Food Security in Southern African Cities: Conditions and Prospects
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Food Security in Southern African Cities: Conditions and Prospects
Bruce Frayne
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Outline
• The ‘invisible crisis’
• Responses to urban food insecurity
• AFSUN 11 city urban food security baseline survey findings
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Food Security - the ‘big issues’
• 25,000 people die every day from hunger and related causes
• 3 billion people malnourished (poverty)
• 3 billion more people by 2050
• +40% of agricultural land and ocean resources degraded
• Climate change is upon us
Sources: FAO, IFPRI, UNFPA, UNEP
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1950 1975 2000 2025 20500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
World Population Growth Projection
Least DevelopedMost Developed
Pop
ula
tion
in
Bil
lion
s
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Why urban food security?
human future is urban
essential basic need (survival)
cross-cutting
multi-sectoral and
multi-disciplinary
population growth greatest in
poorest regions
locus of poverty shifting to urban
areas
health dependent on food security
rural - urban interdependence and food system
continuum
current agro-industrial model unsustainable
chronic illness greatest in cities
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The Invisible Crisis• World Food Summits in 1996 and 2002 (and MDG No. 1)
made commitment to reducing no of undernourished people (800 million) by 50% by 2015
• 2006 Mid-Term Review of Committee on World Food Security found “progress has been negligible.”
• 2009, following global food price hikes and world economic crisis, FAO estimates number exceeds 1 billion
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2030 – Africa’s urban population exceeds the ruralNational growth rates: Urban = 3-5% p.a.
Rural = 0-2% p.a.
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/
Rural
Urban
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Million
ProjectionsEstimates
SADC will be 77% urban by 2050
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Urban Poverty +40%
Country Urban growth Rate (%)
Urban Poverty (%)
Botswana 6 30
Lesotho 4 46
Malawi 6 54
Mozambique 6 62
Namibia 4 40
South Africa 4 40
Swaziland 6 66
Zambia 4 52
Zimbabwe 5 70
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/
Mean UGR = 5% Mean UP = 51%
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3. RESPONSES TO URBAN FOOD INSECURITYGlobal Responses
…the world is urbanizing at a fast pace and it will not be long before a greater part of developing country populations is living in large cities. Therefore, urban food security and its related problems should also be placed high on the agenda in the years to come (FAO Executive Director, Jacques Diouf, 2006)
The phenomenon of urbanization, which will be one of the strongest social forces in the coming years… One major challenge will be how to provide adequate quantities of nutritious and affordable food for more urban inhabitants, with less water, land and labour (FAO 25th Regional Conference on Africa, Nairobi, 2008)
There is an urgent need to collect evidence on, and monitor, the food and nutrition security situation of the urban poor, recognizing the complexity involved given the mobility of the urban poor within and across cities. ( Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, 2009)
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CANADA-AFRICA PARTNERSHIP RESPONSE
• AFRICAN FOOD SECURITY URBAN NETWORK (AFSUN) established in 2008
• Initial funding from CIDA University Partners in Cooperation and Development (UPCD) Tier One Program
• Partnership between 6 Canadian universities, 11 African universities, major NGOs and municipal governance networks
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Cape Town
Durban
Johannesburg
Maseru
Windhoek
Maputo
Lusaka
Harare
Bulawayo
Blantyre
Gaborone
Manzini
CITY NETWORK
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CANADA
QUEENSRYERSONCALGARYGUELPH
UWOUW
CIDAPARTNERSHIP
BRANCH
POLICY
Municipal Development Partnership (MDPESA)South African Cities Network (SACN)
COMMUNITY
Care Southern AfricaFood and Trees for AfricaIdasaABC Ulwazi
SOUTH AFRICA – Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN (LEAD)WITS UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL
BOTSWANA – GaboroneUNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA
LESOTHO – MaseruNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO
MALAWI – BlantyreUNIVERSITY OF MALAWI
MOZAMBIQUE – MaputoEDUARDO MONDLANE UNIVERSITY
NAMIBIA – WindhoekUNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA
SWAZILAND – ManziniUNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND
ZAMBIA - LusakaUNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE - HarareUNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
TRAINING / RESEARCH
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AFSUN Objectives
Goal To increase the capacity of SADC universities,
municipal governments and community agents to enhance urban
food security in major SADC cities
Purpose To create a dynamic regional partnership network to work collaboratively on
enhancing urban food security in the SADC
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Applied Research
UFS Baseline Survey – 11 cities
research projects on key themes
demand/supply driven
graduate research
Capacity Building
Program in Urban Food Security (PUFS) at UCT
bursaries
in-service short courses
(professionals and community
agents)
Policy Support
raising awareness
build policy capacity
policy engagement/UFS
strategies
strengthen inter-governmental &
multi-stakeholder cooperation
Community Interventions
inventory & needs assessment
training workshops to
evaluate program impacts/outcome
community radio programs
AFSUN Activity Streams
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AFSUN Urban Food Security Baseline Survey 2008-9
• 11 cities, 9 SADC countries
• Pro-poor focus: target poor households in each city
• 6,500 households and 28,700 individuals
• Standardised survey questionnaire
• Internationally validated food security scales (FANTA)
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Major Findings1. Levels of Urban Household Food Insecurity
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Windhoek
Gaborone
Maseru
Manzini
Maputo
Blantyre
Lusa
ka
Harare
Cape Town
Msunduzi
Johannesburg
Total0
102030405060708090
100
Household Food Security Status for 11 Cities
Food secure
Food insecure
77%
77% chronically food insecure
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Windhoek
Gaborone
Maseru
Manzini
Maputo
Blantyre
Lusa
ka
Harare
Cape Town
Pietermarit
zburg
Johannesburg
Total0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (months in past year)
Food secureFood insecure
4 months without
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Major FindingsFood Sources for Urban Households
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Reliance on informal/coping sources > food insecurityHousehold Sources of Food by Household Food Security Status (%)
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Urban Agriculture
Proportion Households Sourcing Food from Urban Agriculture
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Food Transfers: Transfers > for food insecure households
Food Transfers to Urban Households (% receiving)
Food secure Food insecure Total Transfers
16
84
28
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Major FindingsImpact of Food Prices on Urban
Household Food Security
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Food Prices: 78% ‘going without’
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Looking to the future of food security in Africa
Small-scale farming?Urban livelihoods?
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Migration in sample (%)
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Our urban future – food security will be resolved in the towns and cities of the world
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Yet despite the evidence…
The global paradigm still ignores food as an urban
issue
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12 thematic areas