n s t G C 27

r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f i r s t t w o c o m p o u n d s p r o d u c e d b y t h e o x i d a t i o n 28

o f a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a t 5 5 °C f o r 7 2 h u n d e r v a r i a b l e 29

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c o n d i t i o n s ( p H 4 . 0 o r 7 . 0 w i t h E D TA a t 0 o r 2 5 µM ) . P o s i t i v e 1

c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a n d 2

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f h e x a n a l ( R2 = 0 . 9 7 5 7 ) o r 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n ( R

2 = 3

0 . 7 3 1 8 ) ( F i g . 1 C ) . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y 4

e x h i b i t e d a s t r o n g c o r r e l a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e h e x a n a l 5

f o r m a t i o n . 6

7

The i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s o f e gg w h i t e p ro t e i n / h y d ro l y s a t e / am i n o 8

a c i d m i x t u re o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a 9

may onna i s e mode l 10

We e v a l u a t e d t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s 11

u s i n g a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a m a y o n n a i s e m o d e l . 12

T h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y i n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s 13

i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g i n c u b a t i o n i n a t i m e - d e p e n d e n t m a n n e r ( F i g . 2 A , 14

C o n t r o l ) . E D TA ( 0 . 0 0 4 7 % ) , p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l , s i g n i f i c a n t l y 15

d e c r e a s e d t h e i n t e n s i t y a t 8 8 h ( o n e - w a y A N O VA , p<0 . 0 5 ) ( F i g . 16

2 A ) . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , t h e h y d r o l y s a t e , a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d 17

m i x t u r e a l s o t r e n d e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y i n a 18

c o n c e n t r a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t m a n n e r o v e r t h e r a n g e o f 19

0 . 0 1 2 5 %−0 . 1 % ( F i g s 2 B - E ) . 20

A s s h o w n i n F i g s 2 B - E , e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e a n d t h e a m i n o 21

a c i d m i x t u r e m o r e s t r o n g l y d e c r e a s e d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y 22

t h a n e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n ( T h e v a l u e s a t 8 8 h , p< 0 . 0 5 ) . A m o n g t h e 23

t h r e e e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s , t h e h y d r o l y s a t e a t 0 . 1 % m o s t 24

e f f e c t i v e l y d e c r e a s e d t h e i n t e n s i t y ( T h e v a l u e s a t 8 8 h , p<0 . 0 5 ) 25

( F i g . 2 E ) . 26

27

DPPH r ad i c a l - s c a v e ng i n g a c t i v i t y o f e gg wh i t e 28

p ro t e i n / h y d ro l y s a t e / am i no a c i d m i x t u re 29

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A s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s s h o w e d t h e 1

a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t i n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a m a y o n n a i s e 2

m o d e l . B e c a u s e t h e l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i s f u r t h e r a c c e l e r a t e d b y 3

r a d i c a l s p r o d u c e d f r o m l i p i d p e r o x i d e ,2 7 )

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g 4

a c t i v i t y i s t h o u g h t a s a p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m f o r t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e 5

e f f e c t . D P P H w a s a p p r o p r i a t e l y u s e d f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e a c t i v i t y 6

a s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w. E D TA s h o w e d n o e f f e c t a t a l l o n t h e D P P H 7

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . Tr o l o x i s 8

c o m m o n l y u s e d a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l . A s s h o w n i n F i g . 3 A , t h e 9

r e m a i n i n g l e v e l s o f D P P H r a d i c a l s ( % ) ( Y ) w e r e p l o t t e d a g a i n s t 10

t h e Tr o l o x c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( m M ) ( X ) , r e v e a l i n g a n e g a t i v e 11

c o r r e l a t i o n u n d e r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n u s e d ( R2 = 0 . 9 9 0 7 ) . 12

E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , t h e h y d r o l y s a t e , a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e 13

r e d u c e d D P P H r a d i c a l l e v e l s i n a c o n c e n t r a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t 14

m a n n e r. T h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e h a d t h e s t r o n g e s t e f f e c t o n 15

D P P H r a d i c a l a m o n g t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s a t 2 . 0 % ( F i g . 3 B ) . 16

W h e n t h e D P P H r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y o f t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s 17

a t 2 . 0 % w a s e v a l u a t e d b a s e d o n t h a t o f Tr o l o x u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a 18

Y = 1 6 6 . 6 6 X , t h e v a l u e s w e r e 0 . 1 5 5 ± 0 . 0 11 m M f o r p r o t e i n , 19

0 . 1 2 6 ± 0 . 0 0 4 m M f o r t h e h y d r o l y s a t e , a n d 0 . 2 9 3 ± 0 . 0 2 6 m M f o r 20

t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e . 21

22

Fe2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y o f e g g w h i t e p ro t e i n / h y d ro l y s a t e / am i no 23

a c i d m i x t u re 24

A s i r o n r e l e a s e c a u s e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n , t h e i r o n c h e l a t i n g 25

e f f e c t w o u l d b e o n e o f t h e p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m s o f t h e 26

a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t . A n e x t r e m e l y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 5 0 µM , 27

0 . 0 1 8 6 m g / m L ) o f E D TA - 2 N a a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l c h e l a t e d 28

n e a r l y a l l o f t h e F e2 +

c o n t e n t ( F i g . 4 ) . A m o n g t h e t h r e e e g g w h i t e 29

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c o m p o n e n t s , t h e h y d r o l y s a t e e x h i b i t e d t h e g r e a t e s t 1

F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y a t 1 . 0 % ( F i g . 4 ) , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 % 2

o f F e2 +

c h e l a t e d a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r 3 0 m i n . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n 3

a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e h a d l i t t l e t o n o F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g 4

a c t i v i t y. 5

N o o x i d a t i o n o f F e2 +

t o F e3 +

w a s o b s e r v e d d u r i n g i n c u b a t i o n 6

f o r 3 0 m i n ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . 7

8

The i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f t h e hy d ro l y s a t e o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n 9

may onna i s e 10

We e v a l u a t e d t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s 11

o n r e a l m a y o n n a i s e . A f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r 7 d a y s i n t h e d a r k a t 12

4 °C , t h e P V i n m a y o n n a i s e w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y z e r o ( d a t a n o t 13

s h o w n ) , w h e r e a s t h e v a l u e s a t 5 5 °C r e a c h e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 ( F i g . 14

5 , C o n t r o l ) . E D TA s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d t h e P V. T h e 15

h y d r o l y s a t e ( E W H ) a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d t h e v a l u e o v e r 16

t h e r a n g e o f 0 . 0 9 %−0 . 9 % ( F i g . 5 ) . 17

F i g . 6 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e n s o r y t a s t e e v a l u a t i o n o f 18

m a y o n n a i s e a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r 7 d a y s . U n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f 19

2 5 °C w i t h l i g h t a t 5 0 0− 6 0 0 l x ( C o n t r o l ) , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f 20

t a s t e s c o r e w a s l o w ( 2 . 5 ) . E D TA s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n h i b i t e d t h e 21

d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e , w i t h t h e a v e r a g e s c o r e i n c r e a s i n g t o 22

