FOR MINING AND VOLCANIC DEBRIS-LADEN...

Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Mining and Volcanic Debris-Laden Areas

REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL

RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & DEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES

A Research CompendiumA Research CompendiumA Research Compendium FOR FOR FOR MINING AND VOLCANIC MINING AND VOLCANIC MINING AND VOLCANIC

DEBRISDEBRISDEBRIS---LADEN AREASLADEN AREASLADEN AREAS

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau


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FOREWORD Research information and technologies on the restoration of mine wastelands have proliferated in the past years, however, access to them by the general public is quite limited. This Research Compendium on Mining Areas and Volcanic Debris -laden Areas has been developed to serve as a sound and thorough basis for selection of appropriate, effective and efficient strategies for the restoration of damaged mining and volcanic ash-laden areas of the country. This undertaking included an initial compilation of past and recent scientific and successful rehabilitation works on mine-waste lands and volcanic ash- laden areas locally and internationally which were organized, integrated and synthesized into a manual to reflect relevant research strategies and technologies for possible verification and application under local site specific conditions. MARCIAL C. AMARO, JR., CESO III Director


PREFACE

This Research Compendia on Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration R & D Technologies for various Ecosystems was published through the efforts of the Ecosystems Research Development Bureau and its regional research field counterparts, i.e. Ecosystems Research and Development Sectors. Research information was gathered from all Regions including those from recent books and the internet. Ecosystems studied include: critical watersheds, degraded mine waste areas, volcanic debris laden areas, marginal grasslands and uplands, damaged urban and coastal sites.

While research and technology information generated in the past years

have proliferated, the changing needs of time require that recent technologies be collated, integrated, analyzed and synthesized as a basis of decision-making in verifying the effectiveness and efficiency of said technologies. Managers and developers particularly in degraded areas need vital source of broad set of information from which to choose from. This manual hopes to be a meaningful guide to hasten rehabilitation efforts in these areas.

EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO, Ph. D. National Program Leader/Coordinator

Rehabilitation Banner Program

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This publication is indebted to the following agencies and people who, in their own way, contributed for the completion of this material:

ERDS Regional Technical Directors and regional focal persons for this

project who contributed in gathering information and articles on the different rehabilitaion strategies, particularly on species common in the region;

Local mining companies for their collaborative efforts in sharing

information on the different rehabilitation initiatives they have been undertaking;

Technical Staff of ERDB in gathering the different technologies from

various agencies implementing projects on mining; DENR-ERDB Management for funding the implementation of this

banner program and the publication of this compendium; The different library staff of the following offices: DENR Central Library;

College of Engineering Library, UPLB; ERDB Library; College of Forestry, UPLB; Environment and Management Bureau; and UP Geological Institute Library, UP Diliman for giving project researchers access to their facilities and resources;

To Ms. Celeste Gonzaga for the editing job; The GDAERD family, particularly, the support staff for their effort in

encoding, compiling and for their assistance in the final reproduction of these Compendium.

EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO, Ph. D. Program/Project Leader

AIDA C. BAJA— LAPIS / MARIA dP. DAYAN

Project Leaders


TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD i PREFACE ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF APPENDICES xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Philippine Mining Industry and Its Environmental Impact 1 Volcanic Eruptions and Impacts of Volcanic Ash Deposits 4

CHAPTER 2 PURPOSE OF THE COMPENDIUM 5 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF MARGINAL AREAS 6 UNDERSTANDING THE SITE CONDITIONS 6 Mining Areas 6 Mine spoils/waste dump site 7 Mine tailing areas 8 VOLCANIC DEBRIS-LADEN AREAS 9 CHAPTER 4 PRELIMINARY SITE CHARACTERIZATION, ASSESSMENTS 11 AND PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS

Micro-site Assessment Procedures 11 Problem Diagnosis, Analysis and Interpretations 15

Mining Areas 15 Volcanic Ash-Laden Areas 15

Analyzing Poor Plant Growth Performance in Mining Sites 16 Analyzing Erosion Problems for Determination of 16 Appropriate Measures Project Planning and Design 18

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CHAPTER 5 GENERAL MEASURES IN REHABILITATION 19 VEGETATIVE MEASURES 19

Proper choice of plant species for mining land rehabilitation 19 Identifying Candidate Species 21 Potential Grass species 26 Potential Hedgerow/Livepole Species 28

BIOREMEDIATION MEASURES 28

Finding Plants with Bioremediation Potential 28 Types of Metal Phytoremediation 29

Hyper-accumulators 29

Thlaspi caerulescens 29 Stackhousia tyronii 30 Pteris vittata 30 Hibiscus cannabinus 31 Brassica napus 31

Mycorrhiza, a Symbiotic Microorganism with 31 Phytoremediation Potential

Vetiveria zinazoides 34 Imperata cylindrica 34

Microbial Remediation Potential by other microorganisms 34

BIOENGINEERING MEASURES 35

Geomats 36 Extruded geogrids 36 Woven geogrids 37 Geocells 37 Hexagonal wire mesh products (HWM) 38 Jute netting 38

ENGINEERING MEASURES 40

Structural Measures and their Application 41

Retaining Wall 41 Loose rock or stone check dam 41 Pole or log check dam 41

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Gabions or wire-bound loose stone/rock check dam 41 Rock Gabions 41 Riprap or stone terrace 43 Rock Riprap 43 Bench terraces 43

Increasing Survival and Growth of Plant Species for Mining 43 Land Rehabilitation and Volcanic Debris-Laden areas thru Effective cultural management practices

Addition of Soil Media as Base Material 44 Liming Application 44 Inoculation with Fitted Mycorrhiza 46 Organic Fertilizer Application 47 Use of Coir Fiber Amelioration Blanket 47 CHAPTER 6 REHABILITATION STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY 48 MINING COMPANIES Philex Mining Corporation 48

Rapu-rapu Polymetallic Project 48 Atlas Consolidated Mining Development 48 Corporation Dolomite Mining Project 49 Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corporation 49 Bagacay Mining Company 49 Benguet Corporation 50 Philex Mining (at Sto. Niño) 50

REHABILITATION STRATEGIES IN PINATUBO VOLCANIC ASH-LADEN 51 AREAS SHOPLIST OF APPROPRIATE SPECIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REHABILITATION 53 REFERENCES 54 APPENDICES 60

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 The unsightly landscape left by Atlas Mining Company, Cebu. Such inactive or abandoned open pit mines are testimonies to the environmental degradation of mining.

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2 Mining waste materials from the dump site are transported to the river below leading to the communities. Most of the ricelands close to the waterways were covered with silt, laden with toxic heavy metals (Suyoc, Placer, SDN).

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3 Mined-waste dumps remain barren for years continuing to erode through time.

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4 Basic understanding of the problems which are the foundation for determination of appropriate solutions: physico-chemical conditions of the media (not soil but mineral media), micro-climate (atmospheric conditions of the immediate environment), biological (flora, fauna, microflora/ microfauna) and economic considerations of proposed rehabilitation measures to be employed.

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5 The inhibiting effect of cadmium on the growth of oats. 7

6 Mine waste dump or mine spoils comprise the overburden and interburden materials composed mainly of hard rocks, silt, and sand that are strongly acidic. It is also devoid of major and minor nutrients to support plant growth.

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7 Slope stabilized by bench terraced in the mine waste dump of Antamok, Itogon, Benguet.

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8 Mine waste dump area of Manila Mining Company at Placer, Surigao del Norte. Periodic landsliding and slumps have resulted from its unstable steep slopes.

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9 Even with rehabilitation efforts starting either from the base and top ridge and flat areas along valleys, sloping areas remain unvegetated. Ecological succession failed to proceed in these areas.

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10 Mine tailing areas in Maricalum Mining Company tested with Imperata grass planted at 1 meter spacing. The scheme was reported to be a failure.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

11 A close-up photo of the very fine sandy materials. Note that Mimosa pudica, a nitrogen-fixing species was able to survive the harsh environment. However, the poor microclimate have limited its capacity to expand outward.

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12 During rainy season, massive erosion of volcanic ash and lahar area were experienced due its quite loose mineral particles.

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13 Plant indicators present in the mined-out area shall be photo-documented.

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14 Cogon with purplish blades is an indicator of low phosphorus content.

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15 Media productivity contour map using pH values. 14

16 Mere establishment of plant species without consideration of the environmental limitations in the planning process resulted in poor growth performance affecting survival in the long run.

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17 Two basic strategies or lines of defenses in arresting soil erosion.

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18 Sloping mine waste of Mogpog, Marinduque with landsliding and gullying starting from the middle slope to the bottom of the slope.

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19 Its extensive and thick root system binds the soil and at the same time makes it very difficult to be dislodged an extremely tolerant to drought.

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20 When buried by trapped sediment, new roots are developed from nodes and vetiver will continue to grow with the new ground level eventually forming terraces, if trapped sediment is not removed.

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21 Vetiver grass turned brown in peak summer but regrew when intermittent rainfall came during the next season (Pilot demonstration site at Placer, Surigao Del Norte).

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22 Construction of a bamboo-reinforced embankment in progress

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

23 Morphological characteristic features of Thlaspi plant. 29

24 Sunflower is easily available species for propogation. 30

25 Braken fern possess dark green large, long leaflets compared to other ferns.

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26 Various varieties of ferns consistently thriving in almost all mined-out and mine spoils throughout the country.

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27 Mechanisms of how mycorrhiza help respond to metal toxicity.

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28 Robust batino plant in the mine waste dump site. 32

29 Comparative growth performance of Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia) in mine waste areas of Itogon, Benguet.

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30 Spores of vesicular –arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza Glomus sp. Mycorrhiza has been identified as a major player in removing of heavy metals in soils like the mine waste areas.

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31 Geomats main function is to protect the land against superficial erosion caused by the impact of rain drops and rills, or the flood action for river channels.

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32 Extruded geogrid polymers are commercially available materials.

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33 Geogrid materials may also be woven or bonded. 37

34 Its function is to hold soil or other loose material in place and to prevent the superficial soil from slipping down slopes.

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35 Woven geotextile are double-twisted materials. 38

36 Biomats and biotextiles are similar to geomats in function but differ in that they come from biological materials.

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37 Close-up view showing jute netting in a roadbank in Cavite. 39

38 Biomat Installation Procedures 39

39 Gabion illustration of Installation Design (Front View) 41

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Table Page

1 Total heavy metal content (in mg/kg) on-site and corresponding environmental and health threshold levels.

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2 Blocking Scheme in a slope for determination of soils for pH and other laboratory analysis

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3 Leopold Matrix of Species for Rehabilitation of Mining and Volcanic Debris Ash-Laden Areas

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4 Relative Neutralizing Power (RNP) for common lime materials.

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LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

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40 Gabion illustration of Installation Design (Top View) 42

41 One of the most practical measures preferred for mining Rehabilitation

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42 Soil can be enclosed by organic materials such as coir for moreassurance of survival under harsh conditions.

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43 Mine waste area of Benguet Corporation in Antamok, Itogon, Benguet prior to rehabilitation (left).

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44 The same mine waste area with 2-year old benguet pine inoculated with mycorrhiza (right)

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45 Mycorrhizal rain tree growth performance after three years. 51

Figure Page


Table Page

1 Biophysical Requirements of Species Suitable for Rehabilitation of Mining & Volcanic Debris-Laden Areas

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2 Seed Technologies for Various Species Suitable for Rehabilitation of Mining & Volcanic Debris-Laden Areas

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3 Nursery Techniques and other Cultural Management Practices of Species Suitable for Rehabilitation of Mining & Volcanic Debris-Laden Areas

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4 Pest and Disease Control Strategies in the Nursery and Plantation for Species Suitable for Mining & Volcanic Debris -Laden Areas

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5 Field Plantation Cultural Management Techniques of Species Suitable for Mining & Volcanic Debris-Laden Areas

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6 Inert Materials Functions 123

7 Cost Analysis of Coco coir Technology 124

Plate No. Page

1 Cocomat Application and Installation Techniques. 125

LIST OF APPENDICES

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION Philippine Mining Industry and Its Environmental Impacts

The Philippines is among the world’s richly endowed countries in terms

of mineral resources. It ranks second in the world’s source of chromite and considered as one of the largest in the world. The country is projected to be the next mining wonder in the next few years as the country’s gross production from local minerals is expected. Also, as further projected, the country is eyed as the mining country of the Pacific region by 2010. Recent figure of mining contribution to GDP in 2005 was 68.4 billion pesos which doubled the gross production in 2002 of 35.2 billion (Manila Bulletin and Philippine Star, 2007). The total exports of mineral and mineral products have doubled from US$ 820 million in 2005 compared with the recent value of US$ 206 billion.

The mining industry plays an important role in the country’s economic

development as it has increased direct employment from 101,000 in 2002 to 141,000 which is a significant portion of the population and has indirectly given other income generating opportunities. Moreover, the industry paid taxes, fees and royalties of about PhP 3.1billion in 2005 which is more than double the 2002’s PhP 1.4 billion. Mining activities are governed by rules and regulations and strict compliance to measures abating environmental degradation due to indiscriminate mining processes are closely monitored by multi-sector stakeholders to ensure that a responsible mining is well in place. It is the desire of the government that there should be balanced consideration between socio-economic gains and environmental accountability while engaging in mining.

However, it is a sad reality that in the course of any mining activity,

unavoidable physical damage to ecosystems and destruction to habitat are committed. Open-pit mining clears the vegetation covering the deposits, inevitably exposing the soil and permanently changing the landscape and land use (Fig. 1.).

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Fig. 1. The unsightly landscape left by Atlas Mining company, Cebu. Such inactive or abandoned open pit mines are testimonies to the environmental degradation of mining.

Fig. 2. Mining waste materials from the dump site are transported to the river below leading to the communities. Most of the ricelands close to the waterways were covered with silt, laden with toxic heavy metals (Suyoc, Placer, SDN).

One critical activity in mining is the disposal of mining wastes. Waste materials usually drains into the major water systems. The transport of quite loose particles, medium to large rocks and boulders from waste dump areas becomes inevitable (Fig. 2).

The mining process exposes heavy metals and sulfur compounds that were previously locked away in the earth. Rainwater leaches these compounds out of the exposed earth, resulting in "acid mine drainage" and heavy metal pollution that can persist after the mining operations have ceased.

Similarly, rainwater on piles of mining waste (tailings) can adversely transfer pollution to freshwater supplies. In the case of gold mining, cyanide is intentionally poured on piles of mined rock (a leach heap) to chemically extract the gold from the ore. Some of the cyanide ultimately finds its way into nearby water. Huge pools of mining waste "slurry" are often stored behind containment dams. If a dam leaks or bursts, water pollution is guaranteed.

The increasingly higher quantities of these heavy metals being released into the environment by anthropogenic activities, primarily associated with industrial processes, manufacturing and disposal of industrial and domestic refuse and waste materials pose a major environmental and human health problem which needs an effective and affordable technological solution. Heavy metals contaminate the soil and water. Particularly affected are irrigation facilities posing threat to agricultural productivity and destruction of adjacent marine ecosystems. Thus, in every mining activity, negative consequences to the environment and various ecosystems are manifold and impacts to human

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welfare are equally significant. As such, prior to setting any mining industry, mitigating measures and rehabilitation plans are prescribed in all phases of the activities.

In 1995, the guiding principles emphasized by the government were the

pursuance of responsible mining, rehabilitation of abandoned mines and to safeguard the ecological integrity of areas affected by mining.

Vast mining areas however lie unsightly to the public as they have

remained for decades as abandoned without any rehabilitation efforts made (Fig. 3).

In the course of mining operations in the past, major environmental

catastrophes have placed mining industry in jeopardy. Case in point was in 1996, whereby toxic mining wastes of Marcopper Mining Company in Marinduque spilled into the main waterways which was caused by its defective waste disposal facilities. This resulted in millions of fish kill which significantly affected fish catch, and threatened the health and livelihood of the population living in nearby coastal communities.The pit of Atlas Mining in Toledo City, Cebu gave way to the clogged drainage that released acidic water to the sea that caused the poisoning of marine life along the coastal areas. The latest incident was in Rapu-rapu Island where high level of cyanide was released in the coastal zones that killed fishes. Mining companies have been penalized by suspension of operations and payment of a huge sum of money. This served them a lesson to abide by the regulations as provided by the Philippine Mining Act of 1995.

To date, there are 65 non-performing mining tenements that were

cancelled, representing 68,000 hectares of mineral land which is open to serious investors for development (Reyes, 2007). Out of these, 24 were already abandoned and need immediate rehabilitation (MGB, 2007). These areas were left out after several years of mining operations leaving behind toxic waste materials, overburdened areas that are stony, rocky and acidic.

Fig. 3. Mined-waste dumps remain barren for years continuing to erode through time.

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These areas have open pits and mine tailings. Aside from this, there are large portion of reforested mine waste areas with plants of poor health status which were observed to die prematurely.

Volcanic Eruptions and Impacts of Volcanic Ash Deposits Aside from mine waste areas, volcanic ash-laden areas pose another great challenge in rehabilitation. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the early 1990’s has destroyed vast tracts of agricultural land in adjacent provinces. With a stroke of nature, millions of tons of volcanic ash, mudflow carrying pyroclastic materials and other debris were deposited on the once productive areas turning them into barren and idle areas. Aside from the tremendous losses of life and properties, the vegetation which provides the basic needs of man for food and shelter, clean air and water has been totally devastated. There is an urgent need to find prompt research solutions to the vegetative rehabilitation of the degraded areas which require primary succession. In deep-volcanic ash laden areas wherein agricultural crops would be difficult to grow, long–term species such as trees would be the most suitable. Both the species and strategies for afforestation are wanting. Plant species must have the ability to promptly colonize the thick ash-laden sites. To wait for natural ecological succession to occur starting with lower forms of life may be too long and impractical to meet the urgent needs of our people. Successful afforestation strategies must therefore be characterized by their efficiency to shortcut the route of long-term ecological succession.

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Chapter 2

PURPOSE OF THE COMPENDIUM

This compendium is intended to provide the necessary information and technologies using plant species for vegetative restoration, as well as other engineering strategies, their combinations or mixes that can be adopted to ensure success in rehabilitation works.

The data were gathered from various research outputs from published articles and journals, as well as from documented experiences and success stories that have shown positive results. When research literature were still found fragmentary, the research team (comprising ERDB and regional research counterparts) supplemented their research data from those coming from various regulatory and research institutions and integrated R & D related subject matters to form science-based protocols for rehabilitation. This compendium hopes to provide several potential strategies to choose from to suit specific conditions of damaged areas.

The contents of the compendium include the status of Philippine mining industry, description of marginal sites, purpose of the development of the compendium, site characterization assessment and problem diagnosis, rehabilitation measures and/or technologies in mining and volcanic debris-laden areas.

In the Appendices, each common plant species for mining were categorized into tables where selection can be done for appropriate application in rehabilitation using vegetative means. Each species was described morphologically and characterized according to its site requirements, needed amelioration, control measures for pest and diseases, and planting strategies. The complete information of the species have been presented in the appendices in a matrix form (template) for easy reference. Information on several bio-engineering strategies to choose from were also provided for areas where vegetative measures would not be sufficient.

It is envisioned that this compendium will be of valuable application to the mining industry, watershed development, vegetation of denuded areas, restoration of places affected by natural disasters such as volcanic ash-laden, landslide areas and the like. The target client and users of the mining compendium will be those who are involved and engaged in rehabilitation work as mandated by environmental law and in compliance with the provision of Philippine Mining Act of 1995.

Furthermore, it is hoped that end-users of the compendium will find it as a useful guide in various stages of rehabilitation, reclamation and ultimately the restoration of disturbed sites into, at least a more productive if not in its original state. Likewise, may this compendium, with its assemblage of knowledge and practices, fit well into the need for rehabilitation measures that will minimize the cost of a rather expensive rehabilitation works.

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Chapter 3

DESCRIPTION OF MARGINAL AREAS

Understanding the Site Conditions

Before rehabilitation efforts could be done, it is imperative to develop a complete understanding of the on-site conditions of these areas before we can provide proper ecological solutions to them (Fig. 4)

A. Mining Areas

Mined-out areas consist of the open pits which are left behind after the

mining operation. They are characterized by being acidic and saline due to oxidation of pyretic materials (Yao, 2001). It is the most difficult sites for rehabilitation, because the pH fall below 4.0 that it plant survival and growth become nil if not ameliorated. These areas are usually untouched for rehabilitation unless bulk of soils is brought back to the site.

In a gold mine area, heavy metals on site are way above normal levels.

Typically, these include copper, arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc and strontium, elements that are later carried away by running water to the low lying areas. Table 1 shows the results of study in Australia ((Truong, 1995),have shown that indeed heavy metal content in a gold mine exceeded the set threshold levels. The negative effect of them in plants is further reflected below (Fig. 5).

ON-SITE CONDITIONS

Physico-chemical

Biological

Microclimate

Economic

Complete understanding the ecological status of the site for rehabilitation

Physico-chemical

Biological

Microclimate

Economic

Fig. 4. The basic understanding of the problems which are the foundations for determination of appropriate solutions: physico-chemical conditions of the media (not soil but mineral media), micro-climate (atmospheric conditions of the immediate environment), biological (flora, fauna, microflora/microfauna) and economic considerations of proposed rehabilitation measures to be employed.

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Table 1. Total heavy metal content (in mg/kg) on-site and corresponding environmental and health threshold levels.

Arsenic (As) 20 100Arsenic (As) 20 100Chromium (Cr) 50 Chromium (Cr) 50 --Copper (Cu) 60Copper (Cu) 60Manganese (Mn) 500Manganese (Mn) 500Lead (Lead (PbPb) 300 ) 300 300300ZincZinc (Zn) 200(Zn) 200

Heavy Metals Thresholds mgKg-1Environmental Environmental HealthHealth GOLD MINE

Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals mgKgmgKg--1 1 TTotal Contentotal ContentArsenic 1,120 Arsenic 1,120 Chromium 55 Chromium 55 Copper 156 Copper 156 Manganese 2000 Manganese 2000 Lead 353 Lead 353 Zinc 283 Zinc 283

General Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Toxicity

Fig. 5. The inhibiting effect of cadmium on the growth of oats .

Fig. 6. Mine waste dump or mine spoils of Manila Mining Company at Placer, Surigao del Norte com-prise the overburden and inter-burden materials composed mainly of hard rocks, silt, and sand that are strongly acidic. It is also devoid of major and minor nutrients to support

Mine spoils/waste dump site are places where the originally removed layers from mined- out areas are dumped. Because of periodic dumped materials, rock materials therein are variable in terms of size and chemical composition (Fig. 6 and 7).

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Fig. 9. Even with successful rehabilitation efforts in mine waste dumps starting

either from the base or top ridge and flat areas along valleys, sloping areas remain unvegetated. Ecological

succession failed to proceed in these areas.

Fig.8. Mine waste dump area of Manila Mining Company at Placer, Surigao del Norte. Periodic landsliding and slumps have resulted from its unstable steep slopes.

Fig. 7. Slope stabilized by bench terraced in the mine waste dump of Antamok, Itogon, Benguet.

Because of general lack of homogeneity in a given site, collection of mineral and their chemical analysis are preliminary part of site characterization activities.

Sloping mine waste lands are often last choice for rehabilitation by

developers due to safety reasons (too steep slopes, unstable materials highly prone to landsliding, and erosion (Fig. 8 and 9).

Mine tailing areas are extensive mine waste dump areas which consist of lighter particles refuse material resulting from processing ground ore (Fig. 10). These materials have passed over a sieve in milling, crushing, or purifying operations and treated as inferior in quality or value. Materials consist of small, uniform, mostly sand and silt-sized particles (Fig. 11). Because of very fine texture, the soil is loose but the bulk density is high. This in effect controls particle aggregation and soil texture thus rendering very low water holding capacity.

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Fig. 10. Mine tailing areas in Maricalum Mining Company tested with Imper-ata grass planted at 1 meter spac-ing. The scheme was reported to be

Fig. 11. A close-up photo of the very fine sandy materials. Note that Mimosa pudica, a nitrogen-fixing species was able to survive the harsh environ-ment. However, the poor microcli-mate have limited its capacity to

These areas are not only deficient in clay minerals and microorganisms but are basically nil in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium while excessive in heavy metals. Sand blasting during windy days causes rapid transpiration resulting in the death of intolerant species. Although located in flat areas, erosion in these areas are also prevalent coming from wind sources.

B. Volcanic Debris - Laden Areas

The Philippine islands consist of several active volcanoes which from

time to time erupted in the past years. These events brought about voluminous ejection of volcanic gases, molten rocks, volcanic ash and other pyroclastic materials several kilometers into the air. Areas within the immediate vicinity of the volcano were buried to as deep as 50 to 100 meters. Spewed up materials generally constituted dacite, andesite, basalt and pumice.

As a result of eruption of volcanoes, volcanic debris, molten rocks and

pyroclastic materials were deposited as loose materials in vast areas surrounding the volcano. The eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in Central Luzon 1991 and Mt. Mayon in Albay (still actively erupting) have left vast areas with two general types of materials: 1) lahar-pyroclastic mudflow deposits which covered their major drainage and 2) volcanic ash- deposited loose sand and silt materials which buried extensive low-lying grounds. Inasmuch as the majority of areas which now needed rehabilitation efforts are of the volcanic ash-laden materials, this compendia shall deal more on said topic.

Generally the vast desert-like areas are often exposed to weathering and pressures of extreme conditions that barely supports life. The volcanic ash

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Substrate is generally very loose and pliable thus prone to erosion, devoid of nutrients for plants to grow and water is very limiting in the area.

The sandy mineral particles that cover the thick land areas are characterized by low water holding capacity and require irrigation for the plant to survive. At the same time, even it is of poor water holding capacity, areas under deep volcanic ash can easily be washed out by high intensity and heavy rainfall (Fig. 12).

Assessment of chemical status of the volcanic ash with time revealed

that during the first month, the volcanic ash media was initially acidic due to the effects of sulfur dioxide. But after this was leached and/or volatilized in the atmosphere, volcanic ash pH became neutral (values ranged from 6.0-7.2). The pH status however decreased three years later. With mineralization process in the later years, ash mean value ranged from 5.0-5.9.

Although the mineral media attained high pH level, chemical analysis

revealed low concentration of macro and micro nutrients. In the sterile media, nitrogen, potassium and micronutrients content were all nil. Only phosphorus was medium in content. There was also no starter microsymbiont found. Such imbalance in the nutritional status, poor physical conditions (i.e. low water retention capacity) and droughty atmospheric condition all redound to the need for special strateg(ies) that would address all the limitations in order to succeed in such areas.

Natural succession takes a long process. But a system to accelerate the

pace can be done in a much faster time thru current technologies. Starter volcanic ash-laden sites can be pilot tested to showcase the viability of converting desert-like conditions to a mini-forest cover in a much shorter time imagined. Later, these nucleus areas are designed to be growing points to expand ecological restoration of more areas in the long run.

Fig. 12. During rainy season, massive erosion of volcanic ash and lahar area were experienced due its quite loose mineral particles.

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Chapter 4

PRELIMINARY SITE CHARACTERIZATION, ASSESSMENTS AND PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS

Proper diagnosis of problems besetting a site requires a ful characterization

of the on-site biophysical conditions as well as the off-site socio-economic situation of nearby affected communities.

Micro-site Assessment Procedures Because of the observed site heterogeneity, it is a basic step to conduct micro-site assessment of a proposed area to be rehabilitated. The following are the procedures to be undertaken:

1. Collect baseline secondary information of the proposed mining area for

rehabilitation prior to the on- site reconnaissance and field verification. 2. Site Characterization of Selected Site (s)

The following specific site conditions of the chosen site(s) shall be characterized: Mine spoils/mine waste dumps – soil and fragmented rocks hauled and dumped on the surface of the mountain

I. General site description A. Specific classification of mine waste area (mine waste/mine

tailings) B. Location (Sitio, Brgy., Municipality, Province) C. Accessibility – distance from the nearest road networks from the

nearest barangay. D. Boundaries – direction (N, E, W, S) E. Microclimate

• Rainfall (secondary data) - Rainfall or precipitation is the amount of water that fall upon the earth.

• Temperature (air and soil) - Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of the air.

• Sampling of diurnal temperature range for the whole day (8, 10, 12, 2, 4 o’clock at least 3 sampling days using air/soil thermometer)

• Relative humidity (wet and dry bulb thermometer)

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F. Ecological

• Flora (Vegetation) -Observation on the presence of naturally growing plant species and occurring in the mined-out/mine waste dump areas must be properly photo-documented (Fig. 13 and 14).

• Fauna- Observation of the presence of specific fauna (birds, insects etc.) in the area (faunal indicators).

II. Detailed characterization of the micro-site

A model area must have a minimum area of one (1) hectare. The whole area must be subdivided into compartment units depending on the natural limitations of land features (bodies of water, ridge, heterogeneity of the sites, etc.). A minimum of two major compartments may be selected to verify the technologies.

Each compartment units must have its own individual micro-site

characterization as a basis for the field treatment lay-out and application of future demonstration of different rehabilitation technologies.

A. Topographical Features

Terrain/slope (using abney hand level) Elevation (altimeter)

Fig. 13.Plant indicators present in the mined-out area must be photo- documented.

Fig. 14. Cogon with purplish blades is an indicator of low phosphorus

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B. Geological Features 1. Description (secondary information and field observations)

• Type and nature of rock deposits (gold, copper, zinc, iron, chromite, silver, nickel, etc.)

• Physical characteristics (description of rock fragments- relative size, variability of size, relative imperviousness, drainage (waterlogging) and aeration)

• Erosion description (relative formation of rills, gullies and landslides) depths, extent/percentage of area affected and erodibility of loose rocks and mineral particles

2. Collection of mine waste media samples for physical and chemical

analyses

Basis of Media Sampling in the Field

a. Narrow and long slope The occurrence of fertility gradient is usually more pronounced

in sloping areas, i.e. with the lower portion more fertile than higher areas. Take mine waste media samples for physical and chemical property determination. Utilizing representative points along the contour of various contour/ slope locations (i.e. top, middle, and bottom), collect composite samples from at least 5 points. The distance in between 1 contour sampling line will depend upon the slope length, degree and heterogeneity. Get mine waste media samples from a depth of at least 30 cm.

b. Media Heterogeneity

If the area is very heterogeneous, a soil productivity contour map

must be made. It is a simple but informative presentation of soil/media heterogeneity. It is advisable to conduct uniformity trial to assess the pattern of soil heterogeneity so that a suitable remedy can be achieved by proper blocking. Fig 15 is a slope subdivided into blocks ex. Column A, Row 1 as one unit (Table 2). The whole slope has 16 unit blocks. The map describes graphically the productivity level of the experimental site base on moving averages of contiguous unit. Values represent numerical pH.

