FOOD SECURITY presentation.pptx [Sola lettura] · Some of the most important emerging themes for...
Transcript of FOOD SECURITY presentation.pptx [Sola lettura] · Some of the most important emerging themes for...
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H. Gökçe Demirel.
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WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
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Food availability means physical existence of sufficient quantity of food of appropriate quality. At a country level, this may be achieved through domestic production, domestic stocks, food import and food aid.
Food access denotes access to adequateincome/resources by individuals to obtain appropriate food products for a nutritious diet. As per observations, lack of access to food is a greater problem for many than availability.
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Food utilization refers the process through which the body utilizes various nutrients in the food. Adequate food utilization requires proper food preparation, nutrition and hygiene practices.
Food stability means access by a household or individual to adequate food at all times. Access to food remains unaffected even during sudden shocks such as war, or cyclical events like economic or climatic crisis.
Global food systems are increasingly at risk. Rising demand, scarce resources and increased volatility are putting new pressures on agriculture and food systems. More than 870 million people are chronically hungry, many of whom are small farmers. Farmers are not the only ones struggling. Governments, companies, international agencies and civil society groups are looking for new approaches to food security and agricultural growth, leveraging new investments while ensuring sustainability for communities and the environment
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At global level, undernourishment has been increasing since 1995. Coping strategies employed by households to deal with increased food insecurity, including reduced expenditures on food with consequent declines in the quality (micronutrients) and quantity (calories) of food intake, have increased the risk of poor nutrition outcomes.
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Over the past three years, food security and economic crises have highlighted both the urgent need and the potential for developing sustainable agricultural systems. Nearly one billion people – one out of six globally – lack access to adequate food and nutrition. By 2050, the global population will surpass 9 billion people, and demand for agricultural products is expected to double.
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Creating an enabling environment to fight hunger and malnutrition requires addressing environmental, socio‐economic, health, demographic and political challenges, including climate change, demand for biofuel, gender inequity, prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases, population growth, urbanization, and political instability.
Agriculture
Agriculture plays a key role in increasing food availability and incomes, supporting livelihoods and contributing to the overall economy, and is thus central to improving food and nutrition security.
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Wasted Food It accounts for loses exceeding 1 billion metric tons each year. Every year, consumers in rich countries waste almost as much food (222 million tons) as the entire net food production of Sub‐Africa (230 million tons). On average, 30‐40 percent all food is wasted before it reaches peoples’ stomachs. In wealthier countries much of the loses occur at the retail and consumer levels while in poor countries this is due to poor harvest technologies including processing, storage, and preservation.
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The Challenges of emerging dietary Habits Changing dietary habits, particularly among the fast‐growing populations of developing countries, are creating an increase demand for milk and meat based proteins with considerable implications for food production, processing, and retail systems. Livestock is a significant source of nutrition and even non‐food uses for a substantial number of people globally.
Grains such as rice, wheat, and maize account for about half of human caloric intake. About half of the world’s grain is now used to produce animal deed and animal consumption is projected to double between 2000 and 2050.
if current meat consumption patterns continue, it will be necessary to find alternative many more animal feed sources that can be grown on lands that are not suitable for annual food crops.
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Grazing land, plus land for crops to feed animals, makes up 80 percent of all agricultural land ‐3,4 billion hectares for grazing and 5 billion hectares for feed crops. Forest are often cleared to make space for this grazing and feed crop land, over the last 25 years, the world has lost forest equal in size to India. Approximately 3 million hectares are lost per year as result of livestock production.
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Food Prices Even without climate change, “the price of rice, maize, and wheat are projected to increase by 25 percent, 48percent, and 75 percent, respectively, by 2050, in a business‐as‐usual scenario.
Pressure on Food Prices
There are a number of complex factors that drive food prices.
1. Competition for natural resources from other sectors adds to the environmental challenge.
2. Valuable farm land is being lost as most of the coming population growth will reside in cities, expanding them considerably and presenting increasing pressures on arable lands.
3. The expansion of biofuels production is taking some key commodities out of the food stream and into the fuel markets.
4. Shifting dietary demand for livestock products in developing countries is creating significant new pressures for grains and water.
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Biofuel In the European Union the consumption of biofuels is a key component of a decision to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector by replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy. In 2003 a European Union directive set a target of 5,75 percent for renewable‐energy use in the transport sector by 2010. In 2009 the European Union adopted the Renewable Energy Directive, which has target of 10 percent by 2020. Although renewable energy can include electricity, hydrogen, or second‐generation biofuels (that is, ethanol and biodiesel made from nonfood feedstock’s such as agricultural residues and swithcgrass), the main mechanism for meeting this target is and will remain first‐generation biofuels.
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Break…
Agricultural Situation in MENA Total land area of the region is 842.6 million hectares. However, just 32.6 million hectares, or 3.9%, of the region’s total land area is under cultivation compared to the world average of 10.6%.
The region also suffers from limited water supply. The FAO statistics indicate that as many as 12 MENA countries fall below the threshold of 1,000 cubicmeters of water per capita annually.
TheWorld Bank states that the MENA is the most water scarce region in the world.
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Given that the MENA population base is expected to surge to 268 million by 2025 from 214 million in 2010, the issue of water scarcity would definitely gain more significance due to a decline in the amount of water available per person.
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At the same time, the world’s agricultural systems will be increasingly challenged by water scarcity,
climate change and volatility,
raising the risk of production shortfalls
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Substantial gains in agricultural productivity can be realized through
investment,
Technology and innovation,
policy and
other improvements.
However, realizing these gains will require an exceptional level of collaboration among stakeholders
in the agricultural value chain,
governments,
companies,
multilateral and civil‐society organizations,
farmers,
consumers and
entrepreneurs.
Stakeholder alignment around shared priorities and large‐scale initiatives is therefore key to success.
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Some of the most important emerging themes for nutrition‐friendly agriculture, essential as part of a broader nutrition‐sensitive development framework, include:
Food production systems, social assistance, and other supportive policies and programmes in favour of low‐income groups
Environmental Sustainability
Capacity‐building to improve nutrition
Setting Higher Standards in trade and development
Ways in which agriculture can sustainably contribute to improving dietary and nutrition outcomes include support for:
agricultural extension services that offer communities information and improved inputs such as seed and cultivars for better crop diversity and biodiversity;
integrated agro‐forestry systems that reduce deforestation and promote harvesting of nutrient‐rich forest products;
aquaculture and small livestock ventures that include indigenous as well as farmed species;
education and social marketing strategies that strengthen local food systems and promote cultivation and consumption of local micronutrient rich foods, bio fortification via research and development programmes that breed plants and livestock selectively to enhance nutritional quality;
and reduction of post‐harvest loses via improved handling, reservation, storage, preparation and processing techniques.
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Enhancing Smallholder Productivity A large‐scale transformation in agricultural productivity and sustainability can be achieved to deliver required levels of food and nutrition security to a growing population and support smallholder farmers in obtaining new economic opportunities.
Improving smallholder production systems and capacity should be a primary goal in efforts to promote food and nutrition security. Many of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable are smallholders ‐ and in many developing countries‐ domestic food production occurs predominately through small‐scale farming.
Enhancing smallholder production and productivity can be an economically viable way to increase agricultural system diversity, contributing to the resilience of food systems and promoting the nutritional quality and diversity of local foods.
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WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN FOOD SECURITY? Technology plays an important role in food security, from
production to delivery. It aids decisions regarding the most suitable crops for production, best time for sowing and harvesting, deployment of newer and efficient farming techniques, improvements in storage facilities and overall supplychain.
Significant developments in food technology over the past few years include:
∙ Improved seeds for higher yield ∙ Better irrigation systems ∙ Information on weather conditions ∙ Efficient devices for post‐harvest processing ∙ Rapid supply chain
Increasing smallholder production to improve food and nutrition security requires investment in the following
Improving availability of seeds and other inputs
Developing water resources
Strengthening and expanding agricultural cooperatives and farmers’ organizations
Measures for sustainable resource management and conservation of biodiversity
Programmes for animal production and fisheries inputs
Reducing post‐harvest looses
Research to improve understanding of how to link agriculture with nutritional knowledge
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European Commission will focus its support on a key sector‐agriculture. Giving priority to locally developed practices and focusing on smallholder agriculture and rural livelihoods
Safeguarding ecosystem services
Supporting producer groups
Strengthening supply and marketing chains
Supporting government efforts to facilitate responsible private investment
Continuing to work on strengthening nutritional standards, food security governance and reducing excessive food price volatility at the global level.
Partners supporting the initiative must now “step up to scale up” to make markets work for all participants by intensifying their efforts in a coordinated manner
Governments can strengthen national plans, enhance policies to improve the enabling environment for domestic and international agriculture‐related investment, increase investment in agriculture‐related infrastructure and programmes, and incentivize environmental sustainability and inclusive development
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The private sector can increase agriculture sector‐related investment with an emphasis on developing sustainable, innovative and smallholder‐inclusive business models. Local companies can actively engage in partnerships to increase access to capital. Global companies can ensure alignment of their business and corporate social responsibility goals, and coordinate between regional offices and corporate centres as they seek to scale their projects
Farmers can cooperatively organize to improve access to market opportunities, financing and training programmes, and actively engage in multi stakeholder partnerships and advocacy to influence the direction and impact of these partnerships
Civil society can expand participation to implement community‐level capacity‐building programmes, monitor programmes to ensure alignment with public‐interest goals and proven practices, and engage key stakeholder groups and the public
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Donor agencies and international organizationscan support the strengthening of governmental delivery capacity, leverage catalytic and innovative forms of financing, and facilitate measurement, evaluation and knowledge exchange
CONCLUSION We must find new ways to exploit the links between agriculture and other sectors, including health, nutrition, water and energy. Paying attention to gender equity will help make investments and interventions in these areas more effective. Because agriculture is at the nexus of all of these areas, we need to leverage it for broad development outcomes. At the same time, it will be important to set up a global system to measure, track, and monitor the impacts among agriculture, food and nutrition security, energy, and natural resources.
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In addition, to allocate resources more effectively, we should begin to base the prices of natural resources and food on their full value to society, including their social and environmental costs, such as impacts on climate change and health. All of these actions require skills and knowledge at the national and local level, so capacity building can help improve outcomes.
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION …