Foot-and-mouth diseases virus type C: the first target for …€¦ · C3/Chaco/PAR/74 C3/Sao Jose...

FMD virus type C: the first target for eradication ?1

The Global Control of FMDTools, Ideas and Ideals

Erice, Sicily 14 to 17 October 2008

Foot-and-mouth diseases virus type C:the first target for eradication?

P.L. RoederTaurus Animal Health, UK

and

N. J. KnowlesInstitute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, UK


INTRODUCTION

� Waldemann C FMD serotype first described in Europe in 1926; later referred to simply as FMD “Type C”

� Although it became relatively widespread, and was an important component of the global FMD situation, it had always a relatively restricted distribution compared to types O and A

� Never as robust as other types of FMD – lower profile


INTRODUCTION (continued)

� Recent history indicates a greatly reduced incidence of outbreaks and geographic distribution

� In the last 20 years the type C virus has been restricted to 4 geographic clusters of countries

� South America

� The Philippines

� Eastern Africa

� South Asia

� However, foci are in areas of relatively poor surveillance so there is need for caution in interpreting surveillance data

� Doubtful laboratory identifications are a constraint as are gaps in the archive


� RNA extraction using RNeasy Kit (QIAGEN)

� One-step amplification of VP1 region using Ready-To-Go™ RT-PCR Beads (GE Healthcare)

� Amplicon cleanup using ExoSAP-IT® (USB Corp.)

� Cycle sequencing using CEQ Quick Start Kit and the CEQ8000 automated sequencer (Beckman Coulter)

� Phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 4.0 to construct mid-point rooted neighbour-joining tree

AAAAAAAAAn

L P1 P2 P35’ UTR 3’ UTR

VPgVP4 VP2 VP3 VP1 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 3DPoly C

Capsid Non-structural proteins

IRES

Amplicon

METHODS


SOUTH AMERICA FOCUS

� Formerly relatively widespread and prevalent in South America inthe 1950s to 1970s

� Not seen since 1993 in Argentina: C3-like viruses


C1 E urope

C2 Europe/SA C/Leticia/COL/67

C/Leticia/COL/70 C/General Roca/Cordoba/ARG/02/93 (AJ3062 C/General Villegas /BA/ARG/93 (AJ306217)

C/San Cris tobal/SF/ARG/94 (AJ306218) C3/Chaco/PAR/74

C3/Sao Jose dos Cam pos/BRA/72 C3/Goias /88

C3/Indaial/BRA/71 (K01202) C3/Indaial/BRA/71 (AY593806)

C3/Santa Fe/ARG/75 C3/Alegrete/BRA/82

C3/Indaial/BRA/71(78) (M90376) C3/Indaial/BRA/71 (J02184) C/ANG/3/73

C3/San Antonio de Giles /ARG/92 (AJ308704 C/Salto/BA/ARG/91 (AJ308703)

C/Rivadavia/BA/ARG/93 (AJ306216) C3/ARG/85a (M19762) C/General Lam adrid/ARG/93 (AJ306213) C3/Cordoba/ARG/85 (L29062) C3/ARG/85b (AJ007347)

C3 Indaial-like

C3/ARG/83a C3/Resende/55

C3/ARG/83b C3/Resende/BRA/55 (AY593807)

C/ISR/4/70 C/LEB/3/69

C/PHI/7/76 C/PHI/1/79

C3/ARG/84 (M19761) C5/ARG/69a

C5/ARG/69 (AY593809) C5/BEL/1/69

C/GRE/1/70 C3/PAR/69

C3 R esende-like & C Phil

C Phil

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFR ICA

AS IA

C/GER/c.26 (CGC) C1/GER/c.26 (CGC) (M90368)

0.02

FMD virus type C in South America

*

*


SOUTH AMERICA FOCUS: the Amazona outbreak 2004

� An outbreak occurred in 2004 on an island in the Amazon River

� Cattle, sheep and swine; 3 secondary outbreaks

� In infected and vaccinated zone (trivalent O, A, C)

� “No close relationship with any isolates in the PAHO data bank”

� Not related to vaccine strains

� Statements from report:

� “Amazon region is in the northern livestock crescent where the animal health and veterinary delivery systems are not as effective as those of other parts of the country.”

� “The area as a whole depends on the import of animals and meat from other parts of the country.”

� ENIGMA 1: where did this virus come from in 2004?