13


Mineral Sampling Field Lay-out

Analysis of pH indicates blocks column a-row 1, column b-row 2 and column d-row 4 had the same pH value of 3 of the sampling area point representing that block.

In volcanic ash laden areas which are located in relatively flat areas, the

media are more or less homogenous in composition. Hence sampling scheme is simpler and fewer soil samples should be taken. A minimum of 5 samples for every hectare would suffice. Quick field chemical, qualitative tests for pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium using Soil Testing Kit must be done. Laboratory Quantitative Analysis Quantitative chemical analysis of the following are also required: Macronutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium); Micronutrient (Zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, boron); Heavy metals (Gold, nickel, lead, etc).

pH 3 pH3 pH 3 pH 5

pH 4 pH 3 pH 4 PH 5

pH 4

pH 5

pH 4 pH 3

pH 5

pH5

pH 4

pH 3

Fig 15. Media productivity contour map using pH values

Column A

Column B

Column C

Column D

Row 1 3 3 3 5

Row 2 4 3 4 5

Row 3 4 5 4 3

Row 4 5 5 4 3

Table 2. Blocking Scheme in a slope for determination of pH and other laboratory analysis.

14


Problem Diagnosis, Analysis and Interpretations Characterization of site conditions has bearing on the analysis of the nature of various problems, and ecological factors for proper decision making. Usually, a summary of the major identified ecological problems besetting our mining and volcanic ash laden areas are as follows: Mining Areas Barren site – droughty atmospheric conditions, high heat load, lack of water Rock, mineral media - variable or heterogenous materials; no soil; Generally dumped rocks are loose but compacted by tractors in mine waste areas; Nil symbiotic microbes; extremely acidic condition and increasing acidity thru time; fixed macro and microelements; possess high levels of unwanted heavy metals; hazardous to health when transported to waterways; Slope condition-steep slopes >30%

Mine waste areas: steep to very steep; rills and gulley formation prevalent; Landsliding and slumps occurring; hazardous to human; Mine tailings: Flat areas; Occurrence of wind erosion;

Flora - None or nil existing flora only ferns and mosses;

Presence of company support for rehabilitation: Low in long abandoned mined-out areas

LGU support: minimal Illegal panning and extraction activities Volcanic Ash laden Areas

Media: Loose, fine mineral particles, high percolation rate, pH more or else neutral to basic, low in available nutrients. Type of Erosion experienced in the site: Wind erosion Flora: N-fixing trees like ipil-ipil, kakawate, agoho; pasture legumes; grass species associated with mycorrhizal i.e. Imperata, napier and talahib; Problems: Barren, desert-like areas hardly vegetated except if seeds are carried to the area by wind and germinates during wet season; heavy sedimentation and siltation of bodies of water;

15


Analyzing Poor Plant Growth Performance in Mining Sites

The choice of plant species is one of crucial steps in decision-making. Most often multiple problems arise in the course of plant development. Because of the very harsh environment in mining sites, that no plant is able to survive at the initial stage or there is low plant survival; remaining seedlings suffer from stunted growth, nutrient deficiency and/or heavy metal toxicity symptoms; and most often, trees have very poor health resulting to death early in life (Fig. 16.). Aside from these, sloping areas remain unvegetated, ecological succession failing to proceed in these areas. Choice of site to be rehabilitated should thus give priority to this erodible site or else active erosion advancing to rill and gully formations and occurrence of slumps/landslides are bound to predominate.

Analyzing Erosion Problems for Determination of Appropriate Measures

Erosion is the natural process whereby external agents such as wind or water resource transport soil particles to far distances. In the wet tropics like the Philippines, rainfall is mainly responsible for the removal of superficial layers resulting in rills or gullies of about 10-60 cm depth. Over time, rills and gullies deepen and these cause slopes to become over-steep, thus precipitating instability.

In an open, sloping area (Fig. 17), the largest exposed surface ground area can be economically controlled by covering the land by vegetation. In particular, cover crops, creepers and stolons can do this as first line of defense.

Fig. 16. Mere establishment of plant species without consideration of the environmental limitations in the planning process resulted in poor growth performance affecting survival in the long run.

16


FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES

STABILIZING

2nd LINE OF DEFENSES

LINE OF DEFENSES

SCHEMES TO CONTROL

COVERING

Fig. 17. Two basic strategies or lines of defenses in arresting soil erosion

Fig. 18. Sloping mine waste of Mogpog, Marinduque with landsliding and gullying starting from the middle slope to the bottom of the slope.

Instability or deep-seated problems can arise on their own depending on slope geometry’s inherent soil strength, ground or pore-water characteristics (Fig. 18). These are basically geotechnical/geological problems that have to be addressed by proper studies and analyses.

Through available computer programs, the evaluation of the stability of

slopes to determine their factors of safety against sliding or failure has now become less tedious or laborious.

On the other hand, shallow-seated problems, which lie in the 60-250 cm depth, do not lend themselves for accurate computer program computation. They present a chronic problem in the wet tropics with the attendant heavy rainfall and inherent highly erodible slope materials. However, it is believed this problem can be dealt with very effectively by bioengineering measures.

17


Project Planning and Design

The success of reclamation schemes will depend upon the systems approach employed in a unit area.

(1) The type (s) of general measures applied (i.e. vegetative, or the combination of vegetative and engineering or bio-engineering, bioremediation (plants plus the use of their association with symbiotic microorganism), and engineering measure;

(2) The choice of plant species (if it were vegetative or bio-engineering or bio-remediation);

(3) The proper methods of establishment, amelioration measures and periodic care;

(4) The concomitant best research technologies of growing said species (from the nursery to the field); the same holds true with engineering measures. The appropriate engineering measure, design and attendant methodologies for each specific site condition(s) must be employed.

In planning for the selection of rehabilitation schemes, there is now a long list of available developed technologies by industries, scientists and practitioners from which to choose from. These include research information and technologies on the following areas:

Vegetative Measures:

a. Species-site suitability (the selection of the right species for different locations),

- Nursery production technologies (schemes of nursery and cultural management of a species)

- Field establishment, soil amelioration measures and methods of application

b. Bioremediation (biotechnology) application technologies in ecological rehabilitation, etc.

c. Bio-engineering (combined plant and engineering) measures

- Selected plant species (used for slope stabilization) - Innovations with combinations of plant and engineering measures - Inert materials manufactured by industries (intended to mimic natural plant cover) in combination with other schemes

d. Engineering measures

18


Chapter 5

GENERAL MEASURES IN REHABILITATION The a foregoing discussions will deal on the broad spectrum of available technologies, strategies, schemes and procedures to choose from depending upon site situations and appropriateness. One may select several combinations of schemes and measures for a given slope at varying locations. The systems approach is the best strategy, i.e. utilizing all possible schemes that would hasten restoration but also considering the available economic resources in applying it.

VEGETATIVE MEASURES

Proper choice of plant species for mining land rehabilitation Biological intervention refers to the use of versatile plant species (Single/combination of species) such that it can overcome many if not most of the problems confronting the restoration of degraded areas. The species must have the following characteristics:

(a) Ability to survive, adapt and grow normally under harsh condition; (b) Ability to grow at extremely low/high pH levels; (c) Potential to grow fast/ increase its biomass; (d) Tolerate drought and fire; (e) nitrogen-fixing and/or mycorrhizal associations (bioremediation

potential); (f) Resistance to pests and diseases; (g) Potential to reproduce even under adverse environment; (h) Ability to phytoremediate (remove toxic heavy metals from the

mine waste areas).

The species should also possess other environmental functions. The so-called bio-engineering strategy combines vegetative and engineering schemes i.e. planting of certain species or mix of different plant forms in a methodical manner to provide structural cover for erosion control, slope stabilization and enhanced drainage system. The root system of plants used in this strategy provides the protective function to the soil. For erosion control, the choice of vegetation is relatively wide. Generally, all plants are capable of providing some degree of protection, whether they are trees, shrubs or herbs: Shrubs and herbs, grasses and creepers are plant forms for immediate cover while trees provide the best long-term protection against soil erosion and landslide. A variety of perennial species are being utilized as hedgerows to stabilize slopes and prevent soil for further transport downhill.

19


More often, not just a single species but a combination of trees, shrubs, grasses and creepers would be needed to provide a significant reduction in surface runoff and soil erosion. Vegetative measures are first choice because they are rather cheap materials, i.e more or less four times cheaper engineering structures.

The basic considerations in the selection of tree species as bio-engineering measure against soil erosion and landslides are as follows:

a. Plants must grow quickly to establish ground cover, have dense rooting systems and canopies.

b. Roots and aboveground parts should grow rapidly in order to provide the required protection as soon as possible (rapid lateral growth of stems, leaves and roots for erosion control)

c. Plant should possess deep and wide root system for good anchorage in the subsoil. A dense shallow root system can also be used because of the matting effect

d. Rapid and dense growth of roots vertically for shallow-seated slope stabilization

e. High root tensile strength and surface roughness for soil reinforcement f. Plant should produce a large volume of litter to improve the site. Leg-

umes, in particular, can add considerable amount of nitrogen to the soil through symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

g. Prevent or minimize further transport of eroding materials h. Plant should form dense and wide spreading crowns or interlocking

canopy as early as possible. i. Ability to be propagated vegetatively/asexually as large section cuttings as

used in brush layering and as large diameter live poles. When using a species as live poles for slope stabilization, they must also have the following features:

• Ability to resist impacts imparted by driving • Ability to grow long straight branches needed for ease in installation • Ability to withstand burial and impact by moving slope debris • Ability to propagate from large section hardwood cutting • Ability to grow rapidly and well when thickly or closely planted • Ability to root at depth; • Ability to grow in water logged condition • Has relative tolerance to insects & diseases • Grows into a tree it left unattended

20


Identifying Candidate Species

Species selection is important to establishment success in the degraded mining area. If grown under unsuitable site conditions, generally, a species would not be able to cope up with the conditions hence affecting its status. The species is prone to attacks of diseases, insects and pests.

There are many candidate species having multi-functions: fast-growing, drought tolerant, with coppicing ability, and grows under nutrient deficient areas.

After a thorough study on all environmental parameters matching with the long list of species, those that are closely adaptable to the desert-like conditions of mining and volcanic ash-laden areas were pre-selected and tabulated in a decision matrix table. Leopold Matrix in Appendix Table 8 summarizes the pre-selected appropriate trees, shrubs, and grass species. Each species was described morphologically and characterized according to its site requirements. The package of technologies of each species starting from seed technology, needed amelioration, control measures for pest and diseases, and planting strategies are presented in the Appendix Tables 1 to 5 in a matrix form (template) for easy reference.

21


Tabl

e 3.

Leo

pold

Mat

rix o

f Spe

cies

for R

ehab

ilita

tion

of M

inin

g an

d Vo

lcan

ic D

ebris

Ash

-Lad

en A

reas

SPEC

IES

EL

EVAT

ION

RAN

GE

(M)

DRO

UGH

T TO

LERA

NCE

pH

RE

MAR

KS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e(s)

0

- 100

0 0

- 150

0 0

- 200

0 G

M

E

P Ac

t W

t N

ac

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Jap

anes

e ac

acia

, Au

ri, W

attle

, Ear

-po

d w

attle

X

X

X X

X

X X

pH ra

nge:

3 -

9.5

Best

gr

owth

: 5 -

6

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

M

angi

um

X

X

X X

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Akle

ng p

aran

g

X

X X

X X

X

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s.

Nee

m

X

X

X X

X

X

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Ca

llian

dra

X

X

X

X X

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Agoh

o

X

X

X

X

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Kaka

wat

e

X

X X

X X

X

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

W

it.

Ipil-

ipil

X

X

X

X

X

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h. V

ar a

cidum

(Kor

th) d

e W

it.

Alib

angb

ang

X

X

X

X

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h.

Kam

achi

le

X X

X X

X

X

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Nar

ra

X

X

X

X

X X

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Rain

tree

, Aca

cia

X

X

X

X

X

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

An

abio

ng

X

X

22


SPEC

IES

EL

EVAT

ION

RAN

GE

(M)

DRO

UGH

T TO

LERA

NCE

pH

RE

MAR

KS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e(s)

0

- 100

0 0

- 150

0 0

- 200

0 G

M

E

P Ac

t W

t N

ac

GRA

SSES

Penn

isetu

m cl

ande

stin

um H

oehs

t. Ex

Ch

iov.

Ki

kuyu

gra

ss

up to

300

0asl

X

X

Vetiv

era

ziza

nioi

des

Vetiv

er

X X

X

X X

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

W

ild su

nflo

wer

10

00 -

2000

asl

X

X

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

Ka

riski

s X

X X

X

X X

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) St

eud.

Al

nus

X

X

X

X

X

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Datil

es

X X

X

X X

X X

Pipe

r adu

ncum

L.

Spik

ed p

eppe

r, He

quill

o de

hoj

a X

X

X

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Ka

tura

i, Ag

ati,

Bac

ule

X

X

X X

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

Man

sani

tas

X

X

X

X

X

GRA

SSES

Impe

rata

cylin

drica

(L.)

Beau

v.

Spea

r gra

ss, a

lang

-ala

ng, c

ogon

, bae

mao

ge

n 23

00as

l

X

X

Kiku

yo

Kiku

yo g

rass

X

X

X

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C.

Rive

re

Chin

ese

bam

boo

X

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

Ka

uaya

n tin

ik

X

23


Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

EL

EVAT

ION

RAN

GE

(M)

DRO

UGH

T TO

LERA

NCE

pH

RE

MAR

KS

SPEC

IES

Com

mon

Nam

e(s)

0

- 100

0 0

- 150

0 0

- 200

0 G

M

E

P Ac

t W

t N

ac

SHRU

BS

Caja

nus c

ajan

(Lin

n.) M

err.

Pige

on p

ea

X

X

X

X

X

CREE

PERS

Arac

hia

pint

ic Kr

ap &

Gre

g. n

um.

nud.

(Coo

k)

Amar

illo

froa

ge

pean

ut, P

into

pe

anut

X

X

X

Wed

elia

trilo

bata

(L.)

Hitc

he

Wed

elia

up to

130

0asl

X

X

X

Albi

zia fa

lcata

ria (L

.) Fo

sber

g M

oluc

ccan

sau

x

x

x

Alnu

s mar

itim

a (T

hum

b.) S

teud

. Al

nus

x

x

x

x

Alst

onia

scho

laris

(L) R

. Br.

Var.

sc

hola

ris

Dita

x

x

Cass

ia sp

ecta

bilis

(L)

Anch

oan

dila

w

Euca

lypt

us ca

mal

dule

nsis

Rive

r red

gum

x

x

Mel

ia d

ubia

Cav

. Ba

galu

nga

x

x

Pinu

s kes

iya

Royl

e ex

Gor

don

Beng

uet p

ine

x

x

Spat

hode

a ca

mpa

nula

ta B

eauv

. Af

rican

tulip

x

Seria

lbizi

a ac

le (B

lanc

o) M

err

Akle

x

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

Anab

iong

x

x

24


SPEC

IES

EL

EVAT

ION

RAN

GE

(M)

DRO

UGH

T TO

LERA

NCE

pH

RE

MAR

KS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e(s)

0

- 100

0 0

- 150

0 0

- 200

0 G

M

E

P Ac

t W

t N

ac

Flem

ingi

a m

acro

phyl

la (W

illd.

) M

err.

Mal

abal

aton

g

x

x

Pipe

r arb

ores

cens

Pa

lo v

erde

x

x

x

Gra

sses

Thys

anol

aena

max

ima

Tam

bo

x

Drou

ght T

oler

ance

: E -

Exce

llent

(w

ithst

ands

long

dro

ught

per

iod,

6-

9 m

onth

s dry

seas

on)

Soil

Cond

ition

s:

Ac

T - T

oler

ance

to

acid

ic so

ils

M

- M

oder

ate

(wel

l tol

eran

t to

exte

nded

dr

ough

t)

WT

- Wid

e to

lera

nce

to

soil

cond

ition

s

G

- Goo

d (m

oder

atel

y to

lera

nt to

ext

ende

d dr

y pe

riods

)

N

ac -

Not

tole

rant

to a

cidi

c so

ils

P

- Poo

r (re

quire

s hig

h, e

venl

y di

strib

uted

rain

fall)

25


It is worthy elaborating some of the morphological and functional mechanisms by some of these species:

Potential Grass species

Vetiver has been the identified most promising species because of its special features and functional versatility. Morphologically, it possesses extremely deep and massive finely structured root system, capable of reaching down to two to three meters in the first year (Fig. 19).

It has stiff and erect stems which can stand up to relatively deep water flow (0.6-0.8m). It has dense hedges when planted close together, reducing flow velocity, diverting run-off water and forming a very effective filter. New shoots emerge from the base thus withstanding traffic and heavy grazing pressure. It also has the ability to regrow very quickly after being affected by drought, salt and other adverse soil conditions when the adverse affects are removed (Fig. 20).

Physiologically, vetiver has tolerance to extreme climatic variation such

as prolonged drought, flood submerged and extreme temperature from 140C to 550C. It grows in a wide range of soil pH (3.0 to 10.5). It has a high level of tolerance to soil salinity, sodiity and acid sulfate. It can also tolerate toxic levels aluminum, manganese, arsenic, cadmium chromium, nickel, copper, mercury, lead, selenium and zinc, on grass species.

Fig. 20. When buried by trapped sediment, new roots are developed from nodes and vetiver will continue to grow with the new ground level eventually form-ing terraces, if trapped sediment is not removed.

Fig. 19. Its extensive and thick root system binds the soil and at the same time makes it very difficult to be dislodged an extremely tolerant to drought.

26


After being affected by drought, salt and other poor soil conditions, it has the ability to regrow very quickly when the adverse affects are removed (Fig. 21).

Bambusa blumeana (tinik) is considered a rehabilitation species

because of its versatility, since it can grow either in the upland or lowland as long as proper establishment and management techniques are followed. A study on other bamboo species like bayog showed they are also effective in mine tailing areas with survival rates of 99% and 97%, respectively. They are also drought resistant and they could tolerate water logging up to 63 days.

Bamboo strips can also be used as reinforcing element for deep- seated

instability. As a material, bamboo has been found to have very high tensile strength to weight ratio. The tensile strength is about 265-388 Mpa nearing that of a mild steel at 480 Mpa.

In Malaysia Expressway, the use of 6 steep, bamboo reinforced

embankments with side slopes varying from 1:1.2 to 1:0.85 (v:h) along roabdbank (Fig. 22). To date, no faulting regarding its performance; construction cost is low than conventional reinforced soil walls.

Fig. 21. Vetiver grass turned brown in peak summer but re-grew when intermittent rainfall came during the next season (Pilot demon-stration site at Placer,

Fig. 22. Construction of a bamboo-reinforced embankment in progress

27


The chief drawbacks however are as follows: a) Long-term durability. i.e. prone to attack of fungi, insects, etc. if not treated properly by chemicals; b) variability due to non homogeneity and anisotropy, being a naturally-occurring material (not-manufactured). Potential Hedgerow /Live Pole Species

For slope stabilization purpose there are potential plant species with capacity to reproduce vegetative and utilized as hedgerows or live poles:

BIOREMEDIATION MEASURES

Finding Plants with Bioremediation Potential One major task of mining industries is the management of its mining

wastes. Bioremediation is an environment-friendly technology that uses the natural properties of plants and microbes to reduce, if not eliminate, harmful effects of hazardous wastes in an area.

Africa tulip (Spathodea campanulata) Kapok (Ceiba pentandra L.) Agoho ( Casuarina equisetifolia) Katurai (Sesbania grandiflora) Anabiong (Trema orientalis (Unn.) Blume) Macaranga gigantea Anchoan dilaw (Cassia spectabilis Malungai (Moringa oleifera) Bamboo (Bambusa blumeana Schult) Mangium (Acacia mangium) Calliandra (Calliandra tetragona) Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Calliandra calothyrsus Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Dapdap (Erythrina Orientalis Unn) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Datiles (Muntingia calabura L.) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Dita (Alstonia scholaris L.) Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juse) Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) Rensonii ( Desmodium rensonii ) Flemingia (Flemingia congesta), Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia). Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) Teak (Tectona grandis Unn) Giant Ipil-ipil ( Leucaena diversifolia) Teak (Tectona grandis Unn) Guava (Psidium guajava J) Tubang-bakod (Jatropha curcas L.) Gubas (Endospermum peltatum) Tubang-bakod (Jatropha curcas L.) Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata Lam) Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) India Bitongol (Flacourtia indica (Burm.f) Merr)

Yellow dapdap (Erythrina variagata)

Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Walp).

28


Phytoremediation is the ability of plants to extract, detoxify, and/or sequester environmental pollutants from soil and water. It is one of the technologies that use green plants to remove pollutants from the environment and render toxic wastes harmless to living organisms.

Phytostabilization of heavy metals is also termed in place inactivation

or phytorestoration. There are different types of phytoremediation technique that involve stabilizing heavy metals with green plants in contaminated soils, as follows: Types of Metal Phytoremediation

(1) phytostabilization- in which plants stabilize the pollutants in soils, thus rendering them harmless;

(2 phytofiltration or rhizofiltration- in which plant roots grown in aerated water, precipitate and concentrate toxic metals from polluted effluents;

(3 phytovolatilization-in which plants extract volatile metals (e.g., Hg and Se) from soil and volatilize them from the foliage; and

(4) phytoextraction- in which heavy metal hyperaccumulators, high-biomass, metal-accumulating plants and appropriate soil amendments are used to transport and concentrate metals from the soil into the above–ground shoots, which are harvested with conventional agricultural methods.

Hyper-accumulators: Are plants species that possess the ability to extract elements from the soil and concentrate them in the easily harvested plant stems, shoots or leaves. Some of the identified species are:

Thlaspi caerulescens (Alpine pennycress)

This plant belongs to the weedy member of the broccoli and cabbage family. It thrives in soils with high levels of zinc and cadmium. This is because the plant possesses genes that regulate the amount of metals taken up by the roots from the soil and deposit these elements in other parts of the plant (Fig. 23).

Fig. 23. Morphological characteristic features of Thlaspi plant.

29


Stackhousia tyronii (Sunflower)

A hyper-accumulator plant that can provide a cheap and ‘green’ method of cleaning contaminated agricultural and industrial sites. This plant can also be used to clean pastures and croplands contaminated by heavy metals from fertilizer and industrial pollution (Fig. 24).The study deals on how S. tyronii takes up metal elements from the soil and how the plant can survive in a toxic condition

considering that 4% of its leaf dry-weight is pure nickel metal. It explained further that

immediately after the nickel is absorbed, the plant root detoxify it by forming an organo-metallic complex. Pteris vittata (Braken fern)

Braken fern soaks up ar-senic with staggering efficiency, i.e. 200 times higher in the fern than the concentrations in contaminated soils where it was growing (Fig. 25). In greenhouse tests using soil artificially infused w i t h a r s e n i c , a r s e n i c concentrations in the fern’s fronds have reached 22,630 ppm (2.3% of the plant comprise arsenic).

Many other ferns were identified pioneer species in mining areas (Fig. 26.) They were observed verdant and persistently growing in its rocky sites and were acclimatized for a long time in the area.

Nitrogen-fixing plants are most suited to be planted in barren mining

and volcanic ash laden areas. They have the capability to draw freely nitrogen from the atmosphere through the aid of nitrogen-fixing organisms (Rhizobium and Frankia). They survive and grow normally with lesser fertilizer input. Some of these are:

Fig. 25. Braken fern possess dark green large, long leaflets compared to other ferns.

Fig. 24. Sunflower is easily available species

for propogation.

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Ferns are symbiotically–associated with Anabaena a nitrogen-fixing microorganism. Its persistence in these sub-marginal conditions can be accounted to its ability to draw nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Kenaf) and Brassica napus L. (Canola) were found to be both effective in detoxifying soil and water contaminated with selenium. These species were used to do biological clean-up of soils and water. Kenaf also provides mats for soil erosion control while grass seeding and pads were used to sanitize chemical and oil spills.

Mycorrhiza, a Symbiotic Microorganism with Phytoremediation Potential

There are more than 500 known species of endomycorrhiza. Fig. 27 shows various spores of various species. Mycorrhizal fungi have an extraordinary capacity for growing, dispersing and surviving stress periods. These abilities make them highly successful organisms despite their dependence on plant organism for growth and reproduction. With its multifunctional physiological capability, it can assist plants to cope up with the countless environmental stresses, as follows:

Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Agoho ( Casuarina equisetifolia) Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq)

Walp). Anabiong (Trema orientalis (Unn.)

Blume) Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) Mangium (Acacia mangium) Dapdap (Erythrina orientalis) Yellow dapdap (Erythrina variagata) Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Katurai (Sesbania grandiflora)

Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) Giant Ipil-ipil ( Leucaena diversifolia) Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) Flemingia (Flemingia congesta), Rensonii ( Desmodium rensonii ) Calliandra (Calliandra tetragona) Calliandra calothyrsus Anchoan dilaw (Cassia spectabilis Ferns

Fig. 26. Various varieties of ferns consistently thriving in almost all mined out and mine spoils throughout the country.

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• water stress • nutrient stress ( pH, N, P nutrient, other micronutrients) • salt stress • toxic/heavy metals • water • aeration • soil structure problems • other biotic factors such as pathogens • atmospheric pollutants • elevated carbon dioxide

It has been the realization that mycorrhiza has exclusion mechanisms

i.e. it does not bring to its above-ground parts high levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury hence it can be a material for phytoremediation. Heavy metal levels can be gradually reduced in the contaminated sites and can be disposed off safely elsewhere with use of this biofertilizer. Fig. 27 explains for the plant physiological responses to inoculation.

In the mine waste area of Antamok, Benguet, positive responses to

mycorrhizal inoculation were found in outplanted agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia) and batino (Alstonia macrophylla) (Fig. 28 and 29).

Differences in P extraction - Phosphate solubilization - Phosphatase production

Phytochelatins vacuolar accumulation

Heavy metals accumulated in hyphae are not passed to host (EXCLUSION MECHANISM)

Modification of rhizosphere - Rhizosphere acidification

citric acid, piscidic acid or proton excretion

- Glomalin production

Better soil exploration

How the micro symbiont mycorrhiza help respond to plant metal toxicity

- Improved root growth - Changed root structure - Proteoid roots

Fig.27. Mechanisms of how mycorrhiza help respond to metal toxicity.

Fig. 28. Robust batino plant in the mine waste dump site.

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Recently, species like Tubang bakod (Jatropha curcas) using mycorrhiza

have enhanced survival rate even under harsh conditions. The good news is that a mycorrhizal type called vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhiza can infect almost all vascular plants, hence it will have wide applicability (Fig. 30). Also, the microorganism works in marginal, degraded environment.

ERDB has started producing VA mycorrhiza (endomycorrhiza) as pure inoculants for reforestation, agroforestry and coastal rehabilitation since 2000. It is producing more mycorrhiza from various provenances inoculants to be tested in mine waste areas.

A mycorrhizal seedling produces 8 times as much root and hyphal

surface than ordinary uninoculated plants, absorbs 3 times more nutrients and water from the soil, and is drought-resistant and disease-resistant than normal plants, significantly greater survival, growth and yield, increased quality of seedlings under stressed field conditions.

Fig. 29. Comparative growth performance of Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia) in mine waste areas of Itogon, Benguet.

Fig. 30. Spores of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza Glomus sp. Mycorrhiza has been identified as a major player in removing of heavy metals in soils like the mine waste areas.

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Vetiveria zinazoides (vetiver)

It was discussed that vetiver can tolerate toxic levels of heavy metals. This is accounted to its symbiotic association with mycorrhiza which confines the heavy metals to its roots. Its roots can accumulate more than five times the chromium and zinc levels. Because of this exclusion mechanism, its shoots can be safely grazed by animals or harvested for mulch as very little of this heavy metal are translocated to the shoot. Heavy metal levels are gradually reduced in the contaminated site and can be disposed off safely and elsewhere. As such, areas contaminated with high levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury can be planted to vetiver.

Imperata cylindrica (Cogon)

Being proven as excluder of heavy metals Pb, Zn and Cu, the roots of the species accumulated low levels of metals by avoiding or restricting uptake. Shoots of the species accumulated much lower concentrations of metals by restricting transport because they are symbiotically associated with mycorrhiza. Microbial Remediation Potential by other microorganisms

Certain microbes are also capable of converting or transforming pollutants and other harmful chemicals into less hazardous form or even immobilizing them. Identified natural indigenous bacterial and fungal microbes singly or in combination of both were converted to viable standardized bacteria and fungi in concentrated liquid formats. One of these products is Petroclear used for gasoline, oil, diesel, hydraulic fluid and pesticide spills.

These products are a live synergistic blend of bacteria chosen for its

ability to metabolize certain types of hydrocarbons. The bacteria feed on the contaminants where they derive their nutrition for growth and development. After going through complex chemical reactions, the waste is transformed into the final metabolic waste products - water and carbon - which serve as food for the bacteria. The consequence of this natural process is that wastes are used up completely or converted into innocuous products like water and carbon dioxide. Once the food source is depleted, the remaining microbes self-remediate producing clear water without traces of hydrocarbons. Toxins and pathogens are also eliminated.

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Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a sugar polymer that can be produced cheaply by growing the bacterium called Rhizobium in an indigenous medium like coconut water. Rhizobium grows and produces EPS compound which will then be extracted and introduced into the effluent. EPS will bind the heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, mercury and lead) but the complex will remain suspended in the effluent. With the addition of Malunggay (M. oleifera) seed extract, a complex is formed that will precipitate the EPS heavy metal complex. The effluent will become a clear liquid devoid of heavy metal contaminants which can then be released into bodies of water.

In Rapu-rapu Polymetallic Project in Albay, limestone rocks were placed in water-logged ponds, locally called “wetland” to neutralize pH. Vetiver grass was then planted to absorb heavy metals and other toxic substances that flow in the pond. Water that came out, after passing through the limestone rocks and grasses, were allowed to flow downstream to the open sea.

Mangium and raintree were found to have the capacity of removing toxic metals in wastewater through their barks. The same species were also used to remove heavy metal cations such as lead, chromium, copper and zinc. Reports showed that the bark of these species were able to remove 96% to 100% of the heavy metal in wastewater from solid metal planting industries, lead battery plant and chemical industries.

BIOENGINEERING MEASURES

Major considerations in employing bioengineering measures:

1. In sloping area with mild terrain, the provision of cover to the bare area by vegetative means would be enough. But for steeper slopes (greater than 20%), bio-engineering or engineering stabilization procedure may be more appropriate to employ.

2. In so far as slope is a determinant of all or any of these factors, divide the slopes horizontally into crest, mid-slope and toe section and then vertically into two ends and the middle section.

3. Prepare zoning considering possible growth of plants based on habitat, hence ecological factors of light levels, slope orientation, slope inclination, exposure to wing and surface flows, seeps, springs, soil types and other environmental factors such as proximity to drainage facilities and utility services.

