FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS - Department of...

Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas

REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL &

DEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES

A Research CompendiumA Research CompendiumA Research Compendium FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREASFOR DAMAGED URBAN AREASFOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau


A RESEARCH COMPENDIUM FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS

COMPENDIUM SYNTHESIZERS

EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO Program Leader

RHODORA M. RIMANDO

Project Leader

ERDB COMPENDIUM COMPILERS

CARMELITA M. MOJICA

LYDIA P. PADER

REBECCA P. ARCILLAS

ELPIDIO F. RIMANDO

LAURO B. RUEDA

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources

College, Laguna 4031

May 2010


i

FOREWORD

The urban ecosystem had been pressured by rapid rate of air, water and land pollution coupled by thermal heat, hazardous waste generation and reduced greenery areas. This was brought about by accelerated urbanization giving rise to industrialization, population influx and increased infrastructure development. These besetting problems in urban ecosystem contributed a high percentage in the so-called climate change or global warming. This compendium therefore has been designed for urban environmental managers who are in search for solutions in addressing these various problems.

Information on the most appropriate rehabilitation techniques

however, is scanty. The much-needed research-based data are generally scat-tered in different government agencies, private organizations, colleges and uni-versities. There is only a need to gather, integrate, and consolidate these large bodies of scientific knowledge and verify the technologies under certain envi-ronmentally-stressed site conditions.

Hence, it is envisioned that the application of the technologies

presented in this compendium will be instrumental in the recovery and management of the damaged urban ecosystem for the provision of a safe and productive environmental life for urban people.

MARCIAL C. AMARO, JR. CESO III

Director


PREFACE

This Research Compendia on Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration R & D Technologies for various Ecosystems was published through the efforts of the Ecosystems Research Development Bureau and its regional research field counterparts, i.e. Ecosystems Research and Development Sectors. Research information was gathered from all Regions including those from recent books and the internet. Ecosystems studied include: critical watersheds, degraded mine waste areas, volcanic debris laden areas, marginal grasslands and uplands, damaged urban and coastal sites.

While research and technology information generated in the past years

have proliferated, the changing needs of time require that recent technologies be collated, integrated, analyzed and synthesized as a basis of decision-making in verifying the effectiveness and efficiency of said technologies. Managers and developers particularly in degraded areas need vital source of broad set of information from which to choose from. This manual hopes to be a meaningful guide to hasten rehabilitation efforts in these areas.

EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO, Ph. D. National Program Leader/Coordinator Rehabilitation Banner Program

ii


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Project Leader would like to extend gratitude and appreciation for the participation, support and assistance extended by various agencies and group of people, namely:

The ERDB for the funds provided to pursue this research undertaking; To Dr. Adeluisa G. Siapno, and Marcial C. Amaro Jr., ERDB Directors for

their support in the conduct of this undertaking and encouragement for the completion of this compendium;

Forester Levi V. Florido, Chief, GDAERD and Dr. Evangeline T. Castillo,

National Technical Coordinator and Program Leader for their unwavering technical guidance and editing;

Ms. Carmelita M. Mojica, Lauro B. Rueda, Lydia P. Pader, Rebecca P.

Arcillas and Elpidio F. Rimando for their diligent assistance; Mr. Marvin C. Azicate, NCR- focal person and technical staff for providing

substantial information on rehabilitation of damaged urban sites; The staff of various agencies in Metro Manila for allowing us to visit their

sites; and Ms. Celeste R. Gonzaga for the editing job. Finally, to Marita W. Briz, Natalia P. de Leon, Famela J. Bonsol, Christian

Noel M. Dotimas, Maila P. Melodillar, and Maria Aurora G. Gutierrez for their assistance in the final reproduction of these Compendia.

RHODORA M. RIMANDO, Ph.D. Project Leader

iii


TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i PREFACE ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES viii INTRODUCTION 1 PROBLEMS IN URBAN ECOSYSTEM 3 Urban Greening 3 Water Pollution 4 Waste Management 7 Air Pollution 8 REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES 9 Urban Greening Problem 9 Rehabilitation Schemes for Open Areas 9 Urban Greening Schemes for Roads and 10

Highways

Urban Greening Strategies for Parks 10 Greening Strategies for Greenbelts 11 Restoration and Greening of a Closed Dumpsite 12

Planting and Maintenance 13

Rehabilitation Schemes to Abate Water Pollution 15

Major Treatment Stages Used For Waste Water 15 Disposal

Land Sewage Disposal System 25 Phytoremediation Technology for Stream and 25 Riverbank Stabilization Bioremediation Technology for Lakes, Ponds and 26 Streams The Muntinlupa City Waste Water Treatment 27 Facility as Model Technology to Study Water Quality of Surface 30 Water Bodies

Bioassay of Textile Effluent 30

iv


Waste Management Schemes 31

Industrial Waste Management Schemes 31 Municipal Waste Management Schemes 33 Managing Solid Wastes through Advanced 36 Pyrolysis System The Quezon City Controlled Waste Management 37 Facility as Model The Payatas Methane Gas Generation Technology 39 Phytoremediation Technology on Dumpsite 40 The MMDA’s Unified Approach on Solid Waste 40 Management Management of Wastes in Barangay Molino V, 42 Bacoor, Cavite The Kleensmoke Burner Technology 43

Air Pollution Rehabilitation Schemes and Technology 44

Scrubber System Air Pollution Control Devices 44 Mitigating Odors in Landfill and Garbage Dumps 46 Phytoremediation Technology to Minimize Air Pollution 47 Technology to Determine the Concentration of 48

Lead in Blood of Individuals Regularly Exposed to Motor Vehicle Emissions

Technology to Analyze the Pollution Uptake of 48 A. mangium and A. auriculiformis

REFERENCES 50 APPENDICES 55

v


List of Figures

Page

1 Polluted river due to illegal waste dumping and inefficient sewage collection along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila

4

2 The presence of illegal settlers as shown through numerous

houses and factories built along the riverbanks of Manila Domestic Airport is a waste management problem that needs to be addressed by the government. Their wastes go directly to the river causing water pollution.

5

3 Dirty sewage coming from the wet market and eatery sec-

tion along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila. 5

4 A sample of illegal waste dumping on the street in Las Piñas,

Metro Manila 7

5 Before, this bare area which was more or less 1000 m2 was

once upon a time a dumping site of garbage materials in San Juan, Rizal

12

6 Squatters living in the surrounding area in were relocated

and wastes were removed prior to the starting of the project 12

7 For initial planting, the perimeter areas were planted with Bandera española. Used vehicle tires were employed as tree guards or pots for ornamentals.

12

8 This was how the used tires were utilized. 12

9 The former dumpsite now becomes a mini botanical garden 12

10 For urban greening, shrubs, vines and grasses were em-

ployed in the concrete structures of the building at the NAIA, Metro Manila

14

11 Vines and climbing plants were used to rehabilitate and to

beautify open walls in NCR 14

vi


12 Palms, ornamental plants, shrubs and grasses were used to landscape roadsides in NCR

14

13 Shrubs, ornamental plants and grasses were used to land-

scape the facade and walkway in South Luzon Expressway 14

14 Garbage trap for collecting waste materials along the rivers

in NCR 15

15 Early stage of bamboo planting to rehabilitate various rivers

in NCR (Sagip-ilog project) 25

16 Full grown species of bamboo could be seen along the river-

sides in NCR as a phytoremediation technology in the Sagip-ilog project

25

17 The Muntinlupa public market waste water treatment sys-tem

29

18

19

The Quezon City controlled waste management facility Before, this was how the streets along the Payatas open dumpsite in Quezon City, Metro Manila looked like. Wastes were dumped everywhere

37

38

20 After the conversion program, a perimeter fence was put up, so that the wastes are controlled within the perimetered area

48

21 At least 0.60 m of soil is being applied to the wastes at the

end of each working day. The soil was then compacted to minimize the production of leachate, to control odor and to prevent the proliferation of flies, rats and other vermins

38

22 Summary of the conversion program 39

List of Figures

Page

vii


LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix Table Page 1 Common & Scientific Names of Recommended Plant Species for Urban Areas 56

2 Biophysical Requirements of Species 58 Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation

3 Seed Technologies for Various Species 69

Suitable for Rehabilitation of Urban Areas. 4 Nursery Techniques and other Cultural 78

Management Practices of Species Suitable for Rehabilitation of Urban Areas.

5 Pest and Disease Control Strategies in the Nursery 85 and Plantation for Species Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation

6 Field Plantation Cultural Management Techniques 94

of Species Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation.

viii


INTRODUCTION

Urban areas are characterized by their high concentration of popula-tion and intensive human activities in a relatively small land area particularly, in big towns and cities. The urban ecosystem has very high economic, political and social importance. Urban areas play a major role in transforming resources into useful goods and services that contribute to national economic production. They affect both local and regional environments because of the concentration of consumption of goods and generation of wastes in one area. Urbanization invariably results in high per capita consumption rates that, in turn, cause higher demand for natural resources and more environmental risks.

In the process of development, urban areas are the first to be

industrialized. As factories and manufacturing firms are established, more people are attracted to converge in these areas for employment and for improvement of socio-economic status.

The build up of transportation facilities in urban areas grow rapidly

thru the years. Metro Manila has an estimated close to a million motor vehicles operating which spew tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide daily into the air, aside from the noise pollution produced by engines and horns. The 8 million commuters who use up space and litter into streets aggravate the stressed environment.

In the 20th century the ever-increasing population of major cities in the

Philippines, particularly Metro Manila, placed greater pressures on the environment. Metropolitan Cebu is another crowded city which has more than 18,000 registered business establishments (DENR, 1990). Today, there are about 15,000 industrial firms in the country and 69% of these are situated in Metro Manila. The transport and industrial sectors both contribute approximately 40% to 60% of pollution load.

Inefficient sewage collection and water pollution aggravate the envi-

ronmental problems as huge discharge of untreated wastewater from domestic and industries have rendered major rivers in the metropolis biologically dead. At present, an average Filipino generates 35-70 g of sewage per day and 640-1,600 g/person of solid waste per day. In Metro Manila alone, 6,169 tons of wastes are generated every day (Reyes 2007) which is enough to fill 1,500 dump truck trips per day. From the total volume of trash generated 1,500 tons daily is dumped illegally on private lands, rivers, creeks, and in Manila Bay, while other wastes are openly burned. In Rodriguez and Payatas waste sites, 76 kgs of arse-nic are released annually into water bodies surrounding Metro manila.

1


A major problem besetting the inland waters is the infiltration of the leachate or “garbage juice” brought about by open and controlled dumping. Leachate emanates from bacterial decomposition of garbage eventually contaminating bodies of water used for fishing, swimming, drinking, agriculture, industry and other domestic needs.

Likewise, groundwater can also pose serious threats, in terms of its

quality and quantity. Since 1995, the groundwater table in Metro Manila was estimated to recede at an accelerating rate of 5-12 m/year which has led to saltwater intrusion in a two-kilometer coastal strip extending from Cavite to Navotas-Malabon (DENR-MEIP, 1992 as cited by World Bank 2000).

Flooding also affects about 1.9 million people and inflicts losses of

about PhP900 million per year. Almost 7% of Metro Manila (about 44 km2) is prone to flooding. Mostly affected are medium and highly dense residential districts. Flooding occurs as a result of poor drainage system. In river systems, easement of encroachment is a common problem. This is aggravated by the presence of informal settlers and business establishments along riverbanks.

Air quality of Metro Manila and its vicinities are alarming. Fine

particulate emissions result in about 2,000 premature deaths and 9,000 cases of chronic bronchitis in the country’s four largest urban areas annually. Emissions of pollutants were largely blamed on public buses, jeepneys, utility vehicles, trucks, and motorcycles; 70% of air pollutants are attributed to motor vehicles (Reyes, 2007) and 30% to stationary sources (industries).

Likewise, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose a risk on human

beings and the environment. Pesticides, industrial chemicals, and unintentional by-products from the emissions of incinerators from hospital wastes, municipal wastes and from dioxins as by-products of processes used by metal smelters, refineries and cement kilns were found to cause cancer and tumor. Pesticides have been demonstrated to cause a variety of serious health effects on the human immune, reproductive, nervous and endocrine systems.

The influx of people and overcrowding into the metropolis exacerbate

an already stressed situation in sidewalks, canals, and estuarines. Urban areas suffer from pollution coming from various sources. Before anyone realizes it, urban centers have already choked up because of pollutants spewed by factories, fumes, and toxic gasses into the air, and chemical pollutants into the waterways. All these pose immediate health hazards to the population.

2


PROBLEMS IN URBAN ECOSYSTEMS

Urban Greening Urban greening or forestry in the Philippines, just like in any other

countries, has evolved due to the need to maintain and sustain wholesome and habitable environment of the communities for the benefit of the urban society. Most urban areas, especially Metro Manila, are experiencing environmental problems whose mitigating measures are connected with the restoration of greeneries, green spaces or urban forests.

There are two main groups that play critical role in the green space

health of the gateway to the Philippines from NAIA to the mouth of Pasig River via Roxas Boulevard. These are the settlers and the business people. The settlers or squatters found refuge in the area by building their camps and shanties. The business sectors are the legitimate, highly commercialized businesses such as hotels, restaurants, banks and commercial enterprises.While the illegitimate businesses are the peddlers, sidewalk vendors and scrap collectors.

The proliferation of mendicants, unregulated increase of vendors and

peddlers and stubborn pedestrians were identified as the primary cause of littering, trampling and destruction of plants along island and corridor plantings in Roxas Boulevard, and other green spaces in Metro Manila.

Efficient and effective management of urban vegetation is essential to

the environment and the welfare of the residents. More sectors of the society, however, are now becoming aware of the

vital roles of trees/green spaces/forests in enhancing the environment and in sustaining ecological stability aside from the socio-economic, aesthetic and amenity benefits.

Hence, efforts to develop, conserve and preserve the green spaces are

still being initiated to save the environment and to have clean, sustainable cities in the country. Though some of the practices of urban greening had been employed for quite a long time, the knowledge and technologies have yet to be fully generated with some scientific basis. The following are identified areas with urban greening problem:

1. Open Areas

Open areas are those areas left abandoned for a time. Some of these are mining sites, municipal and industrial dumpsites and farmlands. These lands

3


are contaminated with toxic metal like Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), and etc. 2. Roads and Highways

Generally all roads and highways are not provided with spaces for planting. Even sidewalks are occupied illegally for other purposes, mostly vendors. Roads are often subjected to widening or renovation. Utility services for the cities are generally provided by overhead cables, suspended transformers or varied pipes and other services along sidewalks. These restrict planting or greening. 3. Parks

Parks are areas where people usually converge and hold social gatherings or celebrations. National parks include areas of the public domain essentially of primitive or wilderness character which have been withdrawn from settlement or occupancy and set aside as such, exclusively to preserve the scenery, the national historic objects, the wild animals or plants that contain and provide enjoyment of these features in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future generations. Many of our parks today need restoration strategies, intensive maintenance and inputs, protecting from pest and diseases to keep them healthy. Parks could take advantage of natural processes such as nutrient and water cycling. 4. Green Belts

Green belts are public plazas, subdivision, schools, and public grounds. Some of these areas are still open and when planted, will serve as environmental pollution buffer or filters.

Water Pollution

The principal sources of water pollution in urban areas are sewage, domestic, industrial wastes, garbage, refuse pesticides and other chemicals (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Polluted river due to illegal waste dumping and inefficient sewage collection along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila.

4


The inefficient sewage collection and water pollution caused by discharge of untreated wastewater from domestic and industries render major rivers in the metropolis biologically dead. The siltation of the riverbanks is also due to vegetation losses. Some of our riverbanks are also occupied by squatters wherein their waste matters go directly to rivers. In addition, numerous industries situated along the river systems discharge their toxic wastes directly unto the rivers (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The presence of numerous illegal settlers as shown through their houses and factories built along the riverbanks of Manila Domestic Airport is a problem that needs to be addressed by the government. Their wastes go directly to the river causing water pollution.

Fig. 3. Dirty sewage coming from the wet market and eatery section along the Coastal Road in Parañaque, Metro Manila.

5


Polluted wastewaters from the wet and eatery sections of the market and public toilets drain into creek leading to the lake [Fig. 3]. Untreated leachates from landfills also pollute water bodies.

The leather industry, on the other hand, is traditionally associated with

bad odors and pollution. Tanneries are generally located close to a river to ensure plentiful water supply for processing and effluent disposal. Tannery effluent includes proteins, hair salt, lime sludge, sulfides, acids, dyes, oils, and tanning agents.

Water is often drawn from rivers, lakes, or the ocean for use as a

coolant in factories and power plants. The water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally present, and attract other species to take their place. Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and vegetation.

Water pollution can also be caused by other types of pollution. For

example, sulfur dioxide from a power plant’s chimney begins as air pollution. Because polluted air mixes with atmospheric moisture to produce airborne sulfuric acid, it falls to the earth as acid rain. In turn, the acid rain can be carried into a stream or lake, becoming a form of water pollution that can harm or even eliminate wildlife. Similarly, the garbage in a landfill can create water pollution if rainwater percolating through the garbage absorbs toxins before it sinks into the soil and contaminates the underlying groundwater (water that is naturally stored underground in beds of gravel and sand are called aquifers).

Water pollution from non-point sources are more difficult to recognize.

Pollutants from these sources may appear a little at a time from large areas, carried along rainfall. For instance, the small oil leaks from automobiles that produce discolored spots on the asphalts of parking lots become non-point sources of water pollution when rain carries the oil into local waters.

Hence, with the country’s fast pace of urbanization, our water

environment is the first one to suffer amidst the reward of growth.

6


Waste Management

Solid waste or “basura” has emerged as the most visible environmental problem in the cities and municipalities of the Philippines. Generation of waste is increasing rapidly as consumption rises, while collection efficiencies are dropping as service levels deteriorate. Treatment and disposal facilities are facing closure because of improper setting, management, and growing public opposition. The problem is more pronounced in Metro Manila, where it is com-mon sight to see uncontrolled garbage piling up or being burned. In the mean-time, human health expenses continue to rise as a result of improper handling and disposal of household, hospital and industrial wastes.

It has been observed that some of the households, owners, operators,

and tenants of businesses and commercial establishment and institutions indis-criminately put their garbage outside their fences or within their immediate premises. This serves as the feeding ground for cats and dogs thereby causing garbage to spill and scatter, attracting insects, pests and vermins in the area.

The indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and

ground water supplies. In urban areas, solid wastes clog drainage systems, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and floods during rainy season.

Metro Manila can generate 6,000 tons of garbage daily. About one-half

of this garbage remain uncollected and continue to litter the streets (Fig. 4), which can cause clogging of esteros and river tributaries. Some are dumped in vacant lots. Even garbage collected which reaches dumpsite is not properly controlled. Uncontrolled open dumps have no environmental safeguard and will impose public health problem and affect the landscape of the place.

Fig. 4. A sample of illegal waste dumping on the street in Las Piñas, Metro Manila.

7


Wastes in highly urbanized areas can be categorized into the following:

1. Industrial wastes– those generated from the production of plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints, oil and petroleum products, metals and biodegradable wastes from fisheries and others.

2. Municipal wastes– those that come from garbage and other waste

materials produced from households, public markets, restaurants, office buildings, commercial establishments, etc.

Air Pollution

In urban areas particularly in Metro Manila, the sky is always hazy with the thick layer of smog, mainly due to build-up of pollutants from large vehicular population. Dust pollution or particulate matter is aggravated by the exposed earth in most open areas due to lack of turfs or grasses.

Significant contributory factors to urban air pollution are activities

which arise from uncontrolled burning of waste and improper incineration. Meanwhile, in landfill areas, odors caused by gases are created by

microorganisms as they breakdown organic material. Landfill Gas (LFG), if left uncontrolled, will migrate into the atmosphere creating odor and environmental problems. LFG is composed of methane (50-55%), carbon dioxide (45-50%) and trace amounts of other gases such as O2, N2, and hydrogen sulfate.

Odors in landfill occur because most sanitary landfills do not

incorporate any significant provisions to prevent air pollution from gaseous emissions.

Aggravation of air pollution also results from the expansion of

industries. However, while most industries provide anti-pollution safeguards, a significant number of established anti- pollution safeguards were not effective.

8


REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES

Urban Greening Problem

1. Rehabilitation Schemes for Open Areas

a. The use of hyper-accumulator or metal scavenging plants which could extract and sequester toxic heavy metals from contaminated soil is one of the technologies that may be used. These metal scavenging plants are capable of accumulating metals 100 times greater than those of the common non-accumulator plants. Amaranthus and pechay baguio are some of the plants which can survive high concentration of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc.

On the other hand, vetiver grass is being used to remove

boron, cadmium and lead from soils contaminated by sludge coming from the textile industry while radish is the best known hyper-accumulator of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc.

These plants not only tolerate the presence of heavy metals

but they also have strong appetite to take them up through their roots and transport them to their stems or leaves where these contaminants could be easily removed by harvesting. If the land is needed for growing crops, particularly food crops, the hyper-accumulators must be removed. The leaves of these plants should not be used as mulch or green manure, because the heavy metals will be returned back to the soil. The best way is to dry them, burn and then bury the ash.

b. The use of non-food crop such as flowering and ornamental plants

for contaminated lands are also recommended to make the land attractive and colorful. Some of these species are: chichirica, false bird of paradise, Wedelia, cucharitas, carabao grass, luha ng dalaga, rose moss and lantana.

c. Tree species are usually planted on open areas such as: rain tree or

acacia, banaba, kamagong, pili, balete and fringon.

9


2. Urban Greening Schemes for Roads and Highways

a. The species usually chosen for expressways and highways are: mahogany (large-leaf and small-leaf), narra, rain tree, banaba, kamagong, mangium, auri, neem, balete and fringon. Urban greening of roads and highways utilizes species of bigger trees and are usually planted at 10m x 10m spacing. To provide visual vari-ety, species differed at least every kilometer during long distance travels and to prevent potential attacks of pests or diseases.

b. For Center Islands (medium roads) with the width of more than 2

meters, shade trees and trees with colorful flowers can be planted. All center islands can be turfed or landscaped. However, if there are possible expansion to ease the traffic in the future, thick shrubs can be planted; they can be easily removed in case of road widening. Trees can be planted at 8m x 8m spacing. Species recommended for center islands are: agoho, mangium, banaba, pink tecoma, golden shower, Palawan cherry, royal palm, anahaw, Mc Arthur palm and bunga de China.

c. For narrow and median roads and verges, the following shrubs

can be used: adelfa, caballero, melendres, yellow bell, bougainvilla, dwarf calachuchi and Shanghai beauty.

d. For Rotunda or Runabout roads, the recommended species are:

Golden shower, Acacia, Palawan cherry, Dapdap, Palosanto and Fringon.

e. For road shoulder (near beach), the recommended species are:

Talisai, Botong, Bitaog, Agoho and Coconut. f. For flyovers, pedestrian and overhead bridges, palms and shrubs

can be planted along the sides of the flyovers. Land is provided around columns, staircases, etc. for this purpose. The bare surfaces of the pedestrian overhead can be planted with creepers and climbers.

Small trees can be planted along roads which are close to

buildings and congested areas with overhead bridges to reduce the necessity of constant pruning of branches. Trees should be planted 1 meter away from traffic signs.

3. Urban Greening Strategies for Parks

Species that should be planted should provide shade and

improve their aesthetic value. The relative position of the individual trees and shrubs has to be varied as much as possible. They may be

10


single trees neighboring small groups of the same species. An intimate mixing of single trees and shrubs species has to be discouraged. This can be planted at irregular spacing or 1 tree for every 40 sq. m.

a. For recreational parks whether public or private, the

practice was planting of fire tree, acacia, African tulip, narra, golden shower, pink shower, yellow shower, Palawan cherry, fringon, dapdap, Ilang-ilang, champaca, balitbitan, Saraca, Amherstia, royal palm, champagne, red palm and blue palm.

b. For open car parks whether public or private, trees with a wide

awn can be planted to provide shade. Aeration slabs can be provided and turfed with grasses. All the void areas can also be planted to maintain aeration, drainage and greenery. Trees can be planted at 10m x 10m spacing and provided with tree guards to prevent damage from careless drivers. Some of the species used are: narra, dapdap, mahogany and raintree or acacia.

4. Greening Strategies for Greenbelts

Presidential Decree No. 953 dated July 6, 1976, requires

subdivision owners-developers to allocate 30% of the area of subdivision, exclusive of roads, service streets and alleys, as open spaces for parks and recreational areas. All open spaces should be planted with species that will improve the aesthetic value, provide shade, abate noise, glare control and traffic control.

Species recommended for planting are: rain tree or acacia,

narra, fire tree, golden shower, banaba, katmon, alibangbang, botong, akle, molave, Saraca, Amherstia, royal palm, traveller’s palm and fringon.

Some fruit trees planted in schools, hospitals, private residen-

tial houses and other private open spaces are: guyabano, mango, avo-cado, caimito, datiles, sampaloc, langka, guava, kamias, santol, chico, manzanitas, mabolo or kamagong and atis.

Shrubs for ground covers include: chichirica, false bird of para-

dise, Wedelia, cucharitas, spider lily, carabao grass, luha ng dalaga, rose moss, and lantana.

The recommended shrubs for landscaping are: yellow trumpet,

Yellow caballero, Yellow santan, Singapore bush, poinsettia, red santan, Doña Luz, Doña Trining, Doña Aurora, rosal, and white santan.

Recommended vines for landscaping are: Honey suckle,

Cadena de Amor, Garlic Vine, Jasmine and Drunken sailor.

11


5. Restoration and Greening of a Closed Dumpsite

Figures 5 to 9 shows a step by step greening program undertaken by the municipality of San Juan, Rizal to ecologically restore a closed dumpsite. The dumpsite now becomes a mini-botanical garden.

Fig. 5. Before, this bare area which was more or less 1,000 m2 in size was once upon a time a dumping site of garbage materials in San Juan, Rizal.

Fig. 6 Squatters living in the surrounding area were relocated and wastes were removed prior to the starting of the project.

Fig. 7, For initial planting the perimeter areas were planted with Bandera española. Used vehicle tires were utilized as tree guards or pots for ornamentals.

Fig. 8. This was how the used tires were utilized.

12

Fig. 9. The former dumpsite now becomes a mini-botanical garden.


The conversion of a former dumpsite into a mini botanical park is only one example of urban restoration or rehabilitation. There are however, other potential sites and projects for restoring the urban ecosystem, the following are examples: (1) the establishment of under story plant species in school yard to promote wildlife species; (2) the eradication of invasive plant species which is eliminating much of the understory biodiversity; (3) the clean-up of a vacant public or private-owned lot or abandoned site and the establishment of a park; and (4) the re-design of a small water retention pond which could be restored with wet land species.

6. Planting and maintenance

Generally, plant materials that will be used for urban greening should be healthy, well-rooted, free from pests, diseases and physical deformities. The size and species in a given site should be in accordance with approved assessment plans and specifications.

The most neglected part of urban greening is on the proper

planting. To achieve a successful greening program the following should be pursued by all involved in planting.

Maintenance should be carried out for 2-3 years after planting.

a. The minimum size of tree planting holes especially on adobe soil is 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.0 m.

b. Every planting hole or bed should be backfilled with a mixture of

good top soil and compost at a ratio of 3 parts topsoil to 1 part compost.

c. All plantings, particularly trees should be watered regularly

especially during first two years and during the occurrence of drought.

d. All tree saplings, poles and big trees planted should be provided with stakes and tied on guy lines so that they will grow upright and be protected from strong winds or typhoon.

e. The stakes or guy lines should be removed as soon as the tree can

stand on its own. This is usually one year after planting for most trees, in order not to girdle the tree.

f. Weeding of undesirable plant materials must be carried out

regularly.

13


g. Application of environment-friendly technologies -biofertilizer during initial establishment, periodic organic fertilizer application (every 6 months) and liming if soil acidity occurs. In case inorganic fertilizer is employed, this should be made usually 6 months after planting and every 6 months thereafter for 2-3 years.

h. Constant monitoring for pest and diseases on the plants must be carried out regularly. When necessary, appropriate chemicals must be applied.

i. All dead parts of the plants must be removed and low branches of trees which cause obstructions must be pruned.

j. All overgrown plants should be trimmed/pruned to reduce foliage.

k. All turfed areas must be maintained regularly by grass-cutting, cleaning and weeding of undesirable plants.

l. The minimum depth of all planting beds for shrub ground covers is 0.6 meter.

m. The minimum size of shrub planting holes is 0.6 m x 0.6 m x 0.6 m.

Fig. 10. For urban greening, shrubs, vines and grasses were employed in the concrete structure of the building at

Fig. 11. Vines and climbing plants were used to rehabilitate and to beautify open walls in NCR.

14

Fig. 12. Palms, ornamental plants and grasses were used to landscape roadsides in NCR.

Fig. 13. Ornamental plants and grasses were used to landscape the façade and walkway in South Luzon Expressway.


Fig. 14. Garbage trap for collecting waste materials along the river in NCR.

Rehabilitation Schemes to Abate Water Pollution

Effective pollution control systems depend on policies that combine technical, economic, social and aesthetic considerations.

There are several ways in which water pollution can be combated. First,

make wastewater reusable and of high quality. Second, enact and enforce governmental regulations prohibiting and limiting pollution of waters. Third, develop practices and techniques that will prevent or limit the natural runoff of pollutants [Fig. 14].

1. Major treatment stages used for waste water disposal (sewage)

Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is a process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment.

Sewage is created by residences, institutions, hospitals and commercial

and industrial establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, bio-filters or aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to specialized treatment processes.

Typically, sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary,

secondary and tertiary treatments. First, the solids are separated from the waste water stream. Then dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne microorganisms. Finally, the biological solids are neutralized then disposed of or re-used, and the treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and micro-filtration). The final effluent can be discharged into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge.

15


Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchen, sinks, and so forth that is disposed via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes a liquid waste from industry and commerce. The draining of household wastes into grey water are being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas. Municipal wastewater, therefore, includes residential, commercial, and industrial liquid waste discharges, and may include storm water runoff.

Sewage systems capable of handling storm water are known as

combined systems or combined sewers. During dry weather, when combined sewers are handling only the normal amount of waste water, all of it is carried to the waste treatment plant. But during a storm when combined sewers have to carry a much larger amount of water, part of the water, including varying amounts of raw sewage, often by-pass the treatment plant and flow directly into receiving streams. Such systems are usually avoided since they complicate and thereby reduce the efficiency of sewage treatment plants owing to their seasonality. The variability in flow also leads to often larger than necessary, and subsequently more expensive, treatment facilities. In addition, heavy storms that contribute more flows than the treatment plant can handle may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. It is preferable to have a separate storm drain system for storm water in areas that are developed with sewer systems.

As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick

up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require storm water to receive some level of treatment before it is directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids).

The site where the raw waste water is processed before it is

discharged back to the environment is called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The order and types of mechanical, chemical and biological systems that comprise the wastewater treatment plant are typically the same for most developed countries.

16


a. Primary or Mechanical treatment

Primary treatment removes the materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater and disposed. The typical materials that are removed during primary treatment include fats, oils, and greases (also referred to as FOG), sand, gravels and rocks (also referred to as grit), larger settle-able solids including human wastes and floating materials. This step is done entirely with machinery, hence the name mechanical treatment.

a.1. Removal of large objects from influent sewage

In the mechanical treatment, the influent sewage water is strained to remove all large objects that are deposited in the sewer system, such as rags, sticks, condoms, sanitary towels (sanitary napkins) or tampons, cans, fruits, etc. This is most commonly done with a manual or automated mechanically raked screen. This type of waste is removed because it can damage or clog the equipment in the sewage treatment plant.

a.2. Sand and grit removal

Primary treatment typically includes a sand or grit

channel or chamber where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand grit and stones to settle, while keeping the majority of the suspended organic material in the water column. This equipment is called detritor or sand catcher. Sand grit and stones need to be removed early in the process to avoid damage to pumps and other equipment in the remaining treatment stages. Sometimes there is a sand washer (grit classifier) followed by a conveyor that transports the sand to a container for disposal. The contents from the sand catcher may be fed into the incinerator in a sludge processing plant, but in many cases, the sand and grit are sent to a landfill.

a.3. Sedimentation

Many plants have sedimentation stage where the sewage is allowed to pass slowly through large trunks, commonly called “primary clarifiers” or “primary sedimentation tanks”. The tanks are large enough that fecal solids can settle and floating materials such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary stage is to produce a generally homogenous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a

17


sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settlement tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages.

b. Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the

biological content of the sewage such as those derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. Majority of municipal and industrial plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota requires both oxygen and a substrate on which to live.

There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all these

methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short -chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc.

Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed film or

suspended growth. Fixed -film treatment process including trickling filter and rotating biological contractors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface. In suspended growth systems - such as activated sludge - the biomass is well mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems.

Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or

variable organic loads, typical industrial, to allow them to be treated by conventional secondary treatment process. These filters are typically tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic filter media to which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. They are designed to allow high hydraulic loading and a high flow-through of air. On larger installations, air is forced through the media using blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional treatment processes.

18


b.1. Surface-aerated basins

Most biological oxidation processes for treating industrial wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (on air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) with retention times of 1 to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators floating on the surface of the wastewater.

In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two

functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispensing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes). Typically, the floating aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to 2.7 kg O2/kW.h. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units.

Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature

and, between 0oC and 40oC, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 oC and 32 oC.

b.2. Fluidized bed reactors

The carbon adsorption following biological treatment is particularly effective in reducing both the BOD and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to low levels. A fluidized bed reactor is a combination of the most common stirred tank packed bed, continuous flow reactors. It is very important to chemical engineering because of its excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics. In a fluidized bed reactor, the substrate is passed upward through the immobilized enzyme bed at a high velocity to lift the particles. However, the velocity must not be so high that the enzymes are swept away from the reactor entirely. Since this causes low mixing; these type of reactors are highly suitable for the exothermic reactions. It is most often applied in immobilized enzyme catalysis.

19


20

b.3. Filter beds (oxidizing beds)

In older plants and plants receiving more variable loads, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or especially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have high surface areas to support the bio-films that form. The liquor is distributed through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central pivot. The distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it aerobic. Biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form on the media’s surfaces and eat or otherwise reduce the organic content. This bio-film is grazed by insect larvae and worms, which help maintain an optimal thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the film leading to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.

b.4. Biological aerated filters

Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Biofilters

combine filtration with biological carbon reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose of this media is to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspended solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in anoxic mode. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on the design by its manufacturer.

b.5. Membrane biological reactors

Membrane biological reactors (MBR) combine activated

sludge treatment with a membrane liquid-solid separation process. The membrane component utilizes low pressure micro-filtration or ultra filtration membranes and eliminates the need for clarification and tertiary filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration tank (however, some applications utilize a separate membrane tank). One of the key benefits of a membrane bioreactor system is that it effectively overcomes the limitations associated with poor settling of sludge in conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. The technology permits bioreactor operation with considerably higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)


concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge settling. The process is typically operated by MLSS in the range of 8,000-12,000 mg/L, while CAS is operated in the range of 2,000-3,000 mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the membrane bioreactor process allows for very effective removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading rates. Thus increased Sludge Retention Times (SRTs)--usually exceeding 15 days---ensure complete nitrification even under extreme cold weather operating conditions.

b.6. Rotating biological contactors

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary treatment systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding surges in organic load. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilize organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both oxygen to live and food to grow. Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.

c. Tertiary Treatment

Tertiary treatment provides a final stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called “effluent polishing”.

c.1. Nutrient removal

Wastewater may contain high levels of the nutrients

nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead to a build up of nutrients, called eutrophication (blue-green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, rapid growth in the population of algae. The numbers of algae are sustainable and eventually most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much of oxygen in the water that most or all of the animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing de-oxygenation, some algal species produce

21


toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies. Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.

c.1.1 Nitrogen removal

The removal of nitrogen is effected through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia, nitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water.

Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step

facilitated by a different type of bacteria. The oxidation of ammonia (NH3

-) to nitrite (NO2-) is most often facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp.

(nitro referring to the formation of a nitro functional group), is now known to be facilitated in the environment almost exclusively by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification requires anoxic condition to encourage the appropriate biological communities to form. It is facilitated by a wide diversity of bacteria. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to reduce nitrogen, but the activated sludge process (if designed well) can do the job most easily. Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an electron donor is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, organic matter from feces, sulfide, or an added donor like methanol.

Sometimes the conversion of toxic ammonia to nitrate alone is

referred to as tertiary treatment.

c.1.2 Phosphorus removal

Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a process called enhanced biological phosphorus removal. In this process, specific bacteria, called polyphosphate accumulating organisms, are selectively enriched and accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells (up to 20% of their mass). When the biomass enriched in these bacteria is separated from the treated water, these bio-solids have a high fertilizer value.

c.2. Disinfection

The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of wastewater is

to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the

22


disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less successfully since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, chlorine, or ultraviolet light.

Chlorination remains the most common form of wastewater

disinfection due to its low cost and long-term history of effectiveness. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residual organic material can generate chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogen or harmful to the environment. Further, because residual chlorine is toxic to aquatic species, the treated effluent must also be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexity and cost of treatment. Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly-treated effluent to ensure that the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation (i.e., any solids present in the treated effluent may protect the microorganisms from the UV light).

Ozone, O3, is generated by passing oxygen, O2, through a high

voltage potential resulting in a third oxygen atom becoming attached and forming O3. Ozone is very unstable and reactive, and oxidizes most organic material it comes in contact with, thereby destroying many pathogenic microorganisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than chlorine because, unlike chlorine which has to be stored on site (highly poisonous in the event of an accidental release), ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation also produces fewer disinfection by-products than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone generation equipment and the requirements for highly- skilled operators.

d. Sludge treatment and disposal

The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The purpose

23


of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and composting.

The choice of a wastewater solid treatment method depends on

the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. However, in general, composting is most often applied to smaller-scale applications followed by aerobic digestion and then lastly anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale municipal applications.

d.1. Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic is a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence

of oxygen. The process can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in tanks at a temperature of 55oC, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36oC. Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus smaller tanks), thermophilic digestion is more expensive in terms of energy consumption for heating the sludge.

One major feature of anaerobic digestion is the production of

biogas which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.

d.2. Aerobic digestion

Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process in the presence of

oxygen. Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.

d.3. Composting

Composting is also an aerobic process that involves mixing the

sludge with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the wastewater solids and the added carbon source and in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.

e. Sludge disposal

When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment may be

required to make it suitable for final disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened (dewatered) to reduce the volumes transported off-site for

24


disposal. There is no process which completely eliminates the need to dispose bio-solids. There is, however, an additional step some cities are taking to superheat the wastewater sludge and convert it into small pelletized granules that are high in nitrogen and other organic materials. This product is then sold to local farmers and turf farms as a soil amendment or fertilizer, reducing the amount of space required to dispose sludge in landfill.

2. Land Sewage Disposal System reduces stream water pollution, conserve

and recycle water, and allow nutrients to be recycled for further use. Waste water from residential areas can generally be used for this purpose. Industrial waste water may require some treatment to remove toxic substances that could affect biological systems.

Industrial waste from food processing plants and pulp mills are

usually well-suited for land disposal.

3. Phytoremediation Technology For Stream and Riverbank Stabilization can be done to minimize and delay further degradation of these waterways. The technology prevents soil erosion, serves as site barriers, prevents contamination from spreading into surface water or ground water and provides aesthetic value. Some species recommended are: bamboo, bitaog, palosanto, akle, anchoan dilao, acacia, african tulip, antipolo, moluccan sau, bangkal, batino, bitaog, balsa, balobo, cinchona, niyog, dita, dao, yemane, gubas, ipil, ipil-ipil, ilang-ilang, kalumpang, kaatoan bangkal, kakawate, kalantas, katurai, lanete, lumbang, lamio, mahogany, marang, malunggay, narra, palosanto, santol, supa, teak, tibig, tIndalo, tuai, para rubber, talisai and bani. Depending on the species, it could be planted at 4m x 4m distance from each other and at

25

Fig. 15. Early stage of bamboo planting to rehabilitate various rivers in NCR (Sagip-ilog Project).

Fig. 16. Full grown species of bamboo could be seen along the riversides in NCR as a phytoremediation technology in their Sagip-ilog Project.


16 – 18 m away from the water level. Figs.15 and 16 are bamboo species used as phytoremediation technology to rehabilitate rivers in NCR.

4. Bioremediation Technology for Lakes, Ponds and Streams 4.1 Aquamedix is an environmentally-friendly biocatalyst liquid for the

bioremediation of polluted bodies of water. Our world ecosystem depends on algae blooms. Algae provide oxygen for the largest and smallest creature on earth. However, when algae blooms go unchecked in our lakes, ponds, and streams, it has adverse effect on animals, fish, plants, and all living things. Algae pollute bodies of water produce obnoxious odors, become unsightly, and are considered “sick” or “dead”. Aquamedix when used as directed will increase the metabolism of naturally occurring bacteria to its maximum rate and maintain that activity level for as long as Aquamedix is added. In addi-tion to the water itself, everything the water comes in continuous con-tact with, is also cleaned.

4.2 Eutro-Clear is a pro-biotic formula for the bioremediation of ponds. It

is standardized at a total endospore count of 5 billion CFU /gm, which will multiply in a bucket to 150 billion CFU/gm in 18 hours (http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com).

Two (2) lbs. of this microbial formulation, hydrated in water,

will inoculate a 1 acre pond to many thousand times more than the bacterial biota normally found in a water column and out compete all the naturally occurring bacteria, including pathogenic gram- negative E.coli.

Augmented facultative heterotrophic bacteria settling into

these benthic regions will speed up sludge digestion and reduce odors by using an alternate electron acceptor other than oxygen. Overall, bio-augmentation will reduce nutrient levels, thus reduce the risk of eutrophication and algal blooms.

4.3 Plantex Biozyme Micro Aid Power Activator can be utilized as an

effective and economical way of treating either open water or wastewater in treatment system. The potent enzymes and microorganisms present in the activator breaks and degrades any organic and inorganic substance present in the wastewater (Trevis Internationale Corp., undated).

26


It decomposes solid substances and digests oil and grease, thereby preventing the accumulation of sludge. The result is the reduction of both biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

The putrid odor coming from the fermentation and

decomposition of indol, eskatol, mercaptants and others are eliminated.

It is strongly advised that Plantex All-In-One Solution be

applied on the wastewater for thorough disinfection.

Methods of Application

Initial Application (Shock Treatment) - Five (5) L of concentrated Plantex All-In-One Solution is applied to every 15,000 gals. of wastewater influent in the first treatment chamber or equalization tank. This results to the removal of the foul odor and digestion/degradation of organic and inorganic substances.

Thirty (30) kilos of Plantex Biozyme Micro Aid Activator is

broadcast to every sixty thousand (60,000) gals. of wastewater in the aeration chamber/tank preferably at noon time to allow the micro-organisms to multiply faster and produce more enzymes.

After the first week of initial application, 1.5 kilos of Plantex Biozyme should be broadcast once again. For maintenance, broadcasting of 1.5 kilos into the aeration pond every 2-3 days (at noon time) is suggested.

Application on Septic Tanks - One (1) L of concentrated Plantex All-In-One Solution for every cubic meter is poured directly into the septic tank. After 30 minutes, two (2) kilos of Plantex Biozyme should be broadcast into the septic tank as well.

5. The Muntinlupa City Waste water treatment facility as model

The Muntinlupa City government has developed a technology based on the above order and types of mechanical, chemical and biological systems that comprise the waste water treatment plant. However, the waste water treatment system that has been developed is less complicated, low-cost and has low-maintenance.

27


The wastewater treatment system is an aerobic and anaerobic

combination coupled with filtration using coco peat media to meet local discharge standards. It also includes a water recycling system that allows re-use of the treated effluent for flushing toilets, watering plants and street cleaning. This technology is being applied elsewhere in the Philippines and is suitable for other locations in the region.

The treatment facility will bring the biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) from more than 600mg/l to less than 30mg/l. It utilizes a hybrid design using non- mechanized and mechanized systems, particularly grit screens septic tanks and an aerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for the primary and secondary treatment. This can treat more than 200 cubic meters of wastewater daily. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is also a part of the secondary treatment. A multimedia filter was used for the tertiary treatment, which will allow re-use of the treated water. The facility is built below ground and covered with reinforced concrete, so that the place can be used as a parking lot and a loading/unloading bay. Figure 17 shows the system flow of the Muntinlupa public market wastewater treatment facility.

28


29

Fig.

17

MU

NTI

NLU

PA P

UB

LIC

MA

RK

ET W

AST

E W

ATE

R T

REA

TMEN

T SY

STEM

(WW

TS)


30

6. Technology to Study Water Quality of Surface Water Bodies

A reconnaissance survey was conducted along Navotas-Malabon-Tullahan-Tinajeros (NMTT) river system and its tributaries. Data were gathered to delineate location and identify its physical features such as land use, industrial pollution source, etc. as well as hydrological features.

Four samples for water and three samples for sediments taken at

different points were collected every month for analyses. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorides, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic and inorganic ratio were determined for physical and chemical analyses. For biological analyses, microorganisms found in the samples were identified. A sequential batch/bench scale treatability method was applied on water samples obtained from the river system. The same treatability method was applied in the field. This method used two chambers with three test tanks each. One chamber served as control for treatment.

Enzymes were added to the treated tank until a maximum percent

reduction in CO was obtained. Results showed that after the 12th day, pH was reduced from 7.8 to 6.5; dissolved oxygen from 0 to 4.0 mg/l; biological oxygen demand from 56 to 20 mg/l at 20 degrees Celsius and suspended solids from 40 to 10 mg/l.

7. Bioassay of Textile Effluent

The research examined the toxicity of the effluent and influent wastes of a textile plant in the vicinity of the Cabuyao River on commonly grown fishes using bioassay method. The particular textile plant investigated used activated sludge treatment to eliminate or reduce the pollutants to maximum level. The study correlated the results of the physico-chemical procedures and bioassay examination. Specifically, the level of toxicity of textile effluent discharged and lethal concentrations of the treated effluent discharged after 24 and 96 hours, respectively, were studied.

Bioassay Procedure:

Six 10-gallon capacity aquaria were used per bioassay test which contained effluents/river water concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 percent respectively. Ten tilapia fingerlings per aquarium were used for the bioassay test. The fingerlings were acclimatized in the aquarium condition for seven (7) days using dechlorinated tap water and fed with


commercial fish food. The cessation of operculum movement and visible upturned floating of bodies of fish samples were observed after 24-96 hours for fish mortality. Lethal concentration (LC) of effluent and river water was set when it caused the death of five (5) out of ten (10) fish per aquarium (Capino, 2002).

Waste Management Schemes 1.Industrial waste management schemes

Industries in general, have tried to convert waste products into

profitable energy. There are a number of emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possi-ble by direct combustion. This is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing a higher combustion temperature in e.g. boilers, gas turbines and internal combustion products. Some are able to efficiently convert the energy into liquid or gaseous fuels.

a. Thermal Technologies

a.1. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen.

a.2. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic materials by

heating in the absence of oxygen or any reagents, except possibly steam. Extreme pyrolysis that leaves only carbon as the residue is called carbonization. The application of pyrolysis to waste management is well established with other advanced waste treatment technologies. Pyrolysis is used as a form of thermal treatment to reduce waste volumes and produce liquid or gaseous fuels as a byproduct. Low temperature pyrolysis can also be used to produce a synthetic diesel fuel from waste film plastic, through systems such as thermofuel.

b. Non-thermal technologies

b.1. In anaerobic digestion, a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence of oxygen, the process can either be thermophilic

31


32

digestion, in which sludge was fermented in tanks at a temperature of 55oC, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36oC. Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus smaller tanks), thermophilic digestion was more expensive in terms of en-ergy consumption for heating the sludge.

One major feature of anaerobic digestion was the production of biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.

b.2. In Aerobic digestion, a bacterial process occurs in the presence of

oxygen, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.

b.3. In Composting, an aerobic process is involved while mixing the

wastewater solids with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the wastewater solids and the added carbon sources and in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.

b.4. In MixAlco process, a bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol

fuels can be accomplished. Through this bioconversion, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation.

The process involves a biological/chemical method for

converting any biodegradable material (e.g., urban wastes, such as municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste and sewage sludge, agricultural residues such as corn stover, sugarcane baggasse, cotton gin trash, manure) into useful chemicals, such as carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone) and biofuels, such as a mixture of primary alcohols (e.g., ethanol, propanol, butanol) and/or a mixture of secondary alcohols (e.g., isopropanol, 2-butanol, 3-butanol, 3-pentanol). Because of the many products that can be economically produced, this process is a true biorefinery.

The process uses a mixed culture of naturally occurring

micro-organisms found in natural habitats such as the rumen of cattle, termite guts, marine and terrestrial swamps to anaerobically digest biomass into a mixture of carboxylic acids produced during the acidogenic and acetogenic stages of anaerobic digestion, however with the inhibition of the


methanogenic final stage. The more popular method for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol is the use of enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, and then followed by yeast fermentation into ethanol.

2. Municipal Waste Management Schemes

Waste management or solution for municipal wastes consists of four options:

a. Waste reduction – reducing waste requires cutting the number and

volume of discarded products. Consumers can reduce households waste by buying high quality long lasting items that can be repaired, instead of buying short-lived “disposal” alternatives. The consumer typically pays a much higher price per unit for such convenience item.

Many advocates of waste reduction use the term precycling.

This concept refers to a consumer making environmentally-sound choices at the point of purchase. It includes avoiding products with extra packaging such as canned or mixed vegetables instead of fresh, unbagged ones.

b. Landfilling - this is the least expensive and easiest method of

disposal. This corresponds to the common sanitary landfill used for municipal garbage. The waste remains essentially unchanged and because of frequent soil cover, the site soon becomes exhausted.

c. Incineration - this waste management option uses an incinerator

machine which is quite expensive. Mixed trash is burned in the incinerator in a single combustion. The heat generated from the burning material in the heat chamber is converted into usable electricity. The temperature in the chamber reaches 2,000oF. The by-products are ash, which are sent to landfills.

d. Ecological solid waste management is also known as recycling,

reusing and composting. It aims to use waste to its fullest in order to maintain round-the-clock cleanliness of the surroundings. Ecological solid waste management should start at the household level.

33


Basically, there are three ways to tackle waste – Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle. Reduce the amount of material we use so we generate less waste. Re-use the things we already have instead of buying them anew. Recycle the things we can’t re-use. The steps are as follows:

1. Sort out your garbage properly by setting up two trash cans in

the kitchen – one for wet garbage, another for dry. 2. For wet garbage, you may use an empty can of cooking oil or ice

cream container as your trash can. Wet garbage includes leftover food, fruit and vegetable peelings, and even animal excreta.

3. For dry garbage, you may use an old bayong, a large plastic bag,

or a box. Dry garbage includes paper, cartons, bottles, cans, plastic containers (for toothpaste, shampoo, and other cosmetic items), shopping bags, metals, used-up batteries, ballpens, and others.