5 . 5 . T h e h y d r o l y s a t e a t 0 . 0 9 % a n d 0 . 4 5 % a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y 23

i n h i b i t e d t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n ( a v e r a g e s c o r e s , 4 . 2 5 a n d 5 . 0 , 24

r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , b u t n o e f f e c t w a s o b s e r v e d a t a h i g h e r 25

c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 0 . 9 % ) . 26

D u r i n g t h e e v a l u a t i n g p e r i o d , t i m e - d e p e n d e n t v i s c o s i t y 27

c h a n g e s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a m o n g t h e m a y o n n a i s e 28

s a m p l e s ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . Vi s i b l e o i l l a y e r s e p a r a t i o n w a s a l s o 29

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n o t o b s e r v e d i n a n y s a m p l e s ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . 1

2

The e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s a c i d s o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n a c i d i c e gg 3

y o l k s o l u t i o n 4

I n g e n e r a l , m a y o n n a i s e i s a d j u s t e d t o a n a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n u s i n g 5

v i n e g a r c o n t a i n i n g a c e t i c a c i d . H o w e v e r , a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , 6

a c e t i c a c i d i t s e l f m a y a c c e l e r a t e t h e l i p i d o x i d a t i o n . We 7

e v a l u a t e d t h e e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s a c i d s ( s i x o r g a n i c a c i d s a n d t w o 8

i n o r g a n i c a c i d s : h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d a n d p h o s p h o r i c a c i d ) o n l i p i d 9

o x i d a t i o n i n t h e e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a n d t h e n c o m p a r e d t h e m w i t h 10

a c e t i c a c i d . E a c h e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s a d j u s t e d t o p H 4 . 0 w i t h 11

e i g h t c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c i d s . A m o n g t h e o r g a n i c a c i d s t e s t e d , c i t r i c 12

a c i d a n d t a r t a r i c a c i d s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e 13

i n t e n s i t y a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r b o t h 4 0 h a n d 8 8 h c o m p a r e d w i t h 14

t h e e f f e c t o f a c e t i c a c i d ( F i g . 7 ) . 15

F i g . 8 p r e s e n t s t h e F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y o f c i t r i c a c i d a t p H 16

4 . 0 . C i t r i c a c i d s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d t h e a m o u n t s o f F e2 +

. A t 17

1 0 0 0 µM , t h e a m o u n t o f F e2 +

w a s r e d u c e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 % 18

o f t h e i n i t i a l l e v e l . C i t r i c a c i d a t t h e s a m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s h o w e d 19

n o e f f e c t a t a l l o n t h e D P P H r a d i c a l s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y ( d a t a n o t 20

s h o w n ) . 21

22

Di s c u s s i o n 23

24

I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y, w e e v a l u a t e d t h e e f f e c t o f e g g 25

w h i t e - d e r i v e d c o m p o n e n t s s u c h a s e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , t h e 26

h y d r o l y s a t e , a n d t h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n 27

m a y o n n a i s e . 28

We c o n s t r u c t e d a m a y o n n a i s e m o d e l u s i n g a c i d i c e g g y o l k 29

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s o l u t i o n ( p H 4 . 0 ) a n d t h e n a s s e s s e d t h e a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i o n o f e g g 1

w h i t e - d e r i v e d c o m p o n e n t s . T h e f o r m a t i o n o f f l u o r e s c e n t l i p i d 2

p e r o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s w a s m e a s u r e d a s a n i n d e x o f l i p i d 3

o x i d a t i o n i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n . T h e f l u o r e s c e n t 4

p r o d u c t s a r e k n o w n t o b e p r o d u c e d f r o m a S c h i f f b a s e o f a n 5

a m i n o g r o u p a n d a n a l d e h y d e g r o u p .2 0 )

S o m e v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s 6

w e r e p r o d u c e d d u r i n g t h e o x i d a t i o n o f a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n . 7

T h e a m o u n t s o f h e x a n a l ( c a p r o a l d e h y d e ) a n d 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n 8

c o m p o u n d s a m o n g t h e v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h 9

a n i n c r e a s e i n f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y ( F i g . 1 C ) . H e x a n a l w a s 10

r e p o r t e d t o f o r m f l u o r e s c e n t p r o d u c t s w i t h l y s i n e .2 8 )

A n o t h e r 11

v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d , 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n , w a s r e p o r t e d a s o n e o f t h e 12

o x i d a t i v e d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s p r o d u c e d f r o m l i n o l e i c a c i d ,2 9 )

a 13

m a j o r p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d i n e g g y o l k , a n d a s a p o t e n t i a l 14

m a r k e r o f l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n . H o w e v e r , i t d o e s n o t h a v e a n 15

a l d e h y d e g r o u p w i t h i n i t s m o l e c u l e . T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f 16

2 - p e n t y l f u r a n w o u l d b e i n a p p e a r a n c e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e 17

i n f l u o r e s c e n t p r o d u c t s . T h u s , i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y, h e x a n a l 18

p r o d u c t i o n w o u l d i n v o l v e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f f l u o r e s c e n t p r o d u c t s . 19

S o m e p r o t e i n s a n d a m i n o a c i d s a r e k n o w n a s n a t u r a l 20

a n t i o x i d a t i v e c o m p o n e n t s w i t h i r o n - c h e l a t i n g a n d / o r 21

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y. A m i n o a c i d s3 0 )

s u c h a s h i s t i d i n e , 22

l y s i n e , a n d c y s t e i n e a n d p r o t e i n s s u c h a s e g g a l b u m i n ,3 1 )

s o y 23

p r o t e i n ,1 0 )

c a s e i n ,3 2 )

a n d g e l a t i n3 3 )

i n h i b i t e d t h e o x i d a t i o n o f 24

l i n o l e i c a c i d i n v a r i o u s m o d e l s y s t e m s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e 25

h y d r o l y s a t e / p e p t i d e s o f s o m e p r o t e i n s w e r e m o r e e f f e c t i v e i n 26

i n h i b i t i n g l i p i d o x i d a t i o n t h a n t h e i r p a r e n t a l p r o t e i n s . A f t e r t h e 27

m i l k w a s t r e a t e d w i t h t r y p s i n , t h e o x i d a t i o n o f m i l k f a t w a s 28

i n h i b i t e d c o m p a r e d w i t h b e f o r e t h e t r e a t m e n t , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t 29

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c a s e i n h y d r o l y s a t e e x e r t e d s t r o n g e r a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t s .3 4 )

S o y 1

p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t e d t h e o x i d a t i o n o f 2

l i n o l e i c a c i d t h a n s o y p r o t e i n .3 5 )

E g g y o l k p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e 3

d i s p l a y e d s t r o n g e r a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t s o n t h e o x i d a t i o n o f 4

l i n o l e i c a c i d i n c o o k i e s t h a n e g g y o l k p r o t e i n a n d a m i n o a c i d s .1 1 )

5

I n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e s e s t u d i e s , w e f o u n d t h a t e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n 6

h y d r o l y s a t e m o s t s t r o n g l y i n h i b i t e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n ( F i g . 2 E ) . 7

T h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e h y d r o l y s a t e w a s r e p o r t e d t o b e 8

d e p e n d e n t o n t h e v a r i e t y o f e n z y m e s u s e d t o c l e a v e p e p t i d e 9

b o n d s , t h e r e b y i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t s o f 10

h y d r o l y s a t e / p e p t i d e s w o u l d b e a f f e c t e d b y t h e a m i n o a c i d 11

r e s i d u e s a n d t h e t e r m i n a l s i t e s .3 6 ) 12

To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e m e c h a n i s m u n d e r l y i n g t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t 13

o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e o n t h e o x i d a t i o n o f a c i d i c e g g y o l k 14

s o l u t i o n , w e e v a l u a t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o p o i n t s : 15

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a n d F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. I n t h e p r e s e n t 16

s t u d y, a m o n g t h e t h r e e e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s , a m i n o a c i d 17

m i x t u r e d i s p l a y e d t h e s t r o n g e s t D P P H r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g 18

a c t i v i t y ( F i g . 3 B ) . A m i n o a c i d s s u c h a s h i s t i d i n e ,3 7 , 3 8 )

a n d 19

c y s t e i n e3 9 )

w e r e p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t o h a v e D P P H 20

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y. T h e a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e u s e d i n t h e 21

p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n t a i n e d t h e s e a m i n o a c i d s , a n d t h u s t h e y a l s o 22

w o u l d e x e r t t h e s t r o n g e s t e f f e c t u n d e r a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s . A s 23

d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y, s o m e s t u d i e s1 1 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 4 0 )

r e p o r t e d t h a t 24

h y d r o l y s a t e e x h i b i t e d s t r o n g e r i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s t h a n t h e 25

p a r e n t a l p r o t e i n s o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n a n d t h a t t h e D P P H 26

r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y o f t h e h y d r o l y s a t e w a s o n e o f t h e 27

m e c h a n i s m s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s t r o n g e r a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t . 28

E g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e a l s o d i s p l a y e d D P P H r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g 29

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a c t i v i t y. H o w e v e r, t h e e f f e c t t e n d e d t o b e w e a k e r t h a n t h a t o f 1

p r o t e i n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w a s n o s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n 2

t h e t w o . T h e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e m a i n i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f 3

t h e h y d r o l y s a t e o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n 4

w a s n o t c a u s e d b y r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y. 5

We e v a l u a t e d F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y a s a n o t h e r p o s s i b l e 6

m e c h a n i s m f o r t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i o n o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e . 7

T h e F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y t e n d e d t o b e i n t h e o r d e r o f 8

h y d r o l y s a t e > > a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e s = p r o t e i n , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t 9

t h e F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y e x p l a i n e d t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t o f 10

t h e h y d r o l y s a t e ( F i g . 4 ) . T h u s , t h e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e 11

i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f t h e h y d r o l y s a t e o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n t h e 12

a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n c o u l d b e m a i n l y d u e t o i t s 13

F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. D u r i n g t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g 14

a c t i v i t y, F e2 +

w a s e x t r e m e l y s t a b l e u n d e r a n a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n i n 15

t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y, i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s .4 1 )

T h u s , 16

t h e a u t o x i d a t i o n o f F e2 +

d i d n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e m e a s u r e m e n t 17

o f F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. 18

T h e e n z y m a t i c h y d r o l y s a t e o f e g g w h i t e a l b u m i n w a s 19

p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t o i n h i b i t t h e o x i d a t i o n o f l i n o l e i c a c i d i n 20

e t h a n o l / p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r4 2 )

a n d c o r n o i l e m u l s i o n .2 5 )

T h e 21

h y d r o l y s a t e d i s p l a y e d s t r o n g F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y, a n d t h i s 22

a c t i v i t y w a s b e l i e v e d t o e x p l a i n t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t , 23

a g r e e i n g w i t h o u r r e s u l t s . S o m e p e p t i d e s i n t h e h y d r o l y s a t e h a v e 24

b e e n c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e a n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t s . A l a - H i s - Ly s w a s 25

p r e v i o u s l y i d e n t i f i e d a s a c a n d i d a t e s u b s t a n c e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 26

t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i o n o f p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e .4 2 )

I n t h e p r e s e n t 27

s t u d y, t h e a n t i o x i d a t i v e a n d c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f p e p t i d e s i n 28

e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e w e r e n o t c l a r i f i e d . T h u s , a d e t a i l e d 29

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d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a m i n o a c i d r e s i d u e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s e e f f e c t s 1

r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r s t u d y. 2

We c o n f i r m e d t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e o n 3

l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n r e a l m a y o n n a i s e b y d e t e r m i n i n g t h e P V. T h e 4

h y d r o l y s a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n h i b i t e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n a 5

c o n c e n t r a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t m a n n e r. H y d r o l y s a t e a t 0 . 4 5 a n d 0 . 9 % 6

e x e r t e d a s i m i l a r e f f e c t a s 0 . 0 1 % E D TA , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e 7

h y d r o l y s a t e h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l t o i n h i b i t l i p i d o x i d a t i o n a s a n 8

a l t e r n a t i v e o f E D TA ( F i g . 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r e f f e c t o n 9

o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y, t h e r a t i n g i n t h e s e n s o r y e v a l u a t i o n o f 10

m a y o n n a i s e w a s a l s o h i g h e s t f o r t h e h y d r o l y s a t e a t 0 . 4 5 % a s w e l l 11

a s E D TA a t 0 . 0 1 % ( F i g . 6 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e r a t i n g f o r h y d r o l y s a t e a t 12

0 . 9 % w a s l o w e r t h a n t h a t a t 0 . 4 5 % , o f f - f l a v o r s s u c h a s o x i d i z e d 13

f l a v o r s w e r e n o t o b s e r v e d i n m a y o n n a i s e . 14

I n m a y o n n a i s e c o n t a i n i n g e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e a t 0 . 9 % , t h e 15

p a n e l i s t s s e n s e d a b i t t e r t a s t e , w h i c h w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t 16

f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d t a s t e . I n f a c t , t h e b i t t e r t a s t e o f e g g w h i t e 17

h y d r o l y s a t e h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d .4 3 )

T h e s e r e s u l t s 18

s u g g e s t t h a t a t t h e h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , t h e t a s t e o f t h e 19

h y d r o l y s a t e t h e m s e l v e s w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e l o w e r r a t i n g i n 20

t h e s e n s o r y e v a l u a t i o n . O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s , a 21

h y d r o l y s a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 4 5 % w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n 22

t h e s a m e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t a s 0 . 0 1 % E D TA . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 23

t h e h y d r o l y s a t e d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e f l a v o r, t a s t e , c o l o r t o n e , o r 24

p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m a y o n n a i s e . T h u s , t h e e g g w h i t e 25

h y d r o l y s a t e w o u l d b e u s e f u l c o m p o n e n t s a s n a t u r a l a n t i o x i d a n t s 26

i n i n h i b i t i n g d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e 27

A l t h o u g h a c e t i c a c i d i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d t o m a k e m a y o n n a i s e , i t 28

h a s p r o - o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t y.1 2 )

T h e u s e o f o t h e r o r g a n i c a c i d s m a y 29

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f u r t h e r e n h a n c e r e s i s t a n c e t o l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e , a s 1

o r g a n i c a c i d s s u c h a s c i t r i c a c i d h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o h a v e 2

a n t i o x i d a t i v e a n d / o r i r o n c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y.1 3 , 1 4 )

I n t h e p r e s e n t 3

s t u d y, w e e v a l u a t e d t h e a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i o n o f e i g h t a c i d s , n a m e l y 4

s i x o r g a n i c a c i d s , h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d , a n d p h o s p h o r i c a c i d . 5