4. In terms of planting location in a slope, it is proper for shrubs and tree species to be zoned on the slope.

5. In the application of vegetation and mechanical/structural measures to control and check soil erosion through bioengineering, as a rule, construct

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the infrastructure first.

6. Availability, strength and costs of local materials are important considerations in bio-engineering and engineering measures.

7. Traditionally-used vegetative wood materials in fascines, contour wattling, brushwood layering such as bundle of sticks may not be suitable for mining areas as these materials are weak, decay easily and may be easily carried away by eroding stony materials in the mining site. Instead, stronger materials such as modern inert materials for total covering (see Figures 31 to 37) and alternative materials such as high density hollow blocks, cemented rocks, tires and bamboo are recommended. The combination of riprap interplanted with cuttings however can be viable in steep rocky site. Some of the suitable bio-engineering measures for gulleys of mine spoils include vegetation measures coupled with more sturdy engineering measures such as check dams, gabion, and riprap.

8. Bio-engineering techniques which combine living plants materials and construction elements (biomats, biologs, geotextiles, retaining walls, etc) to control erosion and stabilize the soil are gaining wider acceptance due to its cost effectiveness and environment-friendliness.

Some of the modern inert materials commercially available include: Geomats - are made of synthetic material filaments (high density polyethylene,

polyamide, polypropylene or other), tangled together to form a highly deformable layer 10-20 mm thick, featured by a very high porosity (greater than 90% on average

Extruded geogrids — are flat structures in polymer (usually high density

polyethylene or polypropylene) that are extruded and then pulled. This may be done in one direction (mono-oriented geogrids), or in the two main directions (bi-oriented geogrids).

Fig. 31. Geomats main function is to protect the land against superficial erosion caused by the impact of rain drops and rills, or the flood action for river

36

GEOMATS


Fig 32. Extruded geogrid polymers are

commercially available materials.

Fig. 34. Its function is to hold soil or other loose material in place and to prevent the su-perficial soil from slipping down slopes.

Woven geogrids — are on the other hand flat structures where two or

more series of fibers or other synthetic elements made of polyester coated with polyethylene are linked at regular intervals by means of bonding. It is shaped like a net made of high module synthetic fibers that may also be coated with a further protection layer. They are used in soil and road paving reinforcement.

Geocells - consist of juxtaposed cells either assembled or produced with

strips of extruded synthetic materials (geotextiles), to form a honey-comb structure or a very similar one.

Fig. 33. Geogrid materials may also be woven or bonded.

GEOCELLS

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EXTRUDED GEOGRIDS

BI-ORIENTED MONO-ORIENTED

WOVEN GEOGRIDS BONDED GEOGRIDS


Hexagonal wire mesh products (HWM) - are double-twisted wire mesh products (hexagonal wire mesh, gabions, mattresses, and reinforced soil structures) made with steel wire zinc or ZN-5% AL - MM alloy coated and eventually with plastic (PVC, cross linked polyethylene) coating, for the construction of slope revetment, soil retaining and river works such as bank protection, weirs and groynes.

Jute netting (wide mesh) beds - A locally made biotextile of woven jute

netting (mesh size about 150 x 450 mm) is placed on the slope. It is used to hold mulch on slopes that have been needed. This technique provides a very strong form of armouring. Because it specifically uses vegetation to strengthen a simple civil engineering technique, it represents a stronger form of normal stone pitching.

Fig. 35. Woven geotextile are double-twisted materials.

Fig. 36. Biomats and biotextiles are similar to geomats in function but differ in that they come from biological materials.

WOVEN GEOTEXTILES

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MONOFILAMENT TYPE “TAPE” TYPE STRUCTURE DOS TYPE STRUCTURE

BIOMATS BIOTEXTILES


Standard mesh jute netting (mesh size about 40 x 40 mm) has four main functions:

• Protection of the surface, armouring against erosion and catching small debris;

• Allowing seeds to hold and germinate; • Improvement of the microclimate on the slope surface by holding

moisture and increasing infiltration; • As it decays, it acts as mulch for the established vegetation.

Fig. 38 a-h. BIOMAT INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

Fig. 37. Close-up view showing jute netting in a road-bank in Cavite.

a. Study actual site conditions in preparation for installation.

b. Clear the site for net installation for installation.

c. To ensure total coverage of the slope, nets are laid adjacent to each other.

d. In some cases, biologs (fascines) are installed for additional strength.

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9. Unlike in degraded watersheds with shallow top soil, live poles (vegetatively propagated materials) may also be difficult to establish directly in rock materials as they tend to dry up easily particularly if there are established without roots. To take advantage of utilizing N-fixing species for rehabilitation, raise cuttings of hedgerow or live pole species in the nursery for initial rooting. Inoculate when roots have developed in two months. Bring to the site the potted when roots have developed sturdy roots for at least 3-4 months. Always incorporate every planting operation.

ENGINEERING MEASURES

Appropriate engineering measures for mining areas are those ground works for gullies, road banks and slopes and in areas where vegetation cannot be immediately established. These will include: terracing, contour trenching and structural measures like construction of check dams, gabions, riprap, and masonry.

e. Soil conditioner is added to support plant growth.

f. Plant vetiver grass that are in the fascines made of tubular structures coir fiber mats or nets filled with coir dust resembling large rolls or gabion. This will serve as hedgerows for slope stabilization. The site is cleared of obstruction debris.

g. Slopes covered with coconet has a natural look that enhances aesthetic appeal.

h. The slope eventually becomes blended inconspicuously with the environment. Maintain plant growth until fully covered and plants have reached maturity.

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STRUCTURAL MEASURES AND THEIR APPLICATION

Retaining Wall. This engineering measure is a structure built to hold banks of natural or filled earth, stones, gravel, and similar materials to prevent them from collapsing. Some types of retaining walls are (a) gabion bank protection with cuttings; (b) sandwich masonry retaining wall; (c) gabion retaining wall and (d) concrete retaining wall. Loose rock or stone check dam. Rocks or stones are the primary materials in the construction of the dam. Cement and gravel may be applied to fill in the gaps or crevices between rocks or stones. Pole or log check dam. Dam type utilizing logs or poles with filling materials of earth, stone and/or boulders. The poles or logs are driven into the ground close to each other across the gully in the rows, and later fiIIed with earth or stones. Gabions or wire-bound loose stone/rock check dam. This dam is similar in shape to a loose rock dam, only it is enclosed with wire mesh 0 reinforce the structure. The flexibility of the wire mesh is sufficient to permit adjustment in the structural slope. The sides are not initially sIoped to the angle of rest. The wire mesh should be resistant to corrosion and sufficiently strong to withstand pressure exerted by the fIow of water. Rock Gabions Rock gabions begin as rectangular containers fabricated from a triple twisted, hexagonal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire (Fig. 39-40). Empty gabions are placed in position, wired to adjoining gabions, filled with stones, and then folded shut and wired at the ends and sides. Vegetation can be incorporated into rock gabions, if desired, by placing live branches on each consecutive layer between the rock-filled baskets. These gabions take root inside the gabion baskets and in the soil behind the structures. In time the roots consolidate the structure and bind it to the slope.

Fig. 39. Gabion illustration of Installation Design (Front View)

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GABION CHECK DAM

FRONT VIEW CROSS-SECTION


Applications and Effectiveness: • Useful when rock riprap design requires a rock size greater than what is

locally available. • Effective where the bank slope is steep (typically greater than 1:5:1 and

requires structural support). • Useful where space is limited. • Appropriate at the base of a slope where a low wall may be required to

stabilize the toe of the slope and reduce its steepness. • Can be fabricated on top of the bank and then placed as a unit, below water if necessary. • Lower initial cost than a concrete structure. • Tolerate limited foundation movement. • Have a short service life where installed in streams that have a high bed

load. Avoid use where streambed material might abrade and cause rapid failure of gabion wire mesh.

• Not designed for or intended to resist large, lateral earth stresses. Should be constructed to a maximum of 5 feet in overall height, including the excavation required for a stable foundation.

• Construction technique must ensure no water can flow behind practice. • Where gabions are designed as a structural unit, the effects of uplift,

overturning, and sliding must be analyzed in a manner similar to that for gravity type structures.

• Can be placed as a continuous mattress for slope protection. Slopes steeper than 2:1 should be analyzed for slope stability.

• Gabions used as mattresses should be a minimum of 9 inches thick for stream velocities of up to 9 feet per second. Increase the thickness to a minimum of 1.5 feet for velocities of 10 to 14 feet per second.

Fig. 40. Gabion illustration of Installation Design (Top View).

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FIRST DAM

COUNTERDAM

TOP VIEW


Riprap or stone terrace. Ripraps are usually used for the stabilization of road cuts, river banks, slides, and other by pilling up stones or rock of more or less uniform sizes and forms (Fig. 41). Sometimes cement mortar is applied to make stones or rocks stick together. Binding material is used to provide more strength and stability. Rock Riprap. Rock riprap, properly designed and placed, is an effective method of protecting waterways. The cost of quarrying, transporting, and placing stone and the large quantity of stone that may be needed are important factors to be considered. Gabion baskets, concrete cellular blocks, or similar systems can be an alternative to rock riprap under many circumstances.

Applications and effectiveness • Provides long-term stability. • Has structural flexibility. It can be designed to self adjust to eroding

foundations. • Has a long life and seldom needs replacement, low maintenance. • May be designed for high velocity flow conditions. • Typically only recommended for toe protection (up to base flow line). • Shade-tolerant design.

Bench terraces. These are series of properly-spaced ridges or drainage canals built along contours. Increasing Survival and Growth of Plant Species for Mining Land Rehabilitation and volcanic ash laden areas thru effective cultural management practices

With the environmental conditions, it is but a must to practice the application of soil and other amendments as a rule of the thumb.

Fig. 41. One of the most practical measures preferred for mining rehabilitation

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RIPRAP OR STONE TERRACE


Addition of Soil Media as Base Material

Soil is the resource–base from which a plant depends on in order to live, survive and grow sustainably. The mined-out areas, mine spoils (tailings and mine waste dumps as well as the volcanic debris-laden areas are totally devoid of soil which contains the physical, nutritional and living microorganisms which plants co-exist with. Also, rock minerals exposed to the atmosphere render the open surfaces to become extremely acidic with pH more or less below pH 4. This condition again does not permit most plants to survive Thus, it is expected that any plant exposed to abnormal conditions (i.e. total rocky mineral media, intense light and heat, droughty and lacking in available nutrients and helper microbes for normal plant growth, steep slopes, vulnerable to erosion and landsliding) would end up as a general failure.

In order for plants to persist and grow normally under these sites, they

must be provided initially with a suitable micro- environment. It would seem that soil amelioration or amendment becomes a requirement.

In rich countries where resources are available, massive volume of

topsoil are brought to mined-out areas or in mine waste dump sites to provide normal growth of plants to be established. For tropical poor countries, the bringing in of modest volume of top soil is the most practical way. Usually a hole dimension of 5x more than the size of seedling poly potting bag is done as an additional site preparation technique for outplanting of seedlings. Several pilot areas have tested a dug pit with soil volume of about 30 cu cm. and was found enough to contain the plant under normal and healthy soil environment for a year.

Liming Application

For mining areas, liming application is a must. For volcanic ash-laden sites, pH is not a critical problem, hence liming application is not necessary.

In mining areas, soil acidity develops as rain percolates through the

rock media carrying with it dissolved basic elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) leaving behind aluminum and hydrogen. This process is called leaching. Because of the extremely acidic condition ( pH levels at 4.5 and below), it is highly advised that liming should be employed. Liming is usually applied when pH falls below 5.5. Lime is a powdered limestone rock containing calcium and magnesium which has the capacity to neutralize acidity or sourness of soil.

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Ground calcic limestone is the most common in the market contains calcium. However, use dolomitic limestone if soil is deficient in magnesium, as this contains both calcium and magnesium. The other different liming materials and their relative neutralizing power (RNP) are shown in Table 4.

Lime application is usually made a month before outplanting during the on-set of the rainy season. Lime should be applied and spread evenly at the bottom of the hole. Lime application rate shall be based on pH status of the rock media and species requirement. Computation of Lime for application: Recommended amount x 10,000 of pure CaCO3

LM = RNP x ER

Where LM = Amount of actual Liming Material RNP = Relative Neutralizing Power of the liming material ER = Effectivity Rating of the liming material substituting, the total

requirement amounts to 4.5 tons/ha x 10,000 ground calcic = limestone 90 x 80 = 6.25 tons/ha Regularly, plant morphological observations shall be done. Quarterly or

as the need arises, liming must be applied along the boundary layer between rock-soil media. This is to minimize if not prevent plant deficiencies to occur. In well-drained acid soils, acidity is traditionally corrected by the application of lime.

Table 4. Relative Neutralizing Power (RNP) for common lime materials.

Name Characteristics RNP Calci limestone (Agricultural lime)

contains calcium carbonate 75 - 95

Dolomic limestone contains Ca and Mg carbonate 95 over 100

Burned or quick lime fast acting but hard to handle 150 - 178

Wood ash 30 – 70

Ground sea shell up to 95

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However, when areas possess variable charge minerals (VCM), the effective CEC is low due to high P-fixing capacity and the presence of toxic elements like Al and high P-fixing capacity. The low pH values of these soils cannot easily be improved by liming. Furthermore, the application of too much lime induces micronutrient deficiencies.

There are, however, other strategies that can improve the productivity

of these soils with less cost such as the application of organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers and biofertilizers. The added phosphate anions or even organic matter were shown to carry more negative charges than mineral soils hence , have the ability to adsorb to the surface colloids increasing cation exchange capacity. This was shown in the application of chicken dung or superphosphate fertilizer. The mechanism of biofertilizers shall be discussed in a separate topic. Inoculation with Fitted Mycorrhiza

In mining and volcanic ash-laden areas, the species recommended are those that would need less management, i.e. species with genetic potential to withstand stresses based on species-site suitability. One of the current technologies to enhance plant capability for drought tolerance, disease resistance, water and nutrient uptake, heavy metal tolerance and other environmental stress factors is by simply equipping plant roots with symbiotic microorganisms (by proper inoculation) to promote microbial activity in the plants and soil.

MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION PROCEDURE

• Inoculation of seedlings is done at nursery stage 1½ -2 months when the

secondary roots of seedlings in the seedbed have emerged. Seedlings are pricked from the seedbed.

• Prepare the polyethylene bag (4 X 6 or larger) with garden soil one third – filled.

• Get a teaspoon full (equivalent to 5 g) of soil inoculant (endomycorrhiza) and spread evenly on the top layer

• Fill the remaining space with garden soil up to 1/3. Place one seedling on top and gently cover the remaining 1/3 space with soil until fully covered. Water after inoculation.

• One week after inoculation, you may fertilize with inorganic/organic fertilizer but at half the rate of the normal dosage. Harden seedlings after the 4th month.

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Organic Fertilizer Application

For barren areas like mining and volcanic ash-laden areas, it is a must to bring in soil materials. However, soil that can be transported to a site is usually limited in terms of volume. Hence soil amelioration such as fertilizer is needed for supplementation. The organic form of fertilization is ideally the type needed for such areas. The use of organic fertilizers is both fitted in mining areas and volcanic ash-laden areas as they improve the exchange capacity of nutrients increase the soil water retention, promoting soil aggregates and buffering the soil against acidity, alkalinity, salinity, pesticides and toxic heavy metals. They release nutrients slowly. They reduce N and P losses in the soil (N leaching and P fixation). They can also supply micronutrients. Organic fertilizers supply food and encourage growth of for beneficial microorganisms. They help suppress certain plant diseases, soil –borne diseases and parasites. Lastly, the price is lower and more competitive.

Appendix Table 5 on field plantation cultural management techniques

provides the fertilizer requirements (in terms of inorganic NPK) of each recommended species. While the NPK requirement in specified is in the inorganic form, the organic fertilizer equivalence of the inorganic form should be calculated. Use of Coir Fiber Amelioration Blanket The heat, drought and other problems can now be ameliorated by the versatile material from coconut (Fig. 42). For instance, plants when set out in the field, aside from soil, are covered around with coir fiber of different thickness and density which may be used as plant liners, wall insulation, mulching material, grass mats and erosion control blankets.

Fig. 42. Soil can be enclosed by organic materials such as coir for more assurance of survival under harsh conditions.

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Chapter 6

REHABILITATION STRATEGIES AS IMPLEMENTED BY MINING COMPANIES

As embodied in PD 463, commonly known as the Mineral Resource

Development Decree and the implementing rules and regulations of RA 7942 referred to as the Mining Act of 1995, particularly Section 169 on the Environmental Protection and Environmental Program, the rehabilitation, regeneration, and revegetation of mine spoils and tailings covered areas are required for their socio-economic development.

Several approaches to rehabilitation have been tested by various

mining companies. This section presents the experiences on success species and bio-engineering measures adopted by mining companies on their own, which also formed part of the review and analysis of this compendia.

Philex Mining Corporation in Benguet has already planted 442,570 tree seedlings in 206,192 hectares of land with a survival rate 85.54% or 387,428 seedlings growing. These areas include mined-out areas, slope of decommissioned tailing ponds, waste dams and vacant lots in mining areas and adjacent communities. The species planted were alnus, agoho, yemane, auri, mangium, narra, molave, benguet pine, mahogany and bamboo species like bayog and kawayan tinik. Rapurapu Polymetallic Project has conducted rehabilitation activity by planting indigenous grasses and root crops. To stabilize slopes, coco fiber matting was used and planted with ornamentals like dalagang kahoy and San Francisco. Tree species such as ipil-ipil, acacia and narra were used for reforestation. Vetiver grass was also planted below the water-logged tailing dams which they call wetland ponds. A series of these small ponds that were created like terraces, acted as filter to metal-laden water which went through the structure. Atlas Consolidated Mining Development Corporation in Toledo City has rehabilitated disturbed areas thru the Atlas Commission. Various species were planted, namely: auri, hawili, manzanitas in a 5x5 spacing interplanted with fast growing species and leguminous shrubs. Direct seeding of ipil-ipil, anabiong, sangilo, agoho, and banalo was done. Shrubs and vines like tangan-tangan, kudzu and gaway-gaway proved to be useful in the initial greening.

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Dolomite Mining Project in Cebu has engaged in reforestation along the hauling road, dumpsites embankment and crushing areas using fast growing species like yemane, agoho, mahogany and bagras.

Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corporation in Palawan has planted vetiver grass to stabilize steep slopes of over burden areas while ipil-ipil was closely planted along hauling roads. For the reforestation activity, mahogany, mangium and auri were the species selected to revegetate open areas. The use of coco fiber matting on steep slopes was also used to minimize erosion but to limited areas only.

Bagacay Mining Company started an initial planting of 113 hectares of mined-out land using mahogany, acacia spp., ipil-ipil trees while 35 hectares were planted with bamboo species. Another 40 hectares were reforested by assisted natural regeneration, and 200 cubic meters of check dams, ripraps and other vegetative measures were established.

In January 2006, a collaborative project between the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (DENR-ERDB) and Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) aimed to develop remediation measures or techniques for mined or waste dump area in Bagacay Mines, Hinabangan, Samar.

The project used two methods or approaches namely: (1) ecosystem development approach; and (2) improved forestation method. The former adopted or simulated the strategy of ecological successions in remediating mined-out or degraded lands, thus, the habitat has been modified and improved to favor initial growth of primary vegetation.

The primary vegetation species included talahib (Saccharum sponta-neum), pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi), Wedelia (Wedelia trilobata), and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides). After more than a year, the formerly established experimental plots with the said plant species planted in 5m x 5m experimental subplots have survived in the selected mined-out area. Of the four species, vetiver grass appeared to have the highest survival rates of almost 100%. The other species however, had an average survival rate of 50%.

Improved forestation method on the other hand, evaluated the growth performance of the seedlings planted as influenced by site conditions and cultural practices. These species namely, Dangula (Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum) and Magkopa planted at the experimental site were ob-

49


growing in the vicinities and considered to be indigenous in Eastern Visayas region. Barely two months after planting, seedlings shown improvement in terms of survival and growth.

With the promising results of the said project, it has been expanded from half a hectare to two hectares of selected mined-out areas in Bagacay, Hinabangan, Western Samar. This on-going expanded project is now entitled “Rehabilitation Strategies and Ecotourism Development for Mine Tailings Areas in Bagacay, Hinabangan, Western Samar”.

Benguet Corporation Balatoc Antamok Gold Operation (BC-BAGO) mine waste dump area of in Itogon, Benguet was used as an experimental site on rehabilitation trials using 5 indigenous species, namely: agoho, narra, batino, benguet pine and kupang. Seedlings used were inoculated with mycorrhiza during the nursery phase and again during outplanting in the field.

Philex Mining (at Sto. Nino) conducted its revegetation of mine waste dumps using alnus, benguet pine, mirasol, Paspalum and centrosema. The application of vegetative measure significantly reduced the occurrence of surface run-off and soil erosion as compared to the barren areas. In the same area, trials of combining engineering structures with vegetation also proved to be effective in stabilizing mine waste dumps. It was found that wattling, sodding and bench-layer provided the immediate protection to the exposed soil while introduced plants were developing their root system.

The trials of bamboo species on the mine tailing pond of Philex Mining Corporation in Benguet showed that kauyan tinik and bayog had higher survival than giant bamboo. The low survival rate of giant bamboo was attributed to water logging during the rainy season. Also, the two earlier species showed better performance under the unfavorable condition of low organic matter and water logging.

Figs. 43 & 44. Mine waste area of Benguet Corporation in Antamok, Itogon, Benguet prior to rehabilitation (left). The same mine waste area with 2-year old benguet pine inoculated with mycorrhiza (right).

50


REHABILITATION STRATEGIES IN PINATUBO VOLCANIC ASH-LADEN AREAS

Pinatubo area experiences very high precipitation during the rainy

season (concentrated during the months of August and September). In 1995, a total of 2,815.9 mm was received by the area only from May to October. In contrast, the area experienced prolonged drought period of six months, i.e. from November to April with rainless period for as long as 15 days during the peak dry season.

With the generally high insolation, high soil and air temperature

experienced by planted species, the prevalence of constant high wind velocity in the experimental areas (both during dry and wet months), irregularity of rainfall (either very low to nil during dry season and very high during months of June to November, different tree species displayed relatively variable growth performance at different growth stages.

After three years of observation, results showed that in terms of

species, the most promising in terms of height growth were as follows: (1) agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia), (2) auri (Acacia auriculiformis), (3) mangium (Acacia mangium) and rain tree (Samanea saman) (Fig. 45).

Fig. 45. Mycorrhizal rain tree growth performance after three years.

51


Nitrogen-fixing species were proven to yield higher growth rate and better development under volcanic ash media than non-nodulating species. Yemane (Gmelina arborea), large-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), salago (Wilkstroema lanceolata), and bamboo species (bayog and kauayan-tinik) which do not have the capacity to draw nitrogen from the atmosphere have poor survival and growth performance despite inoculation treatment.

Soil amendment strategies also produced significant differences. Agoho

performed best with soil amendment (with 11.64 m. in height during the third year). Highest stem diameter was obtained in auri (with soil amendments plus organic matter), followed by agoho, mangium and rain tree in the same treatment. Among species, rain tree under soil media + compost treatment was best in terms of survival (with 91% at the start of the second year slightly decreased to 87% at the end of the second year and maintained survival until the end of the project. On the other hand, under bare –rooted condition, rain tree and agoho tree proved to be the most sturdy having the highest percent survival of 64% and 62%, respectively.

Soil fertility improvement strategies to sugar cane farms in Pinatubo areas (Floridablanca, Pampanga) which included inorganic, green manuring with Crotolaria sp. and Sesbania rostrata, organic (partially decomposed bagasse or mudpress at 25T/ha) and biofertilizers mycorrhiza and Bio-N showed that organic fertilizer using bagasse compost was recommended at 1 ton/ha. Inorganic fertilizer was effective only at 7-8 bags of urea/ha applied 2-3 doses in ashfall areas while 26-28 bags/ha in lahar laden areas. Modest application of biofertilizers (mycorrhiza & Azospirillum) inoculated at the seedling stage gave higher yields.

Invading vegetation inside plots monitored until the third indicated rather fast rate of ecological succession. As of one year and three months, an average of 33% vegetation covered the bare area of the plot. Two years later, grasses and other weeds covered 52.6% of the area with hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) as the most dominant species followed by other species, talahib (Saccharum spontaneum), cogon (Imperata cylindrica), makahiya (Mimosa pudica and Mimosa invisa).

There are four mechanisms generally considered to influence vegetation succession after volcanic eruption: vegetative recovery of buried plants, seed immigration from the outside and artificial introduction of plants and exposure of buried seeds. In the case of Mt. Pinatubo, the source of plant immigration can be accounted to seeds by wind dispersal particularly from regular typhoon visits during the wet season. At the same time, the presence of high precipitation months favors seed germination during this period. With Region 3 having rainfall of more than 2,000 mm/year would imply that the vast

52


areas laid bare by Pinatubo eruption would never remain as desert due to the aforementioned reasons.

Even during dry season, invading vegetative undergrowth were assessed at 18-24% cover while a faster growth was observed, i.e. 50% under the 2 year-old stand and 72% in the 3-year old plantation.

As many as 20 species were found to invade on the third year. Invading

species were observed to be unevenly distributed within the plot which was again attributable to wind dispersal. The growth of the introduced tree species were found to be influenced by the microclimatic improvement brought about by invading species during the second and third years.

Assessment of chemical status of the volcanic ash with time revealed

that during the first month, the volcanic ash media was initially acidic due to the effects of sulfur dioxide. But after this was leached, volcanic ash pH became neutral (values ranged from 6.0-7.2). The pH status however decreased three years later. Mean value ranged from 5.0-5.9.

Successful ecological strategies for degraded areas such as Pinatubo as

identified in this project were as follows: (1) the choice of nitrogen-fixing species; (2) inoculation with mycorrhiza; (3) amendment with soil and organic matter as starter media; (4) promote invading species or add undergrowth species to ameliorate microclimatic condition; (5) right timing of planting (June); (6) aided watering treatment at the peak of dry season (January to April) during the first two years of establishment.

SHOPLIST OF APPROPRIATE SPECIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REHABILITATION Appendix Tables 1-7 (matrix form for easy reference) provide the

various recommended species, their site requirements, nursery and cultural requirements, planting and field amelioration strategies, control measures for pest and diseases, and so on. Some of the how-to’s of bio-engineering measures to choose from for areas where vegetative measures would not be sufficient are also found in the Appendix Figures and Tables.

53


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59


APPENDICES

60


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Grad

ient

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Med

ium

-size

d tr

ee; f

ast g

row

ing;

eve

rgre

en w

ith d

ense

foila

ge

and

an o

pen

spre

adin

g cr

own.

17

-34°

C 90

0-20

00m

m

220-

300m

asl

5-15

%

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

T

he sp

ecie

s is a

tall

tree

reac

hing

a h

eigh

t of 3

0 m

(ave

rage

15

m) a

nd a

dia

met

er o

f 90

cm. I

t has

a s

trai

ght b

ole

and

sligh

tly

flute

d at

the

bott

om. L

eave

s, fl

atte

ned

leaf

stal

k ca

lled

phyl

-lo

des,

obl

ong,

ent

ire, p

aral

lel v

eine

d; 2

5-30

cm

X 8

-10

cm w

ide.

N

ewly

ger

min

ated

seed

lings

hav

e co

mpo

und

leav

es li

ke L

eu-

caen

a an

d Al

bizia

. Lik

e ot

her l

egum

e sp

ecie

s, th

e sp

ecie

s can

fix

nitr

ogen

and

has

sym

biot

ic re

latio

nshi

ps w

ith th

e m

ycor

rhiza

l fu

ngi t

hus p

rovi

ding

soil

fert

ility

.

12-3

4°C

Rang

e: 1

000-

4500

mm

. Nor

-m

al: 2

000m

m.

Best

gro

wth

: 50

0-30

00m

m

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

Th

e sp

ecie

s is a

dro

ught

resis

tant

tree

, sm

all a

nd g

row

up

to 1

2 m

tall

and

40 c

m d

iam

eter

. Its

leav

es a

re a

ltern

ate

even

ly b

ipin

-na

te w

ith 6

to 9

pai

rs o

f pin

nate

, eac

h pi

nna

has 1

5 to

20

pairs

of

opp

osite

leaf

tlets

. The

flow

ers a

re sm

all g

reen

ish y

ello

w a

nd

occu

r in

roun

ded

clus

ters

on

com

poun

d in

flore

scen

ce. H

eigh

t re

achi

ng u

p to

20

m &

dbh

of 6

0 cm

. The

spec

ies h

as d

ense

root

sy

stem

form

ing

vigo

rous

nod

ulat

ion

that

ena

ble

the

spec

ies t

o th

rive

soils

with

low

nitr

ogen

and

org

anic

mat

ter

Rang

e: 2

2-35

°C

500-

2000

mm

Se

a le

vel t

o m

ediu

m

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

The

spec

ies i

s a d

ecid

ious

tree

whi

ch h

as a

shor

t cro

oked

bol

e w

ith a

n op

en c

row

n gr

owin

g m

oder

atel

y qu

ickl

y to

25m

hei

ght

and

70cm

dbh

. It

has a

n ev

enly

bio

pinn

ate

leav

es o

f abo

ut

40cm

long

, tha

t usu

ally

deh

isced

dur

ing

sum

mer

mon

ths.

The

ba

rk is

ligh

t gra

y to

off

whi

te.

It al

so p

rodu

ced

root

nod

ules

that

is

capa

ble

of fi

xing

nitr

ogen

from

the

air.

Rang

e: 2

0-25

°C.

Extr

eme

Tole

ranc

e:

Drou

ght t

oler

ance

an

d ca

n gr

ow in

ar

eas w

ith 6

mon

ths

dry

seas

on b

ut th

e sp

ecie

s is n

ot fr

ost

tole

ranc

e

Rang

e: 1

000-

1500

m

Rang

e: S

L-90

0m

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 1

. Bio

phys

ical

Req

uire

men

ts o

f Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n of

Min

ing

& V

olca

nic

Debr

is-La

den

Area

s

61


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Grad

i-en

t

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

A sm

all t

o m

ediu

m si

zed

tree

with

hei

ght r

angi

ng fr

om 2

-10

m w

ith

a de

nse

crow

n. In

goo

d sit

e pa

rtic

ular

ly in

Bag

uio

it re

ache

s a

heig

ht a

nd d

iam

eter

of 7

-12m

x 3

0cm

. The

trun

k is

ofte

n cr

ooke

d an

d th

e br

anch

es a

re m

ore

clos

ely

grac

ed.

Leav

es se

rrat

e an

d sli

ghtly

smal

ler t

han

A. n

epal

enci

s. T

he sp

ecise

has

a st

rong

root

sy

stem

s.