4. Wet garbage is biodegradable; that is, it can naturally blend with

the earth once it is composted. It can also be used as soil fertilizer, poultry or pig feed, or methane gas for cooking. Composting can take place in centralized facilities or individual backyards.

5. Dry garbage is often non-biodegradable. It is best for re-use or

re-cycling. This requires dry garbage to be sorted out further into two groups – one for re-use, and the other for re-cycling.

6. Remember what they say about “money in junk”? It’s quite true.

Collect all items that cannot be re-used and sell to recycling stores. These include old newspapers, magazines, and other papers; bottles, cans and even plastic containers; and metal or steel items. The neighborhood magbobote’t bakal will only be too happy to buy all these from you. You earn a few extra bucks on the side while sparing the environment.

7. Wash and clean the things for re-use and keep them where they

can easily be located when needed. These include gift wrappers and ribbons, boxes, plastic or brown bags from department stores or supermarkets, and wide-mouthed bottles or plastic containers which can be used as canisters.

34


Aside from observing the steps above, waste management requires some adjustments in our lifestyle to enable us to reduce the amount of waste we generate.

∗ Don’t buy anything you don’t need. Corollary to this, don’t buy more than you need.

∗ When you go to market, bring your own brown or plastic bag,

so you don’t have to buy from the vendors. Better yet, bring your good old bayong or basket.

∗ Same thing when you go shopping. Bring along your own

plastic bag/s and graciously refuse counter girls who offer you new plastic bags.

∗ Avoid eating in fast food outlets that serve food in Styrofoam.

When ordering for take-out food, bring your own food con-tainer and ask the food outlet to use it for your order.

∗ Avoid using disposable items made of non-biodegradable

materials. ∗ Avoid using a straw when drinking soft drinks. Use a glass in-

stead. ∗ Avoid incinerating garbage. In crowded neighborhoods,

this is a potentially hazardous practice. Besides, plastics con-sumed by fire emit hazardous elements to the atmosphere, contributing to the ozone depletion and break-out of various diseases.

∗ Support recycling. Buy recycled materials, even if they may

cost higher.

These simple ways of reducing, re-using, and re-cycling our trash will go a long way in helping preserve our planet earth. We don’t even need to learn or master them. With a little earth consciousness and some practice, these earth-friendly ways to manage our garbage properly are easy habits to acquire.

35


3. Managing Solid Wastes Through Advanced Pyrolysis System

An existing unique technology that can solve the growing problem of solid waste disposal is the continuous feed pyrolytic thermal waste treatment system, better known as the International Environment Solutions (IES) advanced pyrolysis system. The system treats all types of wastes-whether municipal, industrial or agricultural – as enormous mine of wealth. This is because in the process of pyrolysis, wastes are being converted into raw materials to generate electricity, produce charcoal and charcoal briquettes, and manufacture high-quality building materials.

In this process, solid wastes are delivered to the plant site where

they are first weighed, then dumped into the receiving area and sent to the sorting floor. Materials that can be recycled are separated and collected in roll-off bins to be sent into recycling facilities.

Other materials not suited for pyrolysis such as large rocks and

chunks of concrete are separated in roll-off bins for shipment back into the landfill site.

Those materials suitable for pyrolysis are then sent to a high temperature air dryer, or are temporarily stored. The dried wastes are then fed into a high-speed shredder that cuts them into small pieces, which are sent to the blender to combine with several other materials. The mixture is then fed into an oxygen-free chamber and an intense indirect heat is applied to reduce the waste material into combustible gases and benign residual char in the form of small granules similar to coarse black sand. The gases are recycled in the plant and cleaned in the system.

In the Philippines, a small-scale biomass pyrolyser for farm irriga-

tion was locally developed by the Forest Products Research and Develop-ment Institute (FPRDI), an agency of the Department of Science and Tech-nology. The pyrolyser produces combustible gas and carbon from agrofor-estry wastes such as pili, peanut, coconut shells, rice hulls, and wood chips. The gas can be used to fuel an internal combustion engine for irrigation pumps. The pyrolyser can pump about 30,000 gallons of water per hour compared with the traditional diesel engine that can pump 12,000 gallons per hour. It can supply the irrigation requirements of a 9.3 – ha farm for eight hours (Rimando & Rimando, 2003).

Aside from extracting pyrolysis gas, the system can also produce char, which can be converted into charcoal briquettes. As a whole, the biomass pyrolyser is economically significant since it lessens the cost of irrigating rice field and minimizes the problem of disposing agroforestry wastes.

36


However, unlike the IES advanced pyrolysis system, the biomass pyrolyser developed by FPRDI releases into the environment toxic fumes and liquid effluents during the operation. For this reason, it has been suggested that FPRDI improves its biomass pyrolyser system that it can operate in a large scale and in a closed-loop system to avoid the hazardous by-products of combustion.

4. The Quezon City Controlled Waste Management Facility as Model

In compliance with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003), the Quezon City government embarked on the conversion of the Payatas open dumpsite into a controlled disposal facility [Figure 18).

This is being managed by the Payatas Operations Group which

covers an area of 9.70 ha. The New Payatas Disposal Facility strictly imple-ments a comprehensive waste disposal plan in order to extend the life of the waste facility. The plan includes the application of earth cover material to expose garbage from previous open dumping operation (Figures 19 and 20). At least 0.6 m of top soil is being applied to the wastes [Fig. 21]. This will minimize the production of leachate, control odor and prevent the pro-liferation of flies, rats and other insect pests.

37

Fig. 18. The Quezon City controlled waste management facility.


38

Fig. 19. Before this was how the streets along the Payatas open dumpsite in Quezon City, Metro Manila looked like. Wastes were dumped every-where.

Fig. 20. After the conversion program, a perimeter fence was put up, so that the wastes are controlled within the perimetered area.

Fig. 21. At least 0.60 m of soil is being applied to the wastes at the end of each working day. The soil is then compacted to minimize the production of leachate, to control odor and to prevent the proliferation of flies, rats and other vermins.


A pond was constructed to separate storm water from leachate. The leachate canals and collection ponds prevent the accumulation of leachate along the foot of the active disposal cell. The leachate collected was sprayed in the compacted waste to speed up the decomposition proc-ess. Run-off and drainage canals were constructed to prevent water run-off coming in contact with the waste. Fig. 22 summarizes the before, during and after waste conversion program.

5. The Payatas Methane Gas Generation Technology

To effectively manage the wastes in Payatas dumpsite, a methane gas generation technology (a non-thermal technology type of generating energy) as described above was employed.

Greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide which

were produced during the process of anaerobic biodegradation of organic material were extracted and utilized. Hence, a 100-KW pilot methane power plant was built to supply the power for the composting plant and perimeter lights of the dumpsite. This was Quezon City’s humble contribu-tion to the mitigation of global warming and climate change.

39

BEFORE DURING

Fig. 22. Various processes of the conversion.

AFTER


6. Phytoremediation technology on dumpsites

The recommended species are: McArthur palm, bunga de china, dapdap, balete and palosanto. These plants maybe planted around the perimeter of landfills. Application of this technology prevents contamination from spreading into surface water and or groundwater.

In Payatas dumpsite, phytoremediation was also practiced in the area not used for dumping wastes. Mongo beans were planted to enrich and condition the soil before vetiver grass is planted along the steep slope area for stabilization. Shrubs were also used to improve the landscape of the dumping site. Shrubs were planted on the reprofiled slopes. Such vegetative cover (or vegetative cap) is a long- term, self-sustaining cap composed of soil and plants growing in and/or over waste in a landfill. This type of cover is an alternative to composite clay or plastic layer caps. Plants control erosion and minimize seepage of water that could otherwise percolate through the landfill and form contaminated leachates. In addition, a vegetative cap can be designed not only to control erosion and seepage by water, but also to enhance the degradation of underlying materials in the landfill.

7. The MMDA’s Unified Approach on Solid Waste Management

In order to ensure an efficient and effective system of solid waste and garbage collection and disposal, and prohibit littering and the placing or throwing of garbage, refuse and other waste, the MMDA passed an ordi-nance for a unified approach on Solid Waste Management.

Description of Technology

a. Education and information Campaign. The MMDA understands the difficulty in giving proper instruction to the people on the proper waste disposal and management. They realized that the best way to address the problem is by maximizing the use of mass communication thru radio, TV, and print media.

The city government, in cooperation with the MMDA

thus, conducted a massive public awareness campaign to inform and instruct the people and all stakeholders on the matters rela-tive to the implementation of the unified approach on solid waste management.

40


b. Storage of wastes. Basically, any wastes should be left in the place of purchase or in the household. No other person or individual in between has the obligation to keep those wastes. Hence, all stores, establishments and households were required to have suitable trash receptacle to keep one’s garbage to be kept inside its prem-ises and not along the sidewalks except during collection days.

Wastes were required to be stored and set out for collection in

a closed plastic bag or any appropriate container to avoid the entry of insects, pests and vermins; escape of bad odor; and spillage of leachate. Unpacked, improperly packed and spillage of garbage were not collected.

The owner were also made responsible in sweeping, cleaning

and repacking of the spilled garbage and to clean the mess caused by it.

Household toxic wastes were required to be disposed in a

specified manner in accordance with RA 6969. Broken glasses or lamps and other sharp objects are required to be securely en-closed in hard cardboards with tie to prevent injury to handlers and rip and tear bags or containers.

c. Waste Collection System. The city government shall be responsible

in collecting the garbage door to door on specified collection day. The city shall share this responsibility with the barangays.

Households, commercial establishments and institutions shall

bring their wastes conspicuously only in front of their premises during the designated collection day. Bulky wastes shall be collected separately subject to special arrangement with the local government units.

No burning shall be allowed at source. Only the authorized

garbage collection shall be allowed to handle the waste from the generators. Selling, scavenging and sorting by the garbage collection crew shall not be allowed. Junk dealers are not allowed to collect recyclable materials during the scheduled date of collection.

Collection equipment were required to be registered with

the city government to ensure the proper markings, safety and sanitation of the vehicle. All collection trucks should be in good

41


body condition and properly equipped with tools and spare tires. Trucks must be properly covered to prevent spillage of garbage and escape of odor when traveling. Owners and operators must sanitize, disinfect and deodorize the collection trucks before leaving the dispatching area and after its disposal.

d. Disposal of wastes. A sanitary landfill is an engineered disposal

site for solid wastes. It should be designed, constructed, operated and maintained in such manner as to allow engineering control over significant potential impacts that could arise from the development and operation of the facility.

Compared to open dumping, a sanitary landfill system has

the built-in advantage of preventing harmful materials such as leachate and landfill gas from contaminating the environment. After filling its intended use and after closure, a sanitary landfill also makes possible the extraction to landfill gas for possible use in power generation and other uses.

e. Imposing of Fines. The imposition of tickets and fines to violators

of the ordinance were proposed to be made. In case the violator is a corporation, firm, institution or corporate entities, its president, manager or person responsible for its operation shall be held liable. The head of association or owner of malls, condominium and household shall be made responsible in case of violation of ordi-nances.

8. Management of Wastes in Barangay Molino V, Bacoor, Cavite.

This community started by maintaining a waste management project aimed at reducing waste through recycling. Unsegregated garbage were not collected to impose and enforce their sorting and for people to learn to do it on their own.

Majority of the people in the community worked together for the

closure of the dump site. All the wastes were removed and the dumping area was converted into a garden. They planted vegetables and maintained it everyday.

The project encouraged the majority of the residents to segregate

wastes and establish a Material Recovery Facility (MRF), which served as a depository and sorting area of the recyclable waste materials. An MRF was encouraged to be located even inside a residential lot, because it does not

42


give a disgusting odor. The MRF had a shredder machine and engine, which transformed biodegradable wastes into organic fertilizers used for the garden.

The project started with donations from residents. When the

municipal government found that the waste management project was successfully working, it provided P300,000.00 grant and a garbage truck.

The project was somehow costly, because they have to hire an

“Eco-boy” who would collect the household’s garbage everyday. The worker was given P250.00/day plus meal allowance from the P40.00 monthly fees of the members and the money from the sold recyclable wastes. They were able to save P10.00 per sack of garbage which the barangay used to collect. The whole community also earned P7,000.00 from recyclable wastes every three months. This project also reduced the risk of illnesses caused by insects and other vermins.

Education of the People

It was highly encouraged in this project that the education about proper waste management and disposal must start with the family because not everyone in the family can fully understand the importance of the pro-ject.

9. The Kleensmoke Burner Technology is an inverted pile incinerator for

waste disposal and energy production.

The burning chamber is a large cylindrical pipe of refractory concrete, lying either horizontally or a slight upward angle. The present model, now in prototype setting is 10 m by 1.5 m size (James, 1979). Lon-gitudinal channels are cast into the wall of the burning chamber, and combustion air is preheated in these channels before it enters the cham-ber. The concrete walls can withstand temperatures up to 160 degrees centigrade and the ends of the burning chamber are closed by refractory concrete plates, which have penetrations for fuel addition at the bottom of one end. The primary fuel for the burner are wood- logging or brush clearing wastes, saw dust and other lumber mill wastes, and woody agri-cultural wastes such as orchard or vineyard prunings.

43


Air Pollution Rehabilitation Schemes and Technology

1. Scrubber System Air Pollution Control Devices. These devices remove particulates and/or gases from

industrial exhaust streams. Traditionally, the term “scrubber” has referred to pollution control devices that used liquid to “scrub” unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Recently, the term is also used to describe systems that inject a dry reagent or slurry into a dirty exhaust stream to “scrub out” acid gases. Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emissions, especially acid gases.

The exhaust gases of combustion may at times contain substances considered harmful to the environment, and it is the job of the scrubber to either remove those substances from the exhaust gas stream, or to neutralize those substances so that they cannot do any harm once emitted into the environment as part of exhaust gas stream. In wet scrubbing, a wet scrubber is used to clean air or other gases of various pollutants and dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via contact of target compounds or particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water (for dust) or complex solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution using a spray nozzle, packed towers or an aspirator. Wet scrubbers will often significantly increase the proportion of water in waste gases of industrial processes which can be seen in a stack plume. In dry scrubbing, a dry or semi-dry scrubbing system, unlike the wet scrubber, does not saturate with moisture the flue gas stream that is being treated. In some cases, no moisture is added; while in other designs only the amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore, dry scrubbers do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal requirements. Dry scrubbing systems are used to remove acid gases (such as SO2 and HCL) primarily from combustion sources. There is a number of dry type scrubbing system designs. However, all consist of two main sections or devices: a device to introduce the acid gas sorbent material into the gas stream, and a particulate matter control device to remove reaction products.

44


Dry scrubbing systems can be categorized as dry sorbent injections (DSIs) or as spray dryer absorbers (SDAs). Spray dryer absorbers are also called semi-dry scrubbers or spray dryers.

a. In dry sorbent injection, an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime or soda ash) is added into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate control device), or an open reaction chamber (if one exists). The acid gases react with the alkaline sorbents to form solid salts which are removed in the particulate control device. These simple systems can achieve only limited acid gas removal efficiencies. Higher collection efficiencies can be achieved by increasing the flue gas humidity (i.e., cooling using water spray). These devices have been used on medical waste incinerators and a few municipal waste combustors.

b. In spray dryer absorbers, the flue gases are introduced into an absorbing tower (dryer) where the gases are contacted with finely atomized alkaline slurry. Acid gases are absorbed by the slurry mixture and react to form solid salts which are removed by the particulate control device. The heat of the flue gas is used to evaporate all the water droplets, leaving a non-saturated flue gas to exit the absorber tower. Spray dryers are capable of achieving high (80+%) acid gas removal efficiencies. These devices have been used on industrial and utility boilers and municipal waste combustors.

c. Scrubber waste products - One side effect of scrubbing is that the

process only moves the unwanted substance from the exhaust gases into a solid paste or powder form. If there is no useful purpose for this solid waste, it must be either contained or buried to prevent environmental contamination. Limestone - based scrubbers can produce a synthetic gypsum of sufficient quality that can be used to manufacture drywall and other industrial products.

Mercury removal results in a waste product that either

needs further processing to extract the raw mercury, or must be buried in a special hazardous wastes landfill that prevents the mercury from seeping out into the environment.

45


2. Mitigating odors in landfill and garbage dumps

a. Deodorizer floating natural citrus odor counteractant is a floating odor counteractant to control odors in drains, manholes, sewage treatment plants, lagoons, garbage dumps, landfills and outside dumpsters. Its coating action creates a “seal” that floats on the surface of water. As foul odor seepage rises from below, it must pass through this ‘natural seal’ which counters the malodors on contact. This coupling of odors results in a pleasant, positive effect. It regreases as it deodorizes. It is biodegradable.

b. Volcanic deodorizing minerals are all natural odorless, non-toxic

volcanic crystals which capture unpleasant odors through its “negative ionic charge”. Generally all odors are positively charged gases that float in the air like dust particles. The negative charge of the volcanic minerals “traps” the positively charged undesirable odor particles. This particle is similar to a piece of metal being attracted to a magnet. The minerals attract and hold foul odor making the air smell fresh.

c. Dumpsite delight - is a granular solid odor control system, formulated with citronella oil which eliminates obnoxious odors. Just sprinkle or broadcast the super absorbent “dumpsite delight” which filters out malodors, eliminating them, not covering them up. It is biodegradable and can be used in trash composters, sewage treatment plants, landfill sites, garbage trucks, municipal dumps, hospital waste, manure piles, urine, decaying carcasses, all kinds of food wastes including meats, fish and poultry.

d. BIO-CURE is a liquid biochemical organic formulation, which contains

a blend of several species of bacteria and organic nutrients to ensure maximum degradation of organic substances and to enhance the rapid multiplication of enzyme-producing bacteria. It removes foul odor in actively decomposing organic waste and decontaminates polluted waste water in processing plants.

It converts harmful disease-producing organisms into useful

elements and eliminates sulfuric odor (H2S) coming from stagnant water and decaying matter. It lowers the acidity level and gets rid of organic contaminants in water. It is undoubtedly a non-toxic and environment-friendly alternative in the preservation of nature.

46


To remove garbage odors in landfills and dumpsites, dilute 1

liter of BIO-CURE in 100 liters of water and spray. 3. Phytoremediation technology to minimize air pollution

Trees, shrubs and other forms of vegetation, planted in highly urbanized areas are nature’s own way of minimizing and controlling air pollution. The trees give off oxygen and take in CO2. The oxygen the tree gives off stabilizes the ozone layer, which is made up of pure oxygen that filters the carcinogenic ultraviolet rays of the sun. The carbon dioxide and industrial gases that trees absorb reduce the pollutants in the atmos-phere. Scientists have estimated that a tree uses about 5 tons of CO2 for every cubic meter of wood that it produces through the process of photosynthesis. In addition, the tree’s stem, branches and foliage could trap dust particles and other particulate matters in the air. The leaves could also absorb other toxic gases in the atmosphere. Broadleaved tree species with dense open crown proved to be more favorable in controlling air pollution than needle-shaped leaves. Gases and particulates are either absorbed or trapped more by large leaves rather than by the needle-shaped ones. Plants with irregular surfaces are more capable of removing gaseous pollutants from the air. The presence of trichomes increase the absorptive area of the leaves and trap sulfur dioxide. Some of the locally–grown plants that have the ability to contain air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide(s) are: ipil-ipil, mollucan sau, caballero, lumbang, African tulip, and yemane. Plants recommended for planting near factories, power stations, areas with congested and heavy traffic to help contain sulfur and nitrogen dioxide are: yellow bell, Chichirica, San Francisco, bandera española, mayana, and Zigzag plants. Other pollution-resistant plant species recommended for urban areas are adelfa, African tulip, bandera española, bougainvilla, bunga, caballero, campanilla, giant Ipil-ipil, lumbang, mayana, molave, moluccan sau, pandan, San Francisco, chichirika, yellow bell and Zigzag plant. These plant species are found in high traffic density areas but they exhibit zero or almost zero percent injury and are naturally growing well.

47


4. Technology to Determine the Concentration of Lead in Blood of

Individuals Regularly Exposed to Motor Vehicle Emissions.

The study sites identified were at the high traffic density areas near the Ermita Air Quality Monitoring Station along Taft Avenue. This site encompasses the side streets of T.M. Kalaw, U.N. Ave., Padre Faura, Pedro Gil, Gen. Malvar, Julio Nakpil and Remedios. According to DOTC 1990 record, 47,500 vehicles were passing by the area during peak hours (Ramallosa, 1995). Blood was extracted from 51 subjects comprising juice and cigarette vendors, policemen, newsboys, car watchers and street cleaners for blood lead determination. Medical history of each of the said subject was also determined by the use of pre-tested interview schedule. Air sampling was also conducted daily for the lead analysis in ambient air within the area with the use of high volume sampler. Results of the blood lead analysis were correlated with the medical history of the subjects to determine whether the concentration of lead in blood can be attributed to lead emissions from motor vehicles or from other sources. Correlation was also determined with the mean of lead concentrations in air and hu-man blood and the seasonal variation. From the data, it was found that seasons, age, sex, smoking, allergies, gastro intestinal problems and exposure to fumes had no effect on the concentration of lead in blood.

5. Technology to Analyze the Pollution Uptake of A. mangium and

A. auriculiformis.

In NCR, included were 36 and 14 total sampling sites for A. auriculiformis and A. mangium, respectively. Leaf samples were collected from 4 to 5 trees from each study site. Leaves were taken from top, middle and lower portions of the trees. These were mixed together in plastic bags and were analyzed for SO2 and Pb content at the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) and UP National Science Research Institute (NSRI) laboratories. Same activity was conducted in non-pollutive areas like La Mesa Dam in Quezon City and UP Los Baños. Comparisons of the laboratory result analysis for SO2 and Pb in leaf samples were done for pollutive and non-pollutive areas.

48


Result of the study showed that leaf samples of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium collected at pollutive areas were high in SO2 and lead content when compared to those at non-pollutive areas. Both tree species therefore, can be potential absorbers of SO2 and lead in the atmosphere. Planting of these trees could be one of the solutions to the heavily polluted air in the National Capital Region (NCR) and other highly urbanized areas in the country (Ramallosa, 1995).

49


REFERENCES

Baconguis, S.R. and L.I. Cañete-Ranes. 2000. Utilizing balete for riverbank pro-tection and watershed rehabilitation. Canopy International 26(6): 3 & 11

Bantayan , N.C., S.A. Ong, A.M. Palijon, E.S. Fernando, P.U. Gordancillo. H.S.

Lidasan and A.O. Nocon. 2000. Situational analysis, rehabilitation and enhancement of the landscape from NAIA to Roxas Boulevard up to the mouth of Pasig River. Vol.1 (Main Report). DOT-UPLB Project for the gateway to the Philippines.

Boado, R.R. 2002. Evaluation of greening program of the DENR. Ecosystems

Research Digest. 12(1):18-23. Cadiz, R.T. and M.T. delos Reyes. 1982. Trees as biological control against air

pollution. Canopy International. 8(11):6-7. Callija, N. C. 2007. Cavite dump. More vegetable garden. www. Inquirer.net/

special features/the good news.php. Capino, Ma. C. N. 2002. Bioassay of textile effluent. DENR-NCR Techno-info

Series 12 (1) : 10-17. Delos Reyes, M.T.A. 1992. Insecticidal/pesticidal plants. Part 1-Trees Part

11-Shrubs. RISE. 4(5):2-6. DENR. 1990. Master Plan for Forestry Development. Main Report. DENR-ERDB. 2007. Research and development and extension (RDE) framework

on environment and natural resources 2007-2010, College, Laguna. 140 pp.

DENR-NCR. 1993. How to establish a tree nursery and outplant a seedling for

urban forestry. Techno-Info Series 3(1):1-10 pp.. DENR-NCR. 2003. Urban greening primer. Techno-Info Series 10(2):6-25. DENR-NCR. 1995. Survey and characterization of selected urban parks in the

National Capital Region. Techno-Info Series 5(2). DENR-NCR. 1995. Trees and other plant species for various end-users. A

Compilation. Techno-Info Series 5(3).

50


DENR-NCR. 1995. Pollution: Its effect to man and environment. In “Abstract of Researches and Information Generated by ERDS-DENR-NCR. A Compilation” . Techno-Info Series. 5(1):40-41.

DENR-NCR. 1994. Air pollution-resistant plant species recommended for urban

areas (B. Moderately resistant plant species). Techno-Info Series 4(2): DENR-NCR. 1994. Biodiversity of Metropolitan Manila. Techno-Info Series

4(5):6-8. DENR-NCR. 1993. How to establish a tree nursery and outplant a seedling for

urban forestry. Techno-Info Series 3(1):1-10. DENR-NCR-ERDS-FMS. 1993. Urban forestry and the greening of Metro Manila.

Techno-Info Series 3(3): 2-10 DOST RIV-A. 2006. Alternative fuel from biogas. A Planner’s manual. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1978. Tannery by-products. Macropedia 10:764 Fabellar, A. 1992. Sampalok. RISE. Special Issue. (2)23-33. Fabellar, A. 1998. Some important Philippine plants with therapeutic value.

RISE. 10(3):6-7. Florido, H., J.C. Saplan and R.P. Arcilla. 1991. Datiles. RISE. 3(4): 1-5. Foster, K.A.D. 2004. Rehabilitating Payatas dump. Manila Bull. p. B-14. Grey, G.W. and F.J. Deneke. 1986. Urban forestry. New York: John Wiley &

Sons. 104-118.; 60-67 Hilomen, S.J.R. 2003. Here comes an effective waste segregation system.

Panorama 32 (45): 18-19. http:/davesgardwen.com/guides/PF/go89594 http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com/products.htm http:/209.85.175.104/search?q=cache;+WTZbaqWqrMS:wwwbbc.co.uk/

gardening/plants/plantprofilehoneysuckle.shtmi+honey+suckle+plant &hl=en&ct=clnk&cd+5&gl=ph

51


http./208.85.175.104/search?9=cache: xrzm. ZAksQVMJ: www.Stuartxchange com/santan.html +white +santan & hl=en & ct=clnk & cd=1&gl=ph

http:/209.85.175.104/search? 9 cache:xrzmZAksQVMJ:www.Stuartxchange.

com/santan.html+white+santan&hl= en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ph http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com/products.htm http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.phpoption=com_content&view= article

&id= 160:the-payatas-dumpsite-from-tragedytotriumph&catid =44:special-features&Itemid=38 James. J.Z. 1979. An inverted pile incinerator for waste disposal and energy

production. James Engineering Comp. El Cerrita Calif. USA Madulid, D. 2000. 2nd Ed. A pictorial cyclopedia of Philippine ornamental plants.

Bookmark Inc: Makati City, Philippines. 388 pp. Nera, B.S. 1992. FMB rehabilitation of degraded secondary forest in the

Philippines. Scientific paper presented in “Workshop on degraded forest rehabilitation” Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Nestle Consumer Services Department. 1994 What to do with trash. Nestle

Homemaker 7(2): 6-7 Pabilonia, J.E.T. 2004. Local initiatives for affordable waste water treatment

(LINAW), Muntinlupa City [Unpublished Report}. Palaypayon, C.M. and H.B. Florido. 2007. “King and queen of flowering trees.

Canopy International. Jan-Dec. pp. 8 & 10. Palijon, A.M. 2000. Urban forestry: An approach to environmental

enhancement in the Philippines. Metro Manila Commission Professo-rial Chair Lecture.

Palijon, A.M. 2001. Enhancement and rehabilitation of green spaces in Metro

Manila. Metro Manila Commission Professorial Chair Lecture. CFNR- College of Forestry and Natural Resources. University of the Philippines at Los Baños. 33pp.

Philippine Information Agency. 1994. Recycling movement of the Philippines. Piñol, A., V. Sinohin, C. Roxas, L. Gonzales and N. Cortiguerra. 1991. Kauayan.

RISE. 3(12):1 Ramallosa, L.V. 1995. Pollution uptake of Acacia mangium and Acacia

52


auriculiformis in the National Capital Region. DENR-NCR Techno-info Series. 5(1):35.

_______________ . 1995. Evaluation of lead in blood of humans exposed to high

traffic density area along Taft Avenue. DENR-NCR Techno-Info Series 5(1):34

Reyes, A. 2007. R.P. Environment in Precarious Situation – Asian Journal. Rimando, R.M. and E.F. Rimando. 2003. Managing solid wastes through

pyrolisis. The PCARRD Monitor 31(1):11-12. Rosacia, W.Z., A.N. Achivar and M.B. Avanzado. 2004. Poisonous weeds

prominent in rangeland and grassland area. RISE. 16()2:2-4. Sabas, Luz. 1979. Four Fs of Total Recycling. Scheme for domestic solid waste.

M.S. Thesis. UPLB, College, Laguna (unpublished) Sadie, V.D. and A.T. Cornejo. 1990. Akle. RISE. 2(7):1-8. Salanguit, T.S 1993. Phytoremediation of the degraded waterways in NCR. In

“Abstract of completed studies in NCR:1995 – early half of 2004” Techno info series 13(2):29

Tidon, S. 1993. Kamias. RISE. 5(4):1-10 Tidon, S.S. 2000. Management and utilization of urban solid waste. RISE , 12

(3). Trevis International Corp. Undated. Brochure on plantex revolutionary cleaning

solutions. University of the Philippines. 1971. Plants of the Philippines: a project of

Science Education Center. 266pp. Uriarte, M.T. 1994. Some plants sensitive to air pollution Techno-Info Series. 4

(3):8 Veracion, V.P. 1983. Live fence in forest research. Canopy International. p. 7. World Bank. 2000. Philippine Environment Monitor 2000.

www.cleaningpro.com/products/a-z/d.htm.

53


www.edis.ifas.utl.edu. Restoring the urban ecosystem www.wikipedia.org/wikki/pollution www.bpi.da.gov.ph/publication/productionguides/avocado.htm www.wastetopower.com/advanced-pyrolysis-systems.htm Zuela, C. and R. Reaviles. 1991. Anahaw. RISE.3(8):1-8.

54


55

APPENDICES


Appendix Table 1. COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN AREAS

Common Name Sciencitific Name

Acacia African tulip Akle Adelfa Agoho Amherstia Aratiles Atis Anahaw Avocado

Samanea saman Spathoda campanulata Serialbizia acle Nerium oleander Casuarina equisetifolia Amherstia nobilis Muntigia calabum Anona sqamos Livistonia rotundifolia Persia Americana

Bitaog Balete Balitbitan Banaba Blue palm Botong Bunga de China Bougainvilla

Callophyllum inophyllum Ficus Benjamin Cynometra ramiflorea Lagerstroemia speciosa Neodyosis decaryi Barringtonia asiatica Adonidia bluescens Bougainvilla sp

Caballero Caimito Carabao grass Champaca Champagne Chichirica Chico Coconut Cucharitas

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Chrysophyllum caimito Paspalum conjugatum Michelia champaca Mascarena lagenicaulis Altemanthera amoena Achras zapota Cocos nucifera Altermanthea ficoidea

Dapdap Dwarf calachuchi.

Erythrina indica Adenum obesum

False bird of paradise Fire tree Fringon

Heliconia psittacorum Delonix regia Bauhinia purpurea

Golden shower Guava Guyabano

Cassia fistula Psidium guajava Anona muricata

Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata

Kamagong Kamias Katmon

Diospyros discolor Averhon balimbi Dillenia philippinensis

56


Langka Luha ng dalaga Lantana

Artocarpus heterophylla Pedilanthus tithymaloides Lantana camara

Mc Arthur palm Mabolo Mahogany Mango Mangium Manzanitas Melendres Molave

Ptychospera macarthurii Diospyros dioscolor Swietenia macrophyla Acacia mangium Mangifera indica Zizipus mauritians Lagerstroemia indica Vitex parviflora

Narra Pterocarpus indicus

Palawan cherry Palmera Palosanto Pili Pink tecoma Pink shower

Cassia rodosa Chrysalidocapus bluesens Triplaris cumingiana Canarium ovatum Tabebuia rosea Cassia javanica

Rain tree Red palm Rain Tree Rose moss Royal palm

Samanea saman Cystotachys renda Samanea saman Portulaca grandiflora Roystone regia

Santol Saraca Sampaloc Shanghai beauty

Sandoricum koetjape Saraca declinata Tamarindus indica Janthropha panduriflora

Talisai Traveller’s palm

Terminalia catappa Ravenada madagascariensis

57


58

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 2

. Bio

phys

ical

Req

uire

men

ts o

f Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Urb

an R

ehab

ilita

tion

PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

T

OPO

GRAP

HY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Acac

ia a

uric

ulifo

rmis/

Auri

Med

ium

-size

d tr

ee; f

ast g

row

ing;

eve

r gre

en w

ith d

ense

folia

ge a

nd a

n op

en

spre

adin

g cr

own.

17

-34

C

900—

2000

mm

22

0-30

0mm

5-

15%

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd/

M

angi

um

The

spec

ies i

s a ta

ll tr

ee re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f 30m

(ave

rage

15m

) and

a d

iam

eter

of

90c

m. I

t has

a st

raig

ht b

ole

and

a sli

ghtly

flut

ed a

t the

bot

tom

. Lea

ves f

lat-

tene

d le

af st

alk

calle

d ph

yllo

des,

obl

ong,

ent

ire, p

aral

lel v

eine

d; 2

5-30

cm x

8-

10cm

wid

e. N

ewly

ger

min

ated

seed

lings

hav

e co

mpo

und

leav

es li

ke L

euca

ena

and

Albi

zia. L

ike

othe

r le

gum

e sp

ecie

s, th

e sp

ecie

s can

fix

Nitr

ogen

and

has

sy

mbi

otic

rela

tions

hips

with

the

myc

orrh

izal f

ungi

thus

pro

vidi

ng so

il fe

rtili

ty.

12-3

4 C

Ra

nge:

100

0-45

00m

m

Nor

mal

: 200

0 m

m

Best

gro

wth

500

- 30

00m

m

Aden

ium

obe

sum

(For

ssk.

) Ro

em. &

Sch

ult./

Dwar

f

cala

chuc

hi

Succ

ulen

t shr

ub o

r sm

all t

ree,

som

etim

es w

ith a

fles

hy ta

proo

t; st

em sw

olle

n at

th

e ba

se u

pto

1-2m

in d

iam

eter

; bar

k pa

le g

reyi

sh-g

reen

,gre

y or

bro

wn,

sm

ooth

, with

stic

ky, c

lear

or w

hite

late

x, le

aves

arr

ange

d sp

irally

, clu

ster

ed a

t th

e en

d of

bra

ncle

ts, s

impl

e; fl

ower

s bise

xual

, sho

wy,

usu

ally

app

earin

g be

fore

th

e le

aves

.

war

m te

m-

pera

ture

pr

efer

ably

ab

ove

30 o

C

up

to 2

100

altit

ude

Amhe

rstia

nob

ilis W

all.

Amhe

rstia

Am

hers

tia is

a st

unni

ng e

verg

reen

tree

that

gro

ws u

p to

12

m h

igh.

Its

90

cm

long

leav

es a

re p

inna

tely

com

poun

d. I

ts 3

0 cm

long

, obl

ong

leaf

lets

, hav

e lo

ng

acum

inat

e tip

s, re

d or

pin

k, th

at d

roop

whe

n yo

ung

and

turn

gre

en a

t mat

urity

. Its

10

cm ra

cem

es a

re h

angi

ng.

Its e

xtra

vaga

nt fl

ower

s han

g fr

om th

e lo

ng

inflo

resc

ence

with

brig

ht c

rimso

n re

d at

the

end.

Its

flow

er h

as tw

o m

inut

e an

d th

ree

uneq

ual c

rimso

n pe

tals.

The

tip

of it

s tw

o m

ediu

m-s

ized

peta

ls ar

e ye

l-lo

w.

The

larg

e pe

tal i

s abo

ut 7

.5 c

m lo

ng a

nd o

ver 4

cm

wid

e at

the

end.

Its

la

rges

t pet

al is

bro

ad a

nd fa

n-sh

aped

with

a w

avy

uppe

r mar

gin

and

a ye

llow

tr

iang

le o

f col

or e

xten

ding

from

the

tip d

own

to th

e flo

wer

. Th

ere

are

9 or

10

stam

ens o

f diff

eren

t len

gths

, par

tly fu

sed

into

a p

ink

shea

th

The

spec

ies

requ

ires a

w

arm

and

m

oist

cli-

mat

e, sh

ade

and

prot

ec-

tion

from

se

vere

win

d.


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Antig

onon

lept

opus

Cad

ena

de

Amor

Th

is is

a lo

vely

vin

e of

fast

to m

oder

ate

grow

th, w

ide

spre

adin

g

tend

ril, c

limbi

ng c

reep

er a

nd q

uite

her

baci

ous.

It lo

oks q

uite

frag

ile

but i

s a v

ery

pers

isten

t vin

e, a

scen

ding

from

a tu

bero

us ro

ot st

ock,

be

ars m

asse

s of s

mal

l brig

ht p

ink

or c

ense

flow

ers i

n fe

athe

ry tr

ails

of

lack

et sh

aped

blo

oms b

orne

in sp

rays

end

ing

in te

ndril

s tha

t tig

hten

ar

ound

any

supp

ort,

spre

adin

g ou

t the

ir sm

all s

hape

d le

aves

.

Requ

ires f

ull

sun,

but

is

okay

in

part

ial

65-7

0o F (1

9-21

oC)

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bun

ga

Arec

a nu

t is a

slen

der,

delic

ate,

ere

ct tr

opic

al p

alm

reac

hing

a h

eigh

t of

abo

ut 1

0 m

and

live

s fro

m 6

0 up

to 1

00 y

ears

. Ad

vent

itiou

s roo

ts

are

prod

uced

from

the

bole

; prim

ary

root

s, a

bout

1.5

cm

in d

iam

eter

, br

anch

ed o

ut to

form

seco

ndar

y an

d te

rtia

ry ro

ots.

Roo

ts a

re m

ostly

co

nfin

ed w

ithin

a ra

dius

of 1

m fr

om th

e bo

le a

nd a

t the

top

60 c

m o

f so

il. T

he st

em i

s unb

ranc

hed

cylin

dric

al, s

trai

ght,

25-4

0 cm

in

di

amet

er, a

bout

25

m ta

ll, ri

nged

with

leaf

scar

s and

has

a c

row

n of

le

aves

at t

he to

p. T

he c

row

n is

abou

t 2.5

m in

dia

met

er; l

eave

s, 1

.0 to

1.

5 m

long

with

a sm

ooth

shea

thin

g ba

se c

ompl

etel

y en

circ

ling

the

stem

. Le

aves

are

reta

ined

for a

bout

two

year

s aft

er u

nfur

ling;

mat

ure

crow

n co

ntai

ns a

bout

12

func

tiona

l lea

ves.

The

spad

ix is

enc

lose

d by

a

doub

le b

oat-

shap

ed sp

athe

abo

ut 6

0 x

18 c

m.

The

rach

is is

30-6

0 cm

long

with

20-

25 se

cond

ary

bran

ches

. Fl

ower

s are

uni

sexu

al; m

ale

flow

ers a

re n

umer

ous,

min

ute

and

deci

duou

s and

bor

ne a

t the

bas

e of

seco

ndar

y an

d te

rtia

ry b

ranc

hes,

200

-500

per

spad

ix

16 to

35o C

1000

-500

0 m

m a

nnua

l ra

infa

ll 90

0 m

asl

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

Kam

ias i

s a sm

all t

ree

whi

ch g

row

s fro

m 5

-12

m h

igh.

The

leav

es a

re

pinn

ate,

20-

60 c

m lo

ng, w

ith h

airy

rach

is an

d le

afle

ts.

The

leaf

lets

are

op

posit

e; 1

0-17

pai

rs; o

blon

g an

d 5-

10 c

m lo

ng.

The

pani

cles

gro

win

g fr

om th

e tr

unk

and

larg

e br

anch

es a

re h

airy

and

app

roxi

mat

ely

15 c

m

long

. Th

e flo

wer

s are

abo

ut 1

.5 c

m lo

ng a

nd a

re re

lativ

ely

frag

rant

.

500

m

59


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.)

Kurt

z Bot

ong

A tr

ee re

achi

ng o

f hei

ght o

f 8-1

5 m

. Lea

ves

are

larg

e of

ten

alte

rnat

ing

with

sm

alle

r on

es a

ttac

hed

dire

ctly

to

a br

anch

or

stem

with

out

an

inte

rven

ing

bulk

j, 20

-40

cm lo

ng; t

hick

and

shi

ny; a

pex

obtu

se; b

ase

is ro

unde

d tr

unca

te, p

etio

le is

abs

ent.

The

bark

is p

inki

sh t

o gr

eeni

sh,

not

scal

y or

rid

ged;

inn

er b

ark

is th

ick,

whi

te w

ith p

ale

yello

wish

st

reak

s. F

low

ers

are

very

larg

e w

ith w

hite

col

or, b

orne

in s

hort

, ere

ct,

few

- flo

wer

ed r

acem

es.

Caly

x tu

be i

s ab

out

1 cm

lon

g. T

he l

obes

nu

mbe

r 2

or 3

, w

ith a

n ob

long

sha

pe.

Ther

e ar

e 4

deci

duou

s, t

hin

peta

ls, fi

rst w

hite

and

then

bro

wni

sh, o

blon

g, 7

to 8

cm

long

and

3 to

4

cm w

ide.

The

stam

en a

re n

umer

ous a

nd sl

ende

r, un

ited

at th

e ba

se,

10 t

o 12

cm

long

, w

hite

bel

ow a

nd s

hadi

ng t

o pu

rple

abo

ve.

The

an

ther

s are

smal

l and

yel

low

.

Bras

sica

rapa

/Pec

hay

Bagu

io

Chin

ese

cabb

age

is a

Chin

ese

leaf

veg

etab

le c

omm

only

kno

wn

in

Chin

ese

cuisi

ne. T

he v

eget

able

is re

late

d to

the

wes

tern

cab

bage

and

of

the

sam

e sp

ecie

s as t

he c

omm

on tu

rnip

.

45 -8

5 o F

se

a le

vel t

o hi

gh a

lti-

tude

s

Cham

pagn

e la

geni

caul

is

M

asca

rena

Th

is lit

tle d

war

f of a

pal

m w

ill g

row

slow

ly to

a h

eigh

t of 1

0-12

ft. T

he

solit

ary

trun

k is

grot

esqu

ely

swol

len

and

look

s as i

f wer

e ca

st in

a

smoo

th g

rey

conc

rete

. The

trun

k is

a ro

unde

d bu

lge

in y

oung

spec

i-m

ens a

nd g

radu

ally

elo

ngat

es a

nd fl

atte

ns so

mew

hat a

s the

pal

m

mat

ures

. Flo

wer

s are

foun

d in

the

low

est l

eaf i

n a

singl

e pa

nicl

e.

61-

63 o F

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./ P

ili

Pili

is a

larg

e tr

ee re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f abo

ut 3

5 m

and

1 m

or m

ore

in

diam

eter

at b

reas

t hei

ght.

The

leav

es a

re a

ltern

ate,

pin

nate

, abo

ut 3

0 cm

long

, with

usu

ally

thre

e pa

irs o

f opp

osite

leaf

lets

. The

flo

wer

s are

cl

uste

red

and

born

e on

larg

e co

mpo

und

inflo

resc

ence

.

war

m te

mp.

w

ell d

istrib

uted

th

roug

hout

the

year

. lo

w e

leva

tion

but c

ould

also

th

rive

in

area

s whi

ch

are

300-

400m

. Abs

l.

60


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Coco

s nuc

ifera

(Lin

n.) C

ocon

ut

Thic

k, e

rect

, unb

ranc

hed,

con

tinou

sly g

row

ing

stem

, with

a c

row

n of

fu

lly a

nd p

artia

lly o

pene

d le

aves

, eac

h 6

m lo

ng a

nd c

onta

inin

g ab

out

200

leaf

lets

of

90-1

35 c

m le

ngth

. Th

e ro

ot-p

rodu

cing

bol

e is

abou

t 90

cm lo

ng,

ther

e ar

e ab

out

7000

roo

ts f

or a

dult

palm

, th

e pa

lm is

de

scrib

ed a

s "t

he tr

ee o

f hea

ven"

and

one

of t

he w

orld

's gr

eate

st g

ift

to m

an. T

he c

ocon

ut tr

ee g

row

s to

30m

(98f

t) in

hei

ght a

nd m

ay li

ve

100

year

s. It

has

a s

ingl

e gr

owin

g po

int

that

pro

duce

s hu

ge p

inna

te

leav

es,

or f

rond

s, a

nd y

ello

w o

r w

hite

flo

wer

s th

at f

orm

the

fru

it bu

nch.

mea

n an

nual

te

mp.

is b

et.

27- 3

5o C

1,30

0-2,

300m

m

600m

is th

e lim

itatio

n.

Ficu

s ben

jam

ina

Bal

ete

Bale

te c

an g

row

into

a la

rge

tree

with

wid

e sp

read

ing,

con

ical

cro

wn

of d

roop

ing

slend

er b

ranc

hes.

The

6 t

o 9

cm lo

ng le

aves

are

obl

ong

ovat

e, l

eath

ery,

with

pro

min

ent

and

slend

er p

oint

, ro

unde

d ba

se,

entir

e m

argi

ns,

gree

n, s

moo

th a

nd s

hiny

; th

e ne

rves

are

sle

nder

, sp

read

ing

and

not p

rom

inen

t. T

he p

etio

les a

re 5

to 1

0 m

m lo

ng.

45 -8

5 o F

1,

500

m a

sl

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

/M

elen

dres

M

ediu

m t

o la

rge

vase

-sha

ped

shru

b; 4

-20

ft.,

leav

es a

re s

impl

e, o

val

to la

nceo

late

, glo

ssy

gree

n, so

met

imes

bro

nze-

tinge

d, a

ttra

ctiv

e, w

ide

varia

tion

in a

ll co

lor.

In s

ome

plan

ts th

e le

aves

sta

y gr

een

until

dro

op-

ing,

in o

ther

s th

ey t

urn

crim

son

or y

ello

w. F

low

ers

are

larg

e cl

uste

rs

on b

ranc

h te

rmin

als,

col

or v

arie

s fr

om w

hite

, pin

k an

d la

vend

er, r

ed

hues

;blo

oms

from

ear

ly s

umm

er. W

ith a

hei

ght o

f abo

ut 3

m a

nd 1

m

or m

ore

in d

iam

eter

at b

reas

t hei

ght.

The

leav

es a

re p

inna

te,

abou

t

Req

uire

s ful

l su

n Ev

enly

dist

ribut

ed

thro

ugho

ut th

e ye

ar

low

ele

vatio

n bu

t cou

ld a

lso

thriv

e in

ar

eas 3

00-

400m

asl

Helli

coni

a ps

ittac

orum

/ Fal

se

bird

of p

arad

ise

The

leav

es o

f th

ese

plan

ts a

re 1

5-30

cm

long

, obl

ong,

opp

osite

one

an

othe

r on

non

-woo

dy p

etio

les,

oft

en

long

er t

han

the

leaf

, of

ten

form

ing

larg

e cl

umps

with

age

. The

ir flo

wer

s ar

e pr

o- d

uced

on

long

, er

ect

or d

roop

ing

pani

cles

, an

d co

nsist

of

brig

htly

col

ored

wax

y br

acts

, with

sm

all t

rue

flow

ers

peep

ing

from

the

bra

cts.

The

gro

wth

ha

bit o

f Hel

li- c

onia

is si

mila

r to

Conn

a, S

trlit

zia a

nd b

anan

a to

whi

ch

they

are

rela

ted.

As a

pot

ted

plan

t, m

ain-

tain

tem

p.

abov

e 65

de

gree

s

61


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

/M

elen

dres

30

cm

long

with

usu

ally

thr

ee p

airs

of o

ppos

ite le

afle

ts a

nd a

ter

mi-

nal l

eafle

t. Th

e le

afle

ts a

re s

moo

th, o

vate

-obl

ong

12 t

o 20

cm lo

ng, 3

to

7 c

m w

ide,

sm

ooth

and

shi

ny o

n bo

th s

ides

, poi

nted

at

the

apex

an

d ro

unde

d or

obt

usel

y po

inte

d at

the

bas

e. T

he f

low

ers

are

clus

-te

red

and

born

e on

larg

e co

mpo

und

inflo

resc

ence

.

Lant

ana

cam

ara

L.

Lant

ana

Lant

ana

is a

sm

all t

horn

y flo

wer

ing

shru

b w

ith s

quar

e st

ems.

It i

s an

an

gios

perm

with

ring

s of e

ight

or m

ore

tubu

lar f

low

ers.

It c

an g

row

to

a m

axim

um h

eigh

t of

6 ft

and

may

spr

ead

8 ft

acr

oss

the

grou

nd.

It ha

s an

ere

ct o

r su

bsca

nden

t, sq

uare

-sec

tione

d, p

rickl

y st

em.

Its

yo

ung

leav

es a

re u

sual

ly p

ale

in c

olor

, w

hile

old

er o

nes

are

dark

er

such

as

red

or o

rang

e.

The

leav

es a

re o

vate

, coa

rsel

y se

rrat

ed a

nd

deep

ly v

eine

d m

easu

ring

5-12

.7 c

m x

2.5

cm

with

rou

nded

too

th

edge

s an

d a

text

ured

su

rfac

e.

The

smal

l flo

wer

s ar

e ar

rang

ed i

n de

nse

flat-

topp

ed h

eads

and

hel

d in

clu

ster

s (c

alle

d um

bles

), ty

pica

lly

2.4

- 5.1

cm

in d

iam

eter

. Co

lor

of fl

ower

s ra

nges

from

whi

te t

o ye

l-lo

w, o

rang

e to

red

, pin

k to

ros

e in

un

limite

d co

mbi

natio

ns, u

sual

ly

chan

ges i

n co

lor a

s the

y ag

e.

It ca

n to

ler-

ate

both

hum

id

and

dry

heat

bu

t can

not

live

belo

w

28oF

.

Mich

elia

cham

paca

(Lin

n)/

Cham

paca

Th

is is

a sm

all t

ree,

gro

win

g to

a h

eigh

t of

6m

. or

mor

e. T

he b

ark

is gr

ey a

nd s

moo

th. T

he w

ood

is so

ft, w

ith w

hite

sap

woo

d an

d w

hite

ol

ive-

brow

n he

arth

woo

d.

The

youn

g sh

oots

ar

e sil

ky

and

the

bran

chle

ts a

re o

ppre

ssed

-pub

esce

nt. T

he le

aves

are

ova

te- l

ance

olat

e to

obl

ong-

lanc

eola

te, 1

2 to

20

cm lo

ng, a

nd 2

.5 to

6.0

cm

wid

e, g

radu

-al

ly n

arro

wiin

g up

war

d to

a lo

ng p

oint

ed a

pex.