A m o n g t h e a c i d s t e s t e d , c i t r i c a c i d e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t e d l i p i d 6

o x i d a t i o n i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n ( F i g . 7 ) . C i t r i c a c i d 7

a l s o d i s p l a y e d F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y u n d e r t h e a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n , 8

a l t h o u g h t h e e f f e c t w a s w e a k e r t h a n t h a t o f E D TA ( F i g . 8 ) . T h e s e 9

r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f c i t r i c a c i d o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n 10

i n t h e a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n w a s c a u s e d b y t h e c h e l a t i n g 11

a c t i v i t y. F r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f m i c r o o r g a n i s m p r o p a g a t i o n , 12

i n t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f m a y o n n a i s e , t h e w h o l e a c e t i c a c i d c a n n o t b e 13

r e p l a c e d t o c i t r i c a c i d b e c a u s e t h e a n t i m i c r o b i a l a c t i o n o f c i t r i c 14

a c i d w a s l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f a c e t i c a c i d .4 4 )

H o w e v e r, a c e t i c a c i d 15

m a y b e p a r t l y r e p l a c e d b y c i t r i c a c i d a s f o l l o w s . I t m a y b e 16

p o s s i b l e t o u s e t h e l e m o n f r u i t j u i c e , i n c l u d i n g t h e c i t r i c a c i d , 17

f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e . T h e o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f 18

l i p i d s i n r e a l m a y o n n a i s e u s i n g c i t r i c a c i d t o g e t h e r w i t h a c e t i c 19

a c i d d e s e r v e s f u r t h e r s t u d y. 20

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t o e s t i m a t e t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e 21

c o m p o n e n t s o n l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e , w e u s e d a c i d i c e g g 22

y o l k s o l u t i o n a s a s i m p l e m o d e l s y s t e m . O x i d a t i o n w a s m e a s u r e d 23

u s i n g f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y, w h i c h w a s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h 24

i n c r e a s i n g h e x a n a l f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g t h e i n c u b a t i o n . A m o n g t h e 25

e g g w h i t e c o m p o n e n t s t e s t e d , h y d r o l y s a t e d i s p l a y e d t h e s t r o n g e s t 26

i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t . T h e a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y o f t h e e g g w h i t e 27

h y d r o l y s a t e c o u l d b e m a i n l y d u e t o i t s F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. 28

T h e h y d r o l y s a t e a l s o i n h i b i t e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n b a s e d o n 29

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m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e P V i n r e a l m a y o n n a i s e a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y 1

s u p p r e s s e d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f o f f - f l a v o r i n s e n s o r y t a s t e 2

e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e e g g w h i t e 3

h y d r o l y s a t e i s a n a t u r a l p r o d u c t w i t h t h e p o t e n t i a l t o e f f e c t i v e l y 4

i n h i b i t t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e . 5

6

Au thor s c o n t r i bu t i o n s 7

8

H . K . d e s i g n e d t h e s t u d y. H . K . a n d E . K . - N . w r o t e t h e 9

m a n u s c r i p t . R . S . a n d S . Y. p e r f o r m e d l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n 10

m a y o n n a i s e a n d t a s t e s e n s o r y e v a l u a t i o n a n d a n a l y z e d t h e d a t a . 11

E . K. - N . p e r f o r m e d t h e e x p e r i m e n t s o f D P P H a n d i r o n c h e l a t e a n d 12

a n a l y z e d t h e d a t a . A l l a u t h o r s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e c r i t i c a l r e v i s i o n 13

o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t . 14

15

Acknow l e dgemen t s 16

17

We t h a n k t h e s t a f f o f I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y, K e w p i e C o . , 18

M i n e o H a s e g a w a a n d M a r i Ya m a d a f o r a d v i c e r e g a r d i n g t h e 19

a p p l i c a t i o n o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e i n m a y o n n a i s e , S a t o s h i 20

Te r a o k a f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f m a y o n n a i s e , a n d S h i r o O g i h a r a f o r 21

t h e P V m e a s u r e m e n t s . We a l s o w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k E n a g o 22

( w w w. e n a g o . j p ) f o r t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e r e v i e w. 23

24

Di s c l o sure s t a t emen t 25

26

T h e a u t h o r s d e c l a r e n o c o n f l i c t s o f i n t e r e s t . 27

28

29

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Re f e re nc e s 1

[ 1 ] C o t t e r i l l O J , M a r i o n W W, N a b e r E C . A n u t r i e n t r e - e v a l u a t i o n 2

o f s h e l l e g g s . P o u l t S c i . 1 9 7 7 ; 5 6 : 1 9 2 7 – 1 9 3 4 . 3

[ 2 ] S a m a r a w e e r a H , Zh a n g W G , Le e E J , e t a l . E g g y o l k p h o s v i t i n 4

a n d f u n c t i o n a l p h o s p h o p e p t i d e s - r e v i e w. J F o o d S c i . 5

2 0 11 ; 7 6 : R 1 4 3 – 1 5 0 . 6

[ 3 ] J a c o b s e n C , Ti m m M , M e y e r A S . O x i d a t i o n i n f i s h o i l 7

e n r i c h e d m a y o n n a i s e : a s c o r b i c a c i d a n d l o w p H i n c r e a s e 8

o x i d a t i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n . J A g r i c F o o d C h e m . 2 0 0 1 ; 9

4 9 ( 8 ) : 3 9 4 7 - 5 6 . 10

[ 4 ] N i e l s e n N S , P e t e r s e n A , M e y e r A S . Ti m m - H e i n r i c h M , 11

J a c o b s e n C . E f f e c t s o f l a c t o f e r r i n , p h y t i c a c i d , a n d E D TA o n 12

o x i d a t i o n i n t w o f o o d e m u l s i o n s e n r i c h e d w i t h l o n g - c h a i n 13

p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s . J A g r i c F o o d C h e m . 2 0 0 4 ; 5 2 : 14

7 6 9 0 – 7 6 9 9 . 15

[ 5 ] J a c o b s e n C , H a r t v i g s e n K , T h o m s e n M K, e t a l . L i p i d 16

o x i d a t i o n i n f i s h o i l e n r i c h e d m a y o n n a i s e : c a l c i u m d i s o d i u m 17

e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t a t e , b u t n o t g a l l i c a c i d , s t r o n g l y 18

i n h i b i t e d o x i d a t i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n . J A g r i c F o o d C h e m . 2 0 0 1 ; 19

4 9 : 1 0 0 9 – 1 0 1 9 . 20

[ 6 ] J a c o b s e n C , H a r t v i g s e n , K , L u n d P, e t a l . O x i d a t i o n i n 21

f i s h - o i l - e n r i c h e d m a y o n n a i s e 2 . A s s e s s m e n t o f t h e e f f i c a c y 22

o f d i f f e r e n t t o c o p h e r o l a n t i o x i d a n t s y s t e m s b y d i s c r i m i n a n t 23

p a r t i a l l e a s t s q u a r e s r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . E u r F o o d R e s 24

Te c h n o . 2 0 0 0 ; 2 1 0 : 2 4 2 – 2 5 7 . 25

[ 7 ] J a c o b s e n C , A d l e r - N i s s e n J , M e y e r A S . E f f e c t o f a s c o r b i c 26

a c i d o n i r o n r e l e a s e f r o m t h e e m u l s i f i e r i n t e r f a c e a n d o n t h e 27

o x i d a t i v e f l a v o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n f i s h o i l e n r i c h e d m a y o n n a i s e . 28