Rang

e: L

ow

tem

p.

(5-3

5°C)

Ext

rem

e To

lera

nce:

35°

C

Rang

e: L

ow a

nd

High

(CAR

)≤

1250

mm

/ yr

(Hen

sleig

hand

Ho

llaw

ay, 1

988)

Rang

e: m

ediu

m to

hi

gh. H

igh

altit

ude

100-

1,50

0mas

l w

ith lo

w te

mp

(5°

C) B

est

grow

th:1

000-

1500

m

(Hen

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay, 1

988)

Azad

irach

ta in

dica

A. J

uss.

N

eem

is a

dee

p ro

oted

med

ium

size

d tr

ee re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f 80

cm in

the

first

yea

r. It

has b

road

leaf

, eve

rgre

en, e

xcep

t in

perio

ds o

f ext

rem

e dr

ough

t. It

s bol

e is

shor

t with

wid

e sp

read

ing

bran

ches

form

ing

a ro

unde

d or

ova

l cro

wn.

It h

as m

oder

atel

y th

ick,

gra

y ba

rk e

nd w

ith re

ddish

hea

rtw

ood.

Rang

e: 0

-44°

C Ex

trem

e To

ler-

ance

: 50°

C

Rang

e: 4

50-

1150

mm

(V

izzo,

20

00)

50- 1

500m

asl

(Vizz

o, 2

000)

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s M

eiss

n.

The

spec

ies C

allia

ndra

is a

legu

min

ous s

hrub

that

bar

ely

reac

hes

mor

e th

an 1

0cm

and

a m

axim

um d

iam

eter

of 2

0cm

. It

has a

den

se

folia

ge a

nd d

eep

root

syst

em w

hich

mak

e th

e sp

ecie

s sui

tabl

e fo

r er

osio

n co

ntro

l and

reju

vena

ting

degr

aded

are

as.

Thriv

es in

trop

i-ca

l tem

pera

ture

s 22

- 28°

C (M

cque

en,D

J 19

93)

1000

-400

0 m

(M

cque

en,

DJ,1

993)

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

The

tree

reac

hes a

hei

ght o

f 30m

or m

ore

and

abou

t 20

to 1

00cm

di

amet

er.

It ha

s a lo

ng, g

ray

gree

n ne

edle

s and

smal

l elli

ptic

al

cone

s whi

ch c

an b

e m

istak

en fo

r a p

ine

tree

in a

dist

ance

. Th

e sp

ecie

s is s

hort

live

d, e

verg

reen

, with

ver

y st

raig

ht tr

unks

and

na

rrow

poi

nted

feat

hery

cro

wns

. Le

aves

app

ear a

s tin

y sc

ales

at

the

node

s of t

he g

reen

bra

nchl

ets.

Lea

f sur

face

is sm

all t

hat

mak

es th

e tr

ee to

lera

nt o

f dry

site

s and

salt

spra

y.

Rang

e:

1

0-35

°C.

Ext

rem

e To

lera

nce:

Can

su

rviv

e in

an

8-m

onth

dry

sea-

son;

not

fros

t to

lera

nt

Rang

e: 7

00-

2000

mm

but

can

be

pla

nted

in

area

s with

200

-50

00m

m

0-15

00m

asl

62


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CL

IMAT

E TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Gr

adie

nt

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(L

am.)

de W

it.

A fa

st g

row

ing

deci

diou

s spe

cies

, gro

ws f

rom

5m

to 1

0m in

hei

ght a

nd 5

0 cm

dbh

. It

has s

prea

ding

cro

wns

smoo

th g

ray

to g

rayi

sh b

row

n ba

rk. T

he sp

ecie

s can

to

lera

te a

wid

e ra

nge

of so

il co

nditi

ons f

rom

skel

etal

and

ston

y so

ils to

hea

vy

clay

s. It

is a

nitr

ogen

fixi

n le

gum

e th

at h

elps

to e

nric

h so

il an

d ai

d th

e ot

her p

lant

s to

intr

oduc

ed in

the

area

.

Rang

e: 2

0-30

°C.

Ext

rem

e To

lera

nce:

32

°C

Rang

e: 6

00-

>200

0mm

. Gro

ws

best

: 150

0mm

Sea

leve

l to

500

m B

est

grow

th :

<

30

0 m

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Dat

iles i

s a sm

all,

fast

gro

win

g an

d sh

ort l

ived

eve

rgre

en tr

ee.

With

spre

adin

g cr

own

and

droo

ping

bra

nche

s. I

t gro

ws t

o a

heig

ht o

f 8 to

13m

and

20c

m d

iam

e-te

r. It

has

an

alte

rnat

e le

aves

, tw

o ra

nked

, obl

ong

to o

vate

to b

road

ly o

blon

g la

ncen

late

, 8 to

13

cm lo

ng a

cum

inat

e an

d to

othe

d. I

t is a

n ad

apta

ble

tree

whi

ch

can

grow

eve

n in

pol

lute

d ci

ty st

reet

s.(N

AS, 1

980)

Rang

e: 2

2-35

°C.

Ext

rem

e To

lera

nce:

35

°C

Rang

e: 1

000-

2000

m

an a

vera

ge o

f 16

50m

(Fl

orid

a)

Rang

e: fr

om

sea

leve

l

up to

100

0m

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th. v

ar a

cidum

(K

orth

) de

Wit.

A sm

all t

ree

reac

hing

8 m

hei

ght a

nd u

p to

20

cm in

dia

met

er. T

he sh

ort s

trai

ght

bole

is le

ss th

an 4

m lo

ng. T

he p

ale

gree

n le

aves

are

3.5

to 1

2 m

long

, hea

rt

shap

ed a

t the

bas

e bu

t not

ched

at t

he a

pex.

The

flow

ers a

re w

hite

and

arr

ange

on

man

y flo

wer

ed, a

uxill

ary

com

poun

d co

rym

bs 2

to 5

cm

long

. It i

s com

mon

to

dry

open

pla

ces,

foot

hills

, and

seco

nd g

row

th fo

rest

s par

ticul

arly

whe

re fo

rest

s ar

e in

vadi

ng g

rass

land

s.

23-3

5°C

1000

-300

0mm

(In

dia,

NAS

197

9)

400-

700

m

asl;

Best

gr

owth

: 600

m

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

It is

a tr

opic

al e

verg

reen

a sm

all t

ree,

7m

or m

ore

in h

eigh

t and

3 to

6 in

ches

in

diam

eter

; bra

nche

s ere

ct w

ith d

roop

ing

twig

s; le

ave

s sim

ple

alte

rnat

e el

liptic

, 4-

10 in

ches

long

with

upp

er su

rfac

e ro

ugh

and

low

er su

rfac

e ha

iry sp

ikes

are

flex

i-bl

e 5-

7 in

ches

long

. It s

prea

d re

adily

aft

er lo

ggin

g an

d la

nd c

lear

ing,

and

con

sid-

ered

as w

eed

of g

razin

g la

nds a

nd a

band

oned

gar

den.

It is

a sm

all,

thor

nles

s tre

e th

at g

row

s up

to 1

0m h

igh

and

a di

amet

er o

f mor

e or

le

ss 3

0cm

. It

has a

n op

en c

row

n an

d th

e tr

unk

is tw

isted

or g

row

s at a

n an

gle.

Le

aves

dec

iduo

s, a

ltern

ate,

odd

ly p

inna

tely

com

poun

d w

ith 8

or m

ore

pairs

of

leaf

lets

. Th

ese

leav

es u

sual

ly fa

ll du

ring

dry

or c

old

seas

ons t

o co

nser

ve so

il m

oist

ure.

It a

lso p

rodu

ces r

oot n

odul

es fo

r nitr

ogen

fixa

tion.

Rang

e: 2

2-30

°C. E

x-tr

eme

Tole

r-an

ce: D

ry

seas

on 6

mos

or

mor

e

Rang

e: 1

500

-23

00m

m. M

in.R

eq.:

1000

mm

Rang

e: S

L to

90

0m

63


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Gra

dien

t

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h.

It is

a se

mi e

verg

reen

tree

reac

hing

a h

eigh

t of m

ore

than

20

m a

nd a

dia

met

er o

f 10

0. It

has

a sh

ort t

runk

oft

er c

rook

ed, s

prea

ding

cro

wn

and

low

bra

nche

s.

Spre

adin

g cr

owns

giv

e a

spik

y ap

pear

ance

to th

e tr

ee. U

sual

ly, i

t has

a p

air o

f sh

ort t

horn

s tha

t occ

urs a

t the

bas

e of

eac

h le

af.

War

m su

b-tr

opic

al 2

0-30

°C b

ut c

an

tole

rate

s hig

h te

mpe

ratu

re

as w

ell.

Can

tole

rate

450

m

m ra

infa

ll bu

t al

so g

row

s wel

l in

are

as re

ceiv

-in

g m

ore

than

20

00 m

rain

fall.

Sea

leve

l -

1800

m u

p to

15

00m

(B

urun

di)

Grow

s wel

l at

800

m

(Bur

undi

)

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Nar

ra is

a d

ecid

ous t

ree

that

att

ains

a h

eigh

t of 3

5 m

and

a d

iam

eter

of u

p 2

m. I

t ha

s a fl

uted

trun

k an

d pr

onou

nced

but

tres

s with

wid

e sp

read

ing

crow

n an

d so

met

imes

with

dro

opin

g lo

wer

bra

nche

s. B

ark

is sm

ooth

whe

n yo

ung

and

pale

gr

ay in

col

or b

ecom

ing

dar

ker,

roug

her,

shal

low

ly lo

ngiti

duna

l fes

sure

d w

ith a

ge.

It fo

rms r

oot n

odul

es w

hich

has

the

abili

ty to

fix

atm

osph

eric

nitr

ogen

whi

ch

enab

le th

e sp

ecie

s to

grow

eve

n in

aci

dic

and

calc

areo

us so

ils.

23 -

32°C

Ra

nge:

120

0-30

00m

m

Tota

l: 23

66m

m

<130

0m

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

The

spec

ies i

s lar

ge tr

ee re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f 50m

and

a d

bh o

f 250

cm w

ith a

sp

read

ing

bran

ch o

f abo

ut 5

0m in

ver

y ol

d tr

ee.

It ha

s a w

ide

spre

adin

g an

d um

brel

la sh

aped

feat

hery

folia

ge.

The

tree

is d

ecid

ous i

n de

cido

us fo

rest

s and

ev

ergr

een

in ra

info

rest

s. F

low

erin

g an

d de

folia

tion

are

sync

hron

ized.

The

bol

e is

irreg

ular

and

twist

ed. L

eave

s as c

ompu

nd, a

ltern

ate,

bip

inat

e, p

arip

inna

te, 1

2 to

36

long

and

13

to 3

4cm

wid

e. It

has

a c

apab

le o

f fix

ing

N fr

om th

e ai

r in

the

pres

ence

of R

hizo

bium

in th

e ro

ot n

odul

es.

Rang

e: 1

8-38

°C E

xtre

me

Tole

ranc

e:

38°C

(Voz

zo,

2000

)

600

- 300

0 m

m

0-70

0 m

(H

& H

, 198

8)

0-

1100

m

(Voz

zo,

2000

)

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Th

e sp

ecie

s is a

smal

l tre

e gr

owin

g to

12

m w

ith b

ole

diam

eter

of a

bout

30

cm.

The

bole

is st

raig

ht a

nd c

ylin

dric

al. T

he w

ood

is w

hite

and

soft

. The

bar

k is

light

gr

ay. D

eepl

y fu

rrow

ed a

nd te

xtur

e is

cork

like.

In th

e tr

opic

s it i

s ada

pted

to

diffi

cult

sites

like

ero

ded

and

gras

sy w

aste

land

s. It

com

bine

d w

ell w

ith a

gric

ul-

tura

l cro

ps p

artic

ular

ly in

are

as w

here

tree

are

not

nor

mal

ly g

row

n.

Adap

ted

to

trop

ical

co

nditi

on

>100

0 m

m

Up

to 8

00 m

64


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Gr

adie

nt

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

It is

a fa

st g

row

ing

pion

eer s

peci

es w

hich

can

out

grow

oth

er sp

ecie

s in

rece

ntly

cle

ared

are

as. I

t dom

inat

es a

band

oned

kai

ngin

s in

som

e pa

rt o

f the

Phi

lippi

nes p

artic

ular

ly in

Sta

. Mar

ia, L

agun

a an

d Q

uezo

n Pr

ovin

ce. I

t is a

smal

l tre

e w

ith sp

read

ing

crow

n re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f 18

m a

nd 6

0 cm

dia

met

er. I

t has

bra

nche

s with

mon

opod

ial h

abit.

Rang

e 22

-34°

C.

Extr

eme

Tole

r-an

ce: 3

4°C

High

Rai

nfal

l and

m

oist

clim

ate

2000

m H

ima-

laya

s <10

00

m P

hilip

-pin

es

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd

Mill

. It

is a

smal

l tre

e gr

owin

g fr

om 5

-10

m h

eigh

t. Th

e br

anch

es a

re

arm

ed w

ith sh

ort,

shor

t spi

nes.

The

leav

es a

re a

ltern

atel

y ar

rang

ed,

elle

ptic

ova

te, 5

-8 m

long

, 3-5

cm

wid

e, ro

unde

d at

the

base

, gre

en

and

smoo

th o

n th

e up

per s

urfa

ce a

nd d

ense

ly c

over

ed w

ith w

ooly

an

d pa

le h

airs

ben

eath

. The

spec

ies g

row

s wel

l und

er a

var

iety

of

cond

ition

s diff

eren

t lev

els o

f sal

inity

, wat

er lo

ggin

g an

d dr

ough

t. It

is hi

ghly

reco

mm

ende

d in

regi

ons w

ith lo

ng d

ry se

ason

and

sand

y so

ils.

Can

with

stan

d se

vere

hea

t as

wel

l as f

rost

and

dr

ough

t.

Puer

to R

ico

- 20

00m

wid

e-sp

read

in a

reas

w

ith 3

00-5

00m

m

rain

fall.

0-60

0 m

(N

AS, 1

988)

65


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Grad

ient

GRA

SS

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica (L

.) Be

auv.

It

is a

pere

nnia

l rhi

zom

atou

s gra

ss th

at g

row

s fro

m 0

.6 -

3 m

(2-1

0 fe

et ta

ll. T

he le

aves

are

abo

ut 2

cm

wid

e ne

ar th

e ba

se o

f the

pl

ant a

nd n

arro

w to

a sh

arp

poin

t at t

he to

p; th

e m

argi

ns a

re fi

nely

to

othe

d an

d ar

e em

bedd

ed w

ith sh

arp

silic

a cr

ysta

ls. T

he m

ain

vein

is a

ligh

ter c

olou

r tha

n th

e re

st o

f the

leaf

and

tend

s to

be

near

er to

one

side

of t

he le

af. T

he u

pper

surf

ace

is ha

iry n

ear t

he

base

of t

he p

lant

whi

le th

e un

ders

ide

is us

ually

hai

rless

. Roo

ts a

re

up to

1.2

met

ers d

eep.

Does

not

tole

rate

de

nse

shad

e

45

°N to

45°

S

Kiku

yo

A lo

w, m

at-fo

rmin

g, p

eren

nial

gra

ss; c

reep

ing

exte

nsiv

ely

by st

out

rhizo

mes

and

long

bra

nche

d st

olon

s; c

ulm

s 30

to 1

20 c

m, p

rost

ate

and

root

ing

from

the

node

s; le

af sh

eath

s ove

rlapp

ing,

mem

bra-

nous

to p

aper

y, p

ale

to b

row

n, h

airle

ss o

r hai

ry; b

lade

s nar

ros,

sp

read

ing,

blu

nt to

poi

nted

, 1.2

5 to

5 c

m lo

ng, 3

to 4

mm

wid

e,

fold

ed a

t firs

t, la

ter f

lat,

hairl

ess o

r hai

ry; s

pike

lets

in c

lust

ers o

f tw

o to

four

and

nea

rly e

nclo

sed

in th

e up

perm

ost l

eaf s

heat

h;

flow

er v

isibl

e ar

e th

e st

amen

s w

hich

app

ear a

s a m

ass o

f fin

e w

hite

thre

ads a

ttac

hed

to th

e le

aves

and

con

sist o

f fila

men

ts, 2

.5

cm o

r mor

e lo

ng. T

he sp

ecie

s can

be

dist

ingu

ished

by

its e

xten

-

21-4

0°C

hum

id to

su

b tr

opic

but

ca

n w

ithst

and

dry

cond

ition

500-

900

mm

0

up to

300

0 m

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C. R

iver

e 1-

3 m

tall,

2-3

dia

met

er, e

lept

ical

cro

wn,

mon

opod

ial r

oot s

yste

m.

Ope

n, so

met

imes

tuft

ed, m

onop

odia

l bam

boo,

cul

ms a

re e

rect

, st

raig

ht, 1

-3 m

tall,

2-3

cm

dia

met

er, L

eaf b

lade

s are

lanc

eola

te,

glab

rous

to d

ense

ly so

ft-h

airy

mar

gins

. Bra

nche

s are

usu

ally

pai

red

in th

e m

id c

ulm

par

t and

une

qual

in th

ickn

ess.

16-2

2°C

200

to 6

000

mm

15

00 m

asl

66


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Grad

ient

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

Heig

ht 2

5m ta

ll w

ith d

iam

eter

8-1

0 cm

cul

m d

iam

eter

. It o

ccur

s in

erec

t clu

mps

and

is st

rong

and

thic

k w

alle

d. C

ulm

wal

ls ar

e 2

to 3

cm

thic

k. T

he b

asal

par

t of t

he c

lum

p is

surr

ound

ed w

ith sp

read

ing,

in

terla

ced,

spin

y br

anch

es. T

he le

aves

hav

e 7

pairs

of t

he se

cond

ary

vein

s. T

here

are

no

cros

s vei

ns.

8-36

°C. I

t tol

er-

ates

long

dry

se

ason

.

Pref

ers a

n ev

en

dist

ribut

ion

of

rain

fall.

Up

to 2

000m

Fl

at o

r mod

er-

atel

y ro

lling

Vetiv

era

ziza

nioi

des

It is

a de

nsel

y ty

pica

l aw

nles

s, w

iry, g

labo

rous

per

enni

al g

rass

(RIS

E,

1993

). It

has r

hizo

mes

or s

tolo

n, It

gro

ws i

n a

larg

e cl

umps

from

m

ultip

le b

ranc

hed

root

stoc

k w

ith e

rect

cul

m 0

.5 -1

.5 m

hig

h. L

eaf-

blad

es re

lativ

ely

stiff

, 75

cm lo

ng, 8

mm

wid

e, g

labo

rous

but

roug

h al

ong

the

edge

s. P

anic

les a

re 1

5-30

cm

long

, nar

row

, acu

te a

nd

flatt

ened

. Lat

eral

ly w

ith sh

ort,

shar

p sp

ines

, the

fibr

ous v

ertic

al

desc

endi

ng ro

ot sy

stem

n ca

n gr

ow to

2m

or l

onge

r.

10 -

44°C

20

0-60

00m

m

(Gre

ensh

aw a

nd

Holfe

r, 19

95)

25

00 m

m (I

RRI,

Phil.

)

Sea

leve

l t

2600

m.

50%

Pan

taba

n-ga

n, 1

0-40

%

Leyt

e, 3

0-40

%

Chin

a

67


PL

ANT

NAM

E M

ORP

HOLO

GICA

L

CLIM

ATE

TOPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

DESC

RIPT

ION

Te

mpe

ratu

re

Rain

fall

Elev

atio

n Sl

ope

Grad

ient

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

It

is a

quic

k gr

owin

g an

d so

ft sh

rub

whi

ch g

row

to a

hei

ght o

f 1-

3 m

. Lea

ves a

re a

ltern

atel

y po

sitio

ned

alon

g th

e st

em;

flow

er 3

cm

dia

met

er w

ith y

ello

w p

etal

s. T

he sp

ecie

s can

be

plan

ted

on c

onto

urs a

s hed

ges f

or so

il an

d w

ater

con

serv

a-tio

n.

10 -

35°C

lo

w -

mod

erat

e ra

infa

ll

Caja

nus c

ajan

It

is an

ere

ct b

ranc

hed,

pub

esce

nt w

oody

shru

b th

at c

an g

row

fr

om 1

to 5

m h

igh

leav

es a

re tr

ifolia

te, l

eafle

ts a

re o

blan

ceo-

late

acc

umin

ate

3 to

10

cm lo

ng a

nd g

rayi

sh b

enea

th; f

low

ers

are

yello

w so

met

ime

with

red

strip

e 1.

5 cm

long

. It h

as v

ari-

ous s

hape

s tal

l, op

en u

prig

ht, c

ompa

ct, d

war

f or b

ushe

s.

Stem

s bra

nche

s are

smoo

th a

nd g

reen

.

Rang

e: 1

8-29

°C

Extr

emen

tole

r-an

ce: 3

5°C

600-

1000

m. I

t can

also

gr

ow in

are

as w

ith 4

00

mm

rain

fall

and

in

regi

ons h

avin

g 6

mon

ths

dry

seas

on.

Sea

leve

l - 3

000

m (N

AS, 1

980)

68


Appe

ndix

Tab

le 1

. Bio

phys

ical

Req

uire

men

ts o

f Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n c

omtin

ued.

..

PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

mic

al C

ondi

tion

Text

ure

pH

Mic

robi

al S

tatu

s

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

can

thriv

e in

a w

ide

rang

e of

soil

cond

ition

incl

udin

g cl

ay to

lim

esto

ne

soil.

Oft

en su

rviv

e in

soils

of l

ow n

itro-

gen

and

orga

nic

mat

ter

Deep

shal

low

lim

esto

ne to

la

terit

ic c

lay

3-9.

5

Best

gro

wth

in 5

.5-6

.0

The

tree

can

fix

N th

ru R

hizo

bial

as

soci

atio

n w

ith ro

ot n

odul

es,

the

bact

eria

infe

ct th

e ro

ot s

yste

m

form

ing

nodu

latio

n.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

Grow

s in

varie

ty o

f soi

l fro

m

erod

ed, r

ocky

min

eral

or a

lluvi

al

soil

Pref

ered

aci

dic

soil

pH>4

.5.

Med

ium

to lo

w fe

rtili

ty a

nd c

an

be p

oorly

dra

ined

and

low

ph

osph

orus

The

tree

can

fix

N th

ru R

hizo

bial

as

soci

atio

n w

ith ro

ot n

odul

es,

the

bact

eria

infe

ct th

e ro

ot s

yste

m

form

ing

nodu

latio

n.

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

Rock

and

shal

low

soils

Gr

ow in

poo

r nut

rient

soil.

It c

an

grow

from

aci

dic

to a

lkal

ine

soils

Th

e sp

ecie

s pro

duce

d ro

ot n

odul

es

with

nat

ive

Rhizo

bia

that

can

fix

nitr

ogen

from

the

air.

TREE

S

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Can

thriv

e in

aci

dic

soil.

Tol

erat

es a

nu

trie

nt d

efic

ient

soils

Ve

ry m

oist

allu

vial

site

s of w

ell

drai

ned

loam

s or c

lay

but c

an

tole

rate

s sha

llow

, dry

, str

ong

and

sany

soils

4.5-

6.5

Rhizo

bium

in th

e ro

ot n

odul

e ca

n fix

nitr

ogen

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

Poor

and

goo

d. S

tony

and

rock

y ar

eas.

(CAR

, 200

7). G

row

wel

l on

infe

rtile

soil

and

can

tole

rate

wat

er lo

ggin

g (H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8)

Requ

ire- m

ent:

Nor

mal

Soi

l;

Thriv

es in

: moi

st so

il th

e sp

ecie

s pr

efer

s moi

st w

ell d

rain

ed

loam

y al

luvi

al so

ils

(Hen

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay, 1

988)

Can

tole

rate

aci

dic

soils

dow

n to

4.

5 (H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 19

88).

The

spec

ies c

an fi

x N

itrog

en in

the

pres

ence

of F

rank

ia (H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8)

69


PL

ANT

NAM

E GE

OLO

GY/S

OIL

S

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

nica

l Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Azad

irach

ta in

dica

A. J

uss.

dry,

ston

y, c

lay

and

shal

low

soil

Soil

pH: 5

-8.5

. Bes

t gro

wth

: 6.2

Do

es n

ot g

row

wel

l on

salin

e so

il,

can

grow

in a

rid a

nd n

utrie

nt

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

bial

org

anism

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Pref

ers l

igt s

oils;

do

not t

oler

ate

poor

ly d

rain

ed so

ils, b

ut re

port

ed

to g

row

on

com

pact

ed c

lays

(N

AS,

1980

) Hen

sleig

h &

Hol

law

ay

(198

8)

Pref

ers s

light

ly a

cidi

c so

il As

soci

ated

with

Rhi

zobi

um a

nd

myc

orrh

izal f

ungi

that

fixe

s

nitr

ogen

and

hel

p th

e pl

ant t

o ta

ke p

hosp

horu

s and

oth

er n

utri-

ents

, res

pect

ivel

y

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Be

st in

sand

y an

d ca

lcar

eous

soils

th

rives

in a

cid

soils

, sal

ine

and

brie

f wat

erlo

ggin

g ar

ea g

row

s po

orly

on

heav

y cl

ay. T

he sp

ecie

s gr

ows i

n N

PK d

efic

ient

soil

but t

he

pres

ence

of F

rank

ia it

to su

stai

n

Can

tole

rate

aci

dic

or b

asic

soil

(4.5

-8.0

) Th

e sp

ecie

s can

fix

atm

osph

eric

ni

trog

en th

ru th

e pr

esen

ce o

f Fr

anki

a sp

an

actin

omyc

etes

in

the

root

nod

ule.

Glo

mus

spp.

Was

al

so fo

und

to b

e as

soci

ated

with

th

e ag

oho.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Gr

ows i

n w

ide

varie

ty o

f soi

ls in

clud

ing

salin

e, b

each

, hea

vy

clay

s, a

cidi

c an

d al

kalin

e so

ils. C

an

thriv

e in

nut

rient

def

icit

soil

and

can

be e

stab

lishe

d in

usin

g in

fer-

Can

tole

rate

aci

dic

(4.5

) to

basic

(7

.5) s

oil

The

spec

ies p

rodu

ce ro

ot n

odul

e w

here

Rhi

zobi

um fi

x ni

trog

en

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

Wit.

Be

st g

row

th in

wel

l dra

ined

soil.

Ro

cky

to h

eavy

cla

y so

il bu

t bes

t gr

owth

is n

oted

in w

ell d

rain

ed

soil

6 - 7

.5 p

H Th

e sp

ecie

s pro

duce

d ro

ot n

od-

ules

with

Rhi

zobi

um th

at is

cap

a-bl

e of

nitr

ogen

.

70


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

mic

al C

ondi

tion

Text

ure

pH

Mic

robi

al S

tatu

s

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th. v

ar a

cidum

(K

orth

) de

Wit.

Th

rives

in d

ry ro

cky

ridge

s and

nu

trie

nt d

efic

ient

soil

pH 4

-5 C

abal

uyan

, Man

ga-

tare

m, P

anga

sinan

Ec

tom

ycor

rhiza

l fun

gi a

re k

now

n to

be

pres

ent.

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

No

part

icul

ar so

il re

quire

men

t but

thriv

es

best

in sa

ndy

loan

soil

and

in a

ssoc

iatio

n w

ith sh

rubs

and

pio

neer

ing

tree

spec

ies i

n gr

assla

nd a

reas

.

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Wet

sand

s tha

t hav

e a

brac

kish

wat

er

tabl

e. B

ut n

ot g

row

wel

l in

wat

er lo

gged

so

il.

Clay

, lot

ic li

mes

tone

bar

ren

land

s Ac

idic

to sa

line

soil

It pr

oduc

es ro

ot n

odul

e w

here

Rh

izobi

um fi

x ni

trog

en fr

om th

e ai

r.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Thriv

es in

soil

with

suffi

cien

t cal

cium

. M

oist

sand

y lo

am o

r cla

y lo

am ty

pe

soil;

cal

care

ous s

oil.

Stro

ngly

aci

dic

to a

lkal

ine

soils

. It

has a

nat

ive

Rhizo

bia

in th

e ro

ot

nodu

les.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Thriv

es in

poo

r to

fert

ile so

il Li

ght t

o g

ray

in c

olor

N

eutr

al to

aci

d so

il Th

e tr

ee fi

xes n

itrog

en th

ru th

e Rh

izobi

al in

fect

ion

in th

e ro

ot

syst

em fo

rmin

g no

dula

tion.

Kn

own

to to

lera

te p

oor s

oil b

ut

pref

ers s

andy

soil.

Also

bec

ome

esta

blish

ed o

n th

e ta

iling

of o

ld ti

n m

ines

in M

alay

sia (N

AS, 1

980)

Can

thriv

e in

bot

h ac

idic

and

al

kalin

e so

ils

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

bial

org

anism

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Ab

le to

gro

w in

wid

e ra

nge

of so

ils e

ven

poor

one

s. A

band

oned

kai

ngin

. Can

gro

w

in w

ater

logg

ed a

reas

and

oft

en p

lant

ed in

flo

oded

site

nea

r ric

e pa

ddle

s.

Sand

y to

wat

er-lo

gged

soil

or in

cl

ayey

soil

Can

thriv

e in

aci

dic

and

alka

line

soil

The

spec

ies i

s abl

e to

fix

nitr

ogen

du

e to

the

nativ

e Rh

izobi

un

pres

ent i

n th

e ro

ot n

odul

es.

71


PL

ANT

NAM

E GE

OLO

GY/S

OIL

S

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

nica

l Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Azad

irach

ta in

dica

A. J

uss.

dry,

ston

y, c

lay

and

shal

low

soil

Soil

pH: 5

-8.5

. Bes

t gro

wth

: 6.2

Do

es n

ot g

row

wel

l on

salin

e so

il,

can

grow

in a

rid a

nd n

utrie

nt

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

bial

org

anism

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Pref

ers l

igt s

oils;

do

not t

oler

ate

poor

ly d

rain

ed so

ils, b

ut re

port

ed

to g

row

on

com

pact

ed c

lays

(N

AS,

1980

) Hen

sleig

h &

Hol

law

ay

(198

8)

Pref

ers s

light

ly a

cidi

c so

il As

soci

ated

with

Rhi

zobi

um a

nd

myc

orrh

izal f

ungi

that

fixe

s

nitr

ogen

and

hel

p th

e pl

ant t

o ta

ke p

hosp

horu

s and

oth

er n

utri-

ents

, res

pect

ivel

y

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Be

st in

sand

y an

d ca

lcar

eous

soils

th

rives

in a

cid

soils

, sal

ine

and

brie

f wat

erlo

ggin

g ar

ea g

row

s po

orly

on

heav

y cl

ay. T

he sp

ecie

s gr

ows i

n N

PK d

efic

ient

soil

but t

he

pres

ence

of F

rank

ia it

to su

stai

n

Can

tole

rate

aci

dic

or b

asic

soil

(4.5

-8.0

) Th

e sp

ecie

s can

fix

atm

osph

eric

ni

trog

en th

ru th

e pr

esen

ce o

f Fr

anki

a sp

an

actin

omyc

etes

in

the

root

nod

ule.

