Foodborne Pathogens: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
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Transcript of Foodborne Pathogens: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
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Foodborne Pathogens: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going ?
Michael G. Johnson, Ph.D.
Emeritus Prof., UAF Food Science Dept.
AAFP Meeting, Sept. 10-11, 2013
Fayetteville, AR
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What is our goal -- Food Safety or Food Protection & What does that mean??
• From whence did IAFP and our AAFP come ?• Early history of IAFP was in milk processing
technology and safety and the society name evolved to IAMFES-- What’s that stand for ?
• Intnl Assoc Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians
• In 2000 that acronym morphed to IAFP = Intnl Assoc for Food Protection
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Where are the hurts in Food Safety & Protection ?
• Produce Safety Issues • Animal Food Safety Issues
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Quotes about Thinking
• J. Swift: “ It is useless to attempt
to reason a man out of a thing he never reasoned into. “
• J. P. Moynihan: “ Everyone is entitled to
his own opinion but not to his own facts “
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Lately I’ve Been Thinking…
• Our Modern Dilemma:• Mo Jo: More Doing …
More Saving• More cell phone
talking/texting/video watching =
• Less thinking
• One Solution:• Less Doing …. More
Thinking• e. g., More quiet times
w/o cell / tablet interruptions and more manual hands-on labor & walking to give quiet time =
• More thinking, Try It !
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So, where are we presently ?
• Molecular Era of Food Safety :
• Q: Are we drowning in a sea of chemical data ?
• PCR gel slide: What does it tell us and not tell us ?
• Ditto Q for CLAMP electrophoresis patterns known as PFGE patterns used by CDC to link foods and pathogens involved in human FBI cases ?
• Sequencing coming on-e.g. , Silliker Labs, etc.
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W. E. Deming: Quality Assurance to Continuous Quality improvement :
PDCA PDSA• Plan• Do• Check Study• Act• Maybe, it’ s time to shift the paradigm from
asking the microbes to read our laws and instead re-start reading, studying & learning the playbooks of the microbes
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Q: What food safety era have we been in ?
• A: We have been copying the tenets of Deming for auto manufacturing:
• Namely, we have moved from Quality Control Model: ( = Is the finished food product ok in quality, microbiology and chemistry and nutritional aspects ? to ------>
• The Quality Assurance model: ( = Is every step from starting raw product and ingredients and every processing step ok ? = HAACP )
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Still we continue to have cases of human FBI– Why and What to Do ??
• Washington, DC’s answer is : Let’s write more laws and regulations “ that will give us more food safety “
• But, even with more laws we still seem to keep having human FBI and food safety issues arise -- Why ?
• Could it be that our dumb old foodborne pathogens do not care and do not read our dumb rules ?
• $ for training & monitoring ( Fd Saf Ed Mini-Symp)
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Maybe, just maybe we need to step back and re-think what we are doing:
• Does it make scientific sense from first principles to legally declare:
• Red meat carcasses with EHEC or Salmonella are not “ adulterated “
• But raw trim and raw ground beef from those carcasses with EHEC or Salmonella are “ adulterated “ ?
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Similarly, for poultry product processing we can ask:
• Does it make sense to legally declare that:
• Poultry farms and flocks with Salmonella are not adulterated and are not subject to federal inspection or regulation but
• Raw ground poultry with Salmonella from those flocks is adulterated ?
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What is the trouble here ?
• Could it be that we are still stuck in the old paradigm of Quality Control = equals if the door on the car does not fit at the end of the assembly line we condemn the whole car
• Have we been lulled to sleep and so do not see that we truly do not yet have Quality Assurance as our Mo Jo = we have not demanded that the starting & intermediate steps of food processing be as free of pathogens as possible ?
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What is microbial food safety & protection ?
• MGJ’s answer is: • Everything that impacts the safety of my:
– Air– Water– Food both plant and animal sources Who knows the “ parable of the lost car keys “ ?
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What era are we heading into- How do we get to the Quality Assurance model of food
safety ?
• We need to head toward rediscovering the tenets of microbial ecology and whole cell physiology:
• Namely, how do the indigenous microflora on food plants and in food animals affect the persistence of undesirable foodborne pathogens on and in foods from those sources ?
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What is the key here ?
• Besides using our evolving molecular tools we need to get a better understanding of
“ Microbiomes” , namely how the native microflora on food plants affects the survival and persistence of foodborne pathogens , e.g.Listeria monocytogenes on cantaloupe or Salmonella, EHEC and now Cyclospora on lettuce and spinach, etc. IN THE FIELD .
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Similarly for food animals:
• We need to look at the indigenous microbiomes in the GI tracts of our food animals to see what their effects are on the persistence of foodborne pathogens
• What kinds of interactions are going on in the host GI tract between the native microbiota and the invading pathogens ??
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Finally, for man kind, what can we do ?
• We can look at the effects of the microbiome in the GI tract of humans as a function of age, dietary choices, general nutritional status and genetics on the persistence of foodborne pathogens in those GI tracts and ability to cause cases of FBI.
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Who can do all this ?
• In 1984 when I joined the UAF faculty there were two faculty with some food safety assignment, namely, to my recall:
• Dr. Mike Slavik in Animal & Poultry Science Dept and
• MGJ in the Food Science Dept.• MGJ pestered UAF Admin for more food safety
researchers and ….
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Slowly, other Food Safety Researchers have been hired into the Food Science Dept. to work on the
pathogens & microbiomes that affect man:
• 2005, Steve Ricke, Wray Chair of Food Safety and Dir. Of Center for Food Safety: Pathogens impacting the safety of animal food products
• 2012, Kristen Gibson : Noroviruses, environmentally transmitted pathogens impacting the safety of food products.
• 2013, Franck Carbonero: Microbes in human GI tract that impact Gut Health and Nutritional Status
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What is the take home message ?
• My conclusion is:• We need to head up stream to gain a better
understanding of how Mother Nature does what she does and where she does it as it concerns the microbes, their existence, persistence, and preferred niches in Nature.
• What is your game plan ? Let’s talk about it.• What are your hypotheses ?
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Questions ?