Foodservice systems2

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Food Service Systems Nancy Brenowitz, MS, RD

Transcript of Foodservice systems2

Page 1: Foodservice systems2

Food Service Systems

Nancy Brenowitz, MS, RD

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Subsystems

• Menu planning

• Purchasing

• Storage

• Pre-preparation

• Production

• Holding

•Transportation•Regeneration•Service•Dining•Clearing•Dishwashing•Storage of leftovers

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Types of Foodservice Systems

• Vary with regard to:– Where food is prepared– What types of food are purchases– How foods are held and for how long– Labor and equipment required– Whether food is transported

• Most foodservice operations use more than one type of these systems

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Conventional (Cook to Serve)

• Many restaurants, cafeterias• Foods are purchased, transformed into final

products for service and held at serving temperature until served

• Production and service occur on same premises• Many foods purchased raw/unfinished state,

although some convenience items used• Menu items prepared as close to service time as

possible• Traditionally has been the most widely used

system

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Conventional (Cook to Serve)

• Advantages– Food quality can be high (depends upon time

held—usually only 1-2 hours)– Any food can be produced if it can be held as

serving temp for short time

• Disadvantages– Less time flexibility– More labor, unevenly distributed work load– Limit to how long you can hold the food

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Commissary (Satellite)

• School systems, airline catering• Foods are purchased and produced in large

central production kitchen• Delivered in bulk to satellite/remote serving

areas for final production and service (frozen, chilled or hot)

• Most items completely prepared from raw state in central facility

• Best when large volumes are being prepared

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Commissary (Satellite)

• Advantages– Cost savings from lower food cost and lack of

equipment duplication– Decreased labor costs– Limited peaks and valley is work load– Uniform products– Do not have to cook at meal time

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Commissary (Satellite)

• Disadvantages– Food safety is a concern (holding and

transporting)– Quality can deteriorate during holding; some

items don’t hold well– Reliable transportation method needed– Requires a large kitchen; does not pay for itself

unless preparing large quantities

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Ready Prepared (Cook/Chill or Cook/Freeze)

• Many foodservice operations use along with others

• Foods are prepared on the premises and then chilled or frozen for later use

• May be chilled/frozen in bulk or in individual portions

• Chilled foods must be used within 102 days; frozen foods can last up to several months

• Hot foods undergo two heating periods; adjustments in cooking times

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Ready Prepared (Cook/Chill or Cook/Freeze)

• Advantages– Workload is evened out; can prepare foods

during down time– Variety may be increased with large inventory

of chilled or frozen items– Can transport food easier than hot– Can hold foods for longer than hot

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Ready Prepared (Cook/Chill or Cook/Freeze)

• Disadvantages– Large refrigerators/freezers needed (high

energy costs)– Food safety can be a problem– Some foods do not freeze or chill well– Quality may suffer during holding

• Freezer burn• Textural changes• Separation of emulsions

– Need reheating equipment– If power goes out, a lot of food can be lost

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Convenience (Assembly-Serve)

• Already prepared foods are purchased and then assembled, heated and served

• No food production required

• Can be purchased in bulk or individual portions

• Convenience stores, fast foods, special diets in hospitals

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Convenience (Assembly-Serve)

• Advantages– Less labor and less skilled labor needed– Minimal investment in equipment– Can purchase preportioned items for a la carte

menu– Portion control easier, less waste– Mostly an advantage for small foodservices

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Convenience (Assembly-Serve)

• Disadvantages– Menu items limited by market availability– Food cost substantially higher– Quality may not be equivalent to fresh– A lot of freezer/refrigerator space needed

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Food Delivery Systems• Centralized Delivery-Service System

– Prepared foods portioned and assembled for individual meals at a central location in or adjacent to the main kitchen

– Completed orders then transported and distributed to the customers

– Fast food, restaurants, banquet services, hospitals, long-term care facilities

– Close supervision, control of food quality and portion size, less labor required

– Span required for service can be excessively long

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Food Delivery Systems• Decentralized Delivery-Service Systems