Glo

mus

spp.

Was

al

so fo

und

to b

e as

soci

ated

with

th

e ag

oho.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Gr

ows i

n w

ide

varie

ty o

f soi

ls in

clud

ing

salin

e, b

each

, hea

vy

clay

s, a

cidi

c an

d al

kalin

e so

ils. C

an

thriv

e in

nut

rient

def

icit

soil

and

can

be e

stab

lishe

d in

usin

g in

fer-

Can

tole

rate

aci

dic

(4.5

) to

basic

(7

.5) s

oil

The

spec

ies p

rodu

ce ro

ot n

odul

e w

here

Rhi

zobi

um fi

x ni

trog

en

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

Wit.

Be

st g

row

th in

wel

l dra

ined

soil.

Ro

cky

to h

eavy

cla

y so

il bu

t bes

t gr

owth

is n

oted

in w

ell d

rain

ed

soil

6 - 7

.5 p

H Th

e sp

ecie

s pro

duce

d ro

ot n

od-

ules

with

Rhi

zobi

um th

at is

cap

a-bl

e of

nitr

ogen

.

72


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

mic

al C

ondi

tion

Text

ure

pH

Mic

robi

al S

tatu

s

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th. v

ar a

cidum

(K

orth

) de

Wit.

Th

rives

in d

ry ro

cky

ridge

s and

nu

trie

nt d

efic

ient

soil

pH 4

-5 C

abal

uyan

, Man

ga-

tare

m, P

anga

sinan

Ec

tom

ycor

rhiza

l fun

gi a

re k

now

n to

be

pres

ent.

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

No

part

icul

ar so

il re

quire

men

t but

thriv

es

best

in sa

ndy

loan

soil

and

in a

ssoc

iatio

n w

ith sh

rubs

and

pio

neer

ing

tree

spec

ies i

n gr

assla

nd a

reas

.

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Wet

sand

s tha

t hav

e a

brac

kish

wat

er

tabl

e. B

ut n

ot g

row

wel

l in

wat

er lo

gged

so

il.

Clay

, lot

ic li

mes

tone

bar

ren

land

s Ac

idic

to sa

line

soil

It pr

oduc

es ro

ot n

odul

e w

here

Rh

izobi

um fi

x ni

trog

en fr

om th

e ai

r.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Thriv

es in

soil

with

suffi

cien

t cal

cium

. M

oist

sand

y lo

am o

r cla

y lo

am ty

pe

soil;

cal

care

ous s

oil.

Stro

ngly

aci

dic

to a

lkal

ine

soils

. It

has a

nat

ive

Rhizo

bia

in th

e ro

ot

nodu

les.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Thriv

es in

poo

r to

fert

ile so

il Li

ght t

o g

ray

in c

olor

N

eutr

al to

aci

d so

il Th

e tr

ee fi

xes n

itrog

en th

ru th

e Rh

izobi

al in

fect

ion

in th

e ro

ot

syst

em fo

rmin

g no

dula

tion.

Kn

own

to to

lera

te p

oor s

oil b

ut

pref

ers s

andy

soil.

Also

bec

ome

esta

blish

ed o

n th

e ta

iling

of o

ld ti

n m

ines

in M

alay

sia (N

AS, 1

980)

Can

thriv

e in

bot

h ac

idic

and

al

kalin

e so

ils

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

bial

org

anism

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Ab

le to

gro

w in

wid

e ra

nge

of so

ils e

ven

poor

one

s. A

band

oned

kai

ngin

. Can

gro

w

in w

ater

logg

ed a

reas

and

oft

en p

lant

ed in

flo

oded

site

nea

r ric

e pa

ddle

s.

Sand

y to

wat

er-lo

gged

soil

or in

cl

ayey

soil

Can

thriv

e in

aci

dic

and

alka

line

soil

The

spec

ies i

s abl

e to

fix

nitr

ogen

du

e to

the

nativ

e Rh

izobi

un

pres

ent i

n th

e ro

ot n

odul

es.

73


GRA

SS

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica (L

.) Be

auv.

W

et a

nd d

ry la

nds.

Are

as o

f hig

h sa

linity

. Doe

s wel

l on

soil

with

low

fe

rtili

ty.

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

4-7.

5 so

il pH

Kiku

yo

Soil

with

goo

d dr

aina

ge. G

row

s ra

pidl

y in

soils

with

hig

h N

. Thr

ive

also

in so

ils w

ith P

and

sulfu

r de

ficie

nt.

Sand

y lo

am so

il So

il pH

wid

e ra

nge

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C. R

iver

e Ca

n th

rive

in ro

cky

degr

aded

are

as

and

in ta

iling

pon

d of

min

ing

com

pani

es (T

anga

n, 2

002)

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

4.4

- 7.6

N

o as

soci

ated

soil

mic

robe

s

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

Thriv

es in

rock

y de

grad

ed a

reas

(P

ampa

nga)

and

in M

anga

tare

m,

Pang

asin

an

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

5- 6

.5 p

H - d

o -

Vetiv

era

ziza

nioi

des

M

ediu

m d

eep

soil,

silty

cla

y te

x-tu

re (W

oodh

ead

and

Chou

dhal

y,

1993

)

5< (V

ISCA

, Phi

lippi

nes)

N

o as

soci

ated

soil

mic

robe

s

PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

nica

l Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

The

tree

gro

ws i

n po

or so

il an

d ba

rren

env

ironm

ent

No

part

icul

ar so

il re

quire

men

t (s

andy

to c

laye

y so

il)

Thriv

es in

are

as w

ith v

ery

acid

ic so

il N

o as

soci

ated

mic

roor

gani

sm

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd

Mill

. Th

rives

in w

ide

varie

ties o

f soi

l Sa

ndy

to o

oliti

c so

ils

Acid

ic to

bas

ic so

ils

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

orga

nism

74


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

mic

al C

ondi

tion

Text

ure

pH

Mic

robi

al S

tatu

s

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

Ca

n th

rive

in a

ll ty

pe o

f soi

ls fo

r sa

ndy

to ro

cky

area

s.

Ca

n to

lera

te a

cidi

c an

d ba

sic so

il

Caja

nus c

ajan

Th

rives

/gro

w u

nder

alm

ost o

r any

so

il ty

pe e

xcep

t wat

er lo

gged

are

as.

Best

in li

ght d

eep

loam

s or s

andy

so

il.

Deep

loam

s or s

andy

soils

5-

7 pH

opt

imum

gro

wth

Th

e sp

ecie

s also

pro

duce

s roo

t no

dule

s inf

ecte

d w

ith R

hizo

bium

th

at fi

x ni

trog

en fr

om th

e ai

r.

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gre

g.

It to

lera

tes s

oils

with

low

fert

ility

(it

is a

legu

me

and

fixes

its o

wn

nitr

o-ge

n). I

t tol

erat

es so

ils w

ith 7

0% o

r gr

eate

r Al s

atur

atio

n.

It gr

ows n

atur

ally

in re

d sa

ndy

loam

allu

vium

s und

er lo

w fo

rest

w

ith a

fairl

y de

nse

cano

py (C

ook)

.

Alth

ough

nat

ural

ly a

dapt

ed

to a

reas

of l

ower

pH,

und

er

culti

vatio

n it

can

adap

t to

pH ra

nges

from

low

to

neut

ral (

Cook

).

Nitr

ogen

fixe

r

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (L

.C.

Rich

.) Pr

uski

(Wed

elia

) It

is ex

celle

nt fo

r ero

sion

cont

rol o

n slo

pes a

nd b

anks

bec

ause

it ro

ots

whe

re th

e st

em c

omes

in c

onta

ct

with

the

soil.

5.

5 - 7

.5 is

pre

ferr

ed

75


PL

ANT

NAM

E FR

UIT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

The

frui

t is a

twist

ed p

od, f

lat a

nd

indu

latin

g w

hen

ripe.

The

smal

l bla

ck

seed

, 4-6

mm

long

and

3-4

mm

wid

e ar

e en

circ

led

by a

long

red

oran

ge

funi

culu

s, (s

trin

g) fo

rm w

hich

are

su

spen

ded

afte

r the

pod

s ope

n; e

ach

pod

cont

ains

up

to 1

5 se

eds.

Dec-

Apr

il Cl

imbi

ng th

e tr

ee a

nd c

olle

ct

pods

bef

ore

seed

s are

rele

ased

or

by

the

use

of b

ambo

o po

le

with

scyt

he to

cut

bra

nche

s with

rip

e po

ds.

Ort

hodo

x 49

,000

/ kg;

60

,000

-63

,000

/ kg

Sund

ryin

g of

pod

s to

open

then

ext

ract

the

seed

s man

ually

. Dry

the

seed

s und

er th

e sh

ade

to

redu

ce m

oist

ure

cont

ent

up to

7%

Acac

ia m

angi

um

Will

d.

The

frui

t is d

ark

brow

n, c

rinkl

ed a

nd

soile

d po

d; it

par

tially

ope

ns w

hen

ripe,

the

seed

s, s

mal

l 2.5

mm

X 4

mm

w

ide

and

hang

by

oran

ge fl

eshy

fu-

nicu

lus.

Dec.

- M

ay ;

June

- Se

ptem

ber

Clim

b th

e tr

ee a

nd h

and

pick

the

frui

t (Da

yan,

200

5); (

Sadj

ad,

1993

). C

lip th

e fr

uit f

rom

the

tree

usin

g pr

unin

g po

le w

hen

the

colo

r cha

nge

to d

ark

brow

n an

d be

gins

to c

rack

ope

n (B

row

n, 1

981)

Ort

hodo

x 13

0,35

3 se

ed/

kg (D

ayan

, et.

Al.,

2005

). 80

,000

- 11

0,00

0 se

eds/

kg (N

RC,

1980

)

Sun

dry

the

pods

for 6

da

ys th

en p

lace

the

pods

in

a sa

ck th

en b

eat i

t us

ing

a ba

mbo

o st

ick

(Sad

jad,

199

3) A

ir dr

y th

e se

eds u

nder

the

shad

e to

re

duce

MC

to 7

% (D

ayan

et

. al,

2005

)

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (D

C.) B

enth

. Th

e fr

uit i

s a th

in p

od 1

2 cm

x 2

cm

, de

hisc

ent,

seed

circ

ular

to e

llips

oid

mor

e of

less

flat

tene

d, h

ard

seed

coa

t w

ith p

leur

ogra

m.

Janu

ary

to M

ay

▪ cl

imb

the

tree

and

pic

k th

e po

d m

anua

lly b

efor

e it

open

. ▪

use

bam

boo

pole

with

scyt

he to

cu

t the

bra

nchl

et w

ith p

ods

Ort

hodo

x 49

,000

-50

,000

/kg

(Voz

zo, 2

000)

. 48

,900

(NAS

, 19

80)

Sund

ry th

e po

d to

ope

n an

d ex

trac

t the

seed

s m

anua

lly

Albi

zia p

roce

ra

(Rox

b.) B

enth

. It

is a

flatt

ened

pod

, deh

iscen

t, 10

-20

cm lo

ng a

nd 1

.8-2

.5cm

bro

ad. I

t ch

ange

s fro

m g

reen

to d

eep

red

or

redd

ish b

row

n on

mat

urity

. Ea

ch p

od

the

ripe

frui

ts c

an

be c

olle

cted

in

CAR,

Reg

ion

1-4

from

the

mon

ths

of Ja

nuar

y - A

pril

Colle

ct m

atur

e po

ds fr

om th

e tr

ee u

sing

bam

boo

pole

with

sc

ythe

at t

he a

pex

to c

ut th

e br

anch

es w

ith ri

pe p

ods

Ort

hodo

x 17

,600

-25

,300

/kg

(Day

an e

t al

2005

) 21,

000/

kg (H

as, 1

980)

Sund

ry th

e po

ds to

re-

leas

e th

e se

eds o

r man

u-al

ly e

xtra

ct th

e se

eds f

or

the

pod.

TREE

S

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 2

. See

d Te

chno

logi

es fo

r Var

ious

Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n of

Min

ing

&

Volc

anic

Deb

ris-L

aden

Are

as

76


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

The

frui

ts o

f A. m

ariti

ma

is a

cone

with

a d

iam

e-te

r of 1

5 cm

and

abo

ve (C

AR, 2

007)

. The

frui

ts

are

open

whe

n dr

y an

d th

e sm

all w

inge

d se

eds

are

rele

ased

.

No

reco

rd

The

frui

t/co

nes c

an b

e co

l-le

cted

usin

g ba

mbo

o po

le to

cu

t the

bra

nchl

ets w

ith th

e fr

uit,

then

han

dpic

k th

e fr

uit .

Inte

rme-

diat

e (3

-6)

mon

ths

with

ge

rmin

a-tio

n(H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

-w

ay, 1

988)

122,

000

seed

s/kg

. 22

,000

seed

s/li.

(Hen

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay,

1988

)

Sun

dryi

ng to

rele

ase

the

seed

s (CA

R, 2

007)

(H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 19

88)

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s. It

is a

smoo

th, g

reen

elli

psoi

dal d

rupe

, 1.2

-1.8

cm

long

and

1cm

wid

e. I

t tur

ns y

ello

w to

bro

wn

whe

n rip

e. T

he se

ed is

ovo

id o

r sph

eric

ally

po

inte

d ap

ical

ly w

ith a

thin

test

a. I

t is 1

cm lo

ng

and

4-5m

m w

ide.

Date

of

Colle

ctio

n;

June

-July

; De

c -Ja

n;

July

-Aug

ust;

Se

ptem

ber

Clim

b th

e tr

ee a

nd h

andp

ick

the

frui

t whe

n dr

upe

turn

s to

yello

wish

gre

en o

r use

a

prun

ing

pole

to c

ut

bran

chle

ts w

ith ri

pe fr

uit

Inte

rme-

diat

e 3,

300/

kg

(Sin

gh, 1

994)

So

ak th

e fr

uit i

n ta

p w

ater

to

soft

en th

e tis

sue

or th

e fle

shy

part

of t

he d

rupe

. Cl

ean

the

seed

s und

er

runn

ing

wat

er th

en a

irdry

un

der t

he sh

ade

for 2

-3

days

.

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s M

eiss

n.

It is

a po

d 69

-142

mm

x 1

0-18

mm

deh

iscen

t, fla

tten

ed, e

last

ical

ly d

ehisc

ent f

rom

ape

x, li

near

ob

long

, acu

te a

t tip

, occ

asio

nally

rost

rate

, thi

ck

mem

bran

ous w

ith te

rete

mar

gins

, pal

e to

dar

k br

own,

gla

brou

s, ra

rely

den

sely

pub

esce

nt w

ith

simpl

e an

d st

alke

d

May

-June

Cl

imb

the

tree

and

han

d pi

ck

the

pods

bef

ore

the

seed

s de

hisc

e

Ort

hodo

x 14

,000

-20

,000

/kg

(Hes

leig

h &

209:

209H

olla

way

, 198

8)

Sund

ry th

e po

ds to

ope

n,

then

man

ually

han

dpic

k th

e se

eds

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

It is

woo

dy 6

-7m

m lo

ng a

nd 2

.5-3

.0m

m w

ide.

It

cons

ists o

f enl

arge

d, h

arde

ned

brac

ts fo

rmin

g a

two

calv

e ca

vity

whi

ch e

nclo

ses t

he c

ompr

esse

d se

eds.

Whe

n rip

e th

e in

divi

dua

cells

bur

st o

pen

and

rele

ase

the

seed

s. S

eed

is lig

h br

own,

smal

l w

inge

d an

d m

easu

res 3

-5m

m x

2-3

mm

.

June

-Aug

ust

(Day

an, e

t. al

., 20

05)

Clim

b th

e tr

ee a

nd h

andp

ick

the

frui

t or u

se a

bam

boo

pole

with

scyt

he to

cut

the

bran

ches

with

fuits

or c

ones

Ort

hodo

x 44

,260

/ 100

g or

442

,600

/ kg

Sund

ry th

e co

nes t

o re

leas

e th

e se

eds.

Sun

dry

seed

s up

to 7

-8%

MC

77


PL

ANT

NAM

E GE

OLO

GY/S

OIL

S

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

nica

l Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

The

tree

gro

ws i

n po

or so

il an

d ba

rren

env

ironm

ent

No

part

icul

ar so

il re

quire

men

t (s

andy

to c

laye

y so

il)

Thriv

es in

are

as w

ith v

ery

acid

ic so

il N

o as

soci

ated

mic

roor

gani

sm

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd

Mill

. Th

rives

in w

ide

varie

ties o

f soi

l Sa

ndy

to o

oliti

c so

ils

Acid

ic to

bas

ic so

ils

No

asso

ciat

ed m

icro

orga

nism

GRA

SS

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica (L

.) Be

auv.

W

et a

nd d

ry la

nds.

Are

as o

f hig

h sa

linity

. Doe

s wel

l on

soil

with

low

fe

rtili

ty.

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

4-7.

5 so

il pH

Kiku

yo

Soil

with

goo

d dr

aina

ge. G

row

s ra

pidl

y in

soils

with

hig

h N

. Thr

ive

also

in so

ils w

ith P

and

sulfu

r de

ficie

nt.

Sand

y lo

am so

il So

il pH

wid

e ra

nge

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C. R

iver

e Ca

n th

rive

in ro

cky

degr

aded

ar

eas a

nd in

taili

ng p

ond

of m

in-

ing

com

pani

es (T

anga

n, 2

002)

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

4.4

- 7.6

N

o as

soci

ated

soil

mic

robe

s

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

Thriv

es in

rock

y de

grad

ed a

reas

(P

ampa

nga)

and

in M

anga

tare

m,

Pang

asin

an

Clay

and

sand

y so

ils

5- 6

.5 p

H - d

o -

Vetiv

era

ziza

nioi

des

M

ediu

m d

eep

soil,

silty

cla

y te

x-tu

re (W

oodh

ead

and

Chou

dhal

y,

1993

)

5< (V

ISCA

, Phi

lippi

nes)

N

o as

soci

ated

soil

mic

robe

s

78


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Phys

ical

/Che

mic

al C

ondi

tion

Text

ure

pH

Mic

robi

al S

tatu

s

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

Ca

n th

rive

in a

ll ty

pe o

f soi

ls fo

r sa

ndy

to ro

cky

area

s.

Ca

n to

lera

te a

cidi

c an

d ba

sic so

il

Caja

nus c

ajan

Th

rives

/gro

w u

nder

alm

ost o

r any

so

il ty

pe e

xcep

t wat

er lo

gged

are

as.

Best

in li

ght d

eep

loam

s or s

andy

so

il.

Deep

loam

s or s

andy

soils

5-

7 pH

opt

imum

gro

wth

Th

e sp

ecie

s also

pro

duce

s roo

t no

dule

s inf

ecte

d w

ith R

hizo

bium

th

at fi

x ni

trog

en fr

om th

e ai

r.

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gre

g.

It to

lera

tes s

oils

with

low

fert

ility

(it

is a

legu

me

and

fixes

its o

wn

nitr

o-ge

n). I

t tol

erat

es so

ils w

ith 7

0% o

r gr

eate

r Al s

atur

atio

n.

It gr

ows n

atur

ally

in re

d sa

ndy

loam

allu

vium

s und

er lo

w fo

rest

w

ith a

fairl

y de

nse

cano

py (C

ook)

.

Alth

ough

nat

ural

ly a

dapt

ed

to a

reas

of l

ower

pH,

und

er

culti

vatio

n it

can

adap

t to

pH ra

nges

from

low

to

neut

ral (

Cook

).

Nitr

ogen

fixe

r

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (L

.C.

Rich

.) Pr

uski

(Wed

elia

) It

is ex

celle

nt fo

r ero

sion

cont

rol o

n slo

pes a

nd b

anks

bec

ause

it ro

ots

whe

re th

e st

em c

omes

in c

onta

ct

with

the

soil.

5.

5 - 7

.5 is

pre

ferr

ed

79


PL

ANT

NAM

E FR

UIT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Ja

cq.)

Ste

ud.

The

frui

t/po

d is

light

bro

wn,

var

ious

ly

oblo

ng to

obl

ance

olat

e, 1

0-14

cm

long

and

1.

5-2.

0cm

wid

e. I

t is f

lat,

hang

ing,

1-2

eac

h in

flore

scen

ce a

nd d

ehisc

ent.

Eac

h po

d co

ntai

ns 6

-8 se

eds.

Whe

n m

atur

e an

d dr

y,

the

pod

open

s and

rele

ases

seed

s. T

he

seed

is d

isc sh

aped

, yel

low

to d

ark

yello

w,

7-11

mm

in d

iam

eter

.

May

- Ju

ly

(Day

an e

t al,

2005

). Ap

ril -

June

(Hei

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay,

1988

)

Clim

b an

d ha

ndpi

ck th

e rip

e po

ds (y

ello

w to

bro

wn)

or u

se a

ba

mbo

o po

le w

ith a

scyt

he to

pi

ck th

e po

ds.

Ort

hodo

x 7,

706/

kg (D

ayan

et

al, 2

005)

; 5,0

00

seed

s/kg

(Hei

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay,

1988

)

Sun

dry

the

pods

to

ope,

then

ext

ract

the

seed

man

ually

. Dr

y th

e se

eds i

n th

e sh

ade

up to

MC

of 7

-8%

.

Leuc

aena

leuc

o-ce

phal

a (L

am.)

de W

it.

It is

a po

d, 1

0-20

cm

long

x 1

.5-2

cm

wid

e,

flat a

nd p

oint

ed o

n bo

th e

nds.

The

y hu

ng

in c

lust

ers o

n th

e tr

ee a

nd a

re b

row

n w

hen

ripe.

A p

od c

onta

ins 1

5 to

20

seed

s. S

eeds

ar

e da

rk b

row

n, sh

inny

, sm

all,

flat t

ear-

drop

-sha

ped,

8m

m lo

ng, w

ith a

thin

har

d se

edco

at.

All y

ear r

ound

Th

e po

ds sh

ould

be

colle

cted

be

fore

the

seed

s deh

isce

usin

g ba

mbo

o po

le w

ith sc

ythe

.

Ort

hodo

x 18

,000

-22,

000/

kg

Sund

ry th

e po

ds to

op

en o

r thr

esh

the

pods

aft

er d

ryin

g by

pl

acin

g th

e po

d an

d bi

t to

rele

ase

the

seed

s. R

emov

e al

l the

fr

uit p

ulp

and

othe

r im

purit

ies b

y w

inno

w-

ing.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

. Th

e fr

uits

is a

ber

ry ty

pe; g

lobo

se g

reen

w

hen

still

imm

atur

e bu

t tur

ns to

yel

low

to

to d

eep

red

whe

n rip

e an

d m

easu

res 1

.0 to

1.

5cm

in d

iam

eter

, sm

ooth

, fru

it so

ft

brow

n, p

ulp

som

ewha

t sw

eet a

nd fi

lled

with

tiny

, tan

seed

s

All y

ear r

ound

Cl

imbi

ng o

f the

tree

and

han

d-pi

ck th

e fr

uits

. Use

bam

boo

pole

with

scyt

he to

cut

the

bran

chle

ts w

ith fr

uits

Prob

ably

re

calc

i-tr

ant

26M

/kg

seed

By

eat

ing

the

frui

ts.

Soak

the

frui

ts in

a

basin

of w

ater

to

soft

en a

nd m

acer

ate

it ov

er a

fine

mes

h to

se

para

te th

e pu

lp

from

the

tiny

seed

s.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

a-ba

ricum

(Rox

b.) B

enth

. va

r acid

um (K

orth

) de

Wit.

In p

od fo

rm, i

ndeh

iscen

t, lin

ear o

ften

cu

rved

rath

er th

ick,

17-

34 c

m x

2-3

cm

w

ith c

orky

vei

ned

peric

arp;

seed

10-

30/

pod,

alb

umin

ous,

obl

ong,

0.3

- 0.

5 cm

x .2

-.5

cm

x .2

- .3

cm

, dar

k br

own

(Hen

sleig

h an

d Ho

llaw

ay, 1

988)

Febr

uary

to

April

(Reg

ions

1,

2, a

nd 4

-A)

and

June

-July

(R

egio

n 8)

Clim

b th

e tr

ee a

nd h

andp

ick

the

pods

. Use

bam

boo

pole

w

ith sc

ythe

to c

ut th

e br

anch

lets

with

pod

s.

Ort

hodo

x 12

,000

- 12

.200

0 se

eds/

kg (D

ayan

et

al, 2

005)

; 12,

100/

kg (H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8)

Bit o

r cut

the

pod

to

open

then

man

ually

ex

trac

t the

seed

.

80


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

Its fr

uit i

s one

seed

ed b

erry

whi

ch is

sm

all a

nd b

row

n in

col

or, c

om-

pres

sed

with

a su

rfac

e of

a n

et-li

ke

Freq

uent

ly

all y

ear

roun

d

The

spec

ies s

prea

d ra

pidl

y th

ru b

ird

disp

ersa

ls

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

It is

a po

d, w

ith a

swee

t, ac

idic

whi

te

or re

d pu

lp e

nclo

sing

6-8

seed

s. It

is

gree

n tu

rnin

g to

redd

ish y

ello

w w

hen

ripe,

10

to 1

8 cm

long

, 1 c

m w

ide

spira

lled

and

dehi

scen

t. Th

e se

eds

are

flatt

ened

, irr

egul

arly

shap

e, m

ind

to o

blon

g up

to 1

cm

acr

oss a

nd th

e co

lor i

s shi

ning

bla

ck (H

ensli

egh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8)

Augu

st to

O

ctob

er

Use

bam

boo

pole

with

sc

ythe

to c

ut

bran

chle

ts w

ith ri

pe

frui

ts/p

od

Ort

hodo

x 55

00-8

800

seed

s/kg

(NAS

, 198

0)

Can

be e

xtra

cted

by

eatin

g th

e fr

uit

pulp

. Ope

n th

e po

d, re

mov

e th

e pu

lp w

ith se

eds a

nd se

para

te th

e se

eds f

rom

the

pulp

.

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s W

illd.

Th

e m

atur

e fr

uit i

s alm

ost f

lat a

nd

orbi

cula

r to

obov

ate

or ro

und

and

smoo

th. P

od is

inde

hisc

ent,

4-7

cm in

di

amet

er, v

ery

shor

tly b

eake

d co

n-ta

inin

g 0-

3 se

eds;

win

gs 1

-2 c

m w

ide,

m

ore

or le

ss re

ticul

ate

and

wav

y;

seed

sem

i fal

cate

, bro

wn

to d

ark

brow

n 9-

11 m

m x

4-5

mm

.

All y

ear

roun

d Cl

imb

the

tree

and

use

ba

mbo

o po

le to

cut

th

e br

anch

es w

ith th

e po

ds.

Ort

hodo

x 16

03/k

g Cu

t the

edg

e of

the

sam

ara.

Sun

dry

the

pods

, whe

n it

is al

read

y br

ittle

cu

t the

pod

and

man

ually

ext

ract

th

e se

ed.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

It is

a p

od; i

ndeh

iscen

t, w

oody

, fla

t 10

-25c

m lo

ng, s

trai

ght o

r cur

ved.

2.5

-3.

5cm

wid

e an

d al

mos

t 1cm

thic

k (V

ozzo

, 200

0; D

ayan

et a

l 200

3).

The

seed

is o

blon

g, g

loss

y, d

ark

brow

n,

late

rally

com

pres

sed

0.8-

1cm

long

; 0.

7-0.

8cm

wid

e an

d 0.

4-0.

5cm

thic

k (D

ayan

, 200

5).

It ha

s ver

y ha

rd

seed

coat

Augu

st -

Dece

mbe

r Co

llect

ion

from

the

grou

nd o

f new

ly fa

llen

frui

ts.

Ort

hodo

x 4,

798/

kg (D

ayan

et

.al,

2005

); 40

00-

5000

/kg

(Voz

zo,

2000

). 40

00-7

700

seed

s/kg

(H

eins

leig

h &

Ho

llaw

ay, 1

988)

Man

ual e

xtra

ctio

n by

han

d an

d w

ashe

d in

runn

ing

wat

er to

rem

ove

the

stuc

king

subs

tanc

e, th

en d

ry a

nd

expo

sed

in fu

ll su

nlig

ht (V

ozzo

, 20

00).

Sund

ry th

e po

ds fo

r 2 to

3

days

, ext

ract

the

seed

s man

ually

th

en a

irdry

the

seed

s for

two

wee

ks

to a

ttai

n 7-

8% M

C (D

ayan

, et.a

l 20

05)

81


PL

ANT

NAM

E FR

UIT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

It is

a p

od; i

ndeh

iscen

t, w

oody

, fla

t 10-

25cm

long

, str

aigh

t or c

urve

d. 2

.5-

3.5c

m w

ide

and

alm

ost 1

cm th

ick

(Voz

zo, 2

000;

Day

an e

t al 2

003)

. Th

e se

ed is

obl

ong,

glo

ssy,

dar

k br

own,

la

tera

lly c

ompr

esse

d 0.

8-1c

m lo

ng;

0.7-

0.8c

m w

ide

and

0.4-

0.5c

m th

ick

(Day

an, 2

005)

. It

has v

ery

hard

seed

-co

at

Augu

st -

Dece

mbe

r Co

llect

ion

from

the

grou

nd o

f new

ly

falle

n fr

uits

. O

rtho

dox

4,79

8/kg

(D

ayan

et

.al,

2005

); 40

00-5

000/

kg (V

ozzo

, 20

00).

4000

-770

0 se

eds/

kg

(Hei

nsle

igh

& H

olla

way

, 19

88)

Man

ual e

xtra

ctio

n by

ha

nd a

nd w

ashe

d in

ru

nnin

g w

ater

to re

mov

e th

e st

ucki

ng su

bsta

nce,

th

en d

ry a

nd e

xpos

ed in

fu

ll su

nlig

ht (V

ozzo

, 200

0).

Sund

ry th

e po

ds fo

r 2 to

3

days

, ext

ract

the

seed

s m

anua

lly th

en a

irdry

the

seed

s for

two

wee

ks to

at

tain

7-8

% M

C (D

ayan

, et

.al 2

005)

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Po

ds a

re p

endu

lous

line

ar 2

0-60

cm

lo

ng a

nd 7

to 8

mm

wid

e, sl

ight

ly

cove

red

cont

aini

ng 1

0-25

seed

s. It

s se

eds b

ean

shap

ed re

ddish

in c

olor

an

d ab

out 2

mm

x 2

3 m

m in

size

(H

ensle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8).

All y

ear

roun

d bu

t in

mos

t are

as

Dec-

Feb

and

July

- Au

gust

Clim

bing

and

han

dpic

king

of p

ods.

U

se o

f bam

boo

pole

with

scyt

he to

cu

t the

bra

nche

s with

pod

s.

Ort

hodo

x 21

,000

se

eds/

kg

(Hen

sleig

h an

d Ho

lla-

way

, 198

8);

20,0

00/k

g (D

ayan

&

Reav

iles,

19

92)

Sund

ry th

e po

ds to

ope

n an

d ex

trac

t the

seed

s m

anua

lly. A

irdry

the

seed

s up

to %

MC

of 6

-7

by st

orag

e. (D

ayan

et a

l, 20

05)

82


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.)

Blum

e.

It is

a be

rry,

dul

l win

e re

d or

pur

plish

an

d m

easu

res 3

.5 m

m d

iam

eter

, ov

oid

and

juic

y, c

onta

inin

g on

e se

ed

or st

one

whi

ch is

1.5

mm

thic

k. (N

AS,

1980

)

Augu

st -

Sept

embe

r (D

e Gu

zman

et

al,

1986

)

Use

of b

ambo

o po

le w

ith sc

ythe

to

cut b

ranc

hes w

ith ri

pe b

errie

s.

Prob

ably

re

calc

i-tr

ant w

ith

initi

al M

C of

56%

1.0M

/kg

(Day

an,

2006

)

Soak

frui

ts/ b

errie

s in

smal

l con

tain

er w

ith w

ater

th

en e

xtra

ct th

e se

eds

over

a fi

ne m

esh

to re

-m

ove

the

pulp

of t

he fr

uit.

Was

h th

e se

eds t

hor-

ough

ly in

wat

er.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m.

and

Mill

. Th

e fr

uit i

s sm

ooth

, shi

ny, f

lesh

y an

d ov

oid

or su

bglo

bose

ber

ry. L

ight

gr

een

to y

ello

w w

hich

mea

sure

1.5

to

2 cm

in d

iam

eter

, with

a b

ony

irreg

u-la

r fur

row

ed st

one/

seed

insid

e.

Nov

embe

r to

Feb

ruar

y U

se b

ambo

o po

le w

ith sc

ythe

to c

ut

bran

chle

ts w

ith ri

pe fr

uits

O

rtho

dox

15,0

00

By e

atin

g th

e pu

lpy

part

of

the

frui

t the

ext

ract

ed

seed

are

was

h in

runn

ing

wat

er to

cle

an th

orou

ghly

.

83


PL

ANT

NAM

E FR

UIT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e M

etho

ds o

f Col

lect

ion

Typ

e Se

ed C

ount

GRA

SS

Im

pera

ta c

ylin

drica

(L.)

Beau

v.

Seed

disp

ersa

l usu

ally

by

win

d It

is cy

lindr

ical

in sh

ape,

2-8

inch

es lo

ng si

lver

y w

hite

in

colo

r, sm

all a

nd a

ttac

hed

to a

plu

me

of lo

ng h

airs

.

Kiku

yo

Th

e sp

ecie

s doe

s not

pro

duce

seed

s if a

ble

to p

rodu

ce se

eds

it oc

curs

rare

ly.

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C. R

iver

e Ha

nd p

icki

ng

50

00

84


PL

ANT

NAM

E FR

UIT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

Se

ed o

bova

te, l

ight

bro

wn

to b

row

n an

d m

easu

res 5

mm

x 2

.5 m

Al

l yea

r ro

und

Man

ual p

icki

ng o

f see

ds b

efor

e it

is di

sper

se b

y w

ind.

O

rtho

dox

Caja

nus c

ajan

It

is fla

tten

ed p

od 4

-7 c

m lo

ng, 1

cm

w

ide,

acu

min

ate,

bro

wn

whe

n m

a-tu

re a

nd h

airy

indi

hesc

ent c

onta

in 2

-8

seed

s, se

eds v

ary

in si

ze, s

hape

and

co

lor,

usua

lly ro

und

or o

val.

All y

ear

roun

d Ha

ndpi

ckin

g of

the

pods

in c

ase

of th

e sh

ort v

arie

ties,

in th

e ca

se o

f the

tall

varie

ty, u

se p

ole

with

scyt

he to

cut

th

e br

anch

lets

and

han

dpic

k th

e po

ds.

Ort

hodo

x 70

00-9

000/

kg

Extr

actio

n th

e se

eds

man

ually

by

open

ing

the

pod

or fr

uit

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gr

eg.

Flow

erin

g in

tens

ifies

aft

er ra

in o

r irr

igat

ion.

Fl

ower

ing

begi

ns 3

-4

wee

ks a

fter

em

erge

nce

and

cont

in-

ues t

hrou

gh

the

grow

ing

seas

on.

Se

ed p

ods

or h

usks

ca

n be

pl

ante

d.

15-2

0 kg

/ha

(Glo

ver)

Dr

ill if

pos

sible

. See

d ca

n be

bro

adca

st a

nd c

ov-

ered

or r

olle

d. C

onsid

er

seed

ing

with

a n

urse

cr

op o

f buc

kwhe

at o

r al

falfa

to c

ontr

ol w

eeds

du

ring

esta

blish

men

t (G

love

r)

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta

(L.C

. Rich

.) Pr

uski

85


PL

ANT

NAM

E SE

ED

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Pape

r tow

el in

pla

stic

tray

s;

fine

sand

in tr

ay se

edbe

ds

- soa

k in

boi

ling

wat

er fo

r 3-4

min

s the

n in

ta

p w

ater

ove

rnig

ht; s

oaki

ng th

e se

eds i

n ho

t wat

er (8

0%) f

or 1

0 m

inut

es; s

oaky

in

40%

H2S

O4

for 3

min

utes

; im

mer

sion

in

boili

ng w

ater

follo

wed

by

cool

ing

off f

or

24 h

rs; s

oak

in w

arm

wat

er fo

r 24

hrs.

, th

en so

w u

nder

full

sunl

ight

. With

the

abov

e pr

etre

atm

ent,

soak

in f

ungi

cide

so

lutio

n (2

.5 g

/lite

r H2O

) ove

rnig

ht

(inst

ead

of ta

p w

ater

ove

rnig

ht)

then

se

eds a

re so

wn

in p

ottin

g m

ediu

m in

tr

ays o

r in

seed

bed

ster

iliza

tion

of p

ottin

g

As a

pre

-ven

tive

mea

sure

ag

ains

t dam

ping

off

mic

ro-o

rgan

isms,

ster

iliza

-tio

n of

pot

ting

med

ium

(1

:1:1

) OGS

, drie

d co

m-

post

and

coc

onut

coi

r du

st fo

r 4 h

ours

at t

em-

pera

-tur

e 80

-90°

C sh

ould

be

don

e.

If po

ttin

g m

ediu

m is

in tr

ays,

sow

ing

can

be d

one

anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

dril

l or

by

broa

dcas

-tin

g. P

ut e

noug

h qu

an-

tity

of fi

ne m

ediu

m tw

ice

the

size

of

the

seed

to c

over

it a

nd p

reve

nt d

esic

-ca

tion;

See

ds a

re so

wn

in se

edbe

ds

usin

g de

bblin

g m

etho

d at

one

(1) c

m

dept

h ga

ve th

e be

st re

sult;

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

St

erili

zed

sand

in tr

ays

(Day

an a

nd R

eavi

les,

199

2).

Ster

ilize

d po

ttin

g m

ixtu

res

(1:1

:1) t

opso

il, sa

nd a

nd

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r 70%

to

psoi

l + 3

0% sa

nd (K

hun,

19

90)

Soak

the

seed

s in

boili

ng w

ater

for 3

-4

min

utes

then

let t

he w

ater

turn

col

d ov

erni

ght.

Soak

the

seed

s in

tap

wat

er

over

nigh

t (ne

wly

col

lect

ed se

eds)

. %

Germ

inat

ion

Rang

e - 8

5-95

%

Ster

ilize

the

pott

ing

med

ium

in st

erili

zing

pad

at 8

0-90

°C te

mpe

ratu

re

for 4

hrs

.

Sow

the

seed

s in

the

mor

ning

or a

ny-

time

of th

e da

y if

the

nurs

ery

is sh

aded

an

d e

mbi

ded

with

wat

er fu

lly.

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

M

edia

ratio

1:1

:1 O

GS, f

ine

sand

and

drie

d O

M

▪ so

akin

g in

boi

ling

wat

er fo

r 3 m

inut

es

and

soak

in ta

p w

ater

ove

rnig

ht (l

arge

vo

lum

e of

seed

s) (

NAS

, 197

9)

▪ n

icki

ng

of th

e se

ed c

oat a

nd so

akin

g in

tap

wat

er

or in

0.0

2% fu

ngic

idal

solu

tion

over

nigh

t (D

ayan

and

Rea

vile

s, 1

992)

▪ so

akin

g in

co

ncer

trat

ed su

lfuric

aci

d

The

spec

ies i

s qui

te re

sis-

tant

to d

ampi

ng o

ff an

d ca

n be

sow

n in

un

ster

il-ize

d m

ediu

m

▪ so

w th

e se

eds i

n th

e tr

ays w

ith

pott

ing

med

ium

and

in se

edbe

d th

en

cove

r the

seed

s thi

nly

(0.5

cm

) ▪

sow

th

e se

eds i

n tr

ays w

ith p

aper

tow

el a

t 20

0 se

eds/

tray

, the

n co

ver t

he tr

ay

(Day

an, 1

989)

86


PLAN

T N

AME

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

Seed

box

es o

r oth

er co

n-ta

iner

(CAR

, 200

7)

Cold

Str

atifi

catio

n m

ay im

prov

e ge

rmi-

natio

n of

A. m

ariti

ma

(55%

) (He

nsle

igh

and

Holla

way

, 198

8)

Ster

ilize

the

soil

(sow

ing

med

ium

) by

cook

ing

(CAR

, 20

07)

Spre

ad e

venl

y th

e se

eds i

n th

e se

ed b

ox,

cove

r with

a n

ews p

aper

or c

ogon

gra

ss

then

wat

er it

mod

erat

ely.

Dai

ly w

ater

-in

g is

need

ed u

ntil

germ

inat

ion.

(CAR

, 20

07)

Tim

e: d

ay ti

me

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s. Po

ttin

g m

ediu

m w

ith 1

:1:1

O

GS, d

ried

hum

us, s

and

or

coco

nut c

oir d

ust.

Can

be

sow

n di

rect

ly in

4x6

" pla

stic

ba

g or

in se

edbe

d

Pret

reat

-men

t is n

ot re

quire

d Th

e sp

ecie

s is q

uite

resis

-ta

nt to

dam

ping

off

and

can

be so

wn

in

unst

eril-

ized

med

ium

NRC

, 199

2: In

seed

bed,

seed

s are

sow

n 2.

5cm

apa

rt in

the

lines

and

15c

m in

dr

ills.

Cov

er th

e se

eds l

ight

ly w

ith th

e so

il. I

n tr

ays 6

0x45

x15"

with

1:1

:1 O

GS,

drie

d hu

mus

and

coi

r dus

t, so

w t

he

seed

s in

drill

at 2

00 se

eds/

tray

.

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Di

rect

seed

ling

in m

ediu

m

2:1

tops

oil a

nd sa

nd +

rice

hu

sks o

r coc

onut

hus

k or

20

% o

rgan

ic c

ompo

st c

an

be a

dded

(NIF

TAL,

198

4)

Soak

ing

in c

old

wat

er o

vern

ight

(NAS

, 19

83) M

echa

nica

l sca

rific

atio

n i.e

. ni

ckin

g of

the

seed

coat

(Hal

liday

&

Nak

ao, 1

984)

Ster

ilize

the

med

ium

(2:1

) to

psoi

l and

fine

sand

+

drie

d or

gani

c m

ater

ials

or

3-4

hour

s at 8

0-90

°C in

ha

lf dr

um o

r ste

rilizi

ng

pad

Sow

the

seed

s at d

epth

equ

al to

seed

siz

e at

2 se

eds/

hol

e. C

over

the

seed

s w

ith c

oars

e w

ashe

d sa

nd

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Seed

bed

with

fine

sand

or

1:1:

1 ra

tio o

f san

d, to

psoi

l an

d dr

ied

orga

nic

mat

ter

Pret

reat

men

ts n

ot re

quire

d ne

wly

ha

rves

ted

seed

s eas

ily g

erm

inat

e.

Ster

ilize

the

med

ia fo

r 4

hour

s at 8

0-10

0°C

usin

g ha

lf-dr

um o

r ste

rilizi

ng

pad

Drill

met

hod

in se

edbe

d or

by

broa

d-ca

stin

g th

an c

over

seed

s thi

nly

with

fine

so

il

SEED

Ord

inar

y ga

rden

soil

(OGS

), dr

ied

hum

us o

r coi

r dus

t an

d fin

e sa

nd a

t 1:1

:1 ra

tio

Soak

the

seed

s in

boili

ng w

ater

unt

il th

e w

ater

runs

col

d ov

erni

ght (

Daya

n et

al,

2005

). D

ip th

e se

eds i

n bo

iling

w

ater

for 5

seco

nds f

ollo

wed

by

over

-ni

ght s

oaki

ng a

nd ta

p w

ater

.

Ster

ilize

the

med

ium

for 4

ho

urs i

n th

e st

erili

zatio

n pa

d at

tem

pera

ture

80-

90°C

. Le

t it c

ool t

hen

plac

e it

in tr

ays l

ined

with

fin

e ne

t.

Seed

s can

be

sow

n us

ing

drill

or b

road

-ca

st m

etho

ds. C

over

the

seed

s with

the

med

ium

(0.3

-0.5

cm).

87


PL

ANT

NAM

E

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

W

it.

1:1:

1 to

p so

il, d

ried

hum

us

and

coir

dust

in tr

ays c

an

be u

sed

in so

win

g th

e se

eds.

Soak

ing

the

seed

s in

conc

entr

ated

su

lfuric

aci

s (H2

SO4)

for 3

0 m

inut

es

then

was

h in

tap

wat

er o

r in

runn

ing

wat

er, t

hen

soak

in ta

p w

ater

ove

r-ni

ght.

Ster

ilize

the

pott

ing

med

ium

in st

erili

zing

pad

for 3

-4 h

as a

t 80-

90°C

In tr

ay, s

ow th

e pr

etre

ated

see

d us

ing

drill

met

hod

at 1

cm

apa

rt a

nd 2

cm

in

betw

een

lines

. Cov

er th

e se

eds t

hinl

y w

ith th

e fin

e m

ediu

m. I

n se

edbe

ds,

pret

reat

ed se

eds c

an b

e br

oadc

aste

d or

so

w u

sing

drill

met

hod.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Aird

ry b

efor

e so

win

g th

e se

eds.

Fin

e sa

nd in

tray

s ca

n be

use

d in

ger

min

atin

g da

tiles

seed

s.

Pret

reat

men

t not

requ

ired

Not

nee

ded

Broa

cast

the

seed

s in

the

sow

ing

me-

dium

, cov

er th

e se

eds t

hinl

y w

ith th

e m

ediu

m.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h. v

ar a

cidum

(Kor

th) d

e W

it.

3 la

yers

of p

aper

tow

el in

tr

ays,

1:1

:1 O

GS, s

and

or

coir

dust

and

drie

d hu

mus

in

pla

stic

tray

s. S

eedb

ed

with

OGS

, san

d or

coi

r dus

t an

d dr

ied

hum

us.

Nic

k th

e se

ed c

oat a

nd so

ak in

tap

wat

er o

vern

ight

(sm

all v

olum

e of

se

eds)

. Soa

k th

e se

eds i

n bo

iling

wat

er

for 3

-4 m

inut

es th

en so

ak in

tap

wat

er

over

nigh

t, (D

ayan

et a

l, 20

05)

It is

resis

tant

to d

ampi

ng

off a

nd st

erili

zatio

n of

the

sow

ing

med

ium

nee

d no

t to

be

done

.

Sow

the

seed

s usin

g dr

ill m

etho

d.

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

SEED

Fine

sand

in tr

ays o

r see

d-bo

xes.

Pot

ting

med

ium

1:

1:1

(OGS

, san

d an

d dr

ied

orga

nic

mat

ter o

r coi

r dus

t

soak

ing

in ta

p w

ater

ove

rnig

ht (D

ayan

et

al,

2005

). So

akin

g in

hot

wat

er a

nd

cool

off

durin

g th

e ni

ght.

(NAS

, 198

0)

need

no

ster

iliza

-tio

n So

w th

e se

eds i

mm

edia

tely

in th

e m

e-di

um. T

he n

umbe

r of s

eeds

/tra

y or

box

de

pend

s on

the

size

of tr

ays/

boxe

s to

be

used

; for

tray

s size

60x

45x1

5 - 3

00

seed

s/tr

ay p

lant

ed u

sing

drill

met

hod;

28

x24x

5 - 1

00 se

eds.

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h.

Tray

s with

thre

e la

yers

of

pape

r tow

el m

oist

ened

w

ith 1

00 m

l tap

wat

er.

1:1:

1 O

GS, s

and

or c

oir d

ust a

nd d

ried

orga

nic

mat

ter.

Resis

tant

to d

ampi

ng o

ff,

ster

iliza

tion

of p

ottin

g m

ediu

m is

not

nec

essa

ry.

Drill

the

seed

s in

the

tray

and

cov

er

thin

ly w

ith th

e m

ediu

m.

88


PLAN

T N

AME

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

1:1:

1 to

p so

il, sa

nd a

nd

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r Da

yan,

et.a

l, 20

05- N

ick

or c

uttin

g of

th

e se

edco

at a

nd so

ak in

tap

wat

er

over

nigh

t or i

n 0.

02%

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n (s

mal

l vol

ume

of se

eds)

- 10

0% g

erm

i-na

tion

soak

the

seed

s in

conc

entr

ated

H2

SO4

for 3

0 m

inut

es th

en w

ash

in

runn

ing

wat

er, t

hen

soak

in ta

p w

ater

ov

erni

ght o

r in

0.02

% fu

ngic

ide

Ster

ilize

the

med

ium

for

four

our

s at 8

0-90

°C in

st

erili

zing

pad.

Let

the

med

ium

coo

l off

then

pl

ace

in tr

ays f

or so

win

g of

se

eds

Seed

s are

sow

n in

gre

enho

use

beds

with

sa

nd, o

r in

bags

with

sand

or d

irect

ly in

th

e so

il (V

ozzo

, 200

0). S

eeds

are

sow

n in

tr

ays w

ith 1

:1:1

tops

oil,

sand

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r or i

n tr

ays w

ith m

oist

ened

pa

per t

owel

(Da

yan

et.a

l, 20

05)

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. 1:

1:1

OGS

, san

d or

coc

onut

co

ir du

st b

y dr

ill m

etho

d Se

ed c

an b

e ge

rmin

ated

in tr

ays w

ith

moi

sten

ed p

aper

tow

el a

t 200

seed

s/tr

ay

Ster

iliza

tion

of p

ottin

g m

ediu

m n

ot n

eede

d So

win

g of

the

seed

s can

be

done

any

time

of th

e da

y on

the

shad

ed a

rea

usin

g pl

astic

tray

s with

the

ster

ilize

d po

ttin

g m

ixtu

res a

t 1 m

dist

ance

bet

wee

n se

eds.

In

seed

beds

usin

g th

e sa

me

spac

ing.

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

Ord

inar

y ga

rden

soil

(OGS

), dr

ied

hum

us o

r coi

r dus

t an

d fin

e sa

nd a

t 1:1

:1 ra

tio.

Soak

ing

the

seed

s/st

one

in h

ot w

ater

(5

8°C)

for 1

0 m

inut

es (L

opez

, 195

3).

Com

plet

e re

mov

al o

f fru

it pu

lp (D

e Gu

zman

et a

l, 19

86).

Stee

ping

seed

s in

500p

pm g

ebbe

relis

aci

d in

aga

r and

co

ld st

ratif

icat

ion

at 2

°C fo

r 3-4

mon

ths

brea

ks d

orm

any.

(NAS

, 198

0)

Ster

ilize

the

pott

ing

me-

dium

for 4

hou

rs w

ith 8

0-90

°C u

sing

ster

ilizin

g pa

d.

Broa

dcas

t or s

ow th

e sm

all s

eeds

in d

rills

in p

ottin

g m

ediu

m in

pla

stic

tray

s. C

over

th

e se

eds w

ith fi

ne so

il to

pre

vent

seed

de

ssic

atio

n. S

ow th

e se

eds i

n m

oist

ened

pa

per t

owel

in tr

ays t

hen

cove

r the

seed

s w

ith a

noth

er m

ayer

of 3

pap

er to

wel

.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

OM

and

co

ir du

st in

tray

s Cr

acki

ng o

f the

ston

e an

d so

akin

g in

tap

wat

er o

vern

ight

(NAS

, 198

0)

Dr

ill th

e se

eds i

n se

ed b

ed o

r in

tray

s with

th

e so

win

g m

ediu

m

SEED

Plas

tic tr

ays w

ith p

ottin

g m

ediu

m. S

eed

beds

(dire

ct

sow

ing

of p

ods)

For m

ass p

ropa

gatio

n of

the

spec

ies,

cu

t the

edg

e of

the

pod

and

soak

the

pod

over

nigh

t in

tap

wat

er o

r in

fung

i-ci

dal s

olut

ion

(2.5

g/li)

.

Seed

s of n

arra

can

be

sow

n in

uns

teril

ized

sow

-in

g m

ediu

m b

ecau

se

unlik

e ot

her f

ores

t tre

e sp

ecie

s it i

s mor

e re

sista

nt

to d

ampi

ng o

ff.

Sow

the

seed

s in

a se

edbe

d us

ing

drill

m

etho

d. S

ow th

e po

d di

rect

ly in

pla

stic

ba

g 4x

6 w

ith 1

:1:1

OGS

, drie

d hu

mus

.

89


PL

ANT

NAM

E

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

GRA

SS

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica (L

.) Be

auv.

Rh

izom

es p

lant

ing

Kiku

yo

The

stol

ons a

nd rh

izom

es c

an

spre

ad ra

pidl

y in

a c

ircul

ar p

at-

tern

for t

he p

aren

t and

col

onize

ba

re g

roun

ds o

r en

croa

chin

g cr

opla

nds,

gra

ssla

nds,

fore

st a

nd

was

tela

nds.

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C.

Riv

ere

Ord

inar

y ga

rden

soil

sow

n in

seed

bo

xes,

cov

er th

e se

eds w

ith a

bout

0.

25 c

m so

il

Mix

seed

s with

soil

for e

ven

dist

ribut

ion

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

SEED

Vetiv

era

ziza

nioi

des

90


PLAN

T N

AME

SEED

Ge

rmin

atio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Med

ia

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n So

win

g

SHRU

B

Ti

thon

ia d

iver

sifol

ia

So

akin

g th

e se

eds i

n ho

t wat

er (8

0-10

0°C)

for 1

1-14

min

utes

. Ove

ndry

at

100°

C fo

r 20

min

utes

.

M

ake

a fa

rrow

in th

e se

dbed

. Dril

l the

se

eds.

Cov

er th

e se

eds l

ight

ly w

ith sa

nd.

Appl

y m

ulch

to p

reve

nt th

e se

eds f

rom

be

ing

was

hed

away

and

to p

reve

nt

moi

stur

e lo

ss.

Caja

nus c

ajan

1:

1:1

of O

GS, c

oir d

ust a

nd

drie

d hu

mus

Pott

ing

med

ium

shou

ld

be st

erili

zed

for a

bout

4

hrs a

t 80-

100°

C.

Drill

met

hod

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gre

g.

In

trop

ics s

ow d

urin

g w

et se

ason

. See

ds

germ

inat

es in

2-3

wee

ks. S

ow d

irect

ly

whe

re it

is to

gro

w, c

over

seed

wel

l to

2-3

cm.

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (L

.C.

Rich

.) Pr

uski

91


Ap

pend

ix T

able

3. N

urse

ry T

echn

ique

s and

oth

er C

ultu

ral M

anag

emen

t Pra

ctic

es o

f Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n of

Min

ing

& V

olca

nic

Debr

is-L

aden

Are

as

PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G PO

TTIN

G IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Lift

the

seed

lings

from

the

pott

ing

med

ium

whe

n a

pair

of fa

lse le

aves

(s

imila

r to

ipil-

ipil)

is a

lread

y fo

rmed

2-3

w

eeks

aft

er e

mer

genc

e or

whe

n on

ly

few

late

ral r

oots

aris

es.

Pric

king

of

germ

inan

ts sh

ould

be

done

in th

e sh

aded

are

as to

pre

vent

dry

ing

of

seed

lings

.

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

a sh

aded

are

a 4x

6 po

ly-e

thyl

ene

bag

with

hol

es

Ster

ilize

d m

ediu

m o

f th

e sa

me

ratio

1:1

:1

OGS

, coi

r dus

t & su

n-dr

ied

hum

us (D

ayan

, et

. al.,

200

5); 5

x8

plas

tic b

ag w

ith 1

:1:1

re

dsoi

l, sa

nd &

cow

du

ng (K

abun

-dra

n,

1995

); 4x

6 pl

astic

ba

gs w

ith 7

:2:1

to

psoi

l, sa

nd a

nd

orga

nic

fert

ilize

r (M

osqu

ito, 1

990)

VAM

myc

orrh

iza

(Cas

tillo

, et.

al.,

2000

) Ag

gana

n, 2

006)

; Rh

izobi

al (A

ustr

alia

n st

rain

s) in

ocul

atio

n (P

hi Q

uang

Die

n, e

t. al

., 19

95);

Myc

ovam

&

Rhi

zobi

um (D

ela

Cruz

, 199

5)

5g (1

full

soft

drin

k ca

p) p

lace

d ha

lfway

in

the

bag,

then

tr

ansp

lant

ger

mi-

nant

and

fill

bag

with

the

med

ium

; 5c

c pe

r ger

min

ants

(2

leav

es) p

repa

red

by m

ixin

g 15

g in

ocu-

lant

to 1

li. o

f wat

er;

5g c

apsu

late

d &

Rh

izobi

al in

ocul

ant

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

Pr

ick

the

germ

inan

t whe

n a

pair

of

leav

es a

re a

lread

y de

velo

p (T

unbu

ll,

1986

)

3 w

eeks

aft

er

emer

genc

e (D

ayan

et

al,

2005

)

4" x

6" p

last

ic b

ag

1:1:

1 O

GS, c

oir d

ust

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r

Myc

ovam

and

Rhi

zo-

bial

inoc

ulan

ts

1 pe

llet a

nd 5

g

inoc

ulan

t pla

ce in

th

e ce

nter

of t

he

bag

halfw

ay w

ith

the

med

ium

. The

n fil

l the

bag

with

po

ttin

g m

ixtu

re

befo

re tr

ansf

errin

g

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

Fo

r pap

er to

wel

med

ium

:

▪

tran

sfer

the

germ

inan

ts w

hen

the

hypo

coty

l is 2

x th

e siz

e of

the

seed

s and

ro

ot h

airs

are

not

yet

dev

elop

ed.

Fo

r tra

ys a

nd se

ed b

ed:

▪ p

rick

the

germ

inan

ts w

hen

the

pair

of tr

ue

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

orga

nic

mat

ter a

nd

coco

nut c

oir d

ust

Myc

orrh

iza

▪ App

ly 2

0g V

AM +

20

g Rh

izobi

um/

plan

t (Ba

neva

jie e

t al

, 200

3)

92


PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G PO

TTIN

G IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Be

nth.

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

Cont

aine

r siz

e: 2

" x

4" o

r 3" x

4" (

CAR,

20

07) P

ottin

g m

ediu

m :

scre

ened

to

p so

il an

d sa

nd

Ratio

s: 7

5 to

p so

il:

E

cto

Myc

orrh

iza

Azad

irach

ta in

dica

A.

Juss

. Pr

ick

the

germ

inan

t whe

n th

e fir

st p

air o

f lea

f ap-

pear

s or w

hen

the

germ

i-na

nts a

re a

bout

5cm

in

heig

ht

Th

e sp

ecie

s gro

ws

very

fast

and

5x6

" pl

astic

bag

are

us

ually

use

d.

Pott

ing

mix

ture

of 3

:1 ra

tio

of c

ocon

ut c

oir d

ust a

nd

tops

oil w

ill b

e us

ed fo

r eas

e in

the

haul

ing

of se

edlin

gs to

pl

anta

tion

site,

Osm

ocot

e as

co

ntro

lled

rele

ase

fert

ilize

r,

VA M

ycor

rhiza

Five

(5) g

ram

myc

orrh

i-za

l ino

cula

nt w

ill b

e ad

ded

if fe

rtili

zer i

s not

av

aila

ble

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s M

eiss

n.

4x8"

pla

stic

bag

w

ith h

ole

Plac

e th

e st

erili

zed

med

ium

in

the

bag

Rhizo

bium

ino

cula

nt

from

the

sam

e

spec

ies

VA m

ycor

rhiza

Diss

olve

40g

ram

gum

ar

abic

in 1

00m

l war

m

wat

er a

llow

to c

ool;

appl

y 1m

l of s

olut

ion

to

50g

of se

eds.

Mix

1 p

art

suga

r to

2 pa

rts w

ater

; ge

t 1 m

l of t

he so

lutio

n an

d ad

d to

50g

see

d

Pric

ked

2 w

eeks

aft

er

sow

ing

4x

6" p

last

ic b

ags

OGS

, san

d an

d co

ir du

st.

Ratio

s: 1

:1:1

VA

Myc

orrh

iza

5g m

ycor

rhiza

l noc

ulan

t su

ited

to th

e sp

ecie

s.

Appl

ied

halfw

ay o

f the

po

ttin

g m

ediu

m, t

hen

add

the

rem

ailin

g ha

lf to

fill

the

bag

93


PL

ANT

NAM

E PR

ICKI

NG

POTT

ING

INO

CULA

TIO

N

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Pric

k th

e ge

rmin

ants

w

hen

a pa

ir of

leav

es is

al

read

y de

velo

p

2-3

wee

ks a

fter

so

win

g U

se 4

x6 p

last

ic b

ag

1:1:

1 po

ttin

g m

ixtu

re o

f O

GS, s

and

or c

oir d

ust

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r

Myc

ovam

5

g m

ycov

am is

inoc

u-la

ted

in h

alf f

illed

po

lyba

g th

en fu

ll th

e ba

g w

ith p

ottin

g m

e-di

um

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(L

am.)

de W

it.

Star

t pric

king

ger

min

ants

w

hen

the

first

leav

es

appe

ar o

r whe

n ge

rmi-

nant

s are

abo

ut 1

mon

th

old.

