Foot and Mouth Disease Status and Control Initiatives in

Pakistan

Qurban Ali National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad

Pakistan

Afghanistan 2430 km

India 2912 km

China 523 km

Species Population (M) (2010-11)

Cattle 35.6 Buff 31.7

67.3 Sheep 28.1 Goats 61.5

89.6 Total 156.9

Total area = 803940 km2

Total human population =180 Million

Ruminant Population

Arabian Sea

Afghanistan 2430 km

India 2912 km

China 523 km

Iran 909 km

Arabian Sea

Afghanistan 2430 km

India 2912 km

China 523 km

Iran 909 km

Arabian Sea

Afghanistan 2430 km

India 2912 km

China 523 km

Iran 909 km

• Contributes 55.1% to the agriculture value added • Share in National GDP is 11.5% with 3.7% growth rate in 2010-11 • Share in Total Foreign Exchange Earnings is more than 8.5% • Nearly 8 million families involved with 30-35% income dependent on

livestock production activities • Value of livestock & its products is more than the combined value of

major and minor agricultural crops. • Provides raw material to Leather Industry, Carpet industry, Soap

industry, Pharmaceutical industry, etc.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF PAKISTAN (2010-11)

Livestock Production Systems

• Large Ruminants

– Subsistence small holdings

– Small market oriented small holdings

– Rural commercial farms

– Urban/peri urban dairy farming

– Desert cattle farming

• Small Ruminants

– Nomadic

– Transhumant

– Stationary

Veterinary Establishments

PROVINCE Vet. Hospital

Vet. Dispensary

Vet. Centers

Diagnostic Labs.

Mobile Dispensa

ry Punjab 565 1595 1972 26 106 Sindh 179 ---- 607 07 23 NWFP 07 341 204 12 ---- Balochistan 101 715 ---- 08 --- Northern Areas 11 150 0 01 --- ICT 07 05 05 01 --- Pakistan 870 2806 2788 55 129

Technical Staff Working in Livestock Services

Area Public Sector Veterinarians

Private Sector Veterinarians

Others Technicians,

Stock Assistants Punjab 1720 180 4440

Sindh 334 175 742

NWFP 290 45 1534

Balochistan 349 25 715

Northern Areas 13 10 83

ICT 07 12 22

Pakistan 2713 447 7536

VVeterinary Laboratory Network

Laboratories Attendance of outbreaks Sampling & Dispatch Simple laboratory procedures

Provincial Laboratories Veterinary Research Institutes Central Labs Quarantine Labs

National Veterinary Laboratory

FMD in Pakistan

• FMD endemic in South Asian Region

• 1900 and onward: Disease occurrence in pre-partition Punjab

• 1943-1947: Serotype O, A, C and Atypical strain • 1954: Serotype Asia-1 (Asia-1/Pak/1/54)

• National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad acts as

National Reference Laboratory for FMD in Pakistan

Time Chase - Serotypes

TIME & TYPES 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s

Sero-type

Year 50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85-89

90-94

95-99

00-04

05-09

0 1952 58

Asia-1

1954 23 78-83 (6)

7 90-95 (6)

3 99-01 (3)

6 1

A 1955 29 86-01 (16)

8

C 1954 1 55-62 (8)

2 64-94 (30)

2 96-09 (14)

Virus type observed in field samples Virus type not observed in field samples

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Fre

qu

ency

O A Asia-1 C

Serotype

Figure 1. Frequency distribution of different serotypes from suspected cases of FMD submitted to the laboratory

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Fre

qu

ency

O A Asia-1 C

Serotype

Figure 1. Frequency distribution of different serotypes from suspected cases of FMD submitted to the laboratory

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

during 1952 to 2007

61%

15% 24%

0.006%

n= 2482

SAMPLES POSITIVE 62.2%

Frequency Distribution of Different Serotypes

Seasonal Distribution

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Num

ber

of o

utbr

eaks

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov DecMonth

Figure 2. Seasonal distribution of laboratory confirmed FMD outbreaks taken place during 2002-2007

Higher number of outbreaks of the disease between the months of January to March during the period of 2002-2007

Field Samples Received at Diagnostic Wing of National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad

Year of submission

Total samples

Total positive

Serotype(s)

2002 12 08* O, A, Asia-1 2003 109 55** O, A, Asia-1 2004 60 23** O, A, Asia-1 2005 242 60* O, Asia-1 2006 77 37 O, A, Asia-1 2007 108 50 O, A 2008 69 39 O, A 2009 50 27 O, A, Asia-1 2010 87 44 O, A 2011 57 24 O, A, Asia-1 2012* 69 27 O, A, Asia-1 Total 724 394 O, A, Asia-1

* Three samples having mixed infection of O and Asia-1

** Two samples having mixed infection of O and A

Species affected

– Serotype O responsible for significantly higher number of outbreaks

– Cattle Buffaloes – High likelihood that cattle are affected more

compared with buffaloes.

– Clinical signs/severity of the disease are less pronounced in buffaloes than cattle

– Serotypes independent of species

Genetic Characterization of FMDV (1997-2009)

Serotype Number

O 99 (85)

A 86 (29)

Asia-1 47 (21)

Total 232 (135)

Iran2001 (Pakistan 2002-03)

Pak98 Pakistan 1998, 2003

PanAsia Pakistan 2003-2011

DQ165053(IRN/6/2004) DQ164919.1 (LEB/1/2003)

EF457986 (AFG/210/2004) O/PUN/PAK/I-149/2005 O/PUN/PAK/I-150/2005 O/ISL/PAK/I-287/2005 O/ISL/PAK/I-286/2005 O/ISL/PAK/I-285/2005

O/PUN/PAK/I-181/2005 O/PUN/PAK/I-133/2005 FJ798173.1 (PAK/68/2006)

AJ318826 (BHU/1/98) DQ164934 (NEP/109/97)

DQ164933 (NEP/104/97) DQ165048 (IRN/2/2003)

DQ165052 (IRN/16/2003) DQ165057 (IRQ/30/2000)

AJ318852 (SAU/38/98) DQ164967 (QTR/3/99)

DQ164937 (NEP/2/99) DQ164935 (NEP/4/98)

DQ165036 (AFG/50/2003) DQ164942 O/PAK/45/2003 DQ165035 (AFG/16/2003)

EU140964.1/17617 UAE 7/99 AJ318838 (IRN/9/99) DQ296515.1O/Konya/TUR/512/10/99

AF377945 SKR/2000 AF506822 China/1/99(Tibet)

AJ539138 Tibet/CHA/99 AB079061.1/17822 JPN/2000

AJ539140 SAR/19/2000 DQ404161 (UKG14391/2001)

DQ404180 UKG/11/2001 AJ633821 (FRA1/2001) DQ404180 (UKG11/2001) AJ539141 O/UKG/35/2001

AY333431.1/17731 NY00 DQ164978 (TAI/9/99) AJ539137 TAW/2/99 BOV

AJ539136 TAW/2/99 TC DQ165020 (VIT/6/2002)

AJ318846 (MAY/2/2000) EU667441 (LAO/1/99) EU667444 (LAO/1/2000) AJ318828 (CAM/2/2000)

EU667443 (LAO/11/99) AJ539139.1/18182 SKR/2000

AY312589 AY312588S2 SKR/2002 DQ165054 (IRN/8/2004) DQ164905 (KUW/1/98)

DQ164930.1 (O/NEP/121/90) DQ164929.1 (O/NEP/111/90)

AF292107 IND/53/79 AJ318848.1 (O/PAK/1/98)N

DQ165066.1 (O/PAK/12/2003)N DQ165067.1 (O/PAK/14/2003)N

DQ165069.1 (O/PAK/17/2003)N VaccineVRIPakistan

DQ165070.1 (O/PAK/73/2003)N DQ165068.1 (O/PAK/16/2003)N

AY593823 O1/Manisa/TUR/69 AF189157 Israel/85 Geshure

AF204276 R2/75 IND (Tamil AJ303526.1 (PAK/1/97)N

EU14

AAYA

Vaccine Matching • Blocked with O/Manisa • Recent viruses in Iran & Turkey cannot be blocked • O-PanAsia-II being used now

Serotype O Lineage 1. PanAsia 2. Iran2001 3. Pak98 4. Unnamed

Iran05

Pakistan 2006-2011

A-Pak09

AFG-07

BAR-08 2008-2011

ARD-07

Pakistan 2008-2011 HIR/AFG/L-1486/2009

SAR/AFG/L-1435/2009 SAR/AFG/L-1434/2009

KAB/AFG/L-1163/2008 (LAM) BAR/6/2008/1639 (FJ755010)/1639 BAR/7/2008/1639 (FJ755011)/1639

SIN/PAK/L-758/2009 (LDC) 2SIN/PAK/L-739/2009 (LDC) SIN/PAK/L-693/2009 (LDC) SIN/PAK/L-695/2009 (LDC) SIN/PAK/L-3213/2009 (Jul-LAM)

SIN/PAK/L-694/2009 (LDC) A/PAK/5/2006//1639 (FJ755084) IRN/3/2007//1639 (FJ755060)

IRN/1/2008/1639 (FJ755066)/1639 IRN/15/2007//1639 (FJ755061) TUR/324/2007//1639 (FJ755126)

Pak/3/2006/1639 (FJ755083)/1639 PAK/1/2006//1639 (FJ755082) A/PAK/3/2006/1639 (EF117837)/1639

FJ755096.1 (A/TUR/8/2005) EF457983.1 (A/AFG/183/2005)

FJ755087.1 (A/SAU/16/2005) FJ755086.1 (A/SAU/15/2005) EF457982.1 (A/AFG/160/2005)

A/IRN/1/2005 (EF208769) Irn05 FJ755025.1 (A/IRN/5/2005)

FJ755128.1/1639 TUR/859/2007 FJ755155.1/1639 TUR/33/2008

FJ755116.1 (A/TUR/20/2006) FJ755057.1 (A/IRN/7/2006)

FJ755030.1 (A/IRN/16/2005)

BAD/AFG/L-3025/2009 (LAM) BAD/AFG/L-2815/2009 BAD/AFG/L-2813/2009 BAD/AFG/L-2817/2009 BAD/AFG/L-2814/2009 BAD/AFG/L-2816/2009

KUN/AFG/L-1577/2009 (Resc 1495) KUN/AFG/L-1495/2009

EU414530.1 (A/IRN/7/2004) EF457980.1 (A/AFG/130/2004) EF457981.1 (A/AFG/131/2004)

FJ755020.1 (A/IRN/41/2003) PUN/PAK/L-2809/2009 (Gujrat) PUN/AFG/L-1364/2009 (Rwp)

FJ798194.1 (A/PAK/73/2007) EU414529) A/IRN/10/2003

Pak/9/2003/1639 (EU414535)/1639 EU414534 (PAK/28/2002)

A/TAI/118/87* (EF208777)

A22/IRQ/64 (AY593763) A22

A15/Bangkok/TAI/60 (AY593755) A15 A11/GER/29 (AGB)(EU553852) A11

FJ755

A1

1 (A

AI/118

• Two genotypes

• Two lineages in genotype I

(A-Iran05 + A-Pak09)

• Seven sub-lineages

Genotype I

Genotype II

Genetic Characterization of FMDV Serotype A

Vaccine Matching • Recent isolates poorly match with A22 • Match better with A/TUR/06

Group-II PAK 2002-04

Group-VI Pakistan 1998, 2003, 2005

Group-I (AFG. 2001)

Group-VII Pakistan 2008-2011

TAJ/2/2003 (FJ785271) KRG/2/2004 (FJ785249) KRG/1/2004 (FJ785247)

TAJ/3/2003 (FJ785272) TAJ/1/2003 (FJ785270)

TAJ/4/2004 (FJ785274) UZB/2003 (FJ785277)

DQ121403 (TAJ/2/2004) TAJ/5/2004 (FJ785275) TAJ/1/2004 (DQ121402)

TAJ/6/2004 (FJ785276) AFG/44/2003 (EF457992) AFG/40/03(EF457991)

BAM/AFG/L2823/2009 BAM/AFG/L2825/2009

BAM/AFG/L2824/2009 BAM/AFG/L3/2009 (AFG/BAM10)

BAM/AFG/L640/2009 BAM/AFG/L641/2009 BAM/AFG/L1/2009 (AFG/BAM7) BAM/AFG/L638/2009 BAM/AFG/L2/2009 (AFG/BAM9) BAM/AFG/L590/2009 (rescued) KAB/AFG/L642/009

BAM/AFG/L639/2009 BAM/AFG/L591/2009 (rescued)

AFG/33/2003 (EF457990) AFG/22/2003 (EF457987) AFG/24/2003 (EF457988)

AFG/26/2003 (EF457989) AFG/116/2004 (EF457993)

PAK/2/2004 (FJ785264) PAK/1/2004 (DQ121128) AFG/138/2004 (EF457994)

PAK/69/2003 (DQ121127) PAK/30/2002 (DQ121124)

PAK/33/2002 (FJ785262) PAK/31/2002 (DQ121125) PAK/34/2002 (FJ785263)

G

IRN/10/2004 (DQ121119) As1/IND/14/95 (AF390678)

AF390687 (IND/26/95) DQ989309 (IND 82-96)

FJ785265 (PAK/19/2005) FJ785266 (PAK/22/2005) EU553914 (PAK/2/1998)

FJ785261 (PAK/3/1998) DQ121126 (PAK/20/2003)

DQ121122 (IRN/58/99) DQ121131 (TUR/10/99)

EU553915 (TUR/3/2000) EU553916 (TUR/6/2000) DQ121113 (GRE/2/2000)

EU553911 (Asia1/WBN/117/85) IND/762/2003 (DQ101240)

DQ121112 (BHU/34/2002) GQ220879 (IND/396/2001)

GQ220884 (IND/141/2002) DQ101237 (IND/175/2004)

As1/Shamir/ISR/89 FJ785234 (As/HKN/22/80)

FJ785233 (As/HKN/18/76) HKN/19/74 (FJ785230)

FJ785231 (As/HKN/2/75 (1974) FJ785268 (Prymorsky/RUS/2005) FJ785252 As/MOG/2005) FJ785267 (Khabarovsk/RUS/2005)

EF185303 (Beijing/China/2005) EF185303 (Beijing/China/2005)(2)

EU091348 (BR/Myanmar/7/2006 GU125645 (VN/QT03/2007) GU125645 (VN/QT03/2007)(2) FJ906802 (As/WHN/CHA/2006)

DQ121401 (Amursky/Russia/2005) As1/IND/18/80 (DQ121116) FJ785259 (As/NKR/2/2007) FJ785242 (As/IND/16/76)

AY593795 (As1/PAK/1/54 Asia1/IND/63/72 (AY304994)

As1/YNBS/CHA/58 (AY390432) EF600684 (IRN/05)

EU553917 (TUR/15/73) FJ785260 (PAK/1/1985)

FJ785226 (AFG/2/2001) AFG/4/2001 (DQ121110) AFG/3/2001 (FJ785227) IRN/4/2001 (DQ121118)

IRN/25/2001 (FJ785244) AFG/1/2001 (DQ121109)

DQ121120 (IRN/25/2004) SIN/PAK/L5/2008 (L-16) SIN/PAK/L8/2008 (L-19)

SIN/PAK/L2811/2009 SIN/PAK/L2810/2009 SIN/PAK/L2812/2009 SIN/PAK/L2952/2009

SIN/PAK/L2954/2009P

FJ785

11 (A

Genetic Characterization of FMDV Asia-1 • Two genetic groups existed • New Group (VII) identified recently

Vaccine Matching • Group II & VI covered with Shamir but not with Ind8/79 • Recent Group II viruses not neutralized with Shamir • Group VII isolates not neutralized by existing vaccine strains

Genetic Characterization of FMDV Type Lineage Vaccine Matching

O • Pan Asia

• Iran 2001 • Pak 98 • Unnamed

• Blocked with O/Manisa • Recent viruses in Iran & Turkey cannot be blocked • O-Pan Asia-II being used now

A Two genotypes • Two lineages in genotype I (A-Iran05 + A-Pak09) • Seven sub-lineages

• Recent isolates poorly match with A22 • Match better with A/TUR/06

Asia-1

Two genetic groups existed • New Group (VII) identified recently

• Group II & VI covered with Shamir but not with Ind8/79 • Recent Group II viruses not neutralized with Shamir • Group VII isolates not neutralized by existing vaccine strains

Strain A/IRN/05

• Strain A/IRN/05 detected for the first time in Pakistan (in 2006).

• The strain was found responsible for sub-clinical infection in Asian buffalos while it caused clinical disease in cattle

• The strain has undergone two different paths of

evolution in the structural and non-structural genome regions.

– The structural genome regions might have had their

evolutionary starting point in strain A22, with A/IRN/96 and A/IRN/99 as evolutionary intermediates

FMD Virus Circulation

• Detection of new variant of FMDV type O shows that

this virus is evolving and is present at least in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

• At least two sub-lineages of serotype A (IRN05AFG-07 and IRN05BAR-08) are presently in circulation in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

• At least two different genotypes of Asia1 virus are in circulation in the area (Group I in Pakistan and Group II in Afghanistan).

FMD Control in Pakistan

• National and International Support to control TADs – Build capacity for FMD Diagnostics and Epidemiological investigations

under GCP/Pak/088/EC and GTFS/INT/907/ITA.

• Surveillance & Reporting system – Monthly reports from each district cover FMD Outbreaks – Flash Reporting in case of active outbreak

• Vaccination – Voluntary vaccination – Local vaccine production: Trivalent, Stationery cell culture, not

purified – Imported vaccines: (Merial, ARRIAH, Intervet, Czech Republic, Others)

Progressive Control of FMD in Pakistan

• FMD Conference held in Islamabad on 16-17 February 2010 identified FMD as the priority livestock disease for control and recommended formulation of FMD control project

• Government of Pakistan signed a project with FAO on

progressive control of FMD in Pakistan with ID as GCP/PAK/123/USA

• Program outlays 3 major outputs and 16 activities addressing

improved capacity of diagnostics and surveillance, response to outbreaks and effective vaccination strategy

GCP/Pak/123/USA - Project Outputs • Output 1: Capacity to diagnose FMD at disease,

serotype and genotype level enhanced at districts, provincial and reference laboratories in Pakistan

• Output 2: Surveillance of and response to FMD outbreaks in the country improved

• Output 3: Benefits of early and consistent immunization practices demonstrated for effective control of FMD

Progressive Control of FMD in Pakistan

Output 1: Capacity to diagnose FMD at disease, serotype and genotype level enhanced in districts, provincial and reference laboratories in Pakistan

Activities

1. Strengthening of Laboratory capacity for FMD diagnosis

2. Capacity building of field and laboratory staff

3. Proficiency testing of diagnostic labs

4. Development of an harmonized (central and provincial) Laboratory Information and Management System (LIMS)

Output 2: Surveillance of and response to FMD outbreaks in the country improved

Activities 1. Awareness of livestock farmers 2. Capacity building of field staff and policy makers 3. Outbreak reporting, epidemiological investigation and submission of samples 4. Sero-monitoring for determining the level of virus circulation different farming systems 5. Creation of a rapid response mechanism for FMD outbreaks 6. Creation of a National FMD Epidemiology and Information System 7. Strengthening of FMD monitoring program in Landhi Dairy Colony Karachi

Output 3: Benefits of early and consistent immunization practices demonstrated for effective control of FMD

Activities 1. Identification of appropriate vaccine for field use 2. Strengthening NVL capacity for evaluation of FMD vaccines 3. Effective vaccination in dairy colony production system 4. Early immunization in market oriented rural dairy production system 5. Evaluation of FMD vaccination effects on productivity in different dairy production systems

Expectations from FMD Control Initiatives in Pakistan

• Current initiative under GCP/PAK/123/USA is expected to provide framework within which progressive control of FMD will be continued and implemented

• Initiative will help to move Pakistan to higher stages (stage 2 3) of the Progressive Control Pathway

TThank you