J A g r i c F o o d C h e m . 1 9 9 9 ; 4 7 : 4 9 1 7 – 4 9 2 6 . 29

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[ 8 ] L i C Y, K i m H W, L i H , e t a l . A n t i o x i d a t i v e e f f e c t o f p u r p l e 1

c o r n e x t r a c t s d u r i n g s t o r a g e o f m a y o n n a i s e . F o o d C h e m . 2

2 0 1 4 ; 1 5 2 : 5 9 2 – 5 9 6 . 3

[ 9 ] E l i a s R J , K e l l e r b y S S , D e c k e r E A . A n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y o f 4

p r o t e i n s a n d p e p t i d e s . C r i t R e v F o o d S c i N u t r. 5

2 0 0 8 ; 4 8 : 4 3 0 – 4 4 1 . 6

[ 1 0 ] N a r a E , M i y a s h i t a K , O t a T. O x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y o f l i p o s o m e s 7

p r e p a r e d f r o m s o y b e a n P C , c h i c k e n e g g P C , a n d s a l m o n e g g 8

P C . B i o s c i B i o t e c h n o l B i o c h e m . 1 9 9 7 ; 6 1 : 1 7 3 6 – 1 7 3 8 . 9

[ 11 ] S a k a n a k a S , Ta c h i b a n a Y, I s h i h a r a N , e t a l . A n t i o x i d a n t 10

a c t i v i t y o f e g g - y o l k p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e i n a l i n o l e i c a c i d 11

o x i d a t i o n s y s t e m . F o o d C h e m . 2 0 0 4 ; 8 6 : 9 9 – 1 0 3 . 12

[ 1 2 ] Ka j i m o t o G , Ta k a s h i m a R , M u r a k a m i C . E f f e c t s o f 13

A n t i o x i d a n t o n t h e O x i d a t i v e D e t e r i o r a t i o n o f O i l s i n t h e 14

P r e s e n c e o f B a s i c a n d A c i d i c M a t e r i a l s . J J p n O i l C h e m S o c 15

( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 9 8 ; 4 7 : 5 9 1 – 5 9 7 . 16

[ 1 3 ] F u k u z a w a K, S o u m i K , I e m u r a M , e t a l . D y n a m i c s o f 17

x a n t h i n e o x i d a s e - a n d F e3 +

- A D P - d e p e n d e n t l i p i d 18

p e r o x i d a t i o n i n n e g a t i v e l y c h a r g e d p h o s p h o l i p i d v e s i c l e s . 19

A r c h B i o c h e m B i o p h y s . 1 9 9 5 ; 3 1 6 : 8 3 – 9 1 . 20

[ 1 4 ] M i w a S , N a k a m u r a M , O k u n o M , e t a l . P r o d u c t i o n o f s t a r c h 21

w i t h a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t y b y b a k i n g s t a r c h w i t h o r g a n i c 22

a c i d s . B i o s c i B i o t e c h n o l B i o c h e m . 2 0 11 ; 7 5 : 1 6 4 9 – 1 6 5 3 . 23

[ 1 5 ] M o o r e S . O n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c y s t i n e a s c y s t e i c a c i d . J 24

B i o l C h e m . 1 9 6 3 ; 2 3 8 : 2 3 5 – 2 3 7 . 25

[ 1 6 ] P o n N G , S c h n a c k e r z K D , B l a c k b u r n M N , e t a l . M o l e c u l a r 26

w e i g h t a n d a m i n o a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f f i v e - t i m e s - c r y s t a l l i z e d 27

p h o s p h o g l u c o s e i s o m e r a s e f r o m r a b b i t s k e l e t a l m u s c l e . 28

B i o c h e m i s t r y. 1 9 7 0 ; 9 : 1 5 0 6 – 1 5 1 4 . 29

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[ 1 7 ] S t r i x n e r T, K u l o z i k U . E g g p r o t e i n s . I n : P h i l l i p s G O , 1

Wi l l i a m s PA . H a n d b o o k o f F o o d P r o t e i n s : E g g p r o t e i n s . 2

C a m b r i d g e ( U K ) : Wo o d h e a d p u b l i s h i n g ; 2 0 11 . P. 1 5 0 – 2 0 9 . 3

[ 1 8 ] S h i m a s a k i H , S a t o J , H a r a I . F l u o r e s c e n t s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y 4

o f a u t o x i d i z e d e g g y o l k l i p o p r o t e i n s . J J p n O i l C h e m S o c 5

( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 7 5 ; 2 4 : 4 6 4 – 4 6 8 . 6

[ 1 9 ] H a r a I , S h i m a s a k i H , S a t o J . E f f e c t o f o x i d a t i o n o n c h e m i c a l 7

s p e c t r a l a n d i m m u n o c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f e g g y o l k 8

l i p o p r o t e i n . L i p i d s . 1 9 7 3 ; 8 : 6 2 3 – 6 2 6 . 9

[ 2 0 ] S h i m a s a k i H . A s s a y o f f l u o r e s c e n t l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n 10

p r o d u c t s . M e t h E n z y m o l . 1 9 9 4 ; 2 3 3 : 3 3 8 – 3 4 6 . 11

[ 2 1 ] Ya n a g i s a w a T, Wa t a n u k i C , A r i i z u m i M , e t a l . S u p e r c h i l l i n g 12

e n h a n c e s p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e f r e s h n e s s o f s a l t e d e g g y o l k 13

d u r i n g l o n g - t e r m s t o r a g e . J F o o d S c i . 2 0 0 9 ; 7 4 : E 6 2 – E 6 9 . 14

[ 2 2 ] B l i g h E G , D y e r W J . A r a p i d m e t h o d o f t o t a l l i p i d e x t r a c t i o n 15

a n d p u r i f i c a t i o n . C a n J B i o c h e m P h y s i o l . 1 9 5 9 ; 3 7 : 9 11 – 9 1 7 . 16

[ 2 3 ] Ta n a k a M , N a k a g a w a M . A n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y o f 17

t h i o c h o l e s t e r o l o n c o p p e r - i n d u c e d o x i d a t i o n o f l o w - d e n s i t y 18

l i p o p r o t e i n . L i p i d s . 1 9 9 5 ; 3 0 : 3 2 1 – 3 2 5 . 19

[ 2 4 ] C a r t e r P. S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s e r u m i r o n a t 20

t h e s u b m i c r o g r a m l e v e l w i t h a n e w r e a g e n t ( f e r r o z i n e ) . A n a l 21

B i o c h e m . 1 9 7 1 ; 4 0 : 4 5 0 – 4 5 8 . 22

[ 2 5 ] A b e y r a t h n e E D , L e e H Y, J o C , e t a l . E n z y m a t i c h y d r o l y s i s 23

o f o v a l b u m i n a n d t h e f u n c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e h y d r o l y s a t e . 24

P o u l t S c i . 2 0 1 4 ; 9 3 : 2 6 7 8 – 2 6 8 6 . 25

[ 2 6 ] S h a r a f E l - D i n M , S c h a u r R J , S c h a u e n s t e i n E . U p t a k e o f 26

f e r r o u s i r o n h i s t i d i n a t e , a p r o m o t e r o f l i p i d p e r o x i d a t i o n , b y 27

E h r l i c h a s c i t e s t u m o r c e l l s . B i o c h i m B i o p h y s A c t a . 28

1 9 8 8 ; 9 6 2 : 3 7 – 4 1 . 29

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[ 2 7 ] F r a n k e l E N . L i p i d o x i d a t i o n . P r o g L i p i d R e s . 1 9 8 0 ; 1 9 : 1 – 2 2 . 1

[ 2 8 ] S t a p e l f e l d t H , S k i b s t e d L H . K i n e t i c s o f f o r m a t i o n o f 2

f l u o r e s c e n t p r o d u c t s f r o m h e x a n a l a n d L - l y s i n e i n a 3

t w o - p h a s e s y s t e m . L i p i d s . 1 9 9 6 ; 3 1 : 11 2 5 – 11 3 2 . 4

[ 2 9 ] K r i s h n a m u r t h y R G , S m o u s e T H , M o o k h e r j e e B D , e t a l . 5

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n i n f a t s a n d o i l s a n d i t s 6

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e r e v e r s i o n f l a v o r o f s o y b e a n o i l . J F o o d S c i . 7

1 9 6 7 ; 3 2 : 3 7 2 – 3 7 4 . 8

[ 3 0 ] Ka r e l M , Ta n n e n b a u m S R , Wa l l a c e D H , e t a l . A u t o x i d a t i o n 9

o f M e t h y l L i n o l e a t e i n F r e e z e - D r i e d M o d e l S y s t e m s . I I I . 10

E f f e c t s o f A d d e d A m i n o A c i d s . J F o o d S c i . 1 9 6 6 ; 3 1 : 8 9 2 – 8 9 6 . 11

[ 3 1 ] G o t o M , S h i b a z a k i K . E f f e c t o f t h e o x i d a t i o n o f o i l s o n t h e 12

d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f f o o d s p a r t I I . E f f e c t s o f t h e f o o d c o m p o n e n t s 13

o n l i n o l e i c a c i d o x i d a t i o n . J J p n S o c F o o d S c i Te c h n o l 14

( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 7 1 ; 1 8 : 2 7 7 – 2 8 3 . 15

[ 3 2 ] R i v a l S G , B o e r i u C G , Wi c h e r s H J . C a s e i n s a n d c a s e i n 16

h y d r o l y s a t e . 2 . A n t i o x i d a t i v e p r o p e r t i e s a n d r e l e v a n c e t o 17

l i p o x y g e n a s e i n h i b i t i o n . J . A g r i c F o o d C h e m . 2 0 0 1 ; 4 9 : 2 9 5 –18

3 0 2 . 19

[ 3 3 ] Z i r l i n A , K a r e l M . O x i d a t i o n e f f e c t s i n a f r e e z e - d r i e d 20

g e l a t i n - m e t h y l l i n o l e a t e s y s t e m . J F o o d S c i . 1 9 6 9 ; 3 4 : 1 6 0 –21

1 6 5 . 22

[ 3 4 ] L i m i D , S h i p e W F. P r o p o s e d m e c h a n i s m f o r t h e a n t i o x y g e n i c 23

a c t i o n o f t r y p s i n i n m i l k . J D a i r y S c i . 1 9 7 2 ; 5 5 : 7 5 3 – 7 5 8 . 24

[ 3 5 ] Ya m a g u c h i N , Yo k o o Y, F u j i m a k i M . S t u d i e s o n 25

a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s o f a m i n o c o m p o u n d s o n f a t s a n d o i l s 26

p a r t I I I . A n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s o f s o y b e a n p r o t e i n 27

h y d r o l y z a t e s a n d s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t o f h y d r o l y z a t e o n 28

t o c o p h e r o l , J J p n S o c F o o d S c i Te c h n o l ( J a p a n e s e ) . 29

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1 9 7 5 ; 2 2 : 4 3 1 – 4 3 5 . 1

[ 3 6 ] Ya m a g u c h i N , Yo k o o Y, F u j i m a k i M . S t u d i e s o n 2

A n t i o x i d a t i v e A c t i v i t i e s o f A m i n o C o m p o u n d s o n F a t s a n d 3

O i l s P a r t I I . A n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s o f d i p e p t i d e s a n d t h e i r 4

s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s o n t o c o p h e r o l . J J p n S o c F o o d S c i Te c h n o l 5

( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 7 5 ; 2 2 : 4 2 5 – 4 3 0 . 6

[ 3 7 ] Wu H C , S h i a u C Y, C h e n H M , e t a l . A n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t i e s o f 7

c a r n o s i n e , a n s e r i n e , s o m e f r e e a m i n o a c i d s a n d t h e i r 8

c o m b i n a t i o n . J F o o d D r u g A n a l . 2 0 0 3 ; 11 : 1 4 8 – 1 5 3 . 9

[ 3 8 ] G ü l ç i n I . C o m p a r i s o n o f i n v i t r o a n t i o x i d a n t a n d a n t i r a d i c a l 10

a c t i v i t i e s o f L - t y r o s i n e a n d L - D o p a . A m i n o A c i d s , 11

2 0 0 7 ; 3 2 : 4 3 1 – 4 3 8 . 12

[ 3 9 ] B l o i s M S . A n t i o x i d a n t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s b y t h e u s e o f a s t a b l e 13

f r e e r a d i c a l . N a t u r e , 1 9 5 8 ; 1 8 1 : 11 9 9 – 1 2 0 0 . 14

[ 4 0 ] N o h D O , S u h H J . P r e p a r a t i o n o f e g g w h i t e l i q u i d 15

h y d r o l y s a t e ( E L H ) a n d i t s r a d i c a l - s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y. P r e v 16

N u t r F o o d S c i . 2 0 1 5 ; 2 0 : 1 8 3 – 1 8 9 . 17

[ 4 1 ] L a m b e t h D O , E r i c s o n G R , Yo r e k M A , e t a l . I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r 18

i n v i t r o s t u d i e s o f t h e a u t o x i d a t i o n o f f e r r o u s i o n a n d t h e 19

i r o n - c a t a l y z e d a u t o x i d a t i o n o f d i t h i o t h r e i t o l . B i o c h i m 20

B i o p h y s A c t a . 1 9 8 2 ; 7 1 9 : 5 0 1 – 5 0 8 . 21

[ 4 2 ] Ts u g e N , E i k a w a Y, N o m u r a Y, e t a l . A n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t y 22

o f p e p t i d e s p r e p a r e d b y e n z y m a t i c h y d r o l y s i s o f e g g - w h i t e 23

a l b u m i n . J A g r i c C h e m S o c J p n ( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 9 1 ; 6 5 : 1 6 3 5 –24

1 6 4 1 . 25

[ 4 3 ] C i g i ć B , Z e l e n i k - B l a t n i k M . P r e p a r a t i o n a n d 26

c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f c h i c k e n e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e . A c t a C h i m 27

S l o v. 2 0 0 4 ; 5 1 : 1 7 7 – 1 8 8 . 28

[ 4 4 ] Ya m a m o t o Y, H i g a s h i K , Yo s h i i H . I n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y o f 29

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o r g a n i c a c i d s o n f o o d s p o i l a g e b a c t e r i a . J J p n S o c F o o d S c i 1