The

flo

wer

s ar

e pa

le

yello

w o

r or

ange

, ver

y fr

agra

nt, a

nd 4

-5 c

m lo

ng. T

he p

eria

nth

seg-

men

ts a

re u

sual

ly 1

5-20

, dec

idou

s in

who

rls o

f 3, t

he o

uter

one

s bei

ng

oblo

ng, a

nd th

e in

ner,l

inea

r in

shap

e.

Full

sun

to

part

ial s

hade

62


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

The

Rubi

acea

e ar

e tr

ees,

shr

ubs,

or

infr

eque

ntly

her

bs.

Leav

es a

re

simpl

e, o

ppos

ite o

r so

met

imes

who

rled.

Stip

ules

are

pre

sent

and

in

terp

etio

lar.

The

flow

ers

are

near

ly a

lway

s bi

sexu

al a

nd a

ctin

omor

-pi

c, is

var

iabl

e, s

ome-

tim

es fo

rmin

g m

ultip

le fl

ower

blo

om. D

oña

Luz

has l

arge

dar

k pi

nk b

ract

s, p

each

or p

ink

brac

ts.

66-7

5 o F

0-24

90 m

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(Lin

n.) M

err.

Bani

Bani

is a

gna

rly t

ree

reac

hing

a h

eigh

t of

6 t

o 25

m a

nd 4

5 cm

in d

i-am

eter

. Its

bar

k ha

s a

dull

gray

to

pink

ish-

brow

nish

col

or, s

moo

th

but b

ecom

ing

shal

low

ly fi

ssur

ed; t

he in

ner

bark

has

a s

tron

g sm

ell o

f cr

ushe

d be

an-p

od.

Lea

ves

are

com

poun

d 20

-25

cm l

ong;

lea

flets

ov

ate,

6-1

5 cm

long

. Th

e te

rmin

al o

ne is

larg

er t

han

the

othe

r an

d po

inte

d at

the

tip

; usu

ally

with

a r

ound

bas

e th

ickl

y co

riace

ous,

pur

-pl

ish,

pink

whi

te,

abou

t 1.

5 cm

lon

g.

Caly

x is

com

panu

late

nea

rly

trun

cate

; cor

olla

is m

uch

exer

ted.

The

ban

ner

is br

oad;

kee

l obt

use,

th

e pe

tals

are

cohe

ring

at t

he t

ip;

styl

e, i

ncur

red

glab

rous

; st

igm

a,

capi

tate

.

Psid

ium

gua

java

Linn

./

Guav

a It

is a

smal

l tre

e re

achi

ng a

abo

ut 8

m. i

n he

ight

. You

ng b

ranc

hes

are

four

-ang

led.

The

12

cm l

ong,

ape

x po

inte

d, b

ase

usua

lly r

ound

ed.

Pedu

ncle

s ar

e 1

to 3

- flo

wer

ed. F

low

ers a

re w

hite

, 3 to

3.5

cm

acr

oss,

solit

ary

or 2

-3 t

oget

her

cott

ony

whi

te. T

he n

umer

ous

stam

ens

form

th

e at

trac

tive

part

s of t

he fl

ower

.

Qui

squi

alis

indi

ca Li

nn./

Dr

unke

n sa

ilor

It is

a fr

ee b

ranc

hing

per

enni

al c

limbe

r, er

ect a

nd s

hrub

like

in y

outh

, it

can

reac

h up

to

70 ft

tal

l or

mor

e. L

eave

s ar

e da

rk a

nd g

reen

and

el

liptic

with

dist

ingu

ished

vei

natio

n. T

he s

lend

er 5

lob

ed f

ragr

ant

flow

er b

loom

s whi

te a

nd c

hang

e to

pin

k an

d th

en b

right

ened

on

a 3-

day

bloo

m p

erio

d.

Full

sun

to

part

ial s

hade

63


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Roy

al P

alm

Ro

ysto

nea

spec

ies

are

singl

e- s

tem

med

tre

es.

Trun

ks a

re g

rey

to

whi

te,

ofte

n bu

lgin

g ei

ther

at

the

base

or

the

cent

ral

port

ion.

The

le

aves

are

pin

nate

, 1-7

m lo

ng w

ith n

umer

ous

pinn

ate

up to

1 m

long

an

d 2-

4 cm

bro

ad,

the

leav

es a

lso h

ave

a di

stin

ctiv

e gr

een

basa

l sh

eath

ext

endi

ng 2

-5 m

dow

n th

e th

e tr

unk.

The

se p

lant

s ha

ve t

he

abili

ty t

o ea

sily

rele

ase

thei

r le

aves

in s

tron

g w

inds

. In

flo-

resc

ence

oc

cur b

enea

th th

e cr

own

shaf

t, em

ergi

ng fr

om a

nar

row

hor

n-sh

aped

sh

aft.

The

flow

ers

on th

e br

anch

es p

anic

les

are

usua

lly w

hite

, uni

sex-

ual a

nd c

onta

in b

oth

sexe

s.

26-2

8o F

Sam

anea

sam

an(Ja

cq.)

Mer

r./

Rain

Tre

e

The

spec

ies

is a

larg

e tr

ee re

achi

ng a

hei

ght o

f 50m

and

a d

bh o

f abo

t 50

m in

ver

y ol

d tr

ee. I

t ha

s a

wid

e sp

read

ing

and

umbr

ella

sha

ped

feat

hery

folia

ge. T

he tr

ee is

dec

idou

s in

deci

dous

fore

st a

nd e

verg

reen

in

rain

fore

sts.

Flo

wer

ing

and

defo

liatio

n ar

e sy

nchr

onize

d. T

he b

ole

is irr

egul

ar a

nd t

wist

ed.

Leav

es a

re c

ompo

und,

alte

rnat

e, b

ipin

nate

, pa

ripin

nate

, 12

to 3

6 lo

ng a

nd 1

3 to

34c

m w

ide.

Rang

e: 1

8-

380o C

Extr

eme

tol.

380o C

600

-300

0 m

m

0-70

0m

Sara

ca d

eclin

ata

It is

an e

verg

reen

shr

ub o

r tr

ee a

bout

20

m t

all.

Its

poor

ly-

shap

ed

bole

is a

bout

40

cm in

dia

met

er, w

ithou

t bu

ttre

sses

but

with

man

y fin

e ro

ots

that

str

etch

out

fro

m t

he b

utt.

It

has

smoo

th a

nd d

ark

brow

n ba

rk.

Its s

pira

lly a

rran

ged

leav

es h

ang

limp,

with

gra

yish

-pin

k or

pur

ple-

red

tass

els.

It th

rives

bes

t in

shel

tere

d sh

ady

sites

, es

peci

ally

ne

ar w

ater

, in

wet

or m

on-

soon

al lo

w-

land

s

900

m

Tabu

bea

rose

a/

Pink

teco

ma

Pink

teco

ma

is a

med

ium

to

larg

e de

cidu

ous t

ree

up to

23m

in h

eigh

t. Fl

ower

s are

pur

plish

pin

k to

nea

rly w

hite

up

to 8

cm

long

. It h

as c

om-

pund

leav

es, o

ppos

ite w

ith 3

-5 o

vate

leaf

lets

, oft

en le

afle

ss a

t flo

wer

-in

g, th

e be

autif

ul p

ink

flow

ers a

re tr

umph

et-s

hape

d, in

larg

e cl

uste

rs.

22-2

7o C 1,

250-

2,50

0mm

up

to 1

,200

m

64


PLAN

T N

AME

MO

RPHO

LOGI

CAL

CLIM

ATE

TO

POGR

APHY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/ De

scrip

tion

Tem

pera

ture

Ra

infa

ll El

evat

ion

Slop

e

Com

mon

Nam

e

Gr

adie

nt

Vign

a ra

diat

a L.

Witz

eck

Mun

go

Mun

go is

is a

bus

hy a

annu

al th

at g

row

s ab

out 2

1/2

to th

ree

feet

tall,

an

d ha

s m

any

bran

ches

with

typi

cal,

hairy

, bea

nlik

e le

aves

. The

flow

-er

s ar

e ye

llow

ish-

gree

n w

ith p

urpl

e st

reak

s an

d pr

oduc

e lo

ng, t

hin,

ha

iry p

ods

cont

aini

ng n

ine

to 1

5 sm

all,

yello

w s

eeds

. The

see

ds a

re

used

to p

rodu

ce b

ean

spro

uts.

Be

st re

sults

are

ex

pect

ed d

urin

g th

e dr

y se

ason

65


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Ph

ysic

al/C

hem

ical

Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Auri

can

thriv

e in

a w

ide

rang

e of

soil

cond

ition

incl

ud-

ing

clay

to li

mes

tone

soil.

Oft

en su

rviv

e in

soils

of

low

nitr

ogen

and

org

anic

mat

ter.

Deep

shal

low

lim

e-st

one

to la

terit

ic c

lay

3-9.

5 Be

st

grow

th in

5.

5-6.

0

The

tree

ca

n fix

N

th

ru

Rhizo

bial

as

soci

atio

n w

ith

root

no

dule

s,

the

bact

eria

infe

ct t

he r

oot

syst

em f

orm

-in

g no

dula

tion.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd/

Man

gium

Grow

s in

a v

arie

ty o

f so

il fo

rm:

erod

ed,

rock

y m

iner

al

or

allu

vial

soil

Pref

er a

cidi

c so

il pH

4.5

. M

ediu

m to

low

fe

rtili

ty a

nd c

an

be p

oorly

dr

aine

d an

d lo

w

P.

The

tre

e ca

n fix

N t

hru

Rhizo

bial

as

soci

atio

n w

ith

root

no

dule

s.

The

bact

eria

infe

ct t

he r

oot

syst

em f

orm

-in

g no

dula

tion.

Aden

ium

obe

sum

(For

ssk.

) Roe

m. &

Sc

hult.

/Dw

arf

cala

chuc

hi

ca

n th

rive

in ro

cky

or

sand

y so

il.

Amhe

rstia

nob

ilis W

all.

A

mhe

rstia

Antig

onon

lept

opus

Ca

dena

de

Amor

To

lera

tes

moi

st s

oils,

but

bet

ter

in p

repa

red

soils

. Re

quire

s ful

l sun

but

is o

kay

in p

artia

l. ea

sily

grow

n in

ave

r-ag

e, m

ediu

m so

il 6.

1-7.

8

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bu

nga

It th

rives

in

wel

l-dra

ined

lat

erite

or

redd

ish s

oil,

fert

ile c

lay

loam

and

allu

vial

soi

ls.

It gr

ows

very

po

orly

in il

l-dra

ined

soil.

Clay

loam

redd

ish so

il,

allu

vial

soils

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

Can

thriv

e in

wel

l dra

ined

soil

type

s

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.) K

urtz

Bo

tong

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 2

. Bio

phys

ical

Req

uire

men

ts c

ontin

ued…

...

66


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Ph

ysic

al/C

hem

ical

Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pec

hay

Bagu

io

Grow

s vig

orou

sly in

soils

rich

in o

rgan

ic m

atte

r.

Good

loam

or s

andy

so

il ric

h in

Nitr

ogen

6-

7.5

can

tole

rate

slig

hly

alka

line

soil

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./ P

ili

Rich

por

ous a

nd w

ell-d

rain

ed so

il m

ediu

m to

hea

vy so

il ne

utra

l to

alka

line

Cham

pagn

e la

geni

caul

is/

Mas

care

na

can

adop

t to

man

y so

ils a

s lon

g as

they

wer

e w

ell

drai

ned;

feed

with

fert

ilize

r thr

ee ti

mes

a y

ear i

f no

t gro

wn

in ri

ch so

il.

sand

y lo

am to

loam

4.

5- 6

.5

Coco

s nuc

ifera

(Lin

n.)/

Co

conu

t Pr

efer

s fe

rtile

and

ade

quat

ely

drai

ned

soil

and

with

a h

igh

wat

er h

oldi

ng c

apac

ity

sand

y or

sand

y lo

am

5.0

-8.0

Ficu

s ben

jam

ina

Bal

ete

It is

best

sui

ted

in m

oist

and

wel

l-dra

ined

site

s. It

ca

n th

rive

in a

lmos

t al

l ki

nds

of s

oil

and

site

co

nditi

ons.

Helli

coni

a ps

ittac

orum

/ Fa

lse b

ird o

f par

adise

He

llico

nia

is fr

ost

tend

er. T

hey

shou

ld b

e pl

ante

d in

wel

l-dra

ined

soil

in a

sun

or p

artia

l sha

de.

sand

, loa

m, c

lay

acid

ic-a

lkal

ine

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

/ M

elen

dres

Li

ke m

oist

soil,

but

tole

rate

s dry

con

ditio

ns o

nce

esta

blish

ed. r

ich

poro

us a

nd w

ell d

rain

ed so

il lig

ht so

il a

nd v

olca

nic

soils

Lant

ana

cam

ara

L. /L

anta

na

Grow

s w

ell

in d

ry a

reas

bec

ause

it

pref

ers

wel

l dr

aine

d so

il an

d it

can

tole

rate

dro

ught

.

Mic

helia

cham

paca

(Lin

n)/

Cham

paca

6.

1-6.

5 (m

ildly

ac

idic

)

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

requ

ires w

ell d

rain

ed so

il Th

rives

wel

l in

sand

y so

il

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(Lin

n.) M

err.

Bani

It

thriv

es w

ell o

n sa

ndy

to c

lay

loam

soi

l as

wel

l as

in a

reas

with

lim

esto

ne fo

rmat

ion

Sand

y to

cla

y lo

am

soils

67


PLAN

T N

AME

GEO

LOGY

/SO

ILS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Ph

ysic

al/C

hem

ical

Con

ditio

n Te

xtur

e pH

M

icro

bial

Sta

tus

Psid

ium

gua

java

Linn

./ Gu

ava

It ca

n w

ithst

and

wat

er l

oggi

ng a

nd d

roug

ht.

It gr

ows w

ell i

n po

or so

il w

ith g

ood

drai

nage

. fr

om o

pen

sand

to

com

pact

cla

y 5-

7

Qui

squi

alis

indi

ca Li

nn./

Dr

unke

n sa

ilor

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Roya

l Pal

m

The

Roya

l pal

m a

re n

ot p

artic

ular

abo

ut s

oil.

Like

w

ater

and

look

thei

r bes

t whe

n gi

ven

in a

dequ

ate

amou

nt. I

t is s

omew

hat d

roug

ht re

sista

nt.

clay

, loa

m, s

and

Pref

ers a

cidi

c so

il. H

igh

alka

- lin

e so

il sh

ould

be

avo

ided

.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) Mer

r./

Rain

Tre

e Th

rives

in p

oor t

o fe

rtile

soil.

Li

ght t

o gr

ay in

col

or

neu

tral

to

acid

soil

The

tree

fixe

s Nitr

ogen

thru

the

Rhizo

-bi

al in

fect

ion

in th

e ro

ot sy

stem

Sara

ca d

eclin

ata

Thriv

es in

wel

l-dra

ined

are

as li

ke h

ill sl

opes

W

ide

varie

ties o

f soi

ls in

clud

ing

limes

tone

.

Tabu

bea

rose

a/ P

ink

teco

ma

grow

s wel

l in

deep

rich

soil

sand

, loa

m, c

lay

acid

ic-a

lkal

ine

Vign

a ra

diat

a L.

Witz

eck

Mun

go

Mun

go i

s fa

irly

drou

ght

tole

rant

and

can

thr

ive

fairl

y w

ell i

n re

lativ

ely

dry

soil.

cl

aylo

am to

silty

loam

5.

8-6.

5 sli

ghtly

ac

idic

It

has r

oot n

odul

es fo

rmed

by

Rhizo

bia

that

can

fix

Nitr

ogen

.

68


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

auri

The

frui

t is

a tw

isted

pod

, fla

t and

und

u-la

ting

whe

n rip

e. T

he s

mal

l bla

ck s

eed,

4-

6 m

m lo

ng a

nd 3

-4m

m w

ide

are

enci

r-cl

ed

by

a lo

ng

red

oran

ge

funi

culu

s st

ring

from

whi

ch a

re

susp

ende

d af

ter

the

pods

ope

n; e

ach

pod

cont

ains

up

to

15 se

eds.

Dec-

Apr

il Cl

imb

the

tree

col

lect

pod

s be

fore

se

eds

are

rele

ased

. U

se o

f ba

mbo

o po

le w

ith s

cyth

e to

cut

bra

nche

s w

ith

ripe

pods

.

Ort

hodo

x 49

,000

/ kg;

60

,000

-63

,000

/ kg

Sun

dryi

ng

of

pods

to

op

en

then

ex

trac

t th

e se

eds

man

ually

. Dr

y th

e se

eds

unde

r the

sha

de to

re

duce

moi

stur

e co

nten

t up

to 7

%

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

m

angi

um

The

frui

t is d

ark

brow

n, c

rinkl

ed a

nd

soile

d po

d; it

par

tially

ope

ns w

hen

ripe,

th

e se

eds a

re sm

all 2

.5m

m x

4m

m w

ide

and

hang

by

oran

ge fl

eshy

funi

cles

.

Dec-

May

; Ju

ne-

Sept

embe

r

Clim

b th

e tr

ee &

han

dpic

k th

e fr

uit;

clip

the

frui

t fro

m th

e tr

ee u

sing

prun

ing

pole

whe

n th

e co

lor c

hang

e to

dar

k br

own

and

begi

ns to

cra

ck

open

.

Ort

hodo

x 13

0353

se

ed/k

g (D

ayan

, et

.Al,

2005

)

sun

dry

the

pods

for 6

da

ys th

en p

lace

the

pods

in

a sa

ck th

en b

eat i

t us

ing

a ba

mbo

o st

ick

(Sad

jad,

199

30 A

ir dr

y th

e se

eds u

nder

the

shad

e to

redu

ce M

C to

7%

(day

an, e

t.al 2

005)

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Linn

At

is Fr

uits

are

bor

ne o

n th

ick

stal

ks, o

void

5-

8 cm

in d

iam

eter

, pal

e gr

een

or g

lauc

ous

whe

n m

atur

e; th

e ou

t- si

de is

roug

hene

d by

roun

ded

ends

of c

arpe

ls w

hich

are

lig

ht y

ello

wish

-gre

en w

hen

ripe.

See

ds

inde

finite

, sm

ooth

, bro

wni

sh, e

mbe

dded

in

ver

y so

ft, c

ream

y- w

hite

, sw

eet a

nd

juic

y fle

shly

mea

t.

June

and

Au

gust

Co

llect

the

seed

s fro

m

supe

rior m

othe

r tre

es.

48

50

seed

s per

ki

lo

(2.2

lbs)

Extr

act t

he se

eds f

rom

rip

e fr

uits

. Cle

an in

tap

wat

er a

nd a

llow

to d

ry.

Amhe

rstia

nob

ilis W

all

Amhe

rstia

Its

11-

12 c

m si

mila

r-sh

aped

. Fru

its

or se

ed- p

ods h

ave

woo

dy o

uter

cas

es.

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 3

. See

d Te

chno

logi

es fo

r Var

ious

Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n of

Urb

an

69


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/ Ca

dena

de

Amor

Da

rk s

eed

enca

sed

in p

aper

y, s

taw

-co

lore

d sh

eath

.

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bu

nga

The

frui

ts m

atur

e 8-

10 m

onth

s af

ter

polli

natio

n. F

emal

e flo

wer

s do

not s

et

frui

ts b

ut o

nce

spad

ix p

rodu

ces

50-

400

frui

ts.

The

fru

its a

re f

ibro

us

drup

e an

d va

ry i

n siz

e an

d sh

ape.

Th

ey a

re g

reen

whe

n rip

e. T

he s

eed,

w

rong

ly

calle

d "n

ut",

is

ovoi

d or

el

lipso

idal

and

wei

ghs

10-2

0 g.

Th

e en

dosp

erm

, w

hich

is

the

edib

le

port

ion,

has

a h

ard

text

ure

and

pole

br

own

colo

r.

July

to

Dece

mbe

r, De

cem

ber

to M

ay

Clim

b th

e tr

ee a

nd

hand

pick

the

frui

ts

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

The

frui

t is

subc

ylin

dric

al,

broa

d,

roun

ded

and

long

itudi

nal i

n sh

ape

Thro

ugh

out

the

year

M

anua

l pi

ckin

g of

the

fru

its w

hen

they

turn

yel

low

ish g

reen

Se

eds

are

extr

acte

d fr

om

the

ripe

frui

ts.

They

are

th

orou

ghly

cle

anse

d w

ith

wat

er

to

rem

ove

the

slim

y co

verin

g an

d al

-lo

wed

to d

ry u

nder

room

co

nditi

ons

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.) K

urtz

. Bo

tong

pyra

mid

al, o

btus

e, a

ngul

ar, 8

to 1

2 by

8

to 1

4 cm

; th

ick

peric

arp,

bro

wn,

w

ith a

tou

gh c

orky

-fibr

ous

husk

, 1

se

ed

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

acha

y Ba

guio

1,60

0/

poun

d

70


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Pi

li Th

e fr

uit

is ov

oid,

4-5

cm

long

, 2-2

.5

cm w

ide,

ent

irely

sm

ooth

. The

rin

d is

gree

nish

whe

n yo

ung

and

turn

s bl

ack

whe

n rip

e. It

con

tain

s a

brow

n, h

ard-

shel

led

tria

ngul

ar

in

shap

e nu

t po

inte

d at

bo

th

ends

w

here

th

e ed

ible

fles

h is

embe

ddde

d.

June

to

Dece

mbe

r Th

e fu

lly r

ipe

frui

ts s

houl

d be

col

-le

cted

from

out

stan

ding

tree

s.

Reca

lci-

tran

t 50

-200

se

eds/

kg

New

ly

harv

este

d fr

uits

sh

ould

be

soak

ed i

n ta

p w

ater

from

24-

48

hour

s.

Unt

il th

en,

the

pulp

be

com

es s

oft a

nd c

an b

e re

adily

se

para

ted

from

th

e se

ed b

y ha

nd. S

eeds

th

at

float

sh

ould

be

di

scar

ded

beca

use

they

ar

e ei

ther

em

pty

or h

as

unde

velo

ped

embr

yo.

Cocu

s Nuc

ifera

/ Co

conu

t Th

e fr

uit

is a

larg

e, s

ingl

e -s

eede

d dr

upe

with

a h

ard

ston

y "s

hell"

and

a

fibro

us h

usk.

The

liq

uid

insid

e th

e sh

ell b

ecom

es s

olid

and

oily

to

form

th

e co

conu

t m

eat,

whi

ch i

s su

bse-

quen

tly d

ried

to m

ake

com

mer

cial

co

pra.

M

atur

e nu

ts c

an b

e pi

cked

by

hand

fr

om t

he t

ree

or c

olle

cted

fro

m t

he

grou

nd.

sin

gle-

seed

ed

Ficu

s ben

jam

ina

Bale

te

The

1 cm

in d

iam

eter

frui

t is

solit

ary,

ax

illar

y, s

talk

les

s, d

ark

purp

le a

nd

flesh

y w

hen

mat

ure

and

sphe

rical

Helli

coni

a ps

sitico

rum

/ Fa

lse b

ird o

f par

adise

Th

e fr

uit i

s a

trilo

cula

r dr

upe

and

has

an o

bcom

ic s

hape

with

abo

ut 2

.5 c

m

leng

th.

In

the

youn

g st

age,

th

e ep

icar

p ha

d a

gree

nish

col

or, s

moo

th

and

thin

. Th

e en

doca

rp

beco

mes

lig

nifie

d as

the

frui

t dev

elop

s.

Se

lect

ripe

and

you

ng fr

uits

.

Rem

ove

the

flesh

y pa

rt.

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

/ M

elen

dres

Th

e fr

uits

are

bro

wn

or b

lack

. Whe

n m

atur

e th

ey d

ry a

nd s

plit

rele

asin

g di

sh-s

hape

d se

eds.

71


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Lant

ana

cam

ara

L.

Lant

ana

The

frui

t is

an o

void

dru

pe 4

-6 m

m in

di

amet

er,

on

a th

icke

ned,

fr

eshl

y re

cept

able

, co

lore

d gr

een

initi

ally

, bu

t tu

rnin

g bl

ack

or p

urpl

e at

mat

ur-

ity.

The

seed

is

2-se

eded

, a

nutle

r, ab

out 1

.5 m

m lo

ng

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. Va

r.

luzo

nens

is Be

cc.

Anah

aw

The

frui

t is

1.5

cm in

dia

met

er,

glo-

bose

, fle

shy

and

yello

w w

ith a

har

d,

roun

d, b

row

n se

ed in

side

By

cl

imbi

ng

and

chip

ping

of

f th

e br

anch

let

usin

g an

ext

ensio

n pr

uner

or

a p

ole

with

a S

cyth

e

The

frui

ts a

re m

acer

ated

by

pu

ttin

g th

em

in

a ba

sin o

f w

ater

to

soft

en

the

pulp

. Re

mov

e de

-ca

yed

pulp

to e

xtra

ct th

e se

eds.

Im

med

iate

ly a

fter

de

- pu

lpin

g,

soak

th

e le

an s

eeds

in

wat

er t

o m

inim

ize

loss

of

m

ois-

ture

.

Mas

care

na la

geni

caul

is/

Cham

pagn

e

Al

low

see

dhea

ds t

o dr

y on

pla

nts,

re

mov

e an

d co

llect

seed

s.

Pick

the

see

ds f

rom

the

pl

ants

.

Mic

helia

cham

paca

Li

nn./

Ch

ampa

ca

Seed

s ar

e bl

acki

sh,

angu

lar

and

cove

red

with

thin

, pin

k-or

ange

pul

p.

Augu

st to

Se

ptem

ber

Colle

ct o

nly

fres

h se

eds.

Col

lect

ion

may

be

done

by

pluc

king

the

frui

t.

12,0

00/

kg

Allo

w u

nabl

e m

ish f

ruit

to

ripen

. Cl

ean

and

dry

the

seed

s bef

ore

sow

ing.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Datil

es

The

frui

t is

a be

rry

type

; gl

obos

e gr

een

whe

n st

ill im

mat

ure

but

turn

s to

yel

low

to

deep

red

whe

n rip

e an

d m

easu

res

1.0

to 1

.5 c

m in

dia

met

er,

smoo

th, f

ruit

soft

bro

wn,

pul

p so

me-

wha

t sw

eet

and

fille

d w

ith t

iny,

tan

se

eds.

All y

ear

roun

d

Clim

bing

of

the

tree

and

han

d-pi

ck

the

frui

ts.

Use

ba

mbo

o po

le

with

sc

ythe

to

cu

t th

e br

anch

lets

w

ith

frui

ts

Prob

ably

re

calc

i-tr

ant

26M

/kg

seed

s So

ak t

he fr

uits

in a

bas

in

of w

ater

to

soft

en a

nd

mac

erat

e it

over

a f

ine

mes

h to

se

para

te

the

pulp

from

the

tiny

seed

s.

72


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

The

frui

t is

smal

l (to

3/4

"),

flesh

y,

som

e- w

hat e

long

ated

ber

ry.

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(Lin

n.)

Mer

r/ B

ani

Pod

is w

oody

, sm

ooth

, obl

ong

5-7

cm

long

, 5-

6 m

m t

hick

, be

aked

at

the

apex

, con

tain

s 1

seed

whi

ch is

3.5

-5

cm lo

ng.

April

to M

ay,

July

to

Sept

embe

r

By c

limbi

ng o

r by

usin

g a

light

pol

e w

ith a

hoo

k at

tach

ed to

its e

nd

In e

xtra

ctin

g th

e se

eds,

fr

uits

are

drie

d un

der t

he

sun

to le

t the

pod

s op

en.

Anot

her

met

hod

is by

us

ing

a ha

rd o

bjec

t or

kn

ife t

o op

en t

he p

ods

and

for

the

seed

s to

co

me

out.

Psid

ium

gua

java

Linn

/ Gu

ava

The

frui

t is

roun

ded,

ovo

id o

r ov

o-vo

id,

4-9

cm.

long

, gr

een

or y

ello

w-

gree

n w

hen

ripe,

co

ntai

ns

man

y se

eds

embe

dded

in

arom

atic

, pi

nk,

edib

le p

ulp.

Thro

ugho

ut

the

year

Allo

w t

ree

to r

ipen

on

the

tree

; or

pi

ck g

reen

mat

ure

frui

t an

d al

low

to

ripen

at r

oom

tem

p.

Extr

act

the

seed

fr

om

ripen

frui

ts.

Qui

squi

alis

indi

ca/

Drun

ken

sailo

r Co

here

nt a

t th

e ba

se,

open

ing

by

long

itudi

nal s

lit, m

any

seed

ed, s

eeds

ar

e pa

le b

row

n, s

light

ly r

ough

, w

ith

tuts

of l

ong,

dirt

y w

hite

hai

rs.

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal p

alm

Th

e fr

uit

is an

obl

ong

or g

lobo

se

drup

e, 1

-2 c

m lo

ng, a

nd d

eep

purp

le

whe

n rip

e.

Seed

can

be

colle

ct w

hen

the

frui

t is

com

plet

ely

ripe

or a

s so

on a

s it

falls

from

th

e gr

ound

.

Pa

lm s

eeds

are

enc

lose

d by

a

flesh

y or

fib

rous

fr

uit

wal

l th

at m

ust

be

rem

oved

prio

r to

stor

age

or

plan

ting.

It

can

be

clea

ned

by h

and

usin

g a

knife

to

away

the

fru

it tis

sue.

73


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

M

orph

olog

ical

Des

crip

tion

Cale

ndar

Met

hods

of C

olle

ctio

n T

ype

Seed

Cou

nt

Met

hod

of E

xtra

ctio

n

Sam

anea

sam

an/

Rain

Tre

e It

is a

pod,

inde

hi- s

cent

, woo

dy, f

lat

to 2

5cm

long

, str

aigh

t or

curv

ed. 2

.5-

3.5c

m w

ide

and

alm

ost

1 cm

thi

ck

(Voz

zo,2

000;

Day

an, e

t.al.,

2003

). Th

e se

ed i

s ob

long

, gl

ossy

, da

rk b

row

n,

late

rally

com

pres

sed,

0.8

-1cm

lon

g;

0.7-

0.8c

m w

ide

and

0.4-

0.5c

m t

hick

(D

ayan

,200

5) .

It ha

s ve

ry h

ard

seed

co

at.

Augu

st-

Sept

embe

r

Colle

ctio

n fr

om

the

grou

nd

of

new

ly fa

llen

frui

ts.

Ort

hodo

x 4,

798/

kg

(Day

an, e

t.al.,

20

05);

4000

- 50

00/k

g (V

ozzo

, 20

00) 4

000-

7700

se

eds/

kg

(Hei

nsle

igh

&

Hollw

ay, 1

988)

Man

ual

extr

actio

n by

han

d an

d w

ashe

d in

run

ning

wat

er

to

rem

ove

the

stuc

king

su

bsta

nce,

th

en

dry

and

expo

se in

full

sunl

ight

(Voz

zo,

2000

) Sun

dry

the

pods

for

2-3d

ays,

ex

trac

t th

e se

eds

man

ually

th

en

air

dry

the

seed

s fo

r tw

o w

eeks

to a

ttai

n 7-

8% M

C (D

ayan

et.

al.,

2006

)

Sara

ca d

eclin

ata

Sara

ca

Its f

latt

ened

and

val

ved

frui

ts,

with

de

hisc

ing

pod

and

cont

aini

ng

1-8

seed

s eac

h, tw

ist o

r coi

l upo

n dr

ying

,

Tabu

bea

rose

a/

Pink

teco

ma

Frui

t is

linea

r, de

hisc

ent

cont

aini

ng

man

y w

inge

d se

eds.

42,0

00

seed

s/kg

Tam

arin

dus i

ndica

L.

Sam

palo

k Th

e fr

uit

is 6-

15 c

m l

ong,

2-3

cm

w

ide,

som

etim

es r

ound

or

flatt

ened

. Th

e po

d do

es n

ot sp

lit w

hen

mat

ure

June

to

Oct

ober

Mat

ure

frui

ts a

re c

olle

cted

fro

m

heal

thy

mot

her t

rees

Se

eds

are

extr

acte

d by

mac

-er

atin

g an

d ea

ting

the

pulp

.

Vign

a ra

diat

a M

ungo

Harv

estin

g is

done

by

prim

ing

or

hand

pic

king

as

the

pods

mat

ure.

O

n a

sizea

ble

oper

atio

n, h

arve

stin

g ca

n be

don

e by

a c

ontin

ued

har-

vest

er- t

resh

er m

achi

ne.

Mun

go p

ods

are

first

drie

d in

th

e su

n un

til t

hey

are

britt

le

befo

re t

hres

hing

by

foot

or

by b

eatin

g th

e po

ds i

nsid

e th

e ju

te s

ack

or w

ith a

me-

chan

ical

thre

sher

if a

vaila

ble.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m a

nd M

ill.

Man

sani

tas

The

frui

t is

smoo

th, s

hiny

, fle

shy

and

ovoi

d or

su

bglo

bose

be

rry.

Li

ght

gree

n to

yel

low

whi

ch m

easu

res

1.5

to 2

cm

in

diam

eter

, w

ith a

bon

y irr

egul

ar fu

rrow

ed st

one/

seed

insid

e

Nov

embe

r to

Fe

brua

ry

Use

bam

boo

pole

with

scyt

he to

cut

br

anch

lets

with

ripe

frui

t O

rtho

dox

15,0

00

By e

atin

g th

e pu

lpy

part

of

the

frui

t. Th

e ex

trac

ted

seed

s ar

e w

ashe

d in

runn

ing

wat

er

to c

lean

thor

ough

ly.

74


Appe

ndix

Tab

le 3

. See

d Te

chno

logi

es c

ontin

ued…

.

PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Med

ia

Germ

inat

ion

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/ Ca

dena

de

Amor

so

il m

ix c

onsis

ting

of 2

par

ts lo

am to

1

part

pea

t mos

s to

1 pa

rt sa

nd

Pre

soak

seed

s for

12

hour

s

Seed

s sh

ould

be

show

ing

a w

ell d

rain

ed s

oil m

ix a

nd

bare

ly c

over

ed. P

lant

3/4

" dep

th

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bu

nga

Pr

epar

e ra

ised

nurs

ery-

bed

s an

d di

rect

ly s

ow t

he

seed

s in

shal

low

hol

es 1

0-20

cm

apa

rt.

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

Fine

rive

r san

d, g

arde

n so

il

Seed

s ar

e so

wn

in s

eed

boxe

s or

sha

llow

pot

s co

n-ta

inin

g fin

e riv

er s

and

or a

mix

ture

of t

wo

part

s fin

e sa

nd a

nd o

ne p

art

gard

en s

oil.

The

y ar

e pl

ante

d ab

out 2

cm

bet

wee

n ro

ws a

nd 1

cm

bet

wee

n se

eds i

n a

row

at

abou

t 0.

5 cm

dee

p. T

he b

ed is

leve

led

to

cove

r the

seed

s and

wat

ered

to sa

tura

tion.

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.) K

urtz

. Bo

tong

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

acha

y Ba

guio

Soak

in h

ot w

ater

925

-30m

in.,

then

qu

ickl

y co

oled

and

drie

d.

In

see

dbed

, so

w t

he s

eeds

dire

ctly

in

row

s 2

feet

ap

art.

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Pi

li

Fine

sand

and

ord

inar

y ga

rden

soil

If ex

trac

ted

are

to b

e pl

ante

d in

an

othe

r pl

ace,

th

ey

shou

ld

be

cont

aine

d in

moi

st ju

te sa

cks d

urin

g tr

ansp

ort

and

shou

ld

be

sow

n im

med

iate

ly u

pon

arriv

al.

Se

eds

shou

ld b

e la

id f

lat

in p

re-

pare

d sh

allo

w

tren

ches

15-

18cm

bet

wee

n ro

ws

and

8-10

cm b

e-tw

een

seed

s in

a r

ow.

Com

plet

ely

cove

r th

e se

eds

with

app

roxi

mat

ely

1 cm

thi

ck o

f th

e ge

rmin

atin

g m

edia

.

Cocu

s Nuc

ifera

/ Co

conu

t

Soak

the

seed

nut

s in

wat

er fo

r tw

o w

eeks

bef

ore

sow

ing.

no

t req

uire

d Se

ednu

ts a

re b

urie

d tw

o-th

ird o

f th

eir

leng

th i

n co

arse

soi

l to

redu

ce t

he lo

ss o

f nu

t w

ater

thr

ough

ev

apo-

ratio

n.

75


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Med

ia

Germ

inat

ion

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Helli

coni

a ps

sitico

rum

/ Fa

lse b

ird o

f par

adise

St

erili

ze

the

se

eds

in

10%

so

dium

hyp

ochl

orite

for

fiv

e m

inut

es; t

hen

was

h in

dist

illed

w

ater

.

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. Va

r.

Luzo

nens

is Be

cc.

Anah

aw

So

w f

resh

ly d

epul

ped

seed

s ev

enly

on

prev

ious

ly p

repa

red

seed

beds

. Pre

ss t

he

seed

s lig

htly

in t

he s

eed

beds

and

cov

er

them

with

Soi

l

Mich

elia

cham

paca

Lin

n./

Cham

paca

Ord

inar

y ga

rden

soil

The

red

pulp

ar

ound

th

e se

ed

shou

ld b

e re

mov

ed b

efor

e so

win

g be

caus

e de

-pul

ped

got

signi

fican

tly

high

er p

erce

ntag

e of

ger

min

atio

n co

mpa

red

to se

ed so

wn

with

pul

p.

not r

equi

red

Sow

as s

oon

as p

ossib

le.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

. Da

tiles

Air d

ry b

efor

e so

win

g th

e se

eds.

Fin

e sa

nd in

tra

ys c

an b

e us

ed in

ge

rmi-

natin

g da

tiles

seed

s.

Pre-

trea

tmen

t not

requ

ired

not r

equi

red

Broa

dcas

t th

e se

eds

in t

he s

owin

g m

e-di

um,

cove

r th

e se

eds

thin

ly w

ith t

he

med

ium

,

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(L

inn.

) Mer

r Ba

ni

So

w th

e se

eds

in d

rills

3 cm

dee

p an

d 15

cm

wid

e w

ith a

dist

ance

of 4

cm

Psid

ium

gua

java

Li

nn/G

uava

eq

ual m

ixtu

re o

f san

d an

d to

p so

il Bo

il fo

r 5 m

inut

es o

r soa

k fo

r tw

o w

eeks

.

Sow

the

seed

s an

d lig

htly

cov

er w

ith s

oil

0.5-

1.0

cm d

eep.

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal p

alm

A

1:1

mix

ture

of p

eat a

nd sa

nd.

Soak

see

d in

wat

er fo

r 1

to 7

day

s.

It is

advi

sabl

e to

cha

nge

the

wat

er

daily

. Sc

arifi

catio

n by

soa

king

the

se

ed i

n di

lute

d H2

SO4

for

30-4

0 m

in.

So

w in

6 c

m. p

ot fi

lled

with

ger

min

atio

n m

edia

with

a l

ayer

of

drai

nage

at

the

bott

om o

f th

e po

t. Do

not

wat

er t

oo

muc

h, th

e se

eds c

ould

rot.

You

can

cove

r th

e po

t with

a p

ane

or sa

chet

of

76


PLAN

T N

AME

FRU

IT

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Med

ia

Germ

inat

ion

Trea

tmen

t St

erili

zatio

n M

etho

d of

Sow

ing

Sam

anea

sam

an/

Rain

Tre

e 1:

1:1

top

soil,

sand

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r

Nic

or

cutt

ing

of t

he s

eedc

oat

and

soak

in

tap

wat

er o

vern

ight

or

in

0.02

%

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n (s

mal

l vo

lum

e of

see

ds).

Soak

the

seed

s in

co

n. H

2SO

4 fo

r 30

min

utes

the

n w

ash

in ru

nnin

g w

ater

, the

n so

ak in

ta

p w

ater

ov

erni

ght

or

0.

02%

fung

icid

e.

Ster

ilize

the

med

ium

for

fou

r ho

urs

at 8

0-90

C in

ste

rilizi

ng

pad.

Let

the

med

ium

coo

l off

then

pla

ce in

tra

ys f

or s

owin

g of

seed

s.

Seed

s ar

e so

wn

in g

reen

hous

e be

ds w

ith

sand

, or

in b

ags

with

san

d or

dire

ctly

in

the

soil

(Voz

zo, 2

000)

. See

ds a

re s

own

in

tray

s w

ith 1

:1:1

top

soil

sand

and

drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r or

in

tray

s w

ith m

ois-

tene

d pa

per t

owel

(Day

an e

t. al

., 20

05)

Tabu

bea

rose

a/

Pink

teco

ma

de

sicca

tion

to 7

1% M

C

Tam

arin

dus i

ndic

a L.

Sa

mpa

lok

Sand

y so

il or

fine

sand

Se

eds

can

be s

own

in s

eed-

boxe

s or

in

seed

- be

ds w

ith s

andy

soi

l or

fine

sand

ab

out o

ne c

m d

eep

and

a di

stan

ce o

f 2.3

cm

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m a

nd M

ill.

Man

sani

tas

1:1:

1 O

GS, d

ried

OM

and

coi

r dus

t in

tray

s Cr

acki

ng o

f th

e st

one

and

soak

ing

in ta

p w

ater

ove

rnig

ht

Dr

ill

the

seed

s in

see

d be

d or

in t

rays

w

ith th

e so

win

g m

ediu

m

77


Appe

ndix

Tab

le 4

. Nur

sery

Tec

hniq

ues a

nd o

ther

Cul

tura

l Man

agem

ent P

ract

ices

of S

peci

es

Su

itabl

e fo

r Reh

abili

tatio

n of

Urb

an A

reas

.

PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G

POTT

ING

IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e /C

omm

on

Nam

e M

etho

d Ti

me

Cont

aine

r size

M

ediu

m/R

atio

M

icro

-or

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Au

ri Li

ft th

e se

edlin

gs fr

om th

e po

ttin

g m

ediu

m w

hen

a pa

ir o

f fa

lse

leav

es (

simila

r to

ipi

l-ipi

l) is

al-

read

y fo

rmed

2-

3 w

eeks

af

ter

emer

genc

e or

whe

n f

ew l

ater

al

root

s a

rises

. Pr

icki

ng o

f ge

rmi-

nant

s sh

ould

be

do

ne

in

the

shad

ed a

reas

to

prev

ent d

ryin

g of

seed

lings

.

Anyt

ime

of

the

day

in a

sh

aded

ar

ea.

4x6

poly

ethy

lene

bag

w

ith h

oles

St

erili

zed

med

ium

of

the

sam

e ra

tio 1

:1:1

O

GS;

5x6

plas

tic b

ag

with

7:2

:1 t

op s

oil,

sand

an

d or

gani

c Fe

rtili

zer

VAM

m

ycor

rhiza

; Rh

izobi

al

inoc

ulat

ion

Myc

ovam

&

Rhizo

bium

5g (

1 fu

ll so

ftdr

ink

cap)

pla

ced

halfw

ay

in

the

bag

with

th

e m

ediu

m;

5cc

per

germ

inan

ts (

2 le

aves

) pr

epar

ed b

y m

ixin

g 15

g in

oc.

to 1

li

wat

er;

5g

capi

tu-

late

d &

rhizo

bial

Inoc

ulan

ts

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

/ M

angi

um

Pric

k th

e ge

rmin

ant

whe

n a

pair

of le

aves

are

alre

ady

deve

lope

d.

3 w

eeks

af

ter

emer

genc

e.

4x6

plas

tic b

ag

1:1:

1 O

GS c

oir d

ust

and

drie

d or

gani

c M

atte

r

Myc

ovam

an

d Rh

izo

bial

inoc

u-la

nts

5 g

and

1 pe

llet i

nocu

lant

s pl

ace

in t

he c

ente

r of

the

bag

hal

fway

w

ith t

he p

ottin

g m

ixtu

re b

efor

e tr

ansf

errin

g

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Lin

n./ A

tis

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/ Ca

dena

de

amor

2 pa

rts l

oam

: 1 p

art

peat

mos

s: 1

par

t

sand

Arec

a ca

tech

u L

./Bu

nga

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na/

Kaua

yan

tinik

8"

x12"

x .0

03 p

last

ic b

ag

sand

y lo

am

soil

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./

Pili

Care

fully

upr

oot a

nd tr

ansp

lant

ge

rmin

ated

seed

s.

6"

x 8

" pol

yeth

ylen

e ba

gs

1:1:

1 ra

tio sa

nd,

gard

en so

il, a

nd

com

post

78


PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G

POTT

ING

IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e /

Com

mon

Nam

e M

etho

d Ti

me

Cont

aine

r size

M

ediu

m/R

atio

M

icro

-or

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Cocu

s nuc

ifera

/ Coc

onut

41

cmx4

1cm

po

lyba

g fo

r sm

all

seed

nu

ts

46cm

x4

6cm

pol

ybag

if se

ed n

ut

is til

ted

clay

loam

to s

ilty

clay

lo

am

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. va

r lu

zone

nsis

Becc

./

Anah

aw

4" x

6" p

olye

thyl

ene

bags

1:

1:1

top

soil

saw

-du

st a

nd sa

nd

Mic

helia

cham

paca

/ Ch

ampa

ca

4"x6

" pol

yeth

ylen

e ba

g

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

eq

ual p

arts

of l

oam

an

d th

orou

ghly

de

caye

d m

anur

e an

d a

bit o

f san

d

Psid

ium

gua

java

, L/

Gu

ava

cl

ay lo

am so

il m

ixed

w

ith c

ompo

st

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

acha

y Ba

guio

Th

in

seed

lings

12

-20

inch

es

betw

een

plan

ts w

ith in

the

row

.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

./Da

tiles

St

art

pric

king

th

e ge

rmin

ants

w

hen

the

first

true

leaf

app

ears

4 x

6" p

last

ic b

ag

Ord

inar

y so

il +

drie

d hu

mus

+ c

ocon

ut

coir

dust

at 1

:1:1

Ra

tio

Inoc

ulat

e w

ith m

y-co

rrhi

za a

nd

caps

ulat

ed

Rhizo

bium

5g o

f myc

orrh

iza a

nd c

apsu

late

d Rh

izobi

um c

an b

e ap

plie

d in

the

ce

nter

of

half

fille

d pl

astic

bag

w

ith t

he p

ottin

g m

ediu

m b

efor

e tr

ansp

lant

ing.

79


PLAN

T N

AME

PRIC

KIN

G

POTT

ING

IN

OCU

LATI

ON

Sc

ient

ific

Nam

e /

Com

mon

Nam

e M

etho

d Ti

me

Cont

aine

r size

M

ediu

m/R

atio

M

icro

-or

gani

sm

Dosa

ge

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal P

alm

Sam

anea

sam

an/

Rain

Tre

e or

Aca

cia

In sh

aded

are

a, u

sing

poin

ted

stic

k An

ytim

e of

the

day

in sh

aded

ar

ea

4"x6

" pla

stic

bag

1:

1:1

OGS

, san

d an

d dr

ied

OM

M

ycov

am

5g m

ycov

am is

inoc

ulat

ed in

hal

f fil

led

poly

bag

the

n fil

l th

e ba

g w

ith p

ottin

g M

ediu

m

Spha

snet

icola

trilo

bata

(L

.C. R

ich)

pru

ski

Wed

elia

Tabu

bea

rose

a/

Pink

teco

ma

Vetiv

era

zizan

ioid

es

Vetiv

er g

rass

Pr

opag

atio

n by

roo

t di

visio

n or

lip

s th

at a

re u

sual

ly ri

pped

off

the

mai

n cl

umps

and

pot

ted.

Ste

m

cutt

ing

with

2 n

odes

at

30-5

0 cm

cu

ttin

g to

enc

oura

ge ti

llery

and

40

cm g

ivin

g be

st r

esul

ts.

Rato

onin

g or

cut

ting

to t

he g

roun

d an

d le

ft

to sp

rout

.

7"

x15"

an

d 10

"x20

" pl

astic

bag

s 4"

x6"

plas

tic

bags

w

as

foun

d to

be

m

ore

econ

omic

al

M

ycov

am

25g

of c

hipp

ed r

oots

of

mai

ze

with

myc

ovam

(Glo

mus

spp.

)

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m a

nd M

ill.

Man

sani

tas

Star

t pr

icki

ng

whe

n a

pair

of

leav

es is

alre

ady

form

ed

Anyt

ime

of

the

day

in

sh

ad

ed

area

4"x6

" pla

stic

bag

1:

1:1

OGS

, dr

ied

OM

or

coi

r du

st

Myc

ovam

5g

myc

ovam

in

half

fille

d m

e-di

um,

then

add

the

rem

aini

ng

half

of

th

e m

ediu

m

befo

re

tran

s-pl

antin

g

80


PLAN

T N

AME

FERT

ILIZ

ATIO

N/A

MEN

DMEN

TS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot

pr

unin

g Sp

acin

g Ba

sis

Form

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Au

ri Vi

goro

us

seed

-lin

gs a

re f

irst

to

be tr

ansp

lant

ed

Repo

ttin

g sh

ould

be

done

im

med

iate

ly

for

repl

acem

ents

to

cope

up

the

rest

in

term

s of

gro

wth

&

surv

ival

W

hen

leav

es s

tart

to

ove

r-la

p, p

rovi

de s

pace

bet

wee

n se

edlin

gs b

y pl

acin

g w

ood

or a

ny m

ater

ial

whi

ch w

ill

not

affe

ct

the

grow

th

of

seed

lings

If po

ssib

le a

pplic

atio

n of

fer

tilize

r is

not

rec

omm

ende

d sin

ce it

mak

e th

e st

em a

nd l

eave

s su

ccul

ent

and

thi

s pr

edisp

osed

the

seed

lings

to th

e at

tack

of

pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es. H

ow- e

ver i

f the

an

alys

is of

pot

ting

med

ium

lac

k th

e es

sent

ial

nutr

ient

s fo

r de

velo

pmen

t, so

il am

endm

ent

like

fert

ilize

r ap

plic

a-tio

n is

nece

ssar

y by

spr

ayin

g or

by

inco

rpor

atio

n in

the

soil.

If N

PK is

lack

ing

one

time

appl

icat

ion

of

com

plet

e fe

rtili

zer i

s en

ough

.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

/ M

angi

um

Tr

ansp

lant

th

e se

edlin

g ca

refu

lly in

4"

x6"

bag

with

the

m

ediu

m a

nd i

nocu

-la

nts

Nut

rient

N

PK

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Lin

n./

Atis

4-

6 cm

apa

rt

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/ Ca

dena

de

amor

12-1

5 ft

(3.6

- 4.7

m]

15-

20 ft

(4.

7-6m

) Fe

rtili

ze

wee

kly

durin

g th

e gr

owin

g se

ason

. N

PK

Arec

a ca

tech

u L

./Bu

nga

Tran

spla

nt

the

heal

thy

robu

st

seed

lings

2.7

x 2.