– Bulk quantities of prepared foods sent hot or cold to serving galleys or ward kitchens located throughout the facility

– Reheating, portioning and meal assembly take place in remote locations

– Dishes returned to central kitchen for washing– Facilities where there is a great distance

between the kitchen and the consumer– Foods travel better in bulk than plated– Large hospitals, medical centers, school

districts, hotels

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Choosing a Distribution System

• Type of foodservice system• Kind of foodservice organization• Size and physical layout of facility• Style of service• Skill level of available personnel• Economic factors• Quality standard to food safety• Timing required for meal service• Space requirements• Energy usage

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Kind of Food Service Organization

• Number of people?

• How quickly do they need to be served?

• Groups served?

• In what environment?

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Size and Layout of Facility

• High rise or low and highly spread out

• Elevators, conveyor belts

• Equipment available in different areas

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Style of Service• Self-service

– Guest carry own food from place of display to a dining area

• Cafeteria style– Traditional: employees are stationed behind counter to

serve guests and encourage them with the selections; may be straight line, parallel, zigzag or U shaped; customers follow each other

– Hollow square, free flow or scramble system: separate sections of counter provided for various menu groups; provides speed and flexibility

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Style of Service

• Machine Vended– Often contracted to outside company to keep

machines filled– Drinks, snacks, sandwiches, microwave items,

frozen foods– Supplement to other styles of service

• Buffet– Numerous options, eye appeal important– Foods should hold up well with long sitting

time

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Style of Service

• Drive Thru Pick-Up

• Tray Service– Airlines, hospitals, nursing homes– Delivered to floor pantry by foodservice or

directly to patient– Need cooperation between foodservice and

nursing; quality and food safety issues– Many hospitals turning to style more like

restaurant service

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Wait Service

• American service– Host or hostess greets and seats– Servers take orders and serve to customers– Each plate prepared individually for each

customer– Busers may help with dish removal and checker

makes sure food taken to customer corresponds with order

– Plates transported by cart, by hand or on trays– All guests at one table served before proceeding

to next table

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Wait Service• French service

– Portions of food brought to dining room on serving platter and chief server completes at table (carving, boning, making a sauce) while another server delivers plates to customers

• Russian– Food completely prepared and portioned in the

kitchen– Adequate number of servings for each person at

table placed on serving platter, served to individuals at table

– Banquets

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Economic Factors

• Different amounts of labor and equipment needed for various types of service

• Cost of inputs and outputs

• Transporting foods can be expensive

• Duplicating equipment can be expensive

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Food Safety

• Managing time/temperature relationship

• Can you meet standards to temperatures with current equipment or should new be purchased?

• How long will delivery take?

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Timing Required for Meal Service

• Does everyone need to be served at once?– Banquet, school foodservice,

• What is acceptable time span?– 1-2 hours– Hospitals, staggered lunch periods

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Meal Delivery Systems

• Paper menus

• Paperless

• Bedside Entry System

• Roomservice

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How is Food Actually Delivered to Patients?

• Heated cart

• Covered plates

• Divided trays

• Heated surface under plate, covered

• Variety of systems and costs

• Quality can be a problem with all

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Delivery Service Equipment

• Fixed or Built In– Planned when facility is built– Automated car transport or monorail– Alternative if power failure– Elevators, manual or power driven conveyors,

dumbwaiters

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Delivery Service Equipment

• Mobile– Delivery trucks for off premises– Movable carts for on premises– Heated/Refrigerated

• Portable– Pans with lids– Hand carriers

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Delivery Service Equipment

• Pellet Disc– Metal disc is preheated and at mealtime is

placed in a metal base– Individual portions of food plated and placed

over the base and covered– Keeps the meal at serving temp for 40-45

minutes

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Delivery Service Equipment

• Insulated Trays with Insulated Covers– Dished put on tray and covered– Trays generally stack– Designed to create “synergism”, when stacked

properly the hot and cold sections work together to maintain the proper temperatures

– No special carts are needed– Some foods hold heat better than others

• Ex. Beef stew better than green beans