Te c h n o l ( J a p a n e s e ) . 1 9 8 4 ; 3 1 : 5 2 5 – 5 3 0 . 2

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F i gure l e g e nd s 1

2

F i g . 1 Vo l a t i l e c ompounds a nd f l uo re s c e n t p roduc t s i n t h e 3

o x i da t i o n o f a c i d i c e gg yo l k s o l u t i o n a s a mode l s y s t em o f 4

mayonna i s e . 5

( A ) G C p r o f i l e i n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n 6

a t 5 5 °C f o r 7 2 h . P e a k a , h e x a n a l ; p e a k b , 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n ; p e a k c , 7

a c e t i c a c i d . ( B ) M a s s s p e c t r a o f p e a k s a a n d b . ( C ) R e l a t i o n s h i p 8

b e t w e e n f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a t E x . 3 6 0 n m / E m . 4 4 0 n m i n e g g 9

y o l k s o l u t i o n a n d G C - M S r e s p o n s e s o f v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s 10

( h e x a n a l a n d 2 - p e n t y l f u r a n ) a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n a t 5 5 °C f o r 7 2 h 11

u n d e r v a r i a b l e p H ( 4 . 0 o r 7 . 0 ) a n d e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c 12

a c i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 0 o r 2 5 µM ) . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e 13

m e a n ± S D ( n = 3 ) . 14

15

F i g . 2 I nh i b i t o r y e f f e c t s o f t h re e e gg wh i t e c ompon en t s o n 16

l i p i d o x i da t i o n i n a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n . 17

A c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n s w e r e i n c u b a t e d a t 5 5 °C f o r t h e 18

i n d i c a t e d t i m e s , a n d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a t E x . 3 6 0 n m / E m . 19

4 4 0 n m w a s m e a s u r e d . ( A ) N e g a t i v e c o n t r o l ( n o c o m p o n e n t ) , 20

o p e n c i r c l e s ; p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l ( e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c a c i d a t 21

0 . 0 0 4 7 % ) , o p e n t r i a n g l e s . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ± 22

S D ( n = 3 ) . T h e a s t e r i s k f o r t h e v a l u e s a t 8 8 h i n d i c a t e s 23

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( o n e - w a y A N O VA , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . ( B – E ) E g g 24

w h i t e p r o t e i n , f i l l e d c i r c l e s ; h y d r o l y s a t e , f i l l e d s q u a r e s ; a m i n o 25

a c i d m i x t u r e , f i l l e d t r i a n g l e s . T h e s e c o m p o n e n t s w e r e a d d e d t o 26

a c i d i c e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 0 1 2 5 % ( B ) , 27

0 . 0 2 5 % ( C ) , 0 . 0 5 % ( D ) , a n d 0 . 1 % ( E ) . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s 28

t h e m e a n ± S D ( n = 3 ) . T h e a s t e r i s k s f o r t h e v a l u e s a t 8 8 h 29

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i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h 1

Tu k e y−K r a m e r t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 2

3

F i g . 3 DPPH r a d i c a l - s c a v e ng i n g a c t i v i t y und e r a c i d i c 4

c ond i t i o n s . 5

D P P H r a d i c a l s c a v e n g i n g a c t i v i t y. D P P H / e t h a n o l w a s 6

m i x e d w i t h t r o l o x a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l o r e g g w h i t e 7

c o m p o n e n t s / a c e t a t e b u f f e r ( p H 4 . 0 ) a n d t h e n i n c u b a t e d a t r o o m 8

t e m p e r a t u r e f o r 3 0 m i n . D P P H w a s m e a s u r e d a t 5 1 0 n m . ( A ) 9

Tr o l o x . ( B ) E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , f i l l e d c i r c l e s ; h y d r o l y s a t e , f i l l e d 10

s q u a r e s ; a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e , f i l l e d t r i a n g l e s . T h e r e m a i n i n g 11

D P P H r a d i c a l c o n t e n t w a s e x p r e s s e d a s t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e 12

v a l u e o f t h e c o n t r o l . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ± S D o f 13

e i g h t w e l l s . T h e a s t e r i s k s f o r t h e v a l u e s a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 14

2 . 0 % i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h 15

Tu k e y−K r a m e r t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 16

17

F i g . 4 F e2 +

- c he l a t i n g a c t i v i t y o f t h re e e g g wh i t e c ompone n t s 18

unde r a c i d i c c o nd i t i o n s . 19

F e2 +

- c h e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y. F e2 +

w a s m i x e d w i t h e g g w h i t e 20

c o m p o n e n t s / a c e t a t e b u f f e r ( p H 4 . 0 ) a n d t h e n i n c u b a t e d a t 5 5 °C 21

f o r 3 0 m i n , a f t e r w h i c h t h e f e r r o u s i r on c o n t e n t w a s m e a s u r e d 22

v i a f e r r o z i n e c o l o r i m e t r y a t 5 6 0 n m . E t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c 23

a c i d ( E D TA ) a t 2 5 µM ( 0 . 0 0 0 9 % ) a n d 5 0 µM ( 0 . 0 0 1 9 % ) a s a 24

p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l , o p e n c i r c l e . E g g w h i t e p r o t e i n , f i l l e d c i r c l e s ; 25

h y d r o l y s a t e , f i l l e d s q u a r e s ; a m i n o a c i d m i x t u r e , f i l l e d t r i a n g l e s . 26

T h e r e m a i n i n g F e2 +

a m o u n t s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f 27

t h e c o n t r o l . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t a s t h e m e a n ± S D o f f o u r w e l l s . 28

T h e a s t e r i s k s f o r t h e v a l u e s a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 0 % i n d i c a t e 29

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s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h Tu k e y−K r a m e r 1

t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 2

3

F i g . 5 I nh i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f e g g wh i t e hydro l y s a t e o n l i p i d 4

o x i da t i o n i n mayo nna i s e . 5

M a y o n n a i s e w a s p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o r m u l a s h o w n 6

i n Ta b l e 2 . I t w a s i n c u b a t e d a t 5 5 °C f o r 7 d a y s i n t h e d a r k . T h e 7

e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e ( E W H ) a t t h e i n d i c a t e d 8

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w a s e v a l u a t e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e p e r o x i d e v a l u e 9

( P V ) . E t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c a c i d ( E D TA ) a t 0 . 0 1 % w a s u s e d 10

a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l . T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ± S D ( n 11

= 3 ) . T h e a s t e r i s k s i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m c o n t r o l 12

( o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h D u n n e t t t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 13

14

F i g . 6 I nh i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f e g g wh i t e hydro l y s a t e o n 15

de t e r i o r a t i o n o f mayonna i s e by l i p i d o x i da t i o n . 16

M a y o n n a i s e w a s i n c u b a t e d a t 2 5 °C f o r 7 d a y s u n d e r l i g h t . 17

T h e e f f e c t o f e g g w h i t e h y d r o l y s a t e ( E W H ) a t t h e i n d i c a t e d 18

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w a s e v a l u a t e d b y e i g h t - t r a i n e d s e n s o r y t a s t e 19

p a n e l s . E D TA a t 0 . 0 1 % w a s u s e d a s a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l . E a c h 20

a v e r a g e s c o r e w a s e x p r e s s e d a t a l o w e r s i d e . T h e a s t e r i s k s 21

i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m c o n t r o l ( o n e - w a y A N O VA 22

w i t h D u n n e t t t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 23

24

F i g . 7 I nh i b i t o r y e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s a c i d s o n l i p i d o x i da t i o n 25

i n t h e a c i d i c e g g yo l k s o l u t i o n . 26

T h e p H o f e g g y o l k s o l u t i o n s w a s a d j u s t e d t o 4 . 0 w i t h e i g h t 27

a c i d s , a n d f o l l o w e d b y i n c u b a t i o n a t 5 5 °C f o r 4 0 h o r 8 8 h . T h e 28

f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y a t E x . 3 6 0 n m / E m . 4 4 0 n m w a s m e a s u r e d . 29

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For Peer Review

30

T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ± S D ( n = 3 ) . T h e a s t e r i s k s 1

i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h e v a l u e s o f a c e t i c a c i d 2

( o n e - w a y A N O VA w i t h D u n n e t t t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 3

4

F i g . 8 F e2 +

- c he l a t i n g a c t i v i t y o f c i t r i c a c i d unde r a c i d i c 5

c ond i t i o n s . 6

C i t r i c a c i d w a s u s e d a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 2 5 0− 1 0 0 0 µM 7

( 0 . 0 0 5 %− 0 . 0 2 % ) . F e2 +

w a s m i x e d w i t h c i t r i c a c i d / a c e t a t e b u f f e r 8

( p H 4 . 0 ) a n d t h e n i n c u b a t e d a t 5 5 °C f o r 3 0 m i n , a n d t h e f e r r o u s 9

i r o n c o n t e n t s w e r e m e a s u r e d v i a f e r r o z i n e c o l o r i m e t r y a t 5 6 0 n m . 10

T h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e m e a n ± S D o f f o u r w e l l s . T h e 11

a s t e r i s k s i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m c o n t r o l ( o n e - w a y 12

A N O VA w i t h D u n n e t t t e s t , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . 13

14

Graph i c a l a b s t r a c t s 15

P r o p o s e d m e c h a n i s m o f l i p i d o x i d a t i o n i n m a y o n n a i s e a n d 16

a n t i o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t y o f e g g w h i t e p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e . 17

“ - P < ” , p h o s p h a t e g r o u p . 18

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Table 1 Amino acid composition of egg white protein and hydrolysate

Amino acid Protein Hydrolysate

(EP-1) ∗3

Threonine 44 46

Tyrosine 37 39

Phenylalanine 59 60

Cysteine 27 26

Methionine 39 39

Valine 68 70

Isoleucine 52 53

Leucine 82 84

Lysine 72 73

Tryptophan 16 15

Histidine 23 27

Aspartic acid ∗1 99 92

Serine 64 68

Glutamic acid ∗2 121 123

Proline 34 29

Glycine 34 33

Alanine 70 66

Arginine 59 57

Total

(mg/g protein)

1000

1000

∗1 Total of asparagine and aspartic acid.

∗2 Total of glutamine and glutamic acid.

∗3 The hydrolysate is a commercial product. The amino acid mixture was compounded in

the same formulation ratio.

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Table 2 Formulation of mayonnaise

Control

EDTA・

Ca・2Na

Egg white hydrolysate

0.09% 0.45% 0.9%

Vegetable oil ∗1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

10% salted egg yolk 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Vinegar ∗2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Water 0.720 0.719 0.711 0.675 0.630

Salt 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Sodium glutamate 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Mustard 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006

Egg-white hydrolysate - - 0.009 0.045 0.090

EDTA・Ca・2Na - 0.001 - - -

Total (kg) 10.006 10.006 10.006 10.006 10.006

∗1Canola oil/soybean oil (1:1).

∗2Acetic acid 9%.

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For Peer ReviewF

luo

resce

nce inte

nsity

0

GC-MS response (10,000)

Figure 1

H. Kobayashi et al.

(A)

(B)

(C)

Ab

un

da

nce

Ab

un

da

nce

m/z

50 50 100 100 150

Hexanal 2-Pentylfuran

m/z

29

44 56

100 41

72

53 138

81

y = 0.0922x

R² = 0.7318

y = 0.3344x

R² = 0.9757

Ab

un

da

nce

a

b

c

4 8 12 16 20 Retention time (min)

39 82

67 95 109

0.5

1.0

2.5

2.0

0 10 20 30

1.5

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Figure 2

H. Kobayashi et al.

Time (h) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Time (h) 0 20 40 60 80 100

0

2

1

3

4

5

Flu

ore

sce

nce inte

nsity

Time (h)

0 20 40 60 80 100 0

2

1

3

4

5 0.0125%

(B)

Control

(A)

0.025%

(C)

0.05%

(D)

0.1%

(E)

Time (h)

0 20 40 60 80 100

0

2

1

3

4

5

Time (h) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Flu

ore

sce

nce inte

nsity

Flu

ore

sce

nce inte

nsity

Flu

ore

sce

nce inte

nsity

Flu

ore

sce

nce inte

nsity

a

0

2

1

3

4

5

0

2

1

3

4

5

Page 34 of 41Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Figure 3

H. Kobayashi et al.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

100

80

60

40

20

0

y = -166.66x + 99.132

R² = 0.9907

Concentration (mM)

(A)

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Concentrations (%)

100

80

60

40

20

Am

ou

nts

of D

PP

H

rad

ical re

ma

inin

g (

%)

Am

ou

nts

of D

PP

H

rad

ical re

ma

inin

g (

%)

(B)

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Figure 4

H. Kobayashi et al.

Concentrations (%)

Re

ma

inin

g F

e2+

(%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0

EDTA

Page 36 of 41Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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For Peer ReviewC

on

trol

PV

(me

q/k

g)

8

6

4

2

0

ED

TA

(0.0

1%

)

EW

H(0

.09%

)

EW

H(0

.45%

)

EW

H(0

.90%

)

Figure 5

H. Kobayashi et al.

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↑Figure 6H. Kobayashi et al.

Con

trol

Sen

sory

scor

e8

6

4

2

0

ED

TA(0

.01%

)

EWH

(0.0

9%)

EWH

(0.4

5%)

EWH

(0.9

0%)

∗ ∗ ∗2.5 5.5 4.25 5.0 3.75

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For Peer ReviewF

luo

resce

nce inte

nsity

0

8

6

4

2

0

8

6

4

2

Ph

osp

ho

ric a

cid

Ace

tic a

cid

Citric a

cid

La

ctic a

cid

Glu

co

nic

acid

Ma

lic a

cid

Ta

rtaric a

cid

Hyd

roch

loric a

cid

88 h

40 h

Figure 7

H. Kobayashi et al.

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Figure 8

H. Kobayashi et al.

Concentrations (M)

Rem

ain

ing F

e2+

(%

)

0 250 500 750 1000 0

20

40

60

80

100

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egg yolk

phosvitin

neutral pH acidic pH

Graphical abstract

H. Kobayashi et al.

vinegar

reductants

Fe3+

Fe3+

Fe2+

Fe2+

lipid oxidation O2

Fe3+ -P P-

Fe3+ -P P-

-P P-

-P P-

Fe3+ -P P- Fe3+ -P P-

aldehyde

alcohol

ketone

volatile compounds

hydroperoxide

EDTA

(synthesis

component)

off flavor

egg white

hydrolysate

(natural

component)

chelate

effect

phosvitin

egg white

Page 41 of 41 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry