For Better Medicines for Children - World Health … "Better Medicines for Children" ... Essential...

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1 Progress made in the Medicines Quality Assurance Programme For "Better Medicines for Children" Xiaoqiong ZHENG, Technical Officer Quality Assurance and Safety: Medicines Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies The Third Partners Meeting on Better Medicines for Children, 2122 November 2011, Geneva

Transcript of For Better Medicines for Children - World Health … "Better Medicines for Children" ... Essential...

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Progress made in the Medicines Quality Assurance  

Programme For "Better Medicines for Children"

Xiaoqiong ZHENG, Technical OfficerQuality Assurance and Safety: Medicines

Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies

The Third Partners Meeting on Better Medicines for Children, 21‐22 November 2011, Geneva

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Contribute to WHA60.20 

Developing norms, standards and guidelines  to promote better medicines for children through the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations 

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Progress Made: 2007‐2011

Development of paediatric medicines: points to consider in formulation

Monograph developmentMonographs for paediatric medicinesPaediatric approached work plan

Training: 2007, South Africa, Estonia    2008,India; 2010,Beijing;         2012,Singapore                      

Regulatory advice: First meeting of the Paediatric Medicines Regulators' Network, 2010Paediatric medicines in the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme

Guideline development Other activities

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Scope of the documentTo inform regulatory authorities and manufacturers on issues that require special attention in pharmaceutical development of paediatric medicines.

Not to detail instructions, rather to make reference to relevant literatureFormulation and dosage forms

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History of the document

First draft

New draft

Adopted

Coordination with other ongoing activities both within and outside WHODiscussion at informal consultations in 2008 (2), 2010, 2011Circulation for comments, inputs and feedbackPresentation to Expert Committee meetings: 43rd , 45th , 46th

46thExpert Committeemeeting

42ndExpert Committee meeting

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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Paediatric dosage forms

3. Dosage forms to be considered in particular

4. Formulation design

5. Oral administration

6. Rectal administration

7. Parenteral administration

8. Dermal and transdermaladministration

9. Inhalations

10. Packaging and labelling

11. Glossary

12. References

Development of paediatric medicines: points to consider in formulation

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Dosage forms selection principle

The guiding principle for selecting paediatric dosage forms should be – as for adults – the balance of risk/benefit, taking into account the specific needs of this vulnerable population.

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Dosage forms selection principle

Acceptability & palatability

Minimum dosing frequency

Acceptability in dosage form, dosing device, dose volume/size, packaging, and clear and accurate labelling, etc. Palatability in itself without any need for further modifications

Facilitate compliance to dosing scheme for both caregivers and older children

Convenient, reliable administration

End‐user needsConvenient to produce and affordableRestrictions on the applicable dose volume/size – minimum to be attemptedSupply chain considerations, e.g. ease of transportation, storage requirements Access to clean waterAdequate product information

Dose volume or size appropriate for the target age group/accurate dosing requirementsDose manipulation should be kept to a minimum level

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Dosage forms to be considered in particular

Technology, including formulation and related processes, that can be used to obtain different dosage forms, different strengths and/or accommodate different APIs.- produce multiparticulate 

solids, e.g. pellets, minitablets

Flexible solid dosage form is the most suitable dosage form

Consider platform technology if precise dose measurement or titration is needed

A dosage form that can be administered  to patients in more than one manner, e.g. taken orally as a whole or to be dispersed or dissolved prior to administration.

- e.g. orodispersible tablets, dispersible tablets, soluble tablets

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Dosage forms to be considered in particular

Dosage forms Key advantage Key considerationFlexible solid dosage forms

Suitable for both developed and developing countriesCan be used for preparation of oral liquids suitable for very young children: <6 monthsMay be used for various APIs

Not suitable for medicines requiring a precise dose titration

Compatibility of API and breast milk needs study

Requiring precise dose measurement -oral medicines

Suitable for precise dose measurement or titration

Platform technology

Parenteral formulations

For severe disease conditions Requiring a trained caregiver to use

Rectal preparations Severely ill children or children unable to swallow

Cultural barriers to use

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Formulation design

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Excipients

Use of excipients is driven by functional requirements and should be justified through a risk‐based assessment, taking into account the paediatric age group, frequency of dosing, duration of treatment, etc.

Should be minimum required number and their level in a formulation.

Excipients may lead to adverse reactions not experienced, or not seen to the same extent, in adults. Adverse reactions are mostly associated with excipients used for liquid dosage forms.

Well‐known excipients with a well‐defined safety profile to be preferred.

Only use novel excipients when safety, quality and appropriateness of use in children have been established.

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Route of administration

Oral administration

Rectal administration

Parenteral administration

Dermal and transdermal administration

Inhalations

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Packaging and Labelling

Container‐closure systems are designed and constructed of materials meeting relevant regulatory requirements and taking into accountthe stability of the medicine during transport, storage and use.

In cases where the paediatric medicine is significantly different from a similar adult medicine, the product packaging should be noticeably different between the two products.