AMAZONAS state

Location of the outbreak of FMD type C virus in the Municipality of Careiro da Várzea, Amazonas, Brazil, September 2004

Source: MAPA/SDA/DDA

Source:

Dr Eduardo Correa Melo,

Director, PANAFTOSA-

PAHO/WHO

FAO EMPRES Bulletin

SOUTH AMERICA FOCUS: the Amazona outbreak 2004


SOUTH AMERICA FOCUS

*


THE PHILIPPINES

� Close and clear relationship to South America

� A continuum of viruses over 10 years illustrating slow but constant evolution

� BUT type C virus was not seen from 1990 to 1994

� UNTIL On 6 September 1994 first outbreak of FMD detected in swine farm

in Novaliches, Quezon City, Manila: type C


THE PHILIPPINES

� Second outbreak detected within days: type O

� In thousands of subsequent outbreaks over several years all viruses were identified as type O

� Except for:

� 27 September 1994 Indang, Cavite (2 outbreaks, swine) confirmed WRL

� 25 January 1995 Bulacan (swine)

� 25 March 1995 Bulacan (swine)

� 8 September 1998 Valenzuela abattoir, Manila (swine)

� It has not been found since

� ENIGMA 2: Where was the virus between outbreaks?


THE PHILIPPINES RELATED TO SOUTH AMERICA

C1 Europe

C2 Europe/SA C Colombia

C/General Roca/Cordoba/ARG/02/93 (AJ3062 C/General Villegas /BA/ARG/93 (AJ306217)


C3/Sao Jose dos Campos/BRA/72 C3/Goias /88





C/Rivadavia/BA/ARG/93 (AJ306216) C3/ARG/85a (M19762) C/General Lam adrid/ARG/93 (AJ306213) C3/Cordoba/ARG/85 (L29062) C3/ARG/85b (AJ007347)


C Phil

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFR ICA

ASIA


0.02


C1 Europe


C3 Indaial-like



C/ISR/4/70 C/LEB/3/69

C/PHI/7/76 C/PHI/1/79

C3/ARG/84 (M19761) C5/ARG/69a

C5/ARG/69 (AY593809) C5/BEL/1/69


C3 Resende-like & C Phil

C/PHI/4/85 C/PHI/6/89

C/PHI/7/84 VS C/PHI/7/84a

C/PHI/3/94 C/PHI/4/94

C/PHI/1/90 C/PHI/11/89

C/PHI/3/88 C/PHI/10/89

C/PHI/3/87b C/PHI/3/87a

C/PHI/1/88 C/PHI/4/88

C/PHI/5/88

C Phil

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFRICA

AS IA


0.02

Type C PHILIPPINES


EASTERN AFRICA FOCUS

� First recorded in sub-Saharan Africa in 1957 (Kenya and Ethiopia)

� Early isolates from eastern African countries show independent lineages with a common origin possibly representing a single introduction

� Angolan outbreak in 1973 clearly linked to south America

� All other occurrences detected were in eastern Africa and primarily Kenya

� Kenyan field isolates available are closely related to vaccine strain K267/67

� Kenya endemic until 1988 but later situation uncertain


EASTERN AFRICA RELATED TO OTHER AREAS

C1 Europe


C/General Roca/Cordoba/ARG/02/93 (AJ3062 C/General Villegas/BA/ARG/93 (AJ306217)


C3/Sao Jose dos Campos /BRA/72 C3/Goias /88





C/Rivadavia/BA/ARG/93 (AJ306216) C3/ARG/85a (M19762)

C/General Lamadrid/ARG/93 (AJ306213) C3/Cordoba/ARG/85 (L29062) C3/ARG/85b (AJ007347)


C Phil

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFR ICA

ASIA


0.02


EU RO-SA

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810) C/KEN/1/2004 (K6/04)

C/KEN/5/96 (K14/96) C/K221/83 (Kenya) C/KEN/32/70 (K267/67)

C/ETH/1/71 C/ETH/6/2005 (1983) C/ETH/7/2005 (1983)

C/UGA/1/71 C/UGA/35/71A

C/UGA/18/70 C/UGA/19/70

C/UGA/20/70

AFR ICA

ASIA


0.02

EASTERN AFRICA FOCUS

*


SOUTH ASIA FOCUS

� Probably introduced from Europe in the 1950s (vaccine?)

� No outbreaks have been confirmed since 1996

� All later viruses from India are closely clustered

� Possibly this suggests a relationship to vaccines but vaccine strains are needed to confirm this and the information is not available

� Viruses from other South Asian countries reflect the situation in India

� Reports from Pakistan and Afghanistan since 2000 are unlikely to be correct


SOUTH ASIA IN RELATION TO OTHER AREAS

C1

C2 C Colombia

C3 Indaial-like



C/ISR/4/70 C/LEB/3/69

C/PHI/7/76 C/PHI/1/79

C3/ARG/84 (M19761) C5/ARG/69a

C5/ARG/69 (AY593809) C5/BEL/1/69


C3 Resende-like & C Phil

C/PHI/4/85 C/PHI/6/89

C/PHI/7/84 VS C/PHI/7/84a

C/PHI/3/94 C/PHI/4/94

C/PHI/1/90 C/PHI/11/89

C/PHI/3/88 C/PHI/10/89

C/PHI/3/87b C/PHI/3/87a

C/PHI/1/88 C/PHI/4/88

C/PHI/5/88

C Phil

EUR O-SA

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFRICA C/N65/Tadjikis tan/USSR/67 (vac s tr)

