Food, Soil, and Pest Management
description
Transcript of Food, Soil, and Pest Management
![Page 1: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Food, Soil, and Pest Management
Chapter 12
![Page 2: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Core Case Study: Grains of Hope or an Illusion?
Vitamin A deficiency in some developing countries leads to• Blindness• Death
1999: Porrykus and Beyer• Genetically engineered rice with beta-carotene
and more iron
Is this the answer for malnutrition in these countries?
Challenge of increased food production
![Page 3: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Golden Rice: Genetically Engineered Strain of Rice Containing Beta-Carotene
![Page 4: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
12-1 What Is Food Security and Why Is It Difficult to Attain?
Concept 12-1A Many of the poor suffer health problems from chronic lack of food and poor nutrition, while many people in developed countries have health problems from eating too much food.
Concept 12-1B The greatest obstacles to providing enough food for everyone are poverty, political upheaval, corruption, war, and the harmful environmental effects of food production.
![Page 5: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Many of the Poor Have Health Problems Because They Do Not Get Enough to Eat
Food security
Food insecurity• Root cause: poverty
![Page 6: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Many People Suffer from Chronic Hunger and Malnutrition (1)
Macronutrients• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Fats
Micronutrients• Vitamins• Minerals
![Page 7: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Many People Suffer from Chronic Hunger and Malnutrition (2)
Chronic undernutrition, hunger
Chronic malnutrition
What progress in being made?
![Page 8: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Key Nutrients for a Healthy Human Life
![Page 9: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Many People Do No Get Enough Vitamins and Minerals
Most often vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people in developing countries
Iron
Vitamin A
Iodine
Golden rice
![Page 10: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Woman with Goiter in Bangladesh
![Page 11: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Acute Food Shortages Can Lead to Famines
Famine• Usually caused by crop failures from• Drought• Flooding• War• Other catastrophic events
![Page 12: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
War and the Environment: Starving Children in Famine-Stricken Sudan, Africa
![Page 13: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Many People Have Health Problems from Eating Too Much
Overnutrition
Similar health problems to those who are underfed• Lower life expectancy • Greater susceptibility to disease and illness• Lower productivity and life quality
![Page 14: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
12-2 How Is Food Produced?
Concept 12-2A We have sharply increased crop production using a mix of industrialized and traditional agriculture.
Concept 12-2B We have used industrialized and traditional methods to greatly increase supplies of meat, fish, and shellfish.
![Page 15: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Food Production Has Increased Dramatically
Three systems produce most of our food• Croplands: 77%• Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots: 16%• Aquaculture: 7%
Importance of wheat, rice, and corn
Tremendous increase in global food production
![Page 16: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures
Industrialized agriculture, high-input agriculture• Goal is to steadily increase crop yield• Plantation agriculture: cash crops• Increased use of greenhouses to raise crops
![Page 17: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Satellite Images of Greenhouse Land Used in the Production of Food Crops
![Page 18: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Traditional Agriculture Often Relies on Low-Input Polycultures
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Traditional intensive agriculture
Polyculture• Benefits over monoculture• Slash-and-burn agriculture
![Page 19: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Science Focus: Soil Is the Base of Life on Land
Soil composition
Soil formation
Layers (horizons) of mature soils• O horizon: leaf litter• A horizon: topsoil• B horizon: subsoil• C horizon: parent material, often bedrock
Soil erosion
![Page 20: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Soil Formation and Generalized Soil Profile
![Page 21: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig. 12-A, p. 281
Wood sorrelOak tree Earthworm
Grasses and small shrubs
Organic debris builds up
FernHoney fungus
Moss and lichen
MoleRock fragments
O horizon Leaf litter
A horizon Topsoil
B horizon Subsoil
BedrockImmature soil
Young soilC horizon
Parent material
Mite
Nematode
Root systemRed earth mite Bacteria
FungusMature soil
Millipede
![Page 22: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A Closer Look at Industrialized Crop Production
Green Revolution: increase crop yields• Monocultures of high-yield key crops• E.g., rice, wheat, and corn
• Use large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, and water
• Multiple cropping
Second Green Revolution
World grain has tripled in production
![Page 23: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Global Outlook: Total Worldwide Grain Production (Wheat, Corn, and Rice)
![Page 24: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig. 12-5a, p. 282
![Page 25: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 12-5a, p. 282
2,000
1,500
1,000
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (m
illio
ns o
f met
ric to
ns)
500
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Total World Grain Production
![Page 26: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fig. 12-5b, p. 282
![Page 27: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fig. 12-5b, p. 282
400
350
300
250
Per c
apita
gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (k
ilogr
ams
per p
erso
n)
200
150
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
World Grain Production per Capita
![Page 28: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the United States
Agribusiness
Annual sales
Food production: very efficient
Percent of income spent on food
![Page 29: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Can Produce New Crop Varieties (1)
Gene Revolution• Cross-breeding through artificial selection• Slow process
Genetic engineering• Genetic modified organisms (GMOs):
transgenic organisms
![Page 30: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Can Produce New Crop Varieties (2)
Age of Genetic Engineering: developing crops that are resistant to• Heat and cold• Herbicides• Insect pests• Parasites• Viral diseases• Drought• Salty or acidic soil
Advanced tissue culture techniques
![Page 31: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Genetic Engineering: Steps in Genetically Modifying a Plant
![Page 32: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 12-6, p. 283
Phase 1 Gene Transfer Preparations
A. tumefaciensPlant cell
Extract plasmidExtract DNA
Foreign gene if interest
plasmidForeign gene integrated into plasmid DNA.
Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell
Agrobacterium takes up plasmidA. tumefaciens (agrobacterium)
Enzymes integrate plasmid into host cell DNA.
Host cell Host DNAForeign DNA
Nucleus Transgenic plant cellPhase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Cell division of
transgenic cells
Cultured cells divide and grow into plantlets (otherwise teleological)
Transgenic plants with desired trait
![Page 33: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Meat Production and Consumption Have Grown Steadily
Animals for meat raised in• Pastures• Feedlots
Meat production increased fourfold between 1961 and 2007
Demand is expected to go higher
![Page 34: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Industrialized Meat Production
![Page 35: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fish and Shellfish Production Have Increased Dramatically
Aquaculture, blue revolution• World’s fastest-growing type of food production• Dominated by operations that raise herbivorous
species
Polyaquaculture
![Page 36: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
World Fish Catch, Including Both Wild Catch and Aquaculture
![Page 37: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig. 12-8a, p. 285
![Page 38: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 12-8a, p. 285
140
120
100
80 Wild catch
Cat
ch
(mill
ions
of m
etric
tons
)
60
40
20 Aquaculture
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Total World Fish Catch
![Page 39: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 12-8b, p. 285
![Page 40: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fig. 12-8b, p. 285
25
20
15
10
Per c
apita
cat
ch
(kilo
gram
s pe
r per
son)
5
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
World Fish Catch per Person
![Page 41: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Animation: Pesticide examples
![Page 42: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Active Figure: Soil profile
![Page 43: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Animation: Transferring genes into plants
![Page 44: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
12-3 What Environmental Problems Arise from Food Production?
Concept 12-3 Food production in the future may be limited by its serious environmental impacts, including soil erosion and degradation, desertification, water and air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and degradation and destruction of biodiversity.
![Page 45: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Producing Food Has Major Environmental Impacts
Harmful effects of agriculture on• Biodiversity• Soil• Water• Air• Human health
![Page 46: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Major Harmful Environmental Effects on Food Production
![Page 47: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fig. 12-9, p. 286
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Food Production
Biodiversity Loss Soil Water Air Pollution Human HealthLoss and degradation of grasslands, forests, and wetlands
Erosion Water waste Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) from fossil fuel use
Nitrates in drinking water (blue baby)Loss of fertility Aquifer depletion
Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and airFish kills from
pesticide runoff
SalinizationIncreased runoff, sediment pollution, and flooding from cleared land
Greenhouse gas emissions (N2O) from use of inorganic fertilizersWaterlogging
Killing wild predators to protect livestock
Contamination of drinking and swimming water from livestock wastes
Desertification Pollution from pesticides and fertilizers
Greenhouse gas emissions of methane (CH4) by cattle (mostly belching)
Loss of genetic diversity of wild crop strains replaced by monoculture strains
Algal blooms and fish kills in lakes and rivers caused by runoff of fertilizers and agricultural wastes
Bacterial contamination of meat
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use and pesticide sprays
![Page 48: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Topsoil Erosion Is a Serious Problem in Parts of the World
Soil erosion • Natural causes• Human causes
Two major harmful effects of soil erosion• Loss of soil fertility• Water pollution
![Page 49: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: Severe Gully Erosion on Cropland in Bolivia
![Page 50: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: Global Soil Erosion
![Page 51: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fig. 12-11, p. 287Stepped Art
Stable or nonvegetative
Serious concernSome concern
![Page 52: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Drought and Human Activities Are Degrading Drylands
Desertification • Moderate• Severe• Very severe
Effect of global warming on desertification
![Page 53: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Severe Desertification
![Page 54: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: Desertification of Arid and Semiarid Lands
![Page 55: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Excessive Irrigation Has Serious Consequences
Irrigation problems • Salinization• Waterlogging
![Page 56: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: Severe Salinization on Heavily Irrigated Land
![Page 57: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
There May Be Limits to Expanding the Green Revolutions
Can we expand the green revolution by• Irrigating more cropland?• Improving the efficiency of irrigation?• Cultivating more land? Marginal land?• Using GMOs?• Multicropping?
![Page 58: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Industrialized Food Production Requires Huge Inputs of Energy
Industrialized food production and consumption have a large net energy loss
![Page 59: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Industrialized Agriculture uses ~17% of All Commercial Energy Used in the U.S.
![Page 60: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fig. 12-15, p. 290
4% 2% 6% 5%
Crops Livestock Food processing Food distribution and preparationFood production
![Page 61: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
There Is Controversy over Genetically Engineered Foods
Pros
Cons
What about chimeraplasty?
![Page 62: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Trade-Offs: Genetically Modified Crops and Foods
![Page 63: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fig. 12-16, p. 291
TRADE-OFFSGenetically Modified Crops and Foods
Projected Advantages
Projected DisadvantagesIrreversible and unpredictable genetic and ecological effects
Need less fertilizer
Need less waterMore resistant to insects, disease, frost, and drought
Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations
Grow faster New allergens in foodCan grow in slightly salty soils Lower nutrition
Increase in pesticide- resistant insects, herbicide- resistant weeds, and plant diseases
May need less pesticidesTolerate higher levels of herbicides
Higher yieldsCan harm beneficial insects
Less spoilage Lower genetic diversity
![Page 64: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Food and Biofuel Production Systems Have Caused Major Biodiversity Losses
Biodiversity threatened when• Forest and grasslands are replaced with
croplands
Agrobiodiversity threatened when• Human-engineered monocultures are used
Importance of seed banks • Newest: underground vault in the Norwegian
Arctic
![Page 65: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Industrialized Meat Production Has Harmful Environmental Consequences
Advantages
Disadvantages
![Page 66: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Trade-Offs: Animal Feedlots
![Page 67: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 12-17, p. 292
TRADE-OFFSAnimal Feedlots
Advantages DisadvantagesIncreased meat production
Large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuelsHigher profitsGreenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) emissions
Less land use
Reduced overgrazing Concentration of animal wastes that can pollute waterReduced soil
erosion
Protection of biodiversity
Use of antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
![Page 68: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Producing Fish through Aquaculture Can Harm Aquatic Ecosystems
Advantages
Disadvantages
![Page 69: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Trade-Offs: Aquaculture
![Page 70: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 12-18, p. 293
TRADE-OFFSAquaculture
Advantages DisadvantagesNeeds large inputs of land, feed, and water
High efficiency
High yield in small volume of water Large waste output
Can destroy mangrove forests and estuaries
Can reduce overharvesting of fisheries Uses grain to feed
some speciesLow fuel use
High profitsDense populations vulnerable to disease
![Page 71: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Animation: Land use
![Page 72: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
12-4 How Can We Protect Crops from Pests More Sustainably?
Concept 12-4 We can sharply cut pesticide use without decreasing crop yields by using a mix of cultivation techniques, biological pest controls, and small amounts of selected chemical pesticides as a last resort (integrated pest management).
![Page 73: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Nature Controls the Populations of Most Pests
What is a pest?
Natural enemies—predators, parasites, disease organisms—control pests• In natural ecosystems • In many polyculture agroecosystems
What will happen if we kill the pests?
![Page 74: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Natural Capital: Spiders are Important Insect Predators
![Page 75: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
We Use Pesticides to Try to Control Pest Populations (1)
Pesticides • Insecticides• Herbicides• Fungicides• Rodenticides
Herbivores overcome plant defenses through natural selection: coevolution
![Page 76: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
We Use Pesticides to Try to Control Pest Populations (2)
First-generation pesticides
Second-generation pesticides• Paul Muller: DDT• Benefits versus harm
Broad-spectrum agents
Persistence
![Page 77: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Individuals Matter: Rachel Carson
Biologist
Silent Spring
Potential threats of uncontrolled use of pesticides
![Page 78: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Rachel Carson, Biologist
![Page 79: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Modern Synthetic Pesticides Have Several Advantages
Save human lives
Increases food supplies and profits for farmers
Work quickly
Health risks are very low relative to their benefits
New pest control methods: safer and more effective
![Page 80: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Modern Synthetic Pesticides Have Several Disadvantages (1) Accelerate the development of genetic
resistance to pesticides by pest organisms
Expensive for farmers
Some insecticides kill natural predators and
parasites that help control the pest population
Pollution in the environment
Some harm wildlife
Some are human health hazards
![Page 81: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Modern Synthetic Pesticides Have Several Disadvantages (2)
David Pimentel: Pesticide use has not reduced U.S. crop loss to pests• Loss of crops is about 31%, even with 33-fold
increase in pesticide use• High environmental, health, and social costs with
use• Use alternative pest management practices
Pesticide industry refutes these findings
![Page 82: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Trade-Offs: Conventional Chemical Pesticides
![Page 83: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Fig. 12-20, p. 295
TRADE-OFFS
Conventional Chemical Pesticides
Save lives Promote genetic resistance
Advantages Disadvantages
Increase food supplies Kill natural pest
enemiesProfitable Pollute the
environmentCan harm wildlife and people
Work fast
Safe if used properly Are expensive for
farmers
![Page 84: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Science Focus: Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Weed Management System: A Dilemma
Best-selling herbicide (Roundup)
Advantages
Disadvantages
![Page 85: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
What Can You Do? Reducing Exposure to Pesticides
![Page 86: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Case Study: Ecological Surprises
1955: Dieldrin sprayed to control mosquitoes
Malaria was controlled
Dieldrin didn’t leave the food chain
Domino effect of the spraying
Happy ending
![Page 87: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Laws and Treaties Can Help to Protect Us from the Harmful Effects of Pesticides
U.S. federal agencies• EPA• USDA• FDA
Effects of active and inactive pesticide ingredients are poorly documented
Circle of poison, boomerang effect
![Page 88: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
There Are Alternatives to Using Pesticides (1)
Fool the pest
Provide homes for pest enemies
Implant genetic resistance
Bring in natural enemies
![Page 89: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
There Are Alternatives to Using Pesticides (2)
Use insect perfumes• E.g., pheromones
Bring in hormones
Scald them with hot water
![Page 90: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Solutions: An Example of Genetic Engineering to Reduce Pest Damage
![Page 91: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Natural Capital: Biological Pest Control
![Page 92: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Integrated Pest Management Is a Component of Sustainable Agriculture
Integrated pest management (IPM) • Coordinate: cultivation, biological controls, and
chemical tools to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level
Disadvantages
![Page 93: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
12-5 How Can We Improve Food Security?
Concept 12-5 We can improve food security by creating programs to reduce poverty and chronic malnutrition, relying more on locally grown food, and cutting food waste.
![Page 94: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Use Government Policies to Improve Food Production and Security (1)
Control prices
Provide subsidies
Let the marketplace decide
![Page 95: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Use Government Policies to Improve Food Production and Security (2)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) suggests these measures• Immunizing children against childhood diseases• Encourage breast-feeding • Prevent dehydration in infants and children• Provide family planning services• Increase education for women
![Page 96: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
12-6 How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably? (1)
Concept 12-6A Sustainable food production will require reducing topsoil erosion, eliminating overgrazing and overfishing, irrigating more efficiently, using integrated pest management, promoting agrobiodiversity, and providing government subsidies for more sustainable farming, fishing, and aquaculture.
![Page 97: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
12-6 How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably? (2)
Concept 12-6B Producing enough food to feed the rapidly growing human population will require growing crops in a mix of monocultures and polycultures and decreasing the enormous environmental impacts of industrialized food production.
![Page 98: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Reduce Soil Erosion
Soil conservation, some methods• Terracing• Contour planting• Strip cropping with cover crop• Alley cropping, agroforestry• Windbreaks or shelterbeds• Conservation-tillage farming • No-till• Minimum tillage
Identify erosion hotspots
![Page 99: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Soil Conservation Methods
![Page 100: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Fig. 12-24a, p. 302
![Page 101: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Fig. 12-24a, p. 302(a) Terracing
![Page 102: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Fig. 12-24b, p. 302
![Page 103: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Fig. 12-24b, p. 302(b) Contour planting and strip cropping
![Page 104: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Fig. 12-24c, p. 302
![Page 105: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Fig. 12-24c, p. 302(c) Alley cropping
![Page 106: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Fig. 12-24d, p. 302
![Page 107: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Fig. 12-24d, p. 302(d) Windbreaks
![Page 108: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
(a) Terracing (b) Contour planting and strip cropping
(c) Alley cropping (d) Windbreaks Fig. 12-24, p. 302Stepped Art
![Page 109: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Solutions: Mixture of Monoculture Crops Planted in Strips on a Farm
![Page 110: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Case Study: Soil Erosion in the United States—Learning from the Past
What happened in the Dust Bowl in the 1930s?
Migrations to the East, West, and Midwest
1935: Soil Erosion Act
More soil conservation needed
![Page 111: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: Dust Storm, Driven by Wind Blowing across Eroded Soil
![Page 112: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Natural Capital Degradation: The Dust Bowl of the Great Plains, U.S.
![Page 113: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Restore Soil Fertility
Organic fertilizer• Animal manure• Green manure• Compost
Commercial inorganic fertilizer active ingredients • Nitrogen• Phosphorous• Potassium
![Page 114: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Reduce Soil Salinization and Desertification
Soil salinization• Prevention• Clean-up
Desertification, reduce• Population growth• Overgrazing• Deforestation• Destructive forms of planting, irrigation, and
mining
![Page 115: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Solutions: Soil Salinization
![Page 116: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Fig. 12-28, p. 305
SOLUTIONSSoil Salinization
Prevention CleanupFlush soil (expensive and wastes water)
Reduce irrigation
Stop growing crops for 2–5 years
Switch to salt-tolerant crops (such as barley, cotton, and sugar beet)
Install underground drainage systems (expensive)
![Page 117: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Practice More Sustainable Aquaculture
Open-ocean aquaculture• Choose herbivorous fish
Polyculture
![Page 118: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Solutions: More Sustainable Aquaculture
![Page 119: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Produce Meat More Efficiently and Humanely
Shift to more grain-efficient forms of protein
Shift to farmed herbivorous fish
Develop meat substitutes; eat less meat
Whole Food Markets: more humane treatment of animals
![Page 120: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Efficiency of Converting Grain into Animal Protein
![Page 121: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Fig. 12-30, p. 306
Beef cattle 7
Pigs 4
Chicken 2.2
Fish (catfish or carp) 2
![Page 122: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Shift to More Sustainable Agriculture (1)
Paul Mader and David Dubois • 22-year study• Compared organic and conventional farming
Benefits of organic farming
![Page 123: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Shift to More Sustainable Agriculture (2)
Strategies for more sustainable agriculture• Research on organic agriculture with human
nutrition in mind• Show farmers how organic agricultural systems
work• Subsidies and foreign aid• Training programs; college curricula
![Page 124: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Solutions: Sustainable Organic Agriculture
![Page 125: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Fig. 12-31, p. 307
SOLUTIONSSustainable Organic Agriculture
More LessHigh-yield polyculture
Soil erosion
Organic fertilizers
Aquifer depletion
Biological pest control
Overgrazing
OverfishingIntegrated pest management Loss of biodiversity
Efficient irrigationPerennial crops Subsidies for
unsustainable farming and fishing
Food waste
Crop rotationWater-efficient crops Soil salinizationSoil conservationSubsidies for sustainable farming and fishing
Population growth
Poverty
![Page 126: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Solutions: Organic Farming
![Page 127: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Fig. 12-32, p. 308
SOLUTIONSOrganic Farming
Improves soil fertilityReduces soil erosionRetains more water in soil during drought years
Uses about 30% less energy per unit of yieldLowers CO2 emissionsReduces water pollution by recycling livestock wastesEliminates pollution from pesticidesIncreases biodiversity above and below groundBenefits wildlife such as birds and bats
![Page 128: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Science Focus: Scientists Are Studying Benefits and Costs of Organic Farming
Effect of different fertilizers on nitrate leaching in apple trees
Less nitrate leached into the soil after organic fertilizers were used
Significance?
![Page 129: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Science Focus: Sustainable Polycultures of Perennial Crops
Polycultures of perennial crops
Wes Jackson: natural systems agriculture benefits• No need to plow soil and replant each year• Reduces soil erosion and water pollution• Deeper roots – less irrigation needed• Less fertilizer and pesticides needed
![Page 130: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Comparison of the Roots between an Annual Plant and a Perennial Plant
![Page 131: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Buy Locally Grown Food
Supports local economies
Reduces environmental impact on food production
Community-supported agriculture
![Page 132: Food, Soil, and Pest Management](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062502/568168ab550346895ddf5290/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
What Can You Do? Sustainable Organic Agriculture