Facilitate safe self‐administration of medicine in school children and adolescents. 

Adequate information about the medicine and its use; specific instructions about how to measure and administer a precise dose.

Strongly recommend drawings or pictograms showing time, method and route of administration.

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Coordination

The preparatory work has involved coordination with other ongoing activities, both within and outside WHO, especially with the European Medicines Agency, the United Nations Children's Fund, the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the Essential Medicines project. 

Reflection Paper: Formulations of Choice for the Paediatric population(2006),European Medicines Agency (EMA)First draft

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Perspective

Paediatric medicines development is limited in some areas (e.g. acceptability of dosage forms, safety of excipients), but it is also a rapidly developing field. An update of the document might be needed in the not too distant future. 

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References: guideline

1. Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Paediatric Population, ICH Topic E11.

2. WHO guideline on quality risk management (working document QAS/10.376).

3. Guidelines for registration of fixed‐dose combination medicinal products (2005). In: thirty‐ninth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 929, Annex 5.

4. Pharmaceutical development for multisource (generic) pharmaceutical products (working document QAS/08.251/Rev.1). 

5. Impurities in New Drug Substances, ICH Topic Q3A(R2). 

6. Impurities in New Drug Products, ICH Topic Q3B. 

7. Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents, ICH Topic Q3C.

8. Guideline on the Limits of Genotoxic Impurities (CPMP/SWP/5199/02).

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References: guideline (continued)9. Q&A on the CHMP Guideline on the Limits of Genotoxic Impurities 

(EMEA/CHMP/SWP/431994/2007).

10. Specification Limits of Residues of Metal Catalysts (CPMP/SWP/QWP/4446/00).

11. Proposal to waive in vivo bioequivalence requirements for WHO Model List of Essential Medicines immediate‐release, solid dosage forms (2006). In: fortieth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 937, Annex 8.

12. Public Statement on antimicrobial preservatives in ophthalmic preparations for human use (EMEA/622721/2009).

13. Guideline on the Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Term and Preterm Neonate (EMEA/566810/2008).

14. Multisource (generic) pharmaceutical products: guidelines on registration requirements to establish interchangeability (2006). In: fortieth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 937, Annex7.

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References: literature

1. Kearns GL et al (2003). Developmental Pharmacology – Drug Disposition, Action and Therapy in Infants and Children. N.Eng.J.Med. 349(12):1157‐1167.

2. EMEA Reflection Pater: Formulations of Choice for the PaediatricPopulation. (EMEA/CHMP/PEG/196810/2005).

3. Ernest TB et al (2007). Developing Paediatric Medicines: Identifying the Needs and Recognizing the Challenges. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 59:1043‐1055.

4. Krause J, Breitkreutz J (2008). Improving Drug Delivery in Paediatric Medicine. Pharmaceutical Medicine 22:41‐50 

5. Allen LV (2008). Dosage Form Design and Development. Clin.Ther. 30(11):2102‐2111.

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References: literature (continued)6. Siewert M et al (2003). FIP/AAPS Guidelines for Dissolution/In vitro 

Release Testing of  Novel/Special Dosage Forms. Dissolution Technologies, February Issue, page 15.

7. Breitkreutz J, Boos J (2007). Paediatric and Geriatric Drug Delivery. Expert Opin.Drug.Deliv. 4(1):37‐45.

8. Shehab N et al (2009). Exposure to the Pharmaceutical ExcipientsBenzyl Alcohol and Propylene Glycol among Critical Ill Neonates.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,10(2):256‐259.

9. “Inactive” Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update: http:/www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/2/268.

10. WHO Technical Report Series on evaluation of certain food additives. List of publications: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/jecfa/reports/en/index.html.

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References: literature (continued)11. Pollock I, Young E, Stoneham M (1989). Survey of Colorings and Preservatives in Drugs. 

Brit. Med. J., 299:649‐651.

12. Pefferi G, Restani P (2003). The safety of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Il Farmaco, 58:541‐550.

13. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK (2008). Optimizing Oral Medications for Children. Clin.Ther., 30(11):2120‐2132.

14. Strickly RG et al (2007). Paediatric Drugs – A Review of Commercially Available Oral Formulations. J. Pharm. Sci., 97(5):1731‐1774.

15. Thomson SA et al (2009). Mini‐tablets: New Modality to Deliver Medicines to Preschool‐aged Children. Paediatrics, 123(2):e235‐e238.

16. Seager H (1998). Drug‐Delivery Products and the Zydis Fast‐Dissolving Dosage Form. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 50:375‐382.

17. Dolovich M (2000). Influence of Inspiratory Flow Rate, Particle Size and Airway Caliber in Aerosolized drug Delivery to the Lung. Respiratory Care,45:597‐608.

18. Schüepp K, Jauernig J, Janssens H (2005). In Vitro Determination of the Optimal Particle Size for Nebulised Aerosol Delivery to Infants. J. Aerosol. Med.,18(2):225‐235.