American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Sports Injuries of the Foot and Ankle Course
Foot and Ankle Seminar
description
Transcript of Foot and Ankle Seminar
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Foot and Ankle Seminar
Jim Clover, MED, ATC
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Foot Anatomy Review
Bony Anatomy– Talus– Calcaneus– Tarsals
5 bones– Metatarsals
5 bones– Phalanges
14 bones
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Foot Anatomy
Figure One Figure ThreeFigure Two
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Foot Biomechanics
Transverse Arch (A) Medial Longitudinal
Arch (B) Lateral Longitudinal
Arch (C)
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Lower Leg Anatomy
Bony– Tibia– Fibula
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Lower Leg Anatomy
Musculature– Anterior
Tibialis Anterior– Medial
– Tibialis Posterior– Extensor Digitorum
Longus– Extensor Hallicus
Longus– Lateral
Peroneals – Posterior
Gastrocnemius Soleous
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Lower Leg Anatomy
Other Structures– Joints– Ligament– Cartilage
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Foot / Ankle Anatomy
Nerve Supply Blood Supply
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Foot Biomechanics – Normal Gait
Two phases:– Stance or support phase
which starts at initial heel strike and ends at toe-off
– Swing or recovery which represents time from toe-off to heel strike
Foot serves as shock absorber at heel strike and adapts to uneven surface during stance
At push-off foot serves as rigid lever to provide propulsive force
Initial heel strike while running involves contact on lateral aspect of foot with subtalar joint in supination
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Foot Biomechanics – Normal Gait
80% of distance runners follow heel strike pattern Sprinters tend to be forefoot strikers With initial contact there is obligatory external rotation of the tibia with
subtalar supination As loading occurs, foot and subtalar joint pronates and tibia internally
rotates (transverse plane rotation at the knee) Pronation allows for unlocking of midfoot and shock absorption Also provides for even distribution of forces throughout the foot Subtalar joint will remain in pronation for 55-85% of stance phase
– occurring maximally as center of gravity passes over base of support As foot moves to toe-off, foot supinates, causing midtarsal lock and
lever formation in order to produce greater force
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Foot Biomechanics – Pronation & Supination
Excessive or prolonged pronation or supination can contribute to overuse injuries
Have them walk in water and see what happens
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Foot Biomechanics – Pronation & Supination
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Foot Biomechanics – Excessive Pronation
Excessive Prontation– Major cause of stress injuries due to
overload of structures during extensive stance phase or into propulsive phase
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Foot Biomechanics – Excessive Supination
Excessive Supination– Limits internal rotation and can lead to
inversion sprains, tibial stress syndrome, peroneal tendinitis, IT-Band friction syndrome and bursitis
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Foot Evaluation (History)
Generic history questions– Past history– Mechanism of injury– When does it hurt?– Type of, quality of, duration of pain?– Sounds or feelings?– How long were you disabled?– Swelling?– Previous treatments?
Questions specific to the foot– Location of pain - heel, foot, toes,
arches?– Training surfaces or changes in
footwear?– Changes in training, volume or
type?– Does footwear increase discomfort?
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Foot Evaluation (Observation)
Observations– Does athlete favor a foot, limp, or is unable to
bear weight? Shoe Wear Patterns
– Over pronators tend to wear out shoe under 2nd metatarsal
– Athletes often mistakenly perceive wear on the outside edge of the heel as being the result of over-pronation
– Wear on the lateral border of the shoe is a sign of excessive supination
– Heel counter and forefoot should also be examined
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Foot Evaluation (Palpation)
Bony Palpation– Medial calcaneus
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Foot Evaluation (Palpation)
Soft Tissue– Deltoid ligament– Medial
longitudinal arch– Plantar fascia– Transverse arch
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Foot Evaluation (Special Testing)
Manual Muscle Testing– Toe Flexion– Toe Extension
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Foot Evaluation (Special Testing)
Tinel’s Sign– Tapping over posterior tibial nerve producing
tingling distal to area– Numbness & paresthesia may indicate presence
of tarsal tunnel syndrome Morton’s Test
– Transverse pressure applied to heads of metatarsals causing pain in forefoot
– Positive sign may indicate neuroma or metatarsalgia
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Foot Evaluation (Special Testing)
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Foot Common Injuries
Tarsal Region– Fractures (Calcaneus, Talus, Etc.)– Stress Fractures– Subluxations
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Foot Common Injuries
Metatarsal Region– Strains– Fractures (Jones’) /
Stress Fractures– Bunion – Neuroma
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Ankle Evaluation (History)
Generic History questions– Past history– Mechanism of injury– When does it hurt?– Type of, quality of, duration
of pain?– Sounds or feelings?– How long were you
disabled?– Swelling?– Previous treatments?
