Footwear Sourcing in Myanmar: CascadeAsia -...
Transcript of Footwear Sourcing in Myanmar: CascadeAsia -...
Footwear Sourcing in Myanmar: Opportunities & Risks
CascadeAsia
Photo: ”Sunrise Over Bagan" by Dima Chatrov, http://yourshot.nationalgeographic.com/photos/1543168/
Ryker Labbee Senior Analyst, Myanmar
About Cascade Asia
Photo: "Mahamuni Buddha temple in Mandalay" by Paul Arps, http://flic.kr/p/iWjD4r
Cascade Asia Advisors is a boutique intelligence and strategic advisory firm focused on Southeast Asia.
Intelligence – On-the-ground market insight Industry and/or issue deep dive Supply chain reliability analysis
Risk Management – Monitoring & Mitigation Early Warning System (EWS) Financial & reputational due diligence
Relationships – Enhanced network access Government relations Stakeholder perception audit
Strategy – Optimized competitiveness Market entry/establishment design Corporate positioning
About Cascade Asia
Photo: “Shwedagon at Dusk” by Ryker Labbee, Cascade Asia file photo
Early Warning System
Photo: http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/08/07/californians-
angered-and-startled-by-first-mobile-amber-alert/
Over 90% of our analysts have advanced degrees.
We speak 10 Southeast Asian languages.
66% of our clients are from the private sector.
Ryker Labbee, Senior Analyst
– 11 years experience following Myanmar
– MA in international affairs, economics
– Splits time between Seattle and Yangon
Jacob Clere, Senior Analyst
– Industry experience and network
– MS in development economics, emerging markets
– Lives in Yangon
Cascade Asia in Myanmar
What Does Tomorrow Hold?
Footwear Manufacturing in Asia Today …and Tomorrow?
Economic & Political Overview
Photo: “Irrawaddy Near Inwa” by Ryker Labbee, Cascade Asia file photo
Macroeconomic Outlook
Source: IMF, Cascade Asia
5.3%
5.9%
6.4% 6.8% 6.9%
2010 2011 2012 2013 e 2014 f
Gross Domestic Product 2010-2014
750
800
850
900
950
1000
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
2000.0
Janurary February March April May June July August September October November
Myanmar Imports and Exports 2013 (US$m)
Exports
Imports
USD/MMK
Current Macroeconomic Backdrop
Myanmar’s Export Economy
China, 14193.395
Thailand, 9984.012
U.K., 6458.979
S. Korea, 3055.518
Singapore, 3044.678
Malaysia, 2437.866
Vietnam, 1625.861
France, 511.186
India, 474.36
Japan, 277.282
Netherlands, 249.136
U.S.A., 243.565
Indonesia, 241.497
Philippines, 146.667
Others, 508.637
Cumulative FDI into Myanmar from 1989 to 2013 (US$m)
Foreign Direct Investment
Source: Myanmar Investment Commission
Near-Term Political Outlook
Stability, further liberalization expected in 2014
National elections coming in 2015
Constitutional reform efforts ongoing – Required for Suu Kyi to run for presidency
– No changes to military reservation in parliament
Opposition party fragmentation expected
Unrest involving ethnic minority groups – Conflict persists in hinterland
– Buddhist/Muslim tension a problem
Business Climate in Myanmar
Source: WEF, WB, IFC, WJP, TI
Global
Compet
itive
ness I
ndex, 2
013-2
014 (1
48)
Ease
of D
oing B
usiness
, 2014
(189
)
Rule o
f Law, 2
013 (9
7)
Logi
stics
Perfo
rman
ce In
dex, 2
012 (1
55)
Corruptio
n Per
eption In
dex, 2
012 (1
74)
AVERAGE GLO
BAL RANK
Singapore 2 1 11 1 5 4
Malaysia 24 6 46 29 54 32
Brunei 26 59 - - 46 28
Thailand 37 18 54 38 88 47
Indonesia 38 120 55 59 118 78
Philippines 59 108 64 52 105 78
Vientam 70 99 66 53 123 82
Lao PDR 81 159 - 109 160 127
Cambodia 88 137 83 101 157 113
Myanmar 139 182 - 129 172 156
Global
Compet
itive
ness I
ndex, 2
013-2
014 (1
48)
Ease
of D
oing B
usiness
, 2014
(189
)
Rule o
f Law, 2
013 (9
7)
Logi
stics
Perfo
rman
ce In
dex, 2
012 (1
55)
Custom
s
Infra
stru
cture
Inte
rnat
ional
ship
men
ts
Logi
stics
qua
lity
and co
mpete
nce
Trac
king
and tr
acin
g
Tim
elin
ess
Corruptio
n Per
eption In
dex, 2
012 (1
74)
AVERAGE GLO
BAL RANK
Singapore 2 1 11 1 1 2 2 6 6 1 5 4
Malaysia 24 6 46 29 29 27 26 30 28 28 54 32
Brunei 26 59 - - - - - - - - 46 28
Thailand 37 18 54 38 42 44 35 49 45 39 88 47
Indonesia 38 120 55 59 75 85 57 62 52 42 118 78
Philippines 59 108 64 52 67 62 56 39 39 69 105 78
Vientam 70 99 66 53 63 72 39 82 47 38 123 82
Lao PDR 81 159 - 109 93 106 123 104 111 118 160 127
Cambodia 88 137 83 101 108 128 101 103 78 104 157 113
Myanmar 139 182 - 129 122 133 116 110 129 140 172 156
Why Source from Myanmar?