4

x 6"

pla

stic

bag

po

ttin

g m

ixtu

re o

f OGS

, dr

ied

hum

us a

nd c

ocon

ut

coir

dust

with

1:1

:1 ra

tio.

Rhizo

bial

inoc

ulan

t In

pel

let f

orm

or c

apsu

-la

ted

form

in th

e ce

n-te

r of t

he p

ottin

g m

ediu

m in

pla

stic

bag

.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Star

t pric

king

the

germ

i-na

nts w

hen

the

first

true

le

af a

ppea

rs.

4

x 6"

pla

stic

bag

O

rdin

ary

soil

+ dr

ied

hum

us +

coc

onut

coi

r du

st a

t 1:1

:1 ra

tio

Inoc

ulan

t of m

y-co

rrhi

za a

nd c

apsu

-la

ted

Rhizo

bium

5g o

f myc

orrh

iza a

nd

caps

ulat

ed R

hizo

bium

ca

n be

app

lied

in th

e ce

nter

of h

alf f

illed

pl

astic

bag

with

the

pott

ing

med

ium

, the

n fil

l the

bag

with

the

med

ium

bef

ore

tran

s-pl

antin

g (C

astil

lo e

t al,

1996

)

Star

t pr

icki

ng o

f ge

rmi-

nant

s w

hen

the

size

is ab

out 2

-3cm

in h

eigh

t

2 m

onth

s af

ter

germ

inat

ion

Use

4x6

pol

yeth

yl-

ene

Use

the

ste

rilize

d po

ttin

g m

ediu

m

(1:1

:3)

OGS

, dr

ied

hum

us

and

coir

dust

, if

poss

ible

ana

lyze

th

e N

PK c

onte

nts

of t

he

med

ium

.

Myc

orrh

iza

5g in

ocul

ant m

idw

ay o

f th

e ba

g

94


PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G PO

TTIN

G IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th. v

ar

acid

um (K

orth

) de

Wit.

Tans

fer i

t in

4 x

6" b

ags w

ith

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

hum

us a

nd

coir

dust

.

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4 x

6 " p

last

ic

bag

1:1:

1 O

GS, s

and

or c

oir

dust

, drie

d O

M

VA M

ycor

rhiza

Pl

ace

5g in

the

cent

er

of th

e pl

astic

bag

hal

f fil

led

with

the

med

ium

. Th

en fi

ll up

the

bag

with

the

med

ium

be

fore

tran

spla

ntin

g of

ge

rmin

ants

.

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

For s

eeds

sow

n in

pap

er to

wel

, tr

ansp

lant

the

germ

inan

ts

whe

n th

e ra

dicl

e iw

s 2x

the

size

of th

e se

ed (D

ayan

and

Rea

v-ile

s, 1

992)

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4" x

6" p

last

ic

bag

1:1:

1OGS

, san

d an

d dr

ied

OM

VA

Myc

orrh

iza

5 g

inoc

ulan

t at t

he

cent

er o

f the

bag

whi

ch

is ha

lfway

fille

d w

ith

the

med

ium

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s W

illd.

Pr

ick

the

germ

inan

ts 2

-3 w

eeks

af

ter s

owin

g or

whe

n th

e fr

uit

leaf

app

ears

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4" x

6" p

last

ic

bag

1:1:

1OGS

, san

d an

d dr

ied

OM

VA

Myc

orrh

iza

5 g

inoc

ulan

t at t

he

cent

er o

f the

bag

whi

ch

is ha

lfway

fille

d w

ith

the

med

ium

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

In sh

aded

are

a, c

an b

e do

ne

usin

g po

inte

d st

ick

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4" x

6" p

last

ic

bag

1:1:

1OGS

, san

d an

d dr

ied

OM

VA

Myc

orrh

iza

5 g

myc

ovam

is in

ocu-

late

d in

hal

f fill

ed

poly

bag

then

fill

the

bag

with

pot

ting

me-

dium

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. W

hen

the

med

ium

use

d is

moi

sten

ed p

aper

tow

el, t

rans

-pl

ant t

he g

erm

inan

t whe

n th

e hy

poco

tyl i

s 2x

the

size

of th

e se

eds.

Pric

k th

e ge

rmin

ants

w

hen

the

first

pai

r of l

eave

s

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

Plas

tic b

ag si

ze 4

x

6"

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

OM

or

coco

nut c

oir d

ust

VA M

ycor

rhiza

5g

of M

ycov

am a

t the

ce

nter

of p

last

ic b

ag

half

fille

d w

ith m

ediu

m,

then

fill

the

bag

with

th

e m

ediu

m b

efor

e tr

ansp

lant

ing.

95


PL

ANT

NAM

E PR

ICKI

NG

POTT

ING

INO

CULA

TIO

N

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Trem

a or

ient

alis

Seed

s sow

n in

pap

er to

wel

can

be

tran

sfer

red

whe

n th

e hy

po-

coty

l is t

wic

e th

e siz

e of

the

seed

s. T

rans

fer t

he g

erm

inan

ts

from

seed

boxe

s as s

eed

bed

whe

n a

pair

of le

aves

is a

lread

y

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4 x

6 " p

last

ic b

ag

1:1:

1 O

GS, c

oir d

ust o

r sa

nd a

nd d

ried

orga

nic

mat

ter

Myc

orrh

izal i

nocu

-la

nts (

VAM

) Ad

d 5

g in

eac

h ba

g ha

lf w

ay o

f the

pot

ting

med

ium

, the

n ad

d th

e ot

her h

alf o

f the

m

ediu

m.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

Star

t pric

king

whe

n a

pair

of

leav

es is

alre

ady

form

ed.

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

shad

ed a

rea

4 x

6" p

last

ic b

ag

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

OM

or

coir

dust

M

ycor

rhyz

al in

ocu-

lant

s (VA

M)

5g m

ycor

rhiza

in

half-

fil

led

with

the

med

ium

, th

en a

dd th

e re

mai

ning

ha

lf of

the

med

ium

be

fore

tran

spla

ntin

g

96


PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G PO

TTIN

G IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

GRA

SS

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica (L

.) Be

auv.

V

A M

ycor

rhiza

Kiku

yo

VA M

ycor

rhiza

Phyl

lost

achy

s au

rea

Carr

. Ex

A &

C. R

iver

e Pr

ick

the

seed

lings

with

a

toot

hpic

k siz

e ba

mbo

o st

ick

Pr

ick

the

seed

lings

w

ith a

toot

hpic

k siz

e ba

mbo

o st

ick

V

A M

ycor

rhiza

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na

8"x1

2"x.

003

plas

tic

bag

sand

y lo

am so

il V

A M

ycor

rhiza

Vetiv

eria

ziza

nioi

des

* Pr

opag

atio

n by

root

div

ision

or

slip

stha

t are

usu

ally

ripp

ed

off t

he m

ain

clum

ps a

nd p

ot-

ted.

Ste

m cu

ttin

g w

ith 2

nod

es

at 3

0-50

cm cu

ttin

g to

enc

our-

age

tille

ry a

nd 4

0cm

giv

ing

best

re

sults

*Rat

ooni

ng o

r cut

ting

to th

e gr

ound

and

left

to sp

rout

7"

x15"

and

10

"x20

" pla

stic

ba

gs

4

"x6"

pl

astic

bag

s was

fo

und

to b

e m

ore

econ

omi-c

al (Y

aon,

19

91)

VA

Myc

orrh

iza

25g

of c

hipp

ed ro

ots

of m

aize

with

myc

o-va

m (g

lom

us sp

p.)

97


PL

ANT

NAM

E PR

ICKI

NG

POTT

ING

INO

CULA

TIO

N

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Met

hod

Tim

e Co

ntai

ner S

ize

Med

ium

/Rat

io

Mic

roor

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

St

art p

ricki

ng w

hen

a pa

ir of

le

aves

is a

lread

y fo

rmed

. An

ytim

e of

the

day

in th

e nu

rser

y or

sh

aded

are

as.

Use

4 x

6 p

last

ic

bag

1:2:

1 O

GS d

ried

OM

and

co

ir du

st.

Myc

orrh

iza (V

AM)

Appl

y 5g

myc

orrh

iza i

n 4

x 6

plas

tic b

ag h

alf

fille

d w

ith th

e m

ediu

m,

then

add

the

rem

aini

ng

half

of th

e m

ediu

m

befo

re tr

ansp

lant

ing.

Caja

nus c

ajan

St

art

the

pric

king

whe

n th

e fir

st p

air o

f tru

e le

aves

app

ear.

Anyt

ime

of th

e da

y in

the

nurs

ery

or

shad

ed a

reas

.

Use

4 x

6 p

last

ic

bag

1:1:

3 st

erili

zed

OGS

, drie

d hu

mus

or f

arm

man

ure

and

coir

dust

Myc

orrh

iza (V

AM)

5g o

f ino

cula

nt

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gr

eg.

Rhizo

bium

live

in a

sy

mbi

otic

rela

tion-

ship

with

man

y le

gum

es. O

nce

inoc

ulat

ed, i

t pr

oduc

es it

's ow

n ni

trog

en, f

rom

the

air.

It sh

ould

be

stor

ed in

th

e fr

idge

and

use

d w

ithin

3 m

onth

s. T

o us

e, m

oist

en th

e se

ed

with

a sm

all a

mou

nt o

f m

ilk o

r wat

er a

nd st

ir in

the

inoc

ulan

t unt

il se

eds a

re c

oate

d. D

o no

t ino

cula

te th

e se

ed

until

you

are

read

y to

so

w it

.

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta

(L.C

. Rich

.) Pr

uski

98


PL

ANT

NAM

E FE

RTIL

IZAT

ION

/AM

ENDM

ENTS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot P

runi

ng

Spac

ing

Basis

Fo

rm

TREE

S

Ac

acia

aur

iculi-

form

is Vi

goro

us se

ed-

lings

are

firs

t to

be tr

ans-

plan

ted

Repo

ttin

g sh

ould

be

done

imm

e-di

atel

y fo

r rep

lace

-men

ts to

co

pe u

p th

e re

st in

te

rms o

f gro

wth

&

surv

ival

W

hen

leav

es st

art t

o ov

erla

p, p

rovi

de sp

ace

betw

een

seed

lings

by

plac

ing

woo

d or

any

m

ater

ial w

hich

will

not

af

fect

the

grow

th o

f se

edlin

gs

If po

ssib

le a

pplic

atio

n of

fert

ilize

r is n

ot

reco

mm

ende

d sin

ce it

will

mak

e th

e st

em

and

leav

es su

ccul

ent a

nd th

is pr

edisp

osed

th

e se

edlin

gs to

the

atta

ck o

f pes

ts a

nd

dise

ases

. How

ever

if th

e an

alys

is of

the

pott

ing

med

ium

lack

the

esse

ntia

l nut

rient

s fo

r dev

elop

men

t soi

l am

endm

ent l

ike

fert

il-ize

r app

licat

ion

is ne

cess

ary

by sp

rayi

ng o

r by

inco

rpor

atio

n in

the

soil.

If N

PK is

lack

ing

one

time

appl

ica-

tion

of c

ompl

ete

fert

ilize

r is

enou

gh.

Acac

ia m

angi

um

Will

d.

Tr

ansp

lant

the

seed

-lin

g ca

refu

lly in

4" x

6"

bag

with

the

me-

dium

and

inoc

ulan

t

Nut

rient

(NPK

)

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (D

C.) B

enth

.

Put t

he tr

ansp

lant

ed

seed

lings

in ro

ws t

o pr

even

t the

topp

ling

over

of t

he b

ags w

hich

m

ay c

ause

seed

ling

inju

ry

Appl

y fe

rtili

zer i

f nut

rient

s (N

PK) a

re la

ckin

g by

diss

olvi

ng fe

rtili

zer i

n ta

p w

ater

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

Albi

zia p

roce

ra

(Rox

b.) B

enth

. Pr

ick

the

vigo

r-ou

s ger

min

ants

/se

edlin

gs o

f the

sa

me

size.

Ap

ply

fert

ilize

r or a

ny o

rgan

ic fe

rtili

zer i

f the

m

ediu

m la

cks n

utrie

nts (

NPK

) req

uire

-men

ts.

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 3

. Nur

sery

Tec

hniq

ues a

nd o

ther

Cul

tura

l Man

agem

ent P

ract

ices

con

tinue

d...

99


PL

ANT

NAM

E FE

RTIL

IZAT

ION

/AM

ENDM

ENTS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot P

runi

ng

Spac

ing

Basis

Fo

rm

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) St

eud.

Grad

ing:

shou

ld

be se

lect

ed

(goo

d se

edlin

g fr

om o

ther

s)

Ro

ot p

runi

ng:

rom

ovin

g of

lo

ng ro

ots

14-1

4-14

Azad

irach

ta in

dica

A.

Juss

. Se

edlin

gs o

f the

sa

me

size

shal

l be

pla

nted

firs

t as

a p

rere

quisi

te

to g

radi

ng

Durin

g th

e fir

st m

onth

af

ter t

rans

plan

ting

seed

lings

will

be

ar-

rang

ed su

cces

sivel

y in

a

row

to p

reve

nt th

e to

pplin

g ov

er o

f the

bag

.

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yr-

sus M

eiss

n.

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifo-

lia L.

Ap

ply

any

amen

dmen

ts w

hen

only

nec

es-

sary

.

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Ja

cq.)

Ste

ud.

Ar

rang

e th

e ba

gs w

ith

germ

inan

ts in

row

s to

prev

ent t

he to

pplin

g ov

er th

e ba

gs so

as n

ot

to d

amag

e th

e ne

wly

tr

ansf

erre

d ge

rmin

ants

. Pr

ovid

e sp

ace

in b

e-tw

een

seed

lings

.

Appl

y fe

rtili

zer a

nd o

ther

soil

amen

dmen

t if

the

anal

ysis

of th

e po

ttin

g m

ediu

m la

cks

nutr

ient

(NPK

) req

uire

men

ts.

If th

ere

is su

ffiec

ient

NPK

, the

re is

no

need

to a

pply

fe

rtili

zer.

Leuc

aena

leuc

o-ce

phal

a (L

am.)

de

Wit.

100


PLAN

T N

AME

FERT

ILI

ZAT

ION

/AM

ENDM

ENTS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot P

runi

ng

Spac

ing

Basis

Fo

rm

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

. As

muc

h as

po

ssib

le, s

elec

t ge

rmin

ants

of

the

sam

e siz

e.

Avoi

d pr

icki

ng

unhe

alth

y ge

rmin

ants

.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

a-ba

ricum

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h. v

ar a

cidum

(K

orth

) de

Wit.

Ar

rang

e th

e se

edlin

gs in

ro

ws t

o pr

even

t top

plin

g ov

er w

hich

may

dam

age

the

new

ly tr

ansp

lant

ed

seed

lings

.

Appl

y co

mpl

ete

fert

ilize

r if t

he n

utrie

nt a

naly

sis

of th

e po

ttin

g m

ediu

m la

cks t

he m

ajor

ele

men

ts.

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Tran

spla

nt th

e ge

rmin

ant w

ith

seed

lings

of

unifo

rm si

ze a

nd

with

vig

our

grow

th. A

void

tr

ansp

lant

ing

unhe

alth

y ge

rmin

ants

.

Plac

e th

e ba

g in

the

nurs

ery

in su

ch a

way

th

at th

e ba

g w

ill n

ot

topp

le d

own

to in

jure

th

e ne

wly

tran

spla

nted

se

edlin

gs.

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s W

illd.

Se

lect

mos

t vi

goro

us g

erm

i-na

nts/

seed

lings

as

a p

relu

de to

gr

adin

g.

Arra

nge

the

seed

lings

in

row

s so

as n

ot to

topp

le

and

caus

e in

jury

to th

e ne

wly

tran

spla

nt

se

edlin

g.

101


PL

ANT

NAM

E

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Grad

ing

Spac

ing

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Sele

ct g

erm

inan

ts o

f vig

orou

s gro

wth

and

avo

id

tran

spla

n-tin

g un

heal

thy

seed

lings

. O

ne m

onth

or m

ore

depe

ndin

g on

the

grow

th o

f the

spec

ies

prov

ide

spac

ing

betw

een

seed

lings

to a

void

ove

rlapp

ing

of le

aves

an

d to

pro

vide

aer

atio

n.

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Se

lect

vig

orou

s see

dlin

gs o

f the

sam

e siz

e as

a

prel

ude

to g

radi

ng.

Arra

nge

the

seed

lings

in ro

ws s

o as

not

to to

pple

and

cau

se in

jury

to

the

new

ly tr

ansp

lant

ed se

edlin

g.

Trem

a or

ient

alis

Sele

ct th

e m

ost v

igor

ous a

nd h

ealth

y ge

rmi-

nant

s of t

he sa

me

size.

Li

ned

the

plas

tic b

ags w

ith se

edlin

g in

row

s so

as to

pre

vent

the

topp

ling

over

the

bag

whi

ch m

ay c

ause

inju

ry to

the

seed

lings

.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

Pl

ace

the

bag

afte

r ano

ther

in ro

ws s

o as

not

to to

plle

dow

n th

e ba

g to

pre

vent

inju

ry to

the

new

ly tr

ansp

lant

ed se

edlin

gs

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

102


PLAN

T N

AME

FERT

ILIZ

ATIO

N/A

MEN

DMEN

TS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Grad

ing

Root

Pru

ning

Sp

acin

g Ba

sis

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

Se

lect

seed

lings

of t

he

sam

e siz

e as

a p

relu

de to

th

e gr

adin

g of

seed

lings

.

Ar

rang

e th

e ba

gs in

row

s to

prev

ent t

he b

ags

to to

pple

dow

n an

d to

min

imize

inju

ry to

se

edlin

gs.

Caja

nus c

ajan

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p. &

Gr

eg.

It

is st

olon

i-fer

ous a

nd w

ill d

e-ve

lop

a st

rong

tapr

oot o

n th

e ol

der c

row

ns a

s wel

l as l

arge

nu

mbe

rs o

f nod

ules

on

both

ta

proo

t and

subs

idia

ry ro

ots

(Coo

ks).

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta

(L.C

. Rich

.) Pr

uski

Cutt

ings

root

read

ily in

five

to

seve

n da

ys u

nder

moi

st c

ondi

-tio

ns. I

t can

be

easil

y es

tabl

ished

by

sprig

ging

by

hand

or w

ith a

hy

drau

lic se

eder

pla

ntin

g ro

oted

or

unr

oote

d cu

ttin

gs, o

r fro

m

Gr

owth

can

be

cont

rolle

d by

ca

refu

lly m

anag

ing

nitr

ogen

fe

rtili

zer a

nd ir

rigat

ion.

Wat

er

and

fert

ilize

onl

y en

ough

to

prov

ide

adeq

uate

gro

wth

and

co

lor.

103


HO

ST

SEED

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Seed

dise

ases

·L

asio

dipl

odia

theo

brom

ae

·Col

leto

trich

um g

loes

pero

ides

·Mac

roph

oma

phas

eolin

a

·A

sper

gellu

s

flo

res/

nige

r

Afte

r pre

-tre

atm

ent,

soak

the

seed

s in

0.02

% so

lu-

tion

over

nigh

t

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

Se

ed d

iseas

es

·Pes

talo

tia sp

.

·Fus

ariu

m m

onel

iform

e

·Asp

erge

llus f

lavu

s/ni

ger

Soak

pre

trea

ted

seed

s in

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n at

2.5

g/

liter

of w

ater

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

no

ne

none

no

ne

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Seed

dise

ases

· F

usar

ium

ola

ni

· Las

iodi

plod

ia th

eobr

omae

·C

olle

totr

ichum

glo

espe

roid

es

·

Pest

alot

ia sp

p.

· M

acro

phom

a ph

aseo

lina

· A

sper

gellu

s spp

·F

. mon

olifo

rmis

· P

enec

illiu

m sp

p

Appl

y fu

ngic

ide

on se

eds u

sing

slurr

y m

etho

d; so

ak

seed

s ove

rnig

ht in

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n af

ter p

retr

eat-

men

t

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) St

eud.

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s. Se

ed d

iseas

es

Fusa

rium

sola

ni A

sper

gillu

s nig

er

Soak

seed

s in

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n (2

5g\li

) for

5 h

ours

be

fore

sow

ing

TREE

S

104


HOST

SE

ED

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Seed

dise

ases

Fu

sariu

m so

lani

, La

siodi

plod

ia th

eo-

brom

ae,

Colle

totr

ichum

gl

eoes

porio

ides

, Mac

roph

oma

phas

eo-

lina,

Pes

talo

tia sp

, Asp

ergi

llus f

lavu

s,

Curv

ular

ia lu

nata

Dry

the

seed

s at 5

-6%

MC.

Tre

at th

e se

eds w

ith

fung

icid

e be

fore

sow

ing.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Seed

dise

ases

Fu

sariu

m so

lani

, La

siodi

plod

ia th

eo-

brom

ae

Soak

seed

s in

fung

icid

al so

lutio

n fo

r 2 h

ours

prio

r to

sow

ing.

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

Wit.

Se

ed st

orag

e fu

ngi

Seed

-bor

ne

Aspe

rigill

us sp

p.

Peni

cilli

um sp

p

C.

gleo

espe

roid

es

F. m

onili

form

e

Phom

opsis

Fu

sariu

m so

lani

,

Lasio

dipl

odia

theo

brom

ae,

Co

lleto

trich

um g

leoe

spor

ioid

es,

C. tr

unca

tum

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h. v

ar a

cidum

(Kor

th) d

e W

it.

Seed

stor

age

fung

i As

perig

illus

flav

us

A. n

iger

Pe

nici

llium

spp

Soak

seed

s in

fung

icid

e be

fore

sow

ing

Coat

seed

s with

fung

icid

e be

fore

sow

ing.

Soak

seed

s in

0.2%

fung

icid

al so

lutio

n ov

erni

ght

bego

re so

win

g.

105


HO

ST

SEED

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

seed

rot

Fusa

rium

sola

ni,

Colle

ctot

richu

m g

leos

peor

ioid

es,

Phom

opsis

sp.,

Asp

ergi

llus f

lavu

s,

Peni

cillu

m sp

p.

Prop

er d

ryin

g of

the

seed

. Pro

per s

tora

ge c

on-

tain

er a

nd te

mpe

ratu

re. P

rope

r col

lect

ion

of p

ods.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Seed

dise

ases

Fu

sariu

m so

lani

,

Lasio

dipl

odia

theo

brom

ae

Soak

seed

s in

fung

icid

al so

lutio

n fo

r 2 h

ours

prio

r to

sow

ing

106


HOST

N

URS

ERY

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

st &

b Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Po

wde

ry m

ildew

Soo

ty m

olds

Oid

ium

spp.

Aste

reni

a an

d M

elio

la

Obs

erve

sani

tatio

n; S

pray

Di

than

e M

-45

or C

apta

n em

ul-

sion

ever

y 2

wee

ks; p

rope

r di

spos

al o

f inf

ecte

d le

aves

to

prev

ent s

prea

ding

of d

iseas

e

Obs

erve

sani

tatio

n; S

epar

ate

or

burn

infe

cted

par

ts; s

pray

env

i-ro

nmen

t- fr

iend

ly in

sect

icid

es to

ki

ll in

sect

vec

tors

Pow

dery

mild

ew

Soo

ty m

olds

Oid

ium

spp.

Aste

reni

a an

d M

elio

la

Obs

erve

sani

tatio

n; S

pray

Dith

ane

M-4

5 or

Cap

tan

emul

sion

ever

y 2

wee

ks; p

rope

r disp

osal

of i

nfec

ted

leav

es to

pre

vent

spre

adin

g of

di

seas

e

Obs

erve

sani

tatio

n; S

epar

ate

or

burn

infe

cted

par

ts; s

pray

env

iron-

men

t- fr

iend

ly in

sect

icid

es to

kill

in

sect

vec

tors

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

Po

wde

ry

mid

ew

Oid

ium

spp.

Avoi

d ov

ercr

owdi

ng in

the

nurs

ery;

spra

y an

y co

ntac

t fu

ngic

ide

once

infe

ctio

n is

obse

rved

Dieb

ack

Root

rot

Pest

s: p

inho

le

bore

r; ca

rpen

ter

ants

; sca

le in

sect

s;

mea

ly b

ug; l

eaf

defo

liato

rs; c

eram

-by

cid

bore

r

·Col

leto

tric

hum

·F

usar

ius s

pp.

·P

esta

lotia

spp.

Phe

llinu

s

noxi

ores

Avoi

d tr

ee in

jury

; if i

njur

ed, a

pply

fu

ngic

ide

in a

ffect

ed a

reas

Sele

ct g

ood

plan

tatio

n sit

e; p

lant

re

sista

nt tr

ees;

est

ablis

h m

ixed

pl

anta

tion;

avo

id w

ound

ing

the

root

s

Appl

y co

ntac

t ins

ectic

ide

to p

re-

vent

spre

ad o

f inf

esta

tion

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 4

. Pes

t and

Dis

ease

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies i

n th

e N

urse

ry c

ontin

ued.

..

107


HO

ST

NU

RSER

Y PL

ANTA

TIO

N

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

st &

b Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (D

C.) B

enth

. no

ne

none

no

ne

Gum

mos

is Fu

sariu

m o

x-ys

poru

m

Appl

y in

sect

icid

e to

kill

inse

cts t

hat c

ause

s in

jury

to th

e tr

ee

Albi

zia p

roce

ra

(Rox

b.) B

enth

.

Whi

te ro

t fun

gus

· Gan

oder

ma

luce

dera

O

bser

ve sa

nita

tion;

bur

n in

fest

ed ro

ots a

nd

stem

s; a

void

dam

age

or in

jury

to ro

ots a

nd

stem

s

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) St

eud.

Pow

dery

mid

ew

dise

ase

(Spa

uldi

ng,

1961

)

Phyl

lact

inia

gr

utta

ta

Re

mov

e an

d b

urn

the

affe

cted

leav

es. A

pply

or

spra

y Di

then

e N

-45,

Co

ysta

n an

d ot

her c

on-

tact

fung

icid

e.

Pow

dery

mid

ew d

iseas

e (S

paul

ding

, 196

1)

Hard

woo

ds h

eart

rot

Tru

nk ro

t

Phyl

lact

inia

gr

utta

ta

Fom

es ig

niar

ius

Poly

poru

ssul

-ph

ureu

s

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca

A. Ju

ss.

Sc

ale

inse

ct; l

eaf c

uttin

g;

tort

icid

mot

h an

d py

ralid

m

oth

Apni

diel

a or

ien-

talis

; Acr

omyr

-m

ex sp

p.;

Adox

ophy

sis a

nd

Hyps

iphy

la sp

.

Appl

y or

spra

y th

e le

aves

with

Bas

illus

th

urin

genu

s as b

iolo

gica

l con

trol

age

nt.

Spra

y in

sect

icide

s tha

t may

pre

vent

the

spre

ad o

f the

pes

ts.

Rem

ove

and

bur

n th

e af

fect

ed le

aves

. Ap

ply

or sp

ray

Dith

ene

N-4

5, C

oyst

an a

nd

othe

r con

tact

fung

icid

e.

Avoi

d in

jury

on

the

trun

k/st

em a

nd ro

ot

syst

em w

hich

serv

e as

the

entr

y of

the

path

ogen

s.

Avoi

d in

jury

on

the

trun

k/st

em a

nd ro

ot

syst

em w

hich

serv

e as

the

entr

y of

the

path

ogen

s.

108


HOST

N

URS

ERY

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

st &

b Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yr-

sus M

eiss

n.

Dam

ping

off

Pyth

ium

,

Phyt

opth

ora

and

Rh

izoct

omia

Ster

ilize

the

pott

ing

med

ium

for 4

ho

urs a

t 50-

90°C

to k

ill th

e fr

uitin

g st

ruct

ures

of t

he so

il-bo

rne

fung

i

Leaf

def

olia

tors

; Ste

mbo

rer;

and

Tuss

ock

mot

h on

flow

ers

Leuc

ocep

halis

er

rora

ta

(Phi

lippi

nes)

and

Pa

chno

da e

phip

-pi

ata

(Ken

ya);

Sahy

adra

ssis

mal

abar

icus

(Phi

lippi

nes)

Appl

y an

y in

sect

icid

e th

at

can

cont

ol th

e la

rval

stag

e of

th

e m

oth

and

leaf

def

olia

-to

rs

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

i-fo

lia L.

Da

mpi

ng o

ff Pi

fthiu

m,

Fu

sariu

m sp

p,

Rhizo

ctom

ia,

Sole

rotiu

m a

nd

Phyt

opth

ora.

Use

favo

rabl

e so

il an

d st

erili

ze fo

r 4

hrs a

t 80°

-90°

C Ga

ll ru

st o

f ago

ho a

nd R

oset

-tin

g of

ago

ho n

eedl

es

Viru

s or i

nsec

ts

Prun

e an

d bu

rn th

e in

fect

ed

plan

t par

ts. R

epla

ce th

e sp

ecie

s with

C. m

onta

na

whi

ch is

less

suce

ptib

le.

Leuc

aena

leuc

o-ce

phal

a (L

am.)

de

Wit.

Dam

ping

off

Co

lleto

trich

um

gleo

espo

rioid

es,

Fusa

rium

, Ph

oma.

Cha

e-to

miu

m a

nd

Dry

the

seed

s to

MC

of 6

-7%

bef

ore

the

stor

ing

the

seed

s in

the

refr

iger

a-to

r. So

ak th

e pr

etre

ated

seed

s in

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n of

Leaf

spot

Ca

mpt

omer

is le

ucae

nae

(S &

D

Sydo

w)

Spra

y an

y co

ntac

t fun

gici

de

at 3

g/li

ter o

f wat

er a

t bi

wee

kly

inte

rval

. Rem

ove

the

infe

cted

par

ts a

nd b

urn.

Clad

ospo

rium

cl

ados

porio

ids

Capt

on o

r DM

45

over

nigh

t bef

ore

sow

ing.

Coa

t the

seed

s with

fung

icid

e us

ing

durr

y m

etho

d an

d dr

y b

efor

e st

orag

e.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

.

Twig

die

bac

k, fo

liage

leaf

sp

ot a

nd le

af d

efol

iato

r U

nkno

wn

109


Ki

kuyo

▪Rus

t dise

ase

on le

aves

(G

ardn

er 1

980)

▪2

inse

cts d

amag

e th

is sp

ecie

s: S

phen

opho

rus

vent

us a

nd H

erpe

to-

gram

ma

licar

sical

is

Phak

opso

na

arod

a Sp

ray

any

syst

emec

fung

icid

e to

co

ntro

l the

spre

ad o

f the

dis-

ease

.

HOST

N

URS

ERY

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

st &

b Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Pipe

r adu

ncum

(l.)

Pith

ecel

lobi

um

dulc

e (R

oxb.

) Be

nth.

Rust

and

whi

te

leaf

spot

Ra

vene

lia p

ethe

-co

lobi

i Art

; Mi-

cros

tom

a pe

hte-

colo

bii

Appl

y su

stem

ic fu

ngic

ide

to c

ontr

ol

the

spre

ad o

f the

dise

ase.

Pi

nk d

iseas

e an

d ro

ot

rot

Cort

icum

sal-

mon

icolo

r and

Cl

itocy

be x

abes

-ce

ns (F

r) Br

es.

Obs

erve

sani

tatio

n. A

void

da

mag

e or

wou

nds o

n st

ems.

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

▪T

ree

harb

ors d

efol

iat-

ing

inse

cts (

Lepi

dopt

era

spec

ies)

▪S

hoot

bo

rer

Lepi

dopt

eron

in

sect

or m

oth

Spra

y an

y in

sect

icid

e to

inse

cts

that

att

ack

the

leav

es o

r sho

ot

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

Th

e fr

uit i

s sus

cept

ible

to

inse

ct p

est s

uch

as

frui

t flie

s, fr

uit w

orm

s an

d so

me

leaf

def

olia

-to

rs.

Frui

t flie

s

Lepi

dopt

eron

in

sect

Appl

y an

y in

sect

icid

e th

at c

an

prev

ent f

lies a

nd le

af d

efol

ia-

tors

110


HOST

N

URS

ERY

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Pest

& D

iseas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

st &

b Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

SHRU

B

Caja

nus c

ajan

Fu

sariu

m w

ilt,

Phyt

opth

ora

blig

ht, S

teril

ity

mos

aic

viru

s,

Rust

, Lea

f spo

t

Fusa

rium

Phyt

opth

ora

Rem

ove

and

burn

the

affe

cted

pla

nt

part

s. P

lant

resis

tant

var

ietie

s. S

pray

sy

stem

ic in

sect

icid

e to

pre

vent

dis-

ease

s spr

ead.

Gram

cat

erpi

llar,

red

gram

mot

h, p

od fl

y,

root

kno

t nem

atod

e,

stor

ed g

rain

Pl

ant r

esist

ant v

arie

ties.

Spa

ry

any

inse

ctic

ides

to c

ontr

ol th

e la

rval

stag

e w

hich

is th

e m

ost

dest

ruct

ive

stag

e in

the

life

cycl

e of

inse

cts.

Col

lect

onl

y th

e he

alth

y po

ds, d

ry p

rope

rly

up to

6%

MC

and

stor

ed a

t co

ol te

mpe

ratu

re.

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kr

ap. &

Gre

g.

Slug

s and

snai

ls ca

n be

a p

rob-

lem

and

may

re

quire

con

trol

vi

a pe

stic

ides

ba

its. C

hine

se

rose

bee

tles

may

bec

ome

a pr

oble

m la

ter

▪roo

t-le

sion

nem

atod

e

▪le

af sp

ot

Prat

ylen

chus

br

achy

urus

an

d M

ycos

phae

-re

lla sp

p. (C

ook)

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (L

.C.

Rich

.) Pr

uski

▪C

hew

ing

inse

cts,

mite

s an

d le

afho

pper

s

▪Lea

f spo

t and

root

rot

Ch

emic

al p

est c

ontr

ols a

re

only

reco

mm

ende

d fo

r sev

ere

infe

stat

ion.

111


SP

ECIE

S SI

TE P

REPA

RATI

ON

PL

ANTI

NG

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g pr

oced

ure

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Spac

es in

bet

wee

n ar

e fo

r le

gum

inou

s shr

ubs l

ike

pige

on p

ea; c

reep

ers l

ike

man

i-man

i and

pas

ture

cr

ops l

ike

styl

osan

thes

.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

La

rge

enou

gh to

acc

omm

o-da

te th

e se

edlin

gs in

4x6

pl

astic

bag

s and

soil

amen

d-m

ents

to b

e ad

ded

5 x

5 sp

acin

g as

exp

erie

nced

by

Atla

s Min

ing

Corp

ora-

tion.

Spac

es in

bet

wee

n ar

e fo

r le

gum

inou

s shr

ubs l

ike

pige

on p

ea; c

reep

ers l

ike

man

i-man

i and

pas

ture

cr

ops l

ike

styl

osan

thes

.

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

▪

If th

e sit

e is

over

burd

en,

flatt

en th

e ar

ea w

here

the

stak

e is

to p

lace

d fo

r the

ho

les t

o be

dug

.

Di

g th

e ho

le th

at c

an a

c-co

m-m

odat

e th

e se

edlin

g pl

ante

d in

4x6

bag

s and

the

tops

oil a

nd d

ried

orga

nic

mat

ter t

hat w

ill b

e fil

led

up

to th

e tr

ench

.

In th

e ca

se o

f ACM

DC a

t le

ast 3

0 cm

³ at 5

x5 sp

acin

g w

as d

ig a

nd th

is w

as

plan

ted

with

Aur

i /m

angi

um.

Spac

es in

bet

wee

n ar

e fo

r le

gum

inou

s shr

ubs l

ike

pige

on p

ea; c

reep

ers l

ike

man

i-man

i and

pas

ture

cr

ops l

ike

styl

osan

thes

.

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Be

nth.

La

y ou

t the

sele

cted

are

a.

Ho

le sh

ould

be

enou

gh to

ac

com

mod

ate

the

seed

lings

in

4x6

" pla

stic

bag

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r tha

t will

be

adde

d to

the

hole

bef

ore

outp

lant

ing.

2x2

and

.75

cubi

c m

eter

(3

m x

0.5

m x

0.5

m) a

nd

stag

gere

d tr

ench

es

(Ban

eajie

et a

l, 20

03)

Tota

lly re

mov

e th

e ba

g be

fore

pla

ntin

g. C

over

th

e se

edin

gs w

ith d

ried

orga

nic

mat

ter o

r a m

ix-

ture

of t

op so

il ta

ken

from

or

dina

ry g

arde

n so

il an

d dr

ied

orga

nic

mat

ter.

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) Ste

ud.

Clea

r bru

shin

g/st

rip c

lear

-in

g/sp

ot b

rush

ing

6

" x 6

" Sp

acin

g em

ploy

ed (u

nder

de

grad

ed c

ondi

tions

)

TREE

S

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 5

. Fie

ld P

lant

atio

n Cu

ltura

l Man

agem

ent T

echn

ique

s of S

peci

es S

uita

ble

for M

inin

g &

Vol

cani

c De

bris

-Lad

en A

reas

112


SPEC

IES

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TIN

G

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g pr

oced

ure

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s. If

the

spec

ies i

s to

be

plan

ted

in sl

opy

area

s,

prov

ide

soil

cons

erva

tion

mea

sure

s suc

h as

con

tour

pl

antin

g, te

rrac

ing

or h

edge

ro

ws t

o co

unte

r ero

sion.

A

30x3

0x30

cm h

oles

is

reco

mm

ende

d to

be

fille

d up

with

farm

man

ure,

co

mpo

st a

nd to

p so

il m

ix-

ture

s.

A sp

acin

g of

2x2

m is

re

com

men

-ded

for t

his

kind

of s

ite.

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

La

y ou

ting

and

stak

ing

of

the

site

Hole

s sho

uld

be la

rge

enou

gh to

acc

omm

odat

e he

dr

ied

OM

that

will

repl

ace

the

subs

oil a

nd t

opso

il an

d th

e se

edlin

gs to

be

plan

ted

2x

2 sp

acin

g w

ill b

e us

ed.

Com

plet

e re

mov

al o

f pla

stic

ba

g be

fore

pla

ntin

g.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Flat

ten

first

the

site

to e

ase

in th

e la

y ou

ting

M

ake

hole

s whi

ch c

an

acco

mm

odat

e th

e ge

rmi-

nant

s in

4x6

bags

and

oth

er

soil

amen

dmen

ts to

be

adde

d

2 x

2 sp

acin

g is

to b

e ap

plie

d fo

r the

imm

edi-

ate

effe

ct o

n de

grad

ed

soil

Rem

ove

the

bags

com

-pl

etel

y be

fore

pla

ntin

g th

e se

edlin

gs in

the

hole

s.

Cove

r the

seed

lngs

with

the

tops

oil a

nd a

pply

muc

hing

m

ater

ial t

o pr

even

t dry

ing

of th

e ne

wly

tran

spla

nted

se

edlin

gs.

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(L

am.)

de W

it.

0.25

m x

0.2

5m x

0.2

5m o

r de

pend

ing

upon

the

dept

h of

the

min

ed o

ut o

verb

ur-

den

whi

ch c

an a

ccom

mo-

date

the

seed

lings

and

the

tops

oil a

nd so

il am

end-

men

ts.

2 x

2 m

spac

ing

113


SP

ECIE

S SI

TE P

REPA

RATI

ON

PL

ANTI

NG

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g pr

oced

ure

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Th

e sit

e pr

epar

atio

n w

ill

follo

w th

e AC

MDC

pro

toco

l w

here

in tr

ench

es w

ere

dig

at 1

m x

0.5

m x

0.3

m, t

op

soil

plus

farm

man

ure

wer

e fil

ed u

p in

tren

ches

bef

ore

plan

ting.

Out

plan

ting

is us

ually

don

e on

the

onse

t of r

ainy

seas

on. R

emov

e th

e ba

g co

mpl

etel

y be

fore

the

plan

ting

the

seed

lings

.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(R

oxb.

) Ben

th. v

ar a

cidum

(K

orth

) de

Wit.

Get s

oil s

ampl

e fo

r phy

sical

an

d ch

emic

al a

naly

sis.

Lay

out a

nd st

akin

g of

the

site

are

done

for f

lat a

reas

bu

t for

ove

rbur

den

sites

fla

tten

ing

of th

e ar

ea

shou

ld b

e do

ne fi

rst b

efor

e la

yout

ing.

The

size

of th

e ho

le d

e-pe

nds o

n th

e siz

e of

bag

s us

ed in

the

nurs

ery

and

the

amou

nt o

f top

soil

and

soil

amel

iora

tion

to b

e ad

ded

or

fille

d up

in th

e ho

le.

5 x

5 m

spac

ing

for t

rees

. O

utpl

ant o

n th

e on

set o

f rai

ny se

ason

. Re

mov

e th

e pl

astic

com

plet

ely.

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h.

To h

eavi

ly c

ompa

cted

flat

ar

eas p

low

abo

ut 1

5 cm

de

ep, 2

cm

apa

rt fi

ll w

ith

gard

en so

il an

d dr

ied

farm

m

anur

e th

en p

lant

ka

mac

hile

, cre

eper

s/vi

nes

i.e. k

udzu

, lam

bayo

ng a

nd

Calo

pogn

ium

. (Ya

o, 2

001)

Ap

ply

50 g

(14-

14-1

4) c

ompl

ete

fert

il-ize

r/ho

le m

ix it

with

the

top

soil

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r. To

tally

rem

ove

the

plas

tic b

ag o

utpl

antin

g, C

over

the

root

syst

em fi

rmly

with

the

mix

ture

of

the

med

ium

.

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

Flat

ten

first

the

site

to e

ase

in th

e la

y ou

ting

Put s

take

s for

eas

e in

the

holin

g pr

epar

atio

n.

2x

2

The

dept

h of

the

hole

dep

ends

on

the

size

of th

e pl

astic

bag

and

the

amou

nt

of a

mel

iora

tion

to b

e ad

ded

afte

r the

re

mov

al o

f the

min

ed o

ut (t

op a

nd su

b so

il).

114


SPEC

IES

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TIN

G

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g pr

oced

ure

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

St

akes

will

be

in-

stal

led

in b

etw

een

dist

ance

for e

ase

in

site

prep

arat

ion

or in

ho

ling.

Hole

s sho

uld

be la

rge

enou

gh to

ac

com

mod

ate

the

seed

lings

pl

ante

d in

4x6

pla

stic

bag

.

2 x

2 Pl

antin

g is

usua

lly d

one

on th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on.

Tota

lly re

mov

e th

e pl

astic

bag

and

ca

refu

lly p

lant

the

seed

lings

. Pro

vide

mul

chin

g m

ater

ials

to c

over

the

new

ly o

utpl

ante

d se

ed-

lings

to p

reve

nt d

ryin

g up

and

max

imize

soil

moi

stur

e ne

eded

by

the

seed

lings

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. La

yout

the

site

whe

re

outp

lant

ing

is to

be

done

us

ing

5x5

spac

ing

Flat

tene

d th

e ar

ea

and

plac

e st

akes

at

5x5

m sp

acin

g

Dig

hole

s or t

renc

h w

hich

can

ac

com

mod

ate

the

seed

lings

pl

ante

d in

4x6

" pla

stic

bag

s

5 x

5 Pl

antin

g is

usua

lly d

one

on th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on.

Tota

lly re

mov

e th

e pl

astic

bag

and

ca

refu

lly p

lant

the

seed

lings

. Pro

vide

mul

chin

g m

ater

ials

to c

over

the

new

ly o

utpl

ante

d se

ed-

lings

to p

reve

nt d

ryin

g up

and

max

imize

soil

moi

stur

e ne

eded

by

the

seed

lings

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.)

Blum

e.

For o

verb

urde

n so

ils, p

ut

stak

es a

nd fl

atte

ned,

the

plac

e w

here

tren

ches

are

to

be m

ade.

5 x

5 O

utpl

antin

g is

done

on

the

onse

t of r

ainy

sea-

son.

Rem

ove

the

bag

com

plet

ely

befo

re p

lant

ing

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m.

and

Mill

. Pr

epar

e th

e sit

e de

pend

ing

on th

e ki

nd o

f min

ed o

ut

area

s; if

ove

rbur

den

flat-

tene

d th

e ar

ea b

efor

e st

akin

g

Ho

les d

epen

d on

the

size

of th

e ba

g us

ed in

the

nurs

ery

and

the

amou

nt o

f top

soil

or so

il am

end-

men

t to

be a

dded

.

Pl

ant o

n th

e on

set o

f rai

ny se

ason

, Rem

ove

the

plas

tic b

ag b

efor

e pl

antin

g. C

over

the

seed

lings

pr

oper

ly w

ith th

e m

ediu

m.

115


SP

ECIE

S PL

ANTI

NG

CA

RE &

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

amen

dmen

ts

TREE

S

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Ap

ply

30 g

com

plet

e (N

PK).

Cove

r the

se

edlin

gs fu

lly w

ith to

p so

il. P

ut 6

cm

m

ulch

ing

mat

eria

l to

cons

erve

soil

moi

s-tu

re (Y

ao, 2

001)

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

Pl

ant d

urin

g th

e st

art o

f rai

ny

seas

on.

Appl

y 30

g c

ompl

ete

(NPK

). Co

ver t

he

seed

lings

fully

with

top

soil.

Put

6 c

m

mul

chin

g m

ater

ial t

o co

nser

ve so

il m

ois-

ture

(Yao

, 200

1)

Mak

e pe

riodi

c ob

serv

atio

n on

pes

t or d

iseas

e oc

curr

ence

, w

eeds

/ vin

es th

at m

ay c

reep

on

the

stem

of t

he se

edlin

g.

Appl

y an

y en

viro

nmen

t frie

ndly

pes

ticid

e w

hen

infe

sta-

tion

is se

vere

.

Albi

zia le

bbek

oide

s (DC

.) Be

nth.

O

utpl

ant o

n th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on

Appl

y 30

g c

ompl

ete

(NPK

). Co

ver t

he

seed

lings

fully

with

top

soil.

Put

6 c

m

mul

chin

g m

ater

ial t

o co

nser

ve so

il m

ois-

ture

(Yao

, 200

1)

▪ Obs

erve

clo

sely

the

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es

sepa

rate

the

infe

cted

seed

lings

whi

ch m

ay se

rve

as th

e so

urce

s of i

nocu

lum

▪

App

ly a

ny e

nviro

nmen

t fr

iend

ly p

estic

ide

in th

e ca

se o

f sev

ere

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

t an

d di

seas

e.

Albi

zia p

roce

ra (R

oxb.

) Ben

th.

Plan

ting

shou

ld b

e do

ne o

n th

e on

set o

f rai

ny se

ason

Ap

ply

20 g

VAM

and

20

g/pH

Rhi

zobi

um

in th

e ce

nter

of t

he h

ole

(Ban

eajie

et a

l, 20

03).

Clos

e m

onito

ring

of c

ompe

titiv

e w

eeds

, pes

ts a

nd d

is-ea

ses i

n pl

anta

tion

shou

ld b

e do

ne d

urin

g dr

y se

ason

, m

ulch

ing

usin

g dr

ied

wee

ds/g

rass

es sh

ould

be

done

to

min

imize

soil

moi

stur

e lo

st a

nd d

ryin

g of

tran

spla

nted

se

edlin

g.

Alnu

s jap

onica

/ m

ariti

ma

(Thu

mb.

) St

eud.

m

orni

ng o

r aft

erno

on

Ri

ng w

eedi

ng a

ctiv

ity (m

etho

ds a

nd fr

eque

ncy)

; de

pend

-in

g on

the

plan

ting

site

as n

eed

arise

s. M

ulch

ing/

116


SPEC

IES

PLAN

TIN

G

CARE

& M

AIN

TEN

ANCE

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e Ti

min

g So

il am

endm

ents

Azio

dira

chta

indi

ca A

. Jus

s. O

n th

e on

set o

f rai

ny se

ason

Fi

ve to

10g

fert

ilize

r (co

mpl

ete)

can

be

add

ed in

the

mix

ture

bef

ore

plan

ting.

Perio

dic

visit

atio

n is

requ

ired

to m

onito

r the

gro

wth

and

su

rviv

al o

f new

ly p

lant

ed se

edlin

gs. R

epla

ntin

g sh

ould

be

done

onc

e de

ad se

edlin

gs a

re o

bser

ved.

Thi

s is u

sual

ly

done

one

mon

th a

fter

out

plan

ting

usin

g th

e le

ftov

er

seed

lings

of t

he sa

me

size

in th

e nu

rser

y. O

bser

vatio

n of

pe

sts a

nd d

iseas

es o

ccur

renc

e sh

ould

also

be

done

to

Calli

andr

a ca

loth

yrsu

s Mei

ssn.

Pl

ant o

n th

e on

set o

f the

rain

y se

ason

.

Plac

e an

y av

aila

ble

drie

d m

ulch

ing

mat

eria

ls (6

cm) t

o co

nser

ve so

il m

oist

ure.

If w

ater

syst

em is

ava

ilabl

e w

ater

th

e se

edlin

gs d

urin

g th

e lo

ng d

ry se

ason

. Rem

ove

the

nativ

e vi

ne o

r cre

eper

s tha

t wer

e in

trod

uced

in th

e ar

ea

whi

ch m

ay c

ling

to th

e m

ain

stem

of t

he tr

ee sp

ecie

s.

Obs

erve

te o

ccur

renc

e of

pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es p

erio

dica

lly.

Appl

y an

y en

viro

nmen

t frie

ndly

pes

ticid

es to

pre

vent

/

Casu

arin

a eq

uisit

ifolia

L.

Plan

ting

on th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on

Cl

ose

mon

itorin

g of

com

petit

ive

wee

ds/g

rass

es o

ccur

-re

nce

of p

ests

and

dise

ases

will

be

done

. See

dlin

gs m

or-

talit

y w

ill a

lso b

e m

onito

red

to e

nsur

e th

at im

med

iate

re

plac

emen

t will

be

done

.

Gliri

cidi

a se

pium

(Jac

q.)

Steu

d.

Out

plan

t on

the

onse

t of r

ainy

se

ason

Fa

rm m

anur

e an

d to

psoi

l fro

m

othe

r are

as

Clos

e m

onito

ring

of p

est a

nd d

iseas

es, a

pplic

atio

n of

m

ulch

in c

ase

of lo

ng d

ry se

ason

and

wat

erin

g of

the

outp

lant

ed se

edlin

gs.

117


SP

ECIE

S PL

ANTI

NG

CA

RE &

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

amen

dmen

ts

Leuc

aena

leuc

ocep

hala

(Lam

.) de

W

it.

Plan

t in

the

onse

t of r

ainy

seas

on

Appl

y an

y av

aila

ble

mul

chin

g m

ate-

rials

in th

e ar

ea. A

pply

farm

ma-

nure

.

Obs

erve

the

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es p

erio

di-

cally

. Rem

ove

any

gras

ses a

nd w

eeds

that

clin

g to

the

grow

ing

seed

lings

whi

ch c

an a

ffect

the

grow

th o

f the

pl

ant.

Appl

y an

y pe

stic

ide

thay

may

pre

vent

the

spre

ad o

f pe

sts a

nd d

iseas

es in

the

field

.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Co

mpl

ete

fert

ilize

r (14

-14-

14) a

t 50

g/pl

ant i

s app

lied

durin

g th

e ou

tpla

ntin

g (Y

ao, 2

001)

Mul

chin

g (Y

ao, 2

001)

Use

the

avai

labl

e m

ulch

ing

mat

eria

l in

the

area

such

as d

ried

leav

es,

gras

ses e

tc. I

f pos

sible

the

mat

eria

l sho

uld

be 6

cm

thic

k to

real

ly c

onse

rve

the

soil

moi

stur

e.

Pilio

stig

ma

mal

abar

icum

(Rox

b.)

Bent

h. v

ar a

cidum

(Kor

th) d

e W

it.

If

fert

ilize

r is t

o ap

plie

d pu

t the

co

mpl

ete

fert

ilize

r (50

g/ho

le, A

tlas

Min

e) m

ix it

with

the

fille

d so

il an

d fa

rm h

umus

then

pla

nt th

e se

ed-

lings

.

Afte

r the

out

plan

ting

put a

ny a

vaila

ble

mul

chin

g m

ater

i-al

s (6

cm d

ried

leav

es, g

rass

es e

tc) t

o co

nser

ve so

il m

ois-

ture

. Obs

erve

the

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

e pe

ri-od

ical

ly. R

emov

e th

e in

fect

ed se

edlin

gs a

nd b

urn.

Pith

ecel

lobi

um d

ulce

(Rox

b.) B

enth

. Pl

ant o

n th

e on

set o

f the

rain

y se

ason

.

Mak

e a

perio

dic

obse

rvat

ion

on th

e oc

curr

ence

of c

om-

petit

ive

wee

ds th

at m

ay c

reep

the

trun

k an

d br

anch

es

and

tree

s, p

ests

and

dise

ases

and

surv

ival

of s

eedl

ings

.

Pter

ocar

pus i

ndicu

s Will

d.

On

the

onse

t of t

he ra

iny

seas

on,

Cl

ose

mon

itorin

g of

pes

t and

dise

ases

, wee

ds a

nd v

ines

th

at m

ay a

ffect

the

grow

th o

f see

dlin

gs sh

ould

be

care

-fu

lly o

bser

ved.

Rem

ove

any

plan

t par

ts w

hich

are

infe

sted

118


SPEC

IES

PLAN

TIN

G

CARE

& M

AIN

TEN

ANCE

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e Ti

min

g So

il am

endm

ents

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) M

err.

Plan

ting

on th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on

Drie

d O

M o

r far

m m

anur

e is

adde

d to

the

top

soil

Visit

the

outp

lant

ed se

edlin

gs p

erio

dica

lly a

nd m

onito

r th

e pe

sts a

nd d

iseas

es o

ccur

renc

e. A

pply

any

env

iron-

men

t frie

ndly

pes

ticid

es o

nce

pest

s and

dise

ases

are

ob

serv

ed to

pre

vent

out

brea

k in

pla

ntat

ion

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

. Pl

antin

g on

the

onse

t of r

ainy

se

ason

W

ith to

p so

il, d

ried

hum

us o

r or-

gani

c m

atte

r. Cl

ose

mon

itor t

he g

row

th a

nd su

rviv

al o

f the

out

plan

ted

seed

lings

and

also

the

pres

ence

of c

ompe

titiv

e w

eeds

, pe

sts a

nd d

iseas

es. R

epla

nt im

med

iate

ly o

nce

dead

pla

nt

is ob

serv

ed. W

ater

the

seed

lings

dur

ing

long

sum

mer

m

onth

s. P

rovi

de m

ulck

(6 c

m th

ick)

to c

onse

rve

soil

moi

stur

e.

Trem

a or

ient

alis

(Lin

n.) B

lum

e.

Plan

ting

on th

e on

set o

f rai

ny

seas

on

Cl

ose

mon

itor t

he o

ccur

renc

e of

pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m. a

nd M

ill.

Obs

erve

the

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es p

erio

di-

cally

. Rem

ove

any

sour

ce o

f inf

esta

tion

in th

e ar

ea a

nd

burn

so a

s not

to sp

read

in th

e pl

anta

tion.

119


SP

ECIE

S SI

TE P

REPA

RATI

ON

PL

ANTI

NG

CA

RE &

M

AIN

TEN

ANCE

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e Cl

earin

g St

akin

g Ho

le si

ze

Spac

ing

Plan

ting

proc

edur

e Ti

min

g So

il am

endm

ents

GRA

SS

Kiku

yo

By p

lant

ing

out s

ec-

tions

of r

unne

rs, o

r by

sow

ing

seed

s (ra

re

spec

ies w

ith se

eds)

, rh

izom

es a

nd st

olon

cu

ttin

g

Bam

busa

blu

-m

eana

40

cm

x 5

0 cm

x 4

0 cm

O

nset

of r

ainy

seas

on

Vetiv

era

ziza

ni-

oide

s

20c

m d

epth

8cm

be-

twee

n sli

ps

at 0

.25-

0.50

m b

et.

hedg

es.

Plan

t in

singl

e lin

e he

dges

with

cas

h cr

ops p

lant

ed in

the

alle

ys (W

oodh

ead

&

Chau

haly

) Atr

ifici

al

terr

aces

wer

e cu

t int

o th

e su

bsoi

l and

w

eath

ered

rock

s w

ere

plan

ted

with

ve

tiver

(Hill

, R.)

Stem

cu

ttin

gs w

ith tw

o no

des e

ach

are

Saw

dust

and

pig

m

anur

e

Trea

ted

with

IAA

120


SPEC

IES

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TIN

G

CARE

&

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g pr

oced

ure

Tim

ing

Soil

amen

dmen

ts

SHRU

B

Tith

onia

div

ersif

olia

M

ake

hole

s th

at c

an

acco

m-

mod

ate

the

top

soil

and

soil

amen

d-m

ents

to b

e ad

ded.

For h

edge

ro

ws 3

0 x

30 c

m

spac

ing

will

be

app

lied

Caja

nus c

ajan

Di

g tr

ench

es

0.3

x 0.

5 m

th

en fi

ll th

e tr

ench

es

with

top

soil

and

drie

d fa

rm m

anur

e

Pl

ant a

t 15

cm d

is-ta

nce

apar

t in

a ro

w

and

2 m

bet

wee

n lo

wer

and

upp

er

slope

. Dril

l oth

er

past

ure

and

fora

ge

crop

s in

betw

een

tren

ches

or r

ows f

or

an e

arly

soil

form

a-tio

n in

the

area

.

Obs

erve

the

surv

ival

of

pla

nts a

nd o

ccur

-re

nce

of p

est a

nd

dise

ase

in th

e ar

ea.

Repl

ant u

sing

the

left

ov

er se

edlin

gs w

hen

deat

h se

edlin

gs a

re

note

d.

121


SP

ECIE

S SI

TE P

REPA

RATI

ON

PL

ANTI

NG

CA

RE &

M

AIN

TEN

ANCE

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e Cl

earin

g St

akin

g Ho

le si

ze

Spac

ing

Plan

ting

proc

edur

e Ti

min

g So

il am

endm

ents

CREE

PER

Arac

his p

into

i Kra

p.

& G

reg.

Cutt

ings

sh

ould

be

4-8

inch

es lo

ng

and

part

ially

bu

ried

3-5

inch

es d

eep

in so

il in

pot

s or

pre

pare

d se

edbe

d.

Fo

r qui

ck

soil

cove

r, pl

ant c

ut-

tings

10-

15

inch

es

apar

t. Do

no

t allo

w

cutt

ings

to

dry

out

befo

re,

durin

g or

af

ter p

lant

-in

g

It ca

n be

est

ablis

hed

by se

ed, b

y cu

ttin

g or

by

stol

ons.

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (L

.C. R

ich.)

Prus

ki

Root

ed c

uttin

gs o

r pl

ants

in c

onta

iner

s sh

ould

be

esta

blish

ed

on 2

4-30

inch

cen

-te

rs, U

nroo

ted

tip

cutt

ings

shou

ld b

e se

t 4-

8 in

ches

apa

rt a

nd

kept

moi

st u

ntil

esta

blish

ed.

Tim

e to

cov

erag

e is

long

er w

ith u

nroo

ted

cutt

ings

.

122


Appendix Table 6. Inert Materials Functions

123


A. Material

1. Erosion Control Net (CGN 700) 77.00 sq m 3 231.00

2. Coco Fiber Roll (CGR 300) 330.00 m 1 330.00

3. Coco Fiber Roll (CGR 100) 160.00 m 1 160.00

4. Coco Fiber Roll (CGM 250) 35.00 sq m 1 35.00

5. Bamboo Pegs 2.50 pc 9 22.50

6. Nylon Rope #7 2.00 m 0.5 1.00

7. Nylon Rope #9 4.00 m 2.5 10.00

8. Boulders/Stones 650.00 cu m 0.25 162.50

9. Live Post 12.00 pc 4 162.50

Sub – total 1,114.50

B. Planting Materials

10. Water Grass (Cyperus sp.) 7.00 pc 3 21.00

11. Vetiver Grass 3.50 pc 15 52.50

Sub –total 157.50

TOTAL 1,272.00

VAT (10% of material cost) 127.20

TOTAL MATERIAL COST 1,399.20

C. Labor

12. Installation Cost (30% of Material Cost 419.76

13. Cleaning, Grubbing, Leveling, etc. 150.00 m 1 150.00

VAT (10% of labor cost) 56.98 TOTAL LABOR COST 626.74

D. Supervision (5% of Total Cost) 101.30

VAT (10% of Supervision Cost) 10.13

TOTAL SUPERVISION COST 111.43

TOTAL PER METER COST 2,137.36

Appendix Table 7. Cost Analysis of Coco coir Technology

124


Appendix Plate 1. Cocomat Application and Installation Techniques.

125


A RESEARCH COMPENDIUM FOR MINING AND VOLCANIC DEBRIS-LADEN AREAS

COMPENDIUM SYNTHESIZERS

EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO Program Leader

AIDA C. BAJA - LAPIS MARIA dP. DAYAN

Project Leaders

ERDB COMPENDIUM COMPILERS

PAUL J. CUADRA

MARIA THERESA A. DELOS REYES

NORMA R. PABLO

DOLORA B. BANDIAN

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources

College, Laguna 4031

May 2010

FOR MINING AND VOLCANIC DEBRIS-LADEN...

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