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Severity of sprains is graded (1-3)
With inversion sprains the foot is forcefully inverted or occurs when the foot comes into contact w/ uneven surfaces
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Grade 1 Inversion Ankle Sprain
Etiology (how it happens) Mechanism Occurs with inversion plantar flexion and adduction Causes stretching of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
– Signs and Symptoms Mild pain and disability; weight bearing is minimally impaired; point tenderness over ligaments
and no laxity– Management/Treatment/Rehabilitation
PRICE for 1-2 days; limited weight bearing initially and then aggressive rehab Tape may provide some additional support Return to activity in 1 -10 days
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Grade 2 Inversion Ankle Sprain
– Etiology (how it happens) Mechanism Moderate inversion force causing great deal of disability
with many days of lost time– Signs and Symptoms
Ligaments have an “end” point Feel or hear pop or snap; moderate pain w/ difficulty
bearing weight; tenderness and edema Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer tests Possible tearing of the anterior talofibular and
calcaneofibular ligaments– Management/Treatment/Rehabilitation t
PRICE for at least first 72 hours; X-ray exam to rule out fx; crutches 5-10 days, progressing to weight bearing
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– Management (continued)
Will require protective immobilization but begin ROM exercises early to aid in maintenance of motion and proprioception
Taping will provide support during early stages of walking and running
Long term disability will include chronic instability with injury recurrence potentially leading to joint degeneration
Must continue to engage in rehab to prevent against re-injury
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Grade 3 Inversion Ankle Sprain
– Etiology / Mechanism Relatively uncommon but is extremely disabling Caused by significant force (inversion) resulting in spontaneous subluxation and reduction Causes damage to the anterior/posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments as well as
the capsule– Signs and Symptoms
Severe pain, swelling, discoloration Unable to bear weight Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer (no “end” point
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Injury Prevention
Strength training allows the supporting musculature to stabilize where ligaments may no longer be capable of holding the original tension between bones of the joint. This will also help prevent reinjury.
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– Management PRICE, X-ray (physician may apply dorsiflexion splint for
3-6 weeks) Crutches are provided after cast removal Isometrics in cast; ROM, PRE and balance exercise
once out Surgery may be warranted to stabilize ankle due to
increased laxity and instability
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Dislocation
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Ankle Evaluation (Observation)
Observations– Is there difficulty with walking?– Deformities, asymmetries or swelling?– Color and texture of skin, heat, redness?– Patient in obvious pain?– Is range of motion normal?
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Ankle Evaluation (Palpation)
Bony AnatomySoft Tissue
Anatomy
Soft Tissue Anatomy
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Testing)
Fracture Tests– Tap / Percussion / Bump
Active / Passive Range of Motion (R.O.M.)
Manual Muscle Testing– Check all motions of the Foot and Ankle
Joint Stability Tests– Anterior Drawer
Special Pathology Tests– Thompson Test
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Tests)
Compression Test Percussion Test
Fracture Test
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Tests)
Ankle Stability Tests– Anterior drawer test
Used to determine damage to anterior talofibular ligament primarily and other lateral ligament secondarily
A positive test occurs when foot slides forward and/or makes a clunking sound as it reaches the end point
Anterior Drawer Test
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Tests)
Talar tilt test (ATF,CF,PTF)– Performed to determine extent of
inversion or eversion injuries– With foot at 90 degrees
calcaneus is inverted and excessive motion indicates injury to calcaneofibular ligament and possibly the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments
– If the calcaneus is everted, the deltoid ligament is tested
Talar Tilt Test
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Ankle Injury “bad”
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Tests)
Other Special Tests– Thompson’s Test
Squeeze calf muscle, while foot is extended off table to test the integrity of the Achilles tendon
Positive tests results in no movement in the foot
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Ankle Evaluation (Special Tests)
Homan’s test– Test for deep vein
thrombophlebitis– With knee extended and
foot off table, ankle is moved into dorsiflexion
– Pain in calf is a positive sign and should be referred
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Foot Rehabilitation
Three simple keys– Range of Motion
Needed to increase motion and return to function as quickly as prudent and possible
– Strength Needed to deter further problems or protect the area of
injury from further injury– Functionality
Needed to return the student-athlete or patient to normal daily activities within reason.
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Flexibility– Must maintain or re-establish normal flexibility of the foot– Full range of motion is critical– Stretching of the plantar fascia and Achilles is very important for a
number of conditions
Foot Rehabilitation
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Foot Rehabilitation
Range of Motion– Joints
Joint Mobilization BAPS Board / Disc
– Functionality of foot Plantar Fascia
– Towel pulls– Cotton ball movement
Gastroc / Soleus Stretching
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Can help normalize joint motion
Joint Mobilizations
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Foot Rehabilitation
Strengthening– Towel Pulls– Cotton Ball Pick-up– Thera-band Exercises
Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion, Eversion– Isometric Exercises
Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion, Eversion PNF Diagonals / D1 and D2 Patterns
– Proprioception Dyna-Disc / Wobble Boards / Couch Cushions / Etc.
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Foot Rehabilitation
Towel Exercises
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Foot Rehabilitation
Rehab plans are focusing more on closed kinetic chain activities
Exercises should incorporate walking, running, jumping in multiple planes and on multiple surfaces
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Neuromuscular Control Training– Can be enhanced by
training in controlled activities
– Uneven surfaces, BAPS boards, rocker boards, or Dynadiscs can also be utilized to challenge athlete
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Weight Bearing– If unable to walk without a limp, crutch or can
walking may be introduced– Poor gait mechanics will impact other joints within
the kinetic chain– Progressing to full weight bearing as soon as
tolerable is suggested
Foot Rehabilitation
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Foot Rehabilitation
General Body Conditioning
– Because a period of non-weight bearing is common, substitute means of conditioning must be introduced
– Pool running & upper body ergometer
– General strengthening and flexibility as allowed by injury
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Ankle Rehabilitation
General Body Conditioning– Must be maintained with non-weight bearing
activities Weight Bearing
– Non-weight bearing vs. partial weight bearing– Protection and faster healing– Partial weight bearing helps to limit muscle
atrophy, proprioceptive loss, circulatory stasis and tendinitis
– Protected motion facilitates collagen alignment and stronger healing
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Joint Mobilizations– Movement of an injured joint can be improved with
manual mobilization techniques Flexibility
– During early stages inversion and eversion should be limited
– Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion should be encouraged– With decreased discomfort inversion and eversion
exercises should be initiated– BAPS board progression
Ankle Rehabilitation
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Strengthening– Isometrics (4 directions) early during rehab phase– With increased healing, aggressive nature of strengthening
should increase (isotonic exercises– Pain should serve as the guideline for progression– Tubing exercises allows for concentric and eccentric exercises
Ankle Rehabilitation
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Ankle Rehabilitation
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Ankle Rehabilitation
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Taping and Bracing– Ideal to have athlete return w/out taping and bracing– Common practice to use tape and brace initially to enhance
stabilization– Must be sure it does not interfere with overall motor
performance Functional Progressions
– Severe injuries require more detailed plan– Typical progression initiated w/ partial weight bearing until full
weight bearing occurs w/out a limp– Running can begin when ambulation is pain free (transition
from pool - even surface - changes of speed and direction)
Ankle Rehabilitation
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Ankle Rehabilitation
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Tape vs. Brace
Why choose one over another Taping may be more time consuming over brace Braces may or may not allow more support over
tape Tape allows more functional movement and
often feels more stable Tape will loosen with time Braces will often loosen with time It really is based on the quality of the brace vs.
the ability of the person to tape. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
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Return to Activity– Must have complete range of motion and at least 80-90%
of pre-injury strength before return to sport– If full practice is tolerated w/out insult, athlete can return to
competition– Must involve gradual progression of functional activities,
slowly increasing stress on injured structure– Specific sports dictate specific drills
Ankle Rehabilitation
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Injury prevention
Tight Achilles tendons can predispose someone to injuring the ankle. Tendonitis, plantar fasciitis, and other disorders may occur due to a tight Achilles tendon.
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Injury Prevention
Footwear is something often overlooked but improper footwear can predispose someone with a foot condition such as pes planus (flat feet) to be more prone to having problems with their feet and ankles.
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The Ankle
What are the 4 bone in the Ankle? What are the 2 muscles in the posterior of the
aspect of the Tibia? What is the one muscle on the anterior of the
Tibia? If you have a patient that has a possible
Stress Fracture what is and how would you explain it to your patient?
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The Ankle
What is the difference between a fracture and a broken bone?
What is a Sprain? What is a Strain? What is an Isometric Contraction? What is an Isotonic Contraction?
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The Ankle
What is the difference between a 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree sprain?
What is P.R. I.C.E.C.? What are the exercises you would have
someone do in “Phase One” of rehab.? What would you have them do in “Phase Two”? “Phase Three”