Photo: “Intha Rower on Inle” by Ryker Labbee, Cascade Asia file photo
Ideal Demography
95%
literacy rate 46
million
Photo: Soe Zeya Tun/Reuters, http://blogs.wsj.com/photojournal/2009/08/04/pictures-of-the-day-233/
Ideal Demography
Median Age: 28
Source: CIA World Factbook
Competitive Wages
$25-$80* month
Photo: "Myanmar Clothing & Textiles,” http://www.myanmarbusinessconsultants.com/clothing-and-textiles
Competitive Wages
538
403
344
325
286
209
80
32
Beijing
Mumbai
Kuala Lumpur
Manila
Bangkok
Jakarta
Phnom Penh
Yangon
Monthly Base Salary (Factory Workers)
58
36
31
27
27
27
24
23
19
16
6
4
3
0
Indonesia
Thailand
Bangladesh
Philippines
South Korea
China
Malaysia
Vietnam
Cambodia
India
Hong Kong
Japan
Singapore
Myanmar
Firing Costs (in Weeks of Salary)
Source: World Economic Forum, Wall Street Journal, Cascade Asia
Proximity
Government Incentives
New foreign investment law (November 2012)
– Land leases now possible for 50 (+20) years
– Eleven types of tax incentives: e.g., 5-year income tax exemption, import duty exemptions, etc.
– 100% foreign ownership now possible
– Remittances of profits much easier, no longer taxed
Changes in trade environment
– CMP customs tax exemption on raw material imports
– Reduced cargo inspection stations at border checkpoints
Coastal Ports Over 2,000 kilometers of coastline
9 major ports
Dawei Port/SEZ linking South Asia to Thailand
– To rival Singapore?
– Interstate highway
Reduced shipping costs versus Strait of Malacca transport
Source: Myanmar Port Authority
Developed Port Capacity
What Challenges to Expect?
Photo: “Rail Activity Near Yangon" by Ryker Labbee, Cascade Asia file photo
Mature CMP Capacity, Incipient FOB
CMP: – Sanctions limited manufacturers to CMP orders until
recently
– CMP garment exports reached about US$1 billion in 2012
FOB: – Lifting of sanctions improved prospect for FOB
businesses
– Poor banking services complicate FOB
– US $114 million FOB exports (2012)
Labor Market Inefficiencies
60
94
28
120
17
31
68 71
15
93
32
44 49
106
39
141
29
39
131
23
41
0
89
148
64 69
81
111
15
95
Cooperation labor-employer relations
Flexibility of wagedetermination
Hiring and firingpractices
Redundancy costs Pay and productivity Country capacity toretain talent
Labor Market Efficiency, 2013 (rank/148) China (34) Cambodia (27) Indonesia (103) Myanmar (98) Vietnam (56)
Source: World Economic Forum
Low Productivity
$3.20
$5.30
$17.70
$18.30
$25.40
Myanmar
Vietnam
China
Thailand
Malaysia
Average Daily Wage Cost for a Factory Worker, 2010 ($ Per Day)
1.5
2.2
7.7
9
11
Annual Labor Productivity in the Aggregate Economy, 2010
(2010 $ Thousand per Worker)
Source: McKinsey Global Institute
A Closer Look at Productivity
Vacant 20%
Storage 30%
Operations 50%
Factory Space Utilization (% of space by activity)
~100 percent space utilized for operations in most advanced and developing countries
Source: Focus group on Myanmar manufacturing firms, April 2013; International Labor
Organization; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
20
8
Average of Asiancomparison
countries
Myanmar
Labor Hours in Factories (number of hours/day)
2-3 shifts of 8 hrs each
Single shift
Lack of new machinery
Small-scale operations
Limited and inconsistent internet access
Poor telecoms infrastructure
Lack of experience with 21-st century machinery and maintenance
Primitive Machinery, Technology
Photo: "Design Concentration" by abrinsky, http://flic.kr/p/bQZX5a, cropped from original
Poor Electricity Infrastructure
Source: Myanmar Energy Sector Initial Assessment, Asian Development Bank (2012)
Only 22% of roads paved
Poor overland connections to neighboring countries
Poor inland water transport capabilities
Abysmal rail infrastructure
Dry port plans in Mandalay being explored
Transportation Infrastructure
Photo: “On the Road to Mandalay” by Ryker Labbee, Cascade Asia file photo
No unified labor code
Common complaints of workers in Myanmar: – Low wages (average $25–$80 per month)
– Forced overtime
– Poor factory conditions and treatment
Rated a ‘Tier 3 country’* in the 2011 US Department of State 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report
Rapid urbanization without adequate regulatory policies may cause environmental problems – Example: Shwe Gas Pipeline Project
State Department reporting requirements
* As defined by the U.S. Department of State’s 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report, a country
with a Tier 3 rating is a country whose government does not fully comply with the minimum
standards and is not making significant efforts to do so.
Labor Standards & Compliance
Trade Unions
600 since
2011
Photo: "Workers Strike from the Myanmar Sunny Clothing Factory" by Mizzima, http://bit.ly/1i0k6Gi
Inexperienced government
Little experience working with western businesses, international regulations
High volume of FDI to process, approve, etc.
Legislation being enacted, yet enforcement is lax
Inadequate judicial system
Location of Naypyitaw & lack of access
Political & Economic Stability
Photo: Shwe Mann in Parliament, Reuters
Industry Snapshot Photo: “Footwear Manufacturing in Myanmar” by Neena Pathak, PRI: http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-09-16/labor-laws-
strengthened-myanmar-workers-still-struggle
Source: Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, Trade Nosis
Footwear Exports from Myanmar
Myanmar FOB Exports Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
US$
in m
illio
ns
Others
Thailand
South Korea
Germany
EU (15 countries)
Japan
Yangon has 4,000 hectares of land for industrial zones, ~20 distinct zones – Hlaing Thar Yar (470 hectares, ~500
companies) – Shwe Pyi Thar (435 hectares, ~200
companies) – Dagon (400 hectares)
Hlaing Thar Yar, Shwe Pyi Thar both operating light manufacturing like garments and food processing
Most CMP operations in Yangon are situated in industrial zones within a 30-km radius of Yangon Port, including those listed above
Source: HKTDC Research
Industrial Zones in Yangon
Operating Cost Comparison
Source: Various government and industry park sources
Profile: Royal Rose Footwear
Sells primarily to domestic and Japanese markets
Two large workshops
Subcontracting and hiring temps are common when large orders received
Singer sewing machines only machines in use
30,000 pairs of sandals/ month
Royal Rose Japanese Catalogue
Profile: Royal Rose Footwear
(Left) Cutting & making: not a machine in sight!
(Below) Finished products
Photos: Royal Rose Factory by Jacob Clere, Cascade Asia file photos
What’s on the Horizon?
Photo: “Bagan Balloons” by Alex Schwab, http://flic.kr/p/bC7iVQ
Source: http://bit.ly/16bMIES
Laying More Groundwork
Minimum wage law – We have a law in place (effective June 2013) – Wage limits, determined by presidential committee on
per-industry basis, in place by year-end 2014 – Enforcement is likely years away
Improvement of worker skills, productivity – Employment & skills development law – Educational reform
Intellectual property law (major issue) 2015: banking, telecoms improvement
Low wages, political liberalization energizing labor groups – Strike by 600 workers at
shoe factory last week
Wages to increase but remain competitive – Legislation, unions to
push wages higher
– Population stabilizer
Much in flux at present
Labor Unrest & Uncertainty
Photo: Laid-off Workers Protest in Yangon by JPAING, The Irrawaddy
(http://www.irrawaddy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/workers.jpg)
Myanmar International
Terminals Thilawa
Thilawa Special Economic Zone
Ambitious target to be operational by 2015
2,400 hectares
Light industry, assembly industry; thermal plant
Connected to MITT
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Economic integration via AEC by 2015
Free labor mobility
Removal of cross-border import duties
Capital market linkages
Interstate transport, including several Myanmar-Thailand links, to improve
Challenges integrating the “six majors” with the underdeveloped ASEAN 4 (CLMV)
Summary & Recommendations Photo: Sule Pagoda at Night by Damir Sagolj, http://damir.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/Heavy-Going-in-
Myanmar/G0000foxNHfmepcI/I0000XFrB_yZk9Aw
Summary
Opportunities
– Huge long-term potential for industrial relocation
– Unskilled but literate workforce eager for jobs
– Unparalleled strategic location
Challenges
– Infrastructure challenges won’t be solved overnight
– Labor unrest likely to continue
– Political stability not yet certain
– Expectations are high (and the world is watching)
Recommendations
1. Begin monitoring today. Daily media monitoring, rolling coverage of new players, monthly regulatory assessments, quarterly infrastructure updates.
2. Don’t settle for anything but on-the-ground intelligence. What’s percolating on the streets today that your team should know about? What are your key stakeholders saying or thinking? Which factories are adding capacity? Which industrial zones are easiest to do business?
3. Begin considering now how to tailor your market entry strategy. Begin mapping out the process for your market entry that anticipates the uniqueness of Myanmar.
Q & A
t/ 1.360.358.3094
w/ cascadeasia.com
1. Q: How long does it take for a ship from Myanmar to reach the United States?
A: Approximately 24–27 days, typically connecting in Singapore
2. Q: What is the flight schedule to Myanmar? A: Daily: Bangkok, Doha, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Seoul, Tokyo; at least 3x weekly: Hanoi, Hong Kong, HCMC, Taipei; 2x weekly: Phnom Penh