Food security in Martadi VDC of Bajura district, FWDR Nepal
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Transcript of Food security in Martadi VDC of Bajura district, FWDR Nepal
Food security in the context of Climate Change in Martadi VDC of Bajura district (FWDR), Nepal
By Basudev UpadhyayRegistration No: 5-2-37-790-2002
College of Applied sciences - NepalM.Sc. 63/64Roll No 525
Introduction
Background information/Research needPoor self sufficiency (Deficit by 12,935 Mt. in 2011) (CBS 2011)Average income – Rs 3,428 per month (CBS 2011) Approx. 92,700 people out of a district total of 123,400 are classified as highly or severely food insecure (NeKSAP 2009)Availability and Requirement of Cereals (Mt.) (MoAC 2011)Total edible prod – 9825; Requirement – 22760; Deficit – 12935Transportations is poorly developedNo intensive studies have been carried out in the area of interestNo climatic data availableMigrations (poverty induced, seasonal)Calorie consumption for Bajura: 1628 kcal/person/day (MoAC 2010)
Introduction…
Specific Research QuestionsWhat is Food Security in Nepalese context?Who is food insecure in the far western region?Why are they food insecure?How is the situation likely to evolve and what are the Risks threatening them? How have the climate change affected the food security situation in the district?What will be the future scenario of agricultural productivity with the existing climatic conditions?How have the locals been coping with food insecure situation?What are the government, non-government and other agencies’ interventions to overcome the food security situation? What can be done to save their lives and livelihoods in food insecure situation?
Introduction…
ObjectivesTo understand the food security situation in Martadi VDC of Bajura district of far western region, Nepal.To know the climate change impacts on agriculture and agricultural productions.To explore the possible adaptation measures in agriculture and livelihood of people.To analyze the interventions of the government, non government and community organizations in coping food insecure situation.
Methodology
Literature Reviews Socio-economic surveys
Household Questionnaire surveys
Sampling:
Sample size (n) = N*z2*P (1-P)/N*d2 + z2*P (1-P) (Arkin and Colton 1963)
N = Total number of households (1109)z = value of standard variate at 95% confidence level (1.96)P = estimated population proportion (0.05)d = error limit of 5% (0.05)Hence, Sample size (n) = 69
Sampling Design = n/N *100 n=sample households in the specific village cluster N = total no. of households in the entire study area
Stakeholders consultations Field Observations Analysis/Writing
Study area maps
Map of the district (Not to scale) Digital Himalaya
Zoom in Map of Martadi VDC (Imported from google earth on 1st Feb 2012)
Village clusters
Martadi Ukhadi Kabalta Chaurata Total
TotalHH 757 89 100 162 1109Samples 47 6 7 10 69
Result and Discussions
Agricul-ture
Livestock Services Business Remitance Others
<5000 0.345454545000002
0.381818182000004
0 0.154545455000002
0 0.018181818
5000-15000
0.672727273000008
0.209090909
0.127272727
0.127272727
0 0.054545455
>15000
0.072727273000000
4
0 0.581818181999996
0.2 0.045454545
0.109090909
5.0%
15.0%
25.0%
35.0%
45.0%
55.0%
65.0%
75.0%
<5000 5000-15000 >15000
Response to Income Level
37%
32%
16%
1%13%
Crop farming Livestock Service
Overseas employment Others
Response to Occupations
Peoples perceptions
< 10 Ropani 10-20 Ropani 20-25 Ropani > 25 Ropani Landless
37.3%
30.9%
22.7%
1.9%
7.3%
Landholdings
Landholding sizes
Landless 3 Months 6 Months 9 Months 12 Months Others
7.0%
39.4%
28.1%
8.5%5.9%
11.1%
Food Sufficiency
Food Sufficiency
People’s perceptions…
Peoples perceptions…
Yes43%
No57%
Yes No
Response to state of climate change awareness
48.2%
39.1%
12.7%
Decreasing Increasing No significance
Response to Impact on crop farming
Disease
/pests
Lack
of Irrig
ation
Lack
of quality
Seed gra
ins
Lack
of Ferti
lizers
Don't know
27.9%
41.9%
10.1%
20.2%
13.2%
Reason for decrease in production
People’s perceptions…
Firewood Fodder and Grass
Medicinal herbs
Others
41.0% 38.2%
9.0% 11.8%
Purpose of forest use
Forest utility
Degraded Improved No change
49.8%
35.6%
14.5%
Forest Status
Forest status over the years
People’s perceptions…
Increased Decreased No Change Don' know Irrigular
Temperature 0.445454545 0.0272727270000002 0.236363636 0.109090909 0.181818182000002
Precipitation 0.181818182000002 0.390909091000003 0.181818182000002 0.127272727 0.118181818
Snowfall 0 0.663636364 0.0272727270000002 0.136363636 0.172727273
5.0%
15.0%
25.0%
35.0%
45.0%
55.0%
65.0%
Response to climatic parameters
People’s perceptions…
River water Rain water Sprins and wells
Others
33.1%
11.0%18.1%
37.8%
Source of water for Irrigation
Source of water for irrigation
Drought Flood Landslide Soil erosion others
24.7%
17.7%
34.8%
13.6%9.1%
Disaster types
Disaster types
People’s perceptions…
Drinking water Agriculture Infrastructure No impact
19.2%
55.8%
11.7% 13.3%
Climate induced disaster
Climate induced disaster44.1%
16.2% 9.8%24.5%
5.4%
Preventive measures
Preventions measures
Support
from Gos/N
GOs
Sellin
g live
stock
Loan
Support
from neig
hbour
Migrate
Remitt
ance
Off-farm
No resp
onse
21.8%
29.1%
10.0% 10.0%3.6% 1.8%
10.9% 12.7%
Resilience measures
Resilience measures
Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Practice
Traditional Practices - Terraces shortening weeding calendar dry leaves spreading and reaping after sawing seed Burning offering Puja Scare crow Mulching Mixed – ( inter ) cropping Keeping the land fallow for sometimes Use of plant indigenous materials (Titepati, Khirro, ashuro, Dhangari.. Planting trees , using stone dykes to prevent extreme case of flooding Fodder collection during August, September, and October small ditches are constructed to cope water needs,
Modified techniques – plastic sheet cover over seedling, support sticks to prevent crops from falling, making greenhouse , hybrid
seeds..
District