C/CEY/1/74 C/SRL/4/78

C/CEY/2/74 C/CEY/4/71

C/SRL/1/84 C/SRL/4/84

C/IND/3/83 C/KUW/2/82

C/IND/9/82 C/IND/7/76

C/IND/14/80 C/IND/12/82 C/IND/51/79 (IND/42/77*) C/IND/1/82

C/SAU/1/84 C/SAU/12/84

C/NEP/35/96 C/IND/63/96* (1991 IVRI) C/IND/147/93* (IVRI)

C/IND/26/93* (IVRI) C/IND/146/93* (IVRI) C/NEP/21/93

C/NEP/1/94 C/NEP/10/93

C/IND/66/96* (1991 IVRI) C/NEP/124/90

C/IND/67/96* (1991 IVRI) C/IND/64/96* (1991 IVRI)


C/BAN/1/92 C/BAN/2/92

C/BHU/10/91 C/IND/89/92* (1991 IVRI)

C/BHU/7/91 C/IND/9/93* (1992 IVRI)

C/IND/7/92* (1991 IVRI) C/IND/136/92* (IVRI)

ASIA


0.02


SOUTH ASIA

EU R O-S A

C/UKG/149/34 (AY593810)

AFR ICA C/N65/Tadjikis tan/USSR/67 (vac s tr)

C/CEY/1/74 C/SRL/4/78

C/CEY/2/74 C/CEY/4/71

C/SRL/1/84 C/SRL/4/84

C/IND/3/83 C/KUW/2/82

C/IND/9/82 C/IND/7/76

C/IND/14/80 C/IND/12/82 C/IND/51/79 (IND/42/77*) C/IND/1/82

C/SAU/1/84 C/SAU/12/84

C/NEP/35/96 C/IND/63/96* (1991 IVRI) C/IND/147/93* (IVRI)

C/IND/26/93* (IVRI) C/IND/146/93* (IVRI) C/NEP/21/93

C/NEP/1/94 C/NEP/10/93

C/IND/66/96* (1991 IVRI) C/NEP/124/90



C/BAN/1/92 C/BAN/2/92

C/BHU/10/91 C/IND/89/92* (1991 IVRI)

C/BHU/7/91 C/IND/9/93* (1992 IVRI)

C/IND/7/92* (1991 IVRI) C/IND/136/92* (IVRI)

ASIA


0.02


FEASIBILITY OF ERADICATION

� An eradication programme is unlikely to succeed unless it is founded on a sound understanding of epidemiology

� In the case of FMD type C there are deficits in understanding which could compromise eradication.

These are the issues relating to where the virus had been in the Philippines and Brazil prior to causing outbreaks in 1994 and 2004 respectively.


FEASIBILITY OF ERADICATION

� However, a proximate analysis suggests that:

� The earlier persistence of virus in the reservoirs where it was occurring was related largely to vaccine use (and livestock trade)

� There is no reason to suspect the presence of type C FMD virus outside the foci described above.

� The virus could well have been eliminated from the Philippines – last seen more than 10 years ago

� The virus could well have ceased to circulate in South Asia and eastern Africa (last seen more than 10 years ago)

� If type C vaccine use in eastern Africa and South Asia is discontinued then the disease might not return

� The best way to determine what is happening in South America is to cease using type C vaccine and intensify surveillance


RECOMMENDATION

� Establish justification and a coordination mechanism

� Cease all use of FMD type C vaccine.

� Maintain type C vaccine bank(s) within an emergency preparedness programme to be deployed if the type C FMD reappears.

� Strengthen FMD surveillance in the four foci where the virus was last seen and include an active virological and serological search for type C FMD virus.

� Strengthen the availability of laboratory diagnostic confirmation (antigen trapping and typing ELISA plus solid phase antibody blocking ELISA) and access to Reference Laboratory (WRL) services.


CONCLUSION

The global eradication of FMD virus type C is probably feasible

BUT

It requires a coordinated effort with a strong active surveillance and epidemiological

component

and

JUSTIFICATION


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Sequencing

– Kate Swabey

– Beck Midgley

– Paul Davies

– Jemma Wadsworth

• Ingrid Bergmann

• Blesilda verin

Foot-and-mouth diseases virus type C: the first target for …€¦ · C3/Chaco/PAR/74 C3/Sao Jose...

Documents

Transcript of Foot-and-mouth diseases virus type C: the first target for …€¦ · C3/Chaco/PAR/74 C3/Sao Jose...