7m

10

0 g

N,

40 g

P20

5 an

d 14

0 g

K2O

per

pal

m a

nnu-

ally

in

tw

o ap

plic

atio

ns,

e..g

. fr

om S

ept.

to O

ct.

and

Mar

to A

pril

Bam

busa

blu

mea

na/

Kaua

yan

tinik

di

stan

ce o

f 25-

50 c

m b

etw

een

row

s

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 4

. Nur

sery

Tec

hniq

ues c

ontin

ued

…...

81


PLAN

T N

AME

FERT

ILIZ

ATIO

N/A

MEN

DMEN

TS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot

pr

unin

g Sp

acin

g Ba

sis

Form

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./

Pili

Som

e le

aves

of

the

seed

- lin

gs m

ay b

e cu

t-of

f pr

ior

to p

lant

ing

Cocu

s nuc

ifera

/ Coc

onut

th

e ea

rlie

st

ge

rmin

ato

rs

occu

py

the

first

ro

w.

Whe

n so

win

g,

the

seed

nut

sho

uld

be

laid

up

right

or

sli

ghtly

til

ted

with

its

ste

m-

end

abov

e th

e gr

ound

.

40

cm

apa

rt o

r 25

-40

seed

-lin

gs/r

ow

co

rn c

ob a

s s

oil

fille

r/am

elio

rant

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. va

r lu

zone

nsis

Becc

./

Anah

aw

Mic

helia

cham

paca

/ Ch

ampa

ca

Se

edlin

gs a

re t

rans

-pl

ante

d w

hen

they

ha

ve

2 pa

irs

of

leav

es.

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

Enric

h th

e so

il or

gani

c m

atte

r su

ch

as

wel

l ro

tted

co

mpo

st,

spha

gnum

pea

t or c

hoir.

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

Re

pott

ing

shou

ld b

e do

ne in

Feb

ruar

y

36

"-60

"

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

Psid

ium

gua

java

L/

Guav

a

2-

3 cm

apa

rt

82


PLAN

T N

AME

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

FERT

ILIZ

ATIO

N/A

MEN

DMEN

TS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot

pr

unin

g Sp

acin

g Ba

sis

Form

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

acha

y Ba

guio

Tran

spla

nt m

ay b

e pr

otec

ted

wit

h pl

astic

ro

w

cone

s.

The

tran

spla

nt

shou

ld b

e se

t in

the

so

il to

a d

epth

of

the

first

pa

ir of

le

aves

.

6"

-12"

apa

rt

Co

mpo

sted

m

anur

e an

d co

ver c

rops

resid

ue .

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra

Linn

./Da

tiles

As

m

uch

as

poss

ible

, se

lect

ge

rmin

ants

of t

he

sam

e siz

e. A

void

Pr

icki

ng

unhe

alth

y

ge

rmin

ants

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal P

alm

Repo

t in

an

8 cm

po

t w

hen

the

first

le

aves

dev

elop

ed a

lit

tle.

Plac

e th

e po

t at

the

edg

e of

the

w

indo

w e

xpos

ed to

su

n.

Sam

anea

sam

an/

Rain

Tre

e or

Aca

cia

Sele

ct g

erm

inan

ts

of v

igor

ous

grow

th a

nd a

void

tr

ansp

lant

ing

un

heal

thy

seed

-lin

gs.

Prov

ide

enou

gh sp

ace

be

twee

n se

edlin

gs to

avo

id

Ove

rlapp

ing

of le

aves

and

to

pro

vide

aer

atio

n.

83


PLAN

T N

AME

TRAN

SPLA

NTI

NG

& O

THER

PRA

CTIC

ES

FERT

ILIZ

ATIO

N/A

MEN

DMEN

TS

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Grad

ing

Re-p

ottin

g Ro

ot

pru

ning

Sp

acin

g Ba

sis

Form

Spha

snet

icola

trilo

bata

(L

.C. R

ich)

pru

ski

Wed

elia

Cutt

ings

roo

t re

adily

in

five

to s

even

day

s un

der

moi

st c

ondi

tions

. It

can

be e

asily

est

ablis

hed

by

sprig

ging

by

hand

or w

ith

a hy

drau

lic s

eede

r; pl

ant-

ing

root

ed o

r un

root

ed

cutt

ings

, or f

rom

nur

sery

-gr

own

plan

ts.

Gr

owth

can

be

cont

rolle

d by

car

e-fu

lly m

anag

ing

nitr

ogen

fer

tilize

r an

d irr

igat

ion.

Wat

er a

nd f

ertil

ize

only

eno

ugh

to p

rovi

de a

dequ

ate

grow

th a

nd c

olor

.

Tabu

bea

rose

a/

Pink

teco

ma

Tree

s w

ithst

and

a lit

tle

amou

nt

of

prun

ing

but

not p

olla

rdin

g.

Vetiv

era

zizan

ioid

es

Vetiv

er g

rass

Slip

s w

ith

2-3

tille

rs a

re p

lant

ed

in a

fur

row

15-

20

cm

deep

. Tw

o ro

w s

yste

m p

lant

-in

g in

soi

l be

d at

6"

bet

wee

n ro

ws

Appl

y w

hen

need

ed

NPK

6gm

s nug

get

Koke

i (N

PKM

g)

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m a

nd M

ill.

Man

sani

tas

Pl

ace

the

bag

aft

er a

noth

er

in ro

ws s

o as

not

to to

pple

do

wn

the

bag

to p

reve

nt

inju

ry to

the

new

ly tr

ans-

plan

ted

seed

lings

.

84


Appe

ndix

Tab

le 5

. Pes

t and

Dis

ease

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies i

n th

e N

urse

ry a

nd P

lant

atio

n fo

r Spe

cies

Sui

tabl

e fo

r Urb

an R

ehab

ilita

tion

PLAN

T N

AME

SEED

N

UR

SER

Y

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

N

ame

Pest

s an

d

Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

ho-

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

)

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis

Auri

*See

d di

seas

es

*Las

iodi

plod

ia

th

eo-

brom

ae

*Col

leto

trich

um

loeo

-sp

oroi

des

*Mac

roph

oma

pha

se-

olin

a *A

sper

gillu

s

flore

s/ni

ger

Afte

r pr

e-tr

eatm

ent,

soak

the

se

eds

in

0.

02%

fu

ngic

ide

solu

tion

over

nigh

t

Pow

dery

m

ildew

O

idiu

m sp

p.

Obs

erve

sa

nita

tion;

Sp

ray

Dith

ane

M-4

5 or

Cap

tan

emul

-sio

n ev

ery

2 w

eeks

; pr

oper

di

spos

al o

f in

fect

ed l

eave

s to

pr

even

t spr

eadi

ng o

f dise

ase.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

M

angi

um

*See

d di

seas

es

* Pe

stal

otia

sp

* Fu

sariu

m

mon

ili-

form

e *

Aspe

rgill

us

flavu

s/ni

ger

Soak

pr

etre

ated

se

eds

in

fung

icid

e so

lutio

n at

2.5

g/li

of

wat

er

Pow

dery

m

ildew

O

idiu

m sp

. Av

oid

over

crow

ding

in

th

e nu

rser

y,

spra

y an

y co

ntac

t fu

ngic

ide

once

in

fect

ion

is ob

serv

ed.

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Linn

. At

is

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/ Ca

dena

de

amor

N

o se

riou

s in

sect

or

dise

ase

prob

lem

.

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bun

ga

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pec

hay

Ba-

guio

*Pes

ts

1. H

ymen

opte

ra

a. H

arve

ster

ant

Pogo

myr

mx

ru

gasu

s

Pour

boi

ling

wat

er t

hat

con-

tain

s ci

trus

ext

ract

aro

und

the

ant h

ill to

kill

pop

ulat

ion

insid

e.

85


PLAN

T N

AME

SEED

N

UR

SER

Y

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

N

ame

Pest

s an

d

Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Path

ogen

Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pec

hay

Ba-

guio

2. D

ipte

ra

a. C

abba

ge m

aggo

t *

Dise

ases

Da

mpi

ng -o

ff

Delia

radi

cum

Py

thiu

m sp

Rh

izoct

onia

sol

ani

Inse

ctic

ide

trea

tmen

t is

mor

e ef

fect

ive

whe

n ap

plie

d be

fore

seed

ing

beca

use

cabb

age

mag

gots

an

d a

stan

d es

tabl

ishm

ent

pest

. Al

l re

sidue

s fr

om

the

prev

ious

cro

ps s

houl

d be

pl

owed

bef

ore

plan

ting.

Cana

rium

ova

tum

/Pili

Coco

s nuc

ifera

/ Co

conu

t *P

est

1. R

at

U

se e

ither

trun

k ba

ndin

g or

ba

iting

. *

Dise

ases

1.

Lea

f spo

t 2.

Bac

teria

l lea

f st

ripe

Pest

aloz

zia

palm

arum

He

lmin

tho

spor

ium

spp.

Adeq

uate

ap

plic

atio

n of

m

uria

te

of

pota

sh

or

sodi

um

chlo

ride

,mak

es

the

palm

s re

sista

nt t

o le

af

spot

. To

pr

even

t th

e sp

read

of

th

e di

seas

e,

isola

te

or

disp

ose

seed

-lin

gs

whi

ch

exhi

bit

ad-

vanc

ed sy

mpt

oms.

Sp

ray

phys

an a

t th

e ra

te

of 0

.5 t

bsp/

liter

of

wat

er

wee

kly

to b

iwee

kly

until

in

fect

ion

subs

ides

.

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

86


PLAN

T N

AME

SEED

N

URS

ERY

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

N

ame

Pest

s an

d

Di

seas

es

Caus

al P

atho

gen

Cont

rol M

easu

re(s

) Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Path

ogen

Co

ntro

l

Mea

sure

(s)

Livi

ston

ia ro

tund

ifolia

(Lam

.) M

art.

Var l

uzon

ensis

Bec

c.

Anah

aw

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

M

elen

dres

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn.

Datil

es

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(Lin

n.)

Mer

r/ B

ani

Psid

ium

gua

java

/Gua

va

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Roy

al p

alm

Sam

anea

sam

an/R

ain

tree

Se

ed d

iseas

es

Fusa

rium

sola

ni,

Lasio

dipl

odia

theo

brom

ae

Soak

see

ds i

n fu

ngic

idal

sol

utio

n fo

r 2 h

ours

prio

r to

sow

ing.

Spha

gnet

icola

trilo

bata

(L.C

. Ri

ch.)

Prus

ki/W

edel

ia

Tam

arin

dus i

ndica

L.

Sam

palo

k

Vign

a ra

diat

a L.

/Mun

go

Seed

dec

ay

Avoi

d th

ick

seed

ing;

mai

ntai

n pr

oper

soil

moi

stur

e: p

rote

ct

seed

s w

ith

seed

-pro

tect

ant

chem

ical

s su

ch a

s O

rtho

cide

50

, Ara

san

SF, V

itava

x, D

emo-

san

at th

e ra

te o

f 185

g/ c

avan

of

see

ds.

87


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Auri

Pow

dery

mild

ew

Oid

ium

spp.

O

bser

ve s

anita

tion;

Spr

ay D

ithan

e M

-45

or C

apta

n em

ulsio

n ev

ery

2 w

eeks

; pr

oper

disp

osal

of

infe

cted

leav

es t

o pr

even

t sp

read

ing

of d

iseas

es.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

/Man

gium

Di

ebac

k Ro

ot ro

t Pe

sts:

pi

nhol

e bo

rer;

carp

ente

r an

ts;

scal

e in

sect

s;

mea

ly

bug;

le

af

Cera

mby

cid

*Col

leto

trich

um

* Fu

sariu

m sp

*

Pest

alot

ia sp

Ph

ellin

us n

oxio

res

Avoi

d tr

ee in

jury

; if i

njur

ed, a

pply

fung

icid

e in

affe

cted

are

as

Sele

ct g

ood

plan

tatio

n sit

e; p

lant

res

istan

t tr

ees;

est

ablis

h m

ixed

pla

ntat

ion;

avo

id w

ound

ing

the

root

s.

Appl

y co

ntac

t ins

ectic

ide

to p

reve

nt sp

read

of i

nfes

tatio

n.

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Linn

./At

is M

oth

bore

r, in

flore

scen

ce

rot,

pink

di

seas

e,

rhizo

cton

ia

thre

ad

blig

ht

Re

mov

e in

fect

ed p

arts

and

spra

ying

the

tree

s with

app

ropr

iate

fu

ngic

ides

Antig

onon

lept

opus

/Cad

ena

de a

mor

Re

gula

r sp

rayi

ng w

ith B

orde

aux

mix

ture

is

reco

mm

ende

d

durin

g br

eaks

in th

e ra

iny

seas

on

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

/Bun

ga

Frui

t rot

Ph

ytop

thor

a pa

lmiv

ora

The

dam

aged

por

tion

shou

ld b

e pr

uned

and

bur

ned

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L./K

amia

s

Cera

mby

oid

bore

r (P

tero

loph

ia b

igib

erra

N

ewm

an)

Aphi

ds,

scal

e in

sect

s

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 5

. Pes

t and

Dis

ease

Con

trol

con

tinue

d …

...

88


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Bras

sica

rapa

/Pec

hay

Bagu

io

1. C

oleo

pter

a a.

Str

iped

flea

bee

tle

Phyl

lotr

eta

strio

lata

b.

Pot

ato

flea

beet

le

Epitr

ix cu

cum

eris

c. W

este

rn b

lack

flea

bet

tle

Phyl

lotr

eta

pusil

la

d. W

este

rn st

riped

flea

bee

tle

Phyl

lotr

eta

ram

osa

e. D

arlin

g be

etle

Bla

pstin

us sp

. f.

Rove

Bee

tle

Sta

phyl

inid

s sp.

2.

Ort

hote

ra

a. c

ricke

t Sc

hist

ocer

a sp

. b.

Spu

r-he

aded

gra

ssho

pper

c.

Des

ert (

mig

rato

ry)

gr

assh

oppe

r 3.

Dip

tera

a.

leaf

min

er

* D

iseas

es

Fung

al D

iseas

es

a. D

owny

mild

ew

b. S

chle

rost

inia

Rot

Mel

anop

lus s

angu

inne

pes

Lirio

myz

a sp

. Pe

rono

spor

a pa

rasit

ica

Schl

erot

inia

min

a Sc

hler

otin

ia

Met

hom

yl, d

iazin

on a

nd p

yret

hroi

ds a

re fr

eque

ntly

use

trea

t-m

ent

for

the

cont

rol

of f

lea

beet

les.

Con

trol

wee

ds,

whi

ch

wou

ld a

ct a

s hos

t for

flea

bee

tles.

Pl

acin

g ba

its a

roun

d th

e pe

rimet

er o

f th

e fie

ld w

ill p

rovi

de

som

e co

ntro

l whe

n be

etle

s mig

rate

into

the

field

. Ba

its s

uch

as p

erm

ethr

on a

nd C

arba

ryl c

an b

e us

ed to

con

trol

cr

icke

ts.

Avoi

d pl

antin

g ne

ar c

otto

n, a

lfalfa

and

oth

er h

ost

feed

s,

be

caus

e le

af m

iner

s will

mig

rate

from

thes

e fie

lds.

C

ontr

ol w

eeds

F

ield

s sho

uld

be

irrig

ated

with

car

e, to

avo

id c

ondi

tions

Cana

rium

ova

tum

/Pili

*P

ests

1. t

wig

bor

er (

Nip

hono

clea

cap

ito

Pasc

.I 2.

gr

ay

mea

ly

bugs

(F

erris

ia

virg

ata

ck II

)

In

sect

pes

ts s

eem

not

to b

e a

serio

us p

robl

em. T

he a

ttac

k ca

n be

con

trol

led

by sp

rayi

ng w

ith in

sect

icid

e.

89


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Coco

s nuc

ifera

/ Coc

onut

*

Pest

s 1.

Rhi

noce

ros b

eetle

(O

ryct

es rh

inoc

eros

).

2. C

ocon

ut s

pike

mot

h (T

irath

aba

rufiv

ena

) 3.

Asia

tic p

alm

wee

vil

( Rhy

ncho

phor

ous s

chac

h)

4. sl

ug c

atte

rpill

ars

5. B

ud ro

t 6.

Soc

orro

Wilt

7.

Ste

m B

leed

ing

Phyt

opth

ora

palm

ivor

a Ce

rato

stom

ella

(T

hiel

avio

psis)

Par

adox

a

Cut a

nd b

urn

crow

n- le

ss p

alm

s. P

our

1% c

hlor

dane

on

new

ly-

cut

coco

nut

stum

ps t

o di

scou

rage

bre

edin

g of

oth

er p

ests

. In

ca

se o

f se

vere

out

brea

ks,

spra

y w

ith t

riazo

phos

, di

azin

on,

azin

phos

- eth

yl a

nd d

imet

hoat

e at

0.0

5%. C

olle

ct a

nd k

ill la

rvae

an

d co

coon

s. If

ear

ly s

ympt

oms

of th

e di

seas

e ar

e sp

otte

d an

d th

ere

is so

me

hope

of

reco

very

, re

mov

e th

e in

fect

ed t

issue

pl

us s

ome

heal

thy

tissu

es b

orde

ring

the

infe

cted

less

ion.

Cut

th

e in

fect

ed t

ree

and

thor

ough

ly b

urn

the

crow

n to

elim

inat

e so

urce

s of

infe

ctio

n. C

ut a

nd b

urn

dise

ased

pal

ms

imm

edia

tely

to

red

uce

sour

ces

of in

fect

ion.

Sea

rch

for

dise

ase

-res

istan

t or

tole

rant

coc

onut

cul

tivar

s/hy

brid

s. C

hise

l ou

t th

e in

fect

ed

tissu

es in

clud

ing

abou

t 5c

m o

f the

hea

lthy

port

ion.

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

**Di

seas

es

1. le

af sp

ots

2. ro

ot ro

t & st

em ro

t

Cerc

ospo

ra H

elm

inth

ospo

-riu

m

plan

t in

wel

l-dra

ined

soi

l Spr

ay w

ith f

ungi

cide

. Ke

ep t

he s

oil

wel

l-dra

ined

.

Livi

ston

ia ro

tund

ifolia

(Lam

.) M

art.

var

luzo

nens

is Be

cc./

Anah

aw

shoo

t bor

er

Lage

rstr

oem

ia in

dica

/Mel

endr

es

*Dise

ase

1. P

owde

ry m

ildew

2.

Soo

ty M

old

Cerc

ospo

ra

It is

the

resu

lt of

a f

ungu

s gr

owin

g on

hon

eyde

w e

xcre

tives

mad

e by

in

sect

s suc

h as

aph

ids

Appl

y fu

ngic

ide

whe

n th

e di

seas

es a

re f

irst

notic

ed.

Plan

t di

seas

e-re

sista

nt v

arie

ty. U

se a

phid

s-re

sista

nt c

ultiv

ars.

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn./

Datil

es

Twig

di

e ba

ck,

folia

ge

leaf

sp

ot

and

leaf

def

olia

tor

Unk

now

n

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(Lin

n.) M

err/

Bani

Larg

e bl

oth

min

es

appe

ar o

n th

e su

rfac

e of

the

lea

flets

. Ac

roce

rops

an

thra

curis

Mey

rick

Cons

tant

insp

ectio

n of

the

pla

ntat

ion,

esp

ecia

lly d

urin

g ra

iny

seas

ons,

may

hel

p re

mov

e th

e eg

gs o

n th

e su

rfac

e of

th

e le

aves

. Th

e eg

gs sh

ould

be

rem

oved

and

des

troy

ed.

90


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Psid

ium

gua

java

/Gua

va

* Pe

sts

1. O

rient

al f

ruit

fly

2. A

phid

s 3.

Gre

en S

cale

Inse

cts

4. C

omm

on w

hite

mea

ly b

ug

5. M

oth

6. S

pott

ing

Dauc

us d

orsa

lis (H

ende

l) Ap

hys g

osyp

ili (G

love

r) Co

cus v

iridi

s (Gr

een)

Pl

anoc

ous l

ilacin

us C

kll

Zuez

era

coffe

a N

ien

Gloe

ospo

rium

psid

i G. D

el.

Bagg

ing

the

frui

t. Ha

rves

t at

the

ear

liest

pos

sible

. Col

lect

the

in

fest

ed fr

uits

into

a k

eros

ene

can

with

a th

in la

yer

of s

and

at

the

bott

om a

nd d

estr

oy th

e la

rvae

/pup

a.

Spra

y w

ith a

ppro

pria

te in

sect

icid

e (li

ke m

alat

hion

) w

hen

nec-

essa

ry.

Use

of

ento

mog

enou

s fu

ngi,

effe

ctiv

e es

peci

ally

dur

ing

rain

y se

ason

. Se

ldom

nee

ds re

med

ial a

ctio

n If

dest

roye

d ea

rly e

noug

h, th

e in

fest

ed s

tem

may

be

save

d by

in

sert

ing

a co

conu

t lea

f mid

rib in

to th

e fu

nnel

and

pus

hing

it a

s fa

r as

it

wou

ld g

o to

spl

ash

and

kill

the

cate

rpill

ar i

nsid

e. I

f in

fect

ed t

wig

s th

at h

ave

not

brok

en o

ff sh

ould

be

brok

en a

nd

the

pupa

spea

red.

N

o co

ntro

l m

easu

re h

as e

ver

been

rec

omm

ende

d al

thou

gh

spra

y of

fung

icid

es c

an b

e re

com

men

ded.

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Roya

l pal

m

* Di

seas

es

1.Ga

node

rma

butt

rot

* Pe

sts

1. P

alm

leaf

skel

eton

izer

2. R

oyal

Pal

m b

ug

3. g

iant

pal

m w

eevi

l 4.

scal

es

91


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Sam

anea

sam

an/ R

ain

tree

Spha

gnet

icola

trilo

bata

(L.C

. Ric

h.) P

rusk

i/ W

edel

ia

Chew

ing

inse

cts,

mite

s an

d le

af-

hopp

ers.

Lea

f spo

ts a

nd ro

ot ro

t.

Chem

ical

pes

t co

ntro

ls ar

e on

ly r

ecom

men

ded

for

seve

re

infe

stat

ion.

Tam

arin

dus i

ndica

L./S

ampa

lok

Soot

y m

old,

aph

ids,

sca

le in

sect

s,

mite

s sh

ooth

ole

bore

rs,

toy

beat

les,

le

af-fe

edin

g ca

terp

illar

s, ba

gwor

ms,

mea

ly b

ugs

Aoni

diel

la o

rient

alis

new

stan

d Dr

osich

a at

ebbi

ngi

gree

n He

mib

erle

sia la

tani

ae

signo

ret

Laci

fer l

acca

ker

r. Am

blyr

hinu

s por

icolli

s sc

hoen

herr

Ca

ryed

on g

onag

ra

Myl

loce

rus d

iscol

or

Bohe

man

Inse

ct-p

est

of t

amar

ind

may

be

cont

rolle

d by

spr

ayin

g th

e in

fest

ed t

rees

with

com

mon

ins

ectic

ides

suc

h as

Sev

in o

r M

alat

hion

at

the

reco

mm

ende

d do

sage

. If

dam

age

is se

rious

, in

sect

s re

late

d to

soo

ty m

old

fung

i sho

uld

be c

ontr

olle

d fir

st.

Spra

ying

org

anic

pho

spho

rous

. Ch

emic

al is

effe

ctiv

e in

era

di-

catin

g th

ese

inse

cts.

Em

ulsio

n of

MEP

Sum

ithio

n (1

000

times

) Th

iom

eton

(100

0 to

200

0 tim

es) i

s use

d to

con

trol

thes

e su

cker

in

sect

s./

Vign

a ra

diat

a L.

/Mun

go

*Pes

ts

1. B

ean

fly (

Oph

iom

yia

phas

eoli)

Ty

ron

2. B

ean

leaf

rol

ler

(Lam

pros

ema

indi

cata

) 3.

Co

ffee

leaf

fo

lder

(H

omon

a co

ffear

ia)

4.

Corn

ea

rwor

m

(Hel

icov

erpa

am

iger

a)

Ap

ply

0.5

kg/h

a of

Cab

ofur

an in

the

row

s im

med

iate

ly a

fter

pl

antin

g. D

o no

t rep

eat g

ranu

lar a

pplic

atio

n. T

he s

pray

reco

m-

men

datio

n fo

r the

bea

n fly

may

be

follo

wed

thro

ugh

the

vege

-ta

tive

and

repr

oduc

tive

stag

es. T

he s

pray

reco

mm

enda

tion

for

the

bean

fly

may

be

follo

wed

. Sp

ray

the

leav

es w

ith 4

-5 tb

sp. o

f Di

azin

on o

r 2-

3 tb

sp. E

ndo-

sulfa

n or

Mon

ocro

toph

us o

r 5-

10 t

bsp.

Era

dex

per

20 li

ters

of

wat

er a

s soo

n as

the

dam

age

is ob

serv

ed .

92


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Pe

sts

and

Dise

ases

Ca

usal

Pat

hoge

n Co

ntro

l Mea

sure

(s)

Vign

a ra

diat

a L.

/Mun

go

* Di

seas

es

1. P

owde

ry m

ildew

2.

Cer

cosp

ora

Leaf

spot

3.

Mos

saic

4.

Bea

n I

ycae

nid

Cato

chry

sops

cn

ejus

5.

Lea

f hop

per E

mpo

asca

sp.

6. C

omm

on c

ut w

orm

Spo

dop-

tera

litu

ra

7. C

orn

sem

i-loo

per C

hrys

odei

xis-

chal

cite

s 8.

W

hite

gr

ubs

Leuc

opho

lis

irrot

ata

Fung

i Vi

rus

The

dise

ase

can

con

trol

led

by sp

rayi

ng b

enom

yl fu

ngic

ide

such

as

Ben

late

, tw

o tim

es in

the

gro

win

g se

ason

14

days

apa

rt a

t 1/

2 tb

sp.

per

liter

of

wat

er o

r Th

ioph

anat

e m

ethy

l fun

gici

de

like

Fung

itox

at 1

tbsp

. per

lite

r of w

ater

Ap

ply

Benl

ate

fung

icid

es.

Use

1/2

tbs

p. B

enla

te p

er l

iiter

of

wat

er.

Nev

er u

se in

fect

ed s

eeds

for

plan

ting;

hav

e a

good

inse

ct a

nd

wee

d co

ntro

l pro

gram

. Sp

ray

reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

bean

fly

may

be

follo

wed

. Sp

ray

reco

mm

enda

tion

on th

e be

an fl

y m

ay b

e fo

llow

ed. S

pray

re

com

men

datio

n fo

r ear

wor

m m

ay b

e fo

llow

ed.

Spra

y re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ea

rwor

m m

ay b

e fo

llow

ed.

Thor

ough

pre

para

tion

of th

e fie

ld b

efor

e pl

antin

g.

Zizy

phus

juju

ba (L

.) La

m a

nd M

ill./

M

ansa

nita

s Th

e fr

uit

is su

scep

tible

to

inse

ct

pest

s su

ch

as

frui

t fli

es,

frui

t w

orm

s and

som

e le

af d

efol

iato

rs

Frui

t flie

s Lep

idop

tero

n In

sect

s Ap

ply

any

inse

ctic

ide

that

can

pre

vent

flie

s and

leaf

def

olia

tors

93


Appe

ndix

Tab

le 6

. Fie

ld P

lant

atio

n Cu

ltura

l Man

agem

ent T

echn

ique

s of S

peci

es S

uita

ble

for U

rban

Reh

abili

tatio

n.

PLAN

T N

AME

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Com

mon

Nam

e Cl

earin

g St

akin

g Ho

le si

ze

Spac

ing

Plan

ting

Proc

edur

es

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Au

ri

Sp

aces

in b

etw

een

for

legu

min

ous

shru

bs li

ke p

igeo

n pe

a,

cree

pers

like

man

i-man

i and

pas

ture

cro

ps li

ke st

ylos

anth

es.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

M

angi

um

Larg

e en

ough

to

acco

mm

odat

e th

e se

edlin

gs in

4x6

pl

astic

bag

s and

so

il am

endm

ents

to

be

adde

d

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Linn

. At

is In

med

ium

to la

rge

scal

e op

erat

ion,

the

land

is p

repa

red

by

plow

ing

it de

eply

an

d ha

rrow

ing

it a

few

tim

es to

att

ain

the

desir

ed so

il til

th.

4-6

m a

part

Th

e pl

ants

are

usu

ally

spa

ced

4-6

m a

part

fol

low

ing

eith

er

the

tria

ngul

ar o

r squ

are

plan

ting.

The

leav

es o

f the

pla

ntin

g m

ater

ial

are

prun

ed i

n ha

lves

, to

red

uce

tran

spla

ntin

g sh

ock.

Th

e ba

ll of

soi

l th

at g

oes

with

the

ro

ot

syst

em

shou

ld b

e le

vele

d w

ith t

he g

roun

d or

a f

ew c

entim

eter

s be

low

the

gro

und

leve

l The

pla

nts

are

wat

ered

rig

ht a

fter

pr

ovid

ing

with

mul

ch.

Antig

onon

Lept

opus

Ca

dena

de

amor

P

lant

3/4

" de

pth

in a

wel

l d

rain

ed s

oil

mix

and

bar

ely

cove

red.

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

/Bun

ga

Prep

are

the

land

w

ell

by

plow

ing

repe

ated

ly.

Prov

ide

wat

er c

hann

els

and

drai

nage

s.

2.7

x 2.

7 m

(a

bout

) 13

00

plan

ts/h

a

Rem

ove

the

bags

com

plet

ely

befo

re p

lant

ing

the

seed

lings

in

the

hole

. Pla

ce g

reen

leav

es o

r ap

ply

catt

le m

anur

e, e

tc.

arou

nd th

e ba

se o

f the

pal

m o

r in

tren

ches

nea

r the

bas

e.

94


PLAN

T N

AME

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g Pr

oced

ures

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

For

back

yard

pl

antin

g cu

lti-

vate

the

are

a th

orou

ghly

to

rem

ove

the

exist

ing

wee

ds

that

may

com

pete

with

the

pl

ants

. D

ig h

oles

dee

p an

d w

ide

enou

gh

to

acco

mm

o-da

te t

he b

all o

f soi

l tha

t go

es

with

the

pla

ntin

g m

ater

ials.

Fo

r or

char

d pl

anta

tion

plow

th

e so

il de

ep

enou

gh

to

elim

inat

e w

eeds

. Ha

rrow

the

so

il tw

o to

thr

ee t

imes

to

atta

in th

e de

sired

soil

tilth

.

Layo

utin

g an

d st

akin

g of

the

sit

e

5

- 7 m

apa

rt

Afte

r ca

refu

l rem

oval

from

the

cont

aine

rs, p

lant

s ar

e se

t in

the

dug

hole

s.

The

extr

a sp

ace

in t

he h

oles

are

fill

ed u

p w

ith t

opso

il, p

ress

ed f

irmly

aro

und

the

root

s.

The

plan

ts

are

wat

ered

imm

edia

tely

aft

er p

lant

ing.

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.) K

urtz

. Bo

tong

Dept

h of

hol

e m

ust

acco

mm

odat

e ne

w

plan

t roo

ts

2 x

4 m

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

chay

bag

uio

Prio

r to

plan

ting

field

may

be

deep

ly ti

lled.

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./

Pili

Area

s to

be

pl

ante

d ar

e cl

eare

d by

plo

win

g or

bru

sh-

ing.

ju

st w

ide

and

deep

en

ough

to

acco

m-

mod

ate

the

Seed

-lin

gs

10 m

apa

rt

For

each

hill

, tw

o se

edlin

gs a

re p

lant

ed 3

0-40

cm

apa

rt

since

the

re is

a 5

0% c

hanc

e th

at h

alf o

f the

see

dlin

gs m

ay

turn

out

to b

e m

ale.

Cocu

s nuc

ifera

/ Co

conu

t If

the

land

has

bee

n cl

eare

d,

no s

peci

al a

dvan

ced

prep

ara-

tion

is ne

cess

ary.

45

cm

dee

p an

d 45

cm

wid

e 9m

Se

edlin

gs s

houl

d be

pla

nted

at

the

cent

er o

f th

e pl

antin

g ho

le in

suc

h a

way

that

the

top

of th

e se

ed n

ut's

husk

is v

ey

light

ly c

over

ed w

ith s

oil.

The

soil

arou

nd th

e ba

se s

houl

d be

pr

esse

d fir

mly

. It

shou

ld n

eith

er c

over

the

see

dlin

g co

llar

nor g

et in

to th

e le

af a

xils.

95


PLAN

T N

AME

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g Pr

oced

ures

Ficu

s ben

jam

ina

Bale

te

2 x

2 m

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

The

rhizo

me

shou

ld b

e pl

aced

with

the

top

(le

f/st

em/n

ew

shoo

t/bu

ds p

oint

ing

upw

ards

no

mor

e th

an 3

-4 c

m u

nder

th

e so

il. N

ew sh

oots

or

larg

e bu

ds sh

ould

be

abov

e th

e so

il.

Lage

rsto

emia

indi

ca/

Mel

endr

es

at l

east

tw

o tim

es

wid

er th

an th

e ro

ot

ball.

Se

t th

e pl

ant

no d

eepe

r th

an it

orig

inal

ly g

rew

in t

he c

on-

tain

er o

n fie

ld. T

hen

back

fill w

ith th

e so

il re

mov

ed fr

om th

e ho

le a

fter

bre

akin

g ap

art c

lods

.

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. va

r lu

zone

nsis

Becc

./

Anah

aw

Und

erbr

ush

abou

t 1

m s

trip

of

veg

etat

ion

of t

he s

elec

ted

site

whe

re th

e se

ed- l

ings

are

to

be

plan

ted

Put

stak

es f

or e

ase

in th

e ho

ling

prep

a-ra

tion

The

size

of th

e ho

le

depe

nds

on

the

size

of b

ags

used

in

the

nurs

ery

2 x

2 m

O

utpl

antin

g sh

ould

be

done

at

the

onse

t of

the

rai

ny s

ea-

son.

Th

e p

last

ic b

ags

of t

he p

otte

d se

edlin

gs m

ust

be

rem

oved

car

eful

ly. M

ulch

ing

mat

eria

ls sh

ould

be

plac

ed a

t th

e ba

se o

f th

e pl

ants

whi

le p

ulve

rized

top

soil

shou

ld b

e pl

aced

aro

und

the

root

sys

tem

to a

llow

goo

d an

chor

age

of

the

seed

lings

.

Mich

elia

cham

paca

/ ch

ampa

ca

15

-20

ft

(4.7

-6.0

m)

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn

Datil

es

Tr

ench

es a

re d

ug a

t 1m

x 0

.5 m

x 0

.3 m

. To

p so

il pl

us f

arm

m

anur

e ar

e fil

led

up

in

tren

ches

be

fore

pla

ntin

g.

Out

plan

ting

is us

ually

don

e on

the

ons

et o

f ra

iny

seas

on.

Rem

ove

the

bag

com

plet

ely

befo

re p

lant

ing

the

seed

lings

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

Set

the

plan

t at

the

sam

e le

vel a

s it

grow

in t

he c

onta

iner

, ca

refu

lly b

ackf

ill t

he p

lant

ing

hole

and

wat

er t

horo

ughl

y.

Appl

y a

3/4"

cov

erin

g of

org

anic

mul

ch, k

eepi

ng a

3-4

" aw

ay

from

the

stem

.

96


PLAN

T N

AME

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g Pr

oced

ures

Psid

ium

guaj

ava

L./

Guav

a Pl

ow t

he a

rea

once

or

twic

e fo

llow

ed b

y se

vera

l har

row

ing

to

com

plet

ely

pulv

erize

th

e so

il.

Stak

e th

e fie

ld

durin

g dr

y se

ason

5-7

m

Seed

lings

abo

ut 2

5cm

hei

ght a

re u

sed

for o

utpl

antin

g.

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(L

inn.

) Mer

r. Ba

ni

5

x 5

m

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal p

alm

In

stal

latio

n sit

e sh

ould

be

wel

l dr

aine

d, s

tand

ing

wat

er s

houl

d no

t ap

pear

at

the

bott

om o

f th

e pl

antin

g ho

le.

Stak

e

the

Roya

l Pa

lm

for

supp

ort

until

it

is es

tab-

lishe

d.

Hole

sh

ould

be

w

ide

enou

gh

to

easil

y ac

cept

th

e ro

otba

ll an

d pr

o-vi

de a

t le

ast

sev-

eral

inch

es o

f ne

w

grow

th

from

th

e ba

ll.

15-2

0 ft

(4

.7-6

m)

Low

er t

he t

ree

and

allo

w t

he r

oot

ball

to r

emai

n tw

o or

th

ree

inch

es a

bove

the

gro

und.

Whe

n ba

ckfil

led

with

soi

l. W

ater

thor

ough

ly a

nd g

ener

ously

mul

ch a

roun

d th

e tr

ee.

Sam

anea

sam

an (J

acq.

) W

illd.

/ Ra

in T

ree

or A

caci

a

St

akes

w

ill

be

inst

alle

d in

be

-tw

een

dist

ance

for

ea

se i

n sit

e pr

epa-

ratio

n or

in h

olin

g.

Hole

s sh

ould

be

la

rge

enou

gh

to

acco

mm

odat

e th

e se

edlin

gs

plan

ted

in 4

x6 p

last

ic b

ag.

2x2

Tota

lly re

mov

e th

e pl

astic

bag

and

car

eful

ly p

lant

the

seed

-lin

gs P

rovi

de m

ulch

ing

mat

eria

ls to

cov

er t

he n

ewly

out

-pl

ante

d se

edlin

gs t

o pr

even

t dr

ying

up

and

max

imize

soi

l m

oist

ure

need

ed b

y th

e se

edlin

gs.

Tam

arin

dus i

ndica

L.

Sam

palo

k Pl

owin

g on

ce a

nd h

arro

win

g se

vera

l tim

es u

ntil

the

desir

ed

soil

tilth

is a

ttai

ned.

Sett

ing

the

stak

es

follo

win

g th

e de

-sir

ed

dist

ance

of

Pl

antin

g

Digg

ing

hole

s at

th

e po

siti

ons

occu

pied

by

th

e st

akes

5 x

5 m

Pl

ant

durin

g th

e ra

iny

seas

on t

o re

duce

the

nee

d fo

r fr

e-qu

ent w

ater

ing.

If w

ater

is a

vaila

ble

for

irrig

atio

n, p

lant

ing

may

be

done

any

time

of t

he y

ear,

even

dur

ing

dry

seas

on.

Part

ial

shad

e sh

ould

be

prov

ided

to

new

ly t

rans

plan

ted

tam

arin

d, p

artic

ular

ly,

if pl

antin

g is

done

dur

ing

the

dry

seas

on.

97


PLAN

T N

AME

SITE

PRE

PARA

TIO

N

PLAN

TATI

ON

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Clea

ring

Stak

ing

Hole

size

Sp

acin

g Pl

antin

g Pr

oced

ures

Vign

a ra

diat

a/

Mun

go

Whe

n us

ing

trac

tor,

one

plow

ing

and

one

harr

owin

g of

fo

ur p

assin

gs m

ay b

e e

noug

h.

With

the

use

of a

nim

al p

ower

, tw

o pl

owin

gs

may

be

re

-qu

ired

and

at le

ast t

wo

harr

o-

win

gs w

ith o

ne h

arro

win

g of

fo

ur p

assin

g's a

fter

plo

win

g.

Wid

er ro

w

spac

ing

is re

com

men

- de

d fo

r the

w

et se

ason

. Sh

allo

w

furr

ows a

re

mad

e 50

cm

apa

rt

depe

ndin

g on

the

impl

emen

ts

used

and

th

e se

ason

.

Mun

go i

s pl

ante

d ei

ther

by

the

row

dril

l m

etho

d, h

ill o

r br

oadc

ast m

etho

d.

98


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

CA

RE A

ND

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

Amen

dmen

ts

Ho

le si

ze S

paci

ng P

lant

ing

Proc

edur

es

Acac

ia a

uricu

lifor

mis/

Au

ri

Appl

y 30

g co

mpl

ete

(NPK

). Co

ver

the

seed

lings

fu

lly w

ith t

op s

oil.

Put

6 cm

. mul

chin

g m

ater

ial

to c

onse

rve

soil

moi

stur

e.

Acac

ia m

angi

um W

illd.

M

angi

um

Plan

t du

ring

the

star

t of

ra

iny

seas

on

Appl

y 30

g co

mpl

ete

(NPK

). Co

ver

the

seed

lings

fu

lly w

ith to

p so

il. P

ut 6

cm

mul

chin

g m

ater

ial t

o co

nser

ve so

il M

oist

ure

Mak

e pe

riodi

c ob

ser-

vat

ion

on p

est

or d

iseas

e oc

curr

ence

, w

eeds

/vin

es th

at m

ay c

reep

on

the

stem

of t

he se

edlin

g.

Anon

a sq

uam

osa

Linn

. At

is an

ytim

e of

the

yea

r bu

t th

e be

st

time

is at

the

ons

et o

f th

e ra

iny

seas

on

It pr

efer

s sli

ghtly

aci

dic

and

soil

cond

ition

s w

ith

pH o

f 5.5

- 6.

5 Cl

ose

mon

itorin

g of

the

occu

rren

ce o

f pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es. W

ater

th

e se

edlin

gs re

gula

rly.

Antig

onon

Lept

opus

Ca

dena

de

amor

W

ater

regu

larly

, 1 p

er w

eek

in h

ot se

ason

.

Arec

a ca

tech

u L.

Bu

nga

Perf

orm

hoe

ing

and

wee

ding

tw

ice

a ye

ar. D

rain

sur

plus

wat

er

durin

g he

avy

rain

fall

and

irrig

ate

durin

g dr

y se

ason

.

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias

At th

e on

set o

f the

rain

y se

ason

Ap

ply

com

post

or

man

ure

to p

rom

ote

vege

ta-

tive

grow

th. O

rgan

ic f

ertil

izers

su

ch a

s am

mo-

nium

sul

fate

, may

also

be

appl

ied

at 1

00—

200

g/tr

ee/y

ear.

Barr

ingt

onia

asia

tica

(Lin

n.) K

urtz

./Bo

tong

St

art o

f the

rain

y se

ason

By b

rush

ing

arou

nd th

e pl

ants

for a

yea

r. Pl

ants

mus

t be

pr

otec

ted

from

wild

fire

s

Appe

ndix

Tab

le 6

. Fie

ld P

lant

atio

n co

ntin

ued…

….

99


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

CA

RE A

ND

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

Amen

dmen

ts

Ho

le si

ze S

paci

ng P

lant

ing

Proc

edur

es

Bras

sica

rapa

/ Pe

chay

bag

uio

Ap

ply

50 p

ound

s of

N a

t pla

ntin

g an

d sid

edre

ss

addi

tiona

l N

at

dim

inish

ing

rate

as

the

plan

t ne

ars h

arve

st.

Onc

e th

e pl

ant i

s est

ablis

hed,

furr

ow o

r drip

irrig

atio

n is

reco

mm

ende

d.

Cana

rium

ova

tum

Eng

l./

Pili

anyt

ime

of th

e ye

ar a

s lo

ng a

s s

uffic

ient

w

ater

is a

vaila

ble

Initi

al a

pplic

atio

n of

com

plet

e fe

rtili

zer

(14-

14-

14)

is re

com

men

ded

durin

g ou

t- p

lant

ing

at a

do

sage

of

20 g

per

pla

nt.

Subs

eque

nt a

pplic

a-tio

n 30

-60g

per

pla

nt p

er a

pplic

atio

n. T

here

sh

all b

e tw

o ap

plic

atio

n in

a y

ear,

done

at

the

star

t and

tow

ard

the

end

of ra

iny

seas

on.

A ne

wly

est

ablis

hed

pili

plan

tatio

n sh

ould

be

mai

n-ta

ined

wee

d- f

ree

by

brus

hing

. Rin

g w

eedi

ng a

t le

ast

twic

e a

year

may

be

done

.

Cocu

s nuc

ifera

/ Co

conu

t at

the

star

t of t

he ra

iny

seas

on

Judi

ciou

s ap

plic

atio

n of

fer

tilize

rs in

crea

ses

nut

and

copr

a yi

eld.

The

thre

e m

ost

need

ed fe

rtili

z-er

s fo

r co

conu

t pr

oduc

tion

at a

ll gr

owth

sta

ges

are

N-C

l-S.

Chec

k w

eed

grow

th w

ithin

a c

ircle

of a

bout

1-2

m ra

dius

by

mul

chin

g th

e ar

ea w

ith d

ried

wee

ds o

r an

y or

gani

c m

ulch

es.

Ficu

s ben

jam

ina

Bale

te

Plan

t dur

ing

rain

y se

ason

Helli

coni

a ps

sitta

coru

m/

False

bird

of p

arad

ise

Re

quire

s m

inim

al fe

rtili

zer,

may

be

quar

terly

or

once

a m

onth

. T

hey

are

very

sus

cept

ible

to e

xces

sive

fert

iliza

tion

with

th

e bi

g pr

oble

m o

f bro

wni

ng e

dges

on

the

Leav

es

Lage

rsto

emia

indi

ca/

Mel

endr

es

So

il am

endm

ents

is n

ot n

eces

sary

whe

n pl

ant-

ing

in in

divi

dual

hol

e .

flow

erin

g of

pla

nts

will

be

enha

nced

if p

lant

s ar

e w

a-te

red

durin

g dr

y pe

riods

that

occ

ur d

urin

g th

e flo

wer

ing

seas

on.

Livi

ston

a ro

tund

ifolia

(L

am.)

Mar

t. va

r lu

zone

nsis

Becc

. An

ahaw

Ons

et o

f the

rain

y se

ason

Ri

ng w

eedi

ng s

houl

d be

don

e as

oft

en a

s ne

cess

ary

to

allo

w n

orm

al g

row

th a

nd d

evel

opm

ent

of p

lant

s. R

e-pl

ace

dead

seed

- lin

gs a

s soo

n as

pos

sible

.

100


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

CA

RE A

ND

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

Amen

dmen

ts

Ho

le si

ze S

paci

ng P

lant

ing

Proc

edur

es

Mich

elia

cham

paca

/ ch

ampa

ca

durin

g ra

iny

seas

on

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra Li

nn

Datil

es

co

mpl

ete

fert

ilize

r (1

4-14

-14)

at

50g/

pla

nt i

s ap

plie

d du

ring

outp

lant

ing.

U

se th

e av

aila

ble

mul

chin

g m

ater

ial i

n th

e ar

ea s

uch

as

drie

d le

aves

, gra

sses

etc

. If

poss

ible

the

mat

eria

l sho

uld

be 6

cm

thic

k to

real

ly c

onse

rve

the

soil

moi

stur

e.

Mus

saen

da sp

s.

Fo

liar

appl

icat

ion

3-4

times

/yea

r us

ing

nutr

i-tio

nal

spra

y co

ntai

ning

all

the

ess

entia

l tr

ace

elem

ents

esp

ecia

lly M

anga

nese

and

Zin

c.

it is

best

to

prun

e M

ussa

enda

aft

er b

loom

ing

to g

et a

bu

shy

plan

t.

Psid

ium

gua

java

L./

Guav

a at

the

onse

t of t

he ra

iny

seas

on

Inco

rpor

ate

orga

nic

mat

ter i

nto

the

soil.

Sh

allo

w c

ultiv

atio

n ar

ound

the

bas

e of

the

pla

nt i

s re

com

men

ded

to p

reve

nt ro

ot in

jury

.

Pong

amia

pin

nata

(L

inn.

) Mer

r./Ba

ni

Roys

tone

a re

gia/

Ro

yal p

alm

Tr

ansp

lant

in t

he

war

mer

mon

th o

f the

ye

ar.

Folia

r sp

ray

of s

olub

le m

acro

nutr

ient

s su

ch a

s po

tass

ium

and

Man

gane

se d

urin

g th

e fir

st fo

ur

to si

x m

onth

s aft

er in

stal

latio

n.

Roya

l Pa

lms

grow

qui

te r

apid

ly w

hen

give

n ab

unda

nt

wat

er a

nd f

ertil

izer

in f

ull s

un o

r da

pple

d sh

ade.

The

y w

ithst

and

stro

ng w

inds

and

sal

t sp

ray

very

wel

l bu

t so

me

folia

ge i

njur

y w

ill b

e ev

iden

t on

Roy

al P

alm

lo-

cate

d ne

xt to

the

ocea

n.

Sam

anea

sam

an

(Jacq

.) W

illd.

/ Ra

in T

ree

or A

caci

a

Plan

t on

the

onse

t of t

he r

ainy

seas

on

Drie

d or

gani

c m

atte

r or

far

m m

anur

e is

adde

d to

top

soil.

Vi

sit t

he o

utpl

ante

d se

edlin

gs p

erio

dica

lly a

nd m

onito

r th

e pe

sts

and

dise

ases

occ

urre

nce.

App

ly a

ny e

nviro

n-m

ent

frie

ndly

pes

ticid

es o

nce

pest

s an

d di

seas

es a

re

obse

rved

to p

reve

nt o

utbr

eak

in p

lant

atio

n.

101


PLAN

T N

AME

PLAN

TATI

ON

CA

RE A

ND

MAI

NTE

NAN

CE

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

/Co

mm

on N

ame

Tim

ing

Soil

Amen

dmen

ts

Ho

le si

ze S

paci

ng P

lant

ing

Proc

edur

es

Tam

arin

dus i

ndica

L.

Sam

palo

k Pl

ant d

urin

g th

e ra

iny

seas

on

W

eed

the

plan

ts p

erio

dica

lly. P

rovi

de s

take

s or

tem

po-

rary

fen

ce a

roun

d th

e pl

anta

tion

or a

roun

d in

divi

dual

pl

ants

. Co

nduc

t th

inni

ng a

nd p

runi

ng p

artic

ular

ly o

n tr

ees

with

ove

rlapp

ing

crow

n.

Gath

er a

ny o

ccur

renc

e of

pes

ts a

nd d

iseas

es to

pre

vent

any

out

brea

k of

infe

s-ta

tion.

Vign

a ra

diat

a/

Mun

go

Mun

go c

an b

e gr

own

durin

g th

e w

et a

nd

the

dry

seas

ons.

Bes

t re

sults

are

ex-

pect

ed d

urin

g th

e dr

y se

ason

if

supp

le-

men

tary

irrig

atio

n is

avai

labl

e.

The

yiel

d of

mun

go m

ay b

e in

crea

sed

whe

n m

ulch

ed w

ith ri

ce st

raw

. A

wel

l pre

pare

d se

edbe

d w

ould

giv

e m

ungo

see

d- li

ngs

a go

od s

tart

aga

inst

wee

ds. M

ungo

ger

min

ates

fast

but

du

ring

the

first

thr

ee w

eeks

the

gro

wth

of

the

plan

t is

slow

tha

t th

e w

eeds

may

cat

ch u

p. C

ultiv

atio

n is

done

to

sup

pres

s w

eed

grow

th.

Then

hill

ing

up i

s us

ually

do

ne w

hen

the

crop

clo

ses

in, w

hich

is a

bout

the

four

th

wee

k.

102

FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS - Department of...

Documents

Transcript of FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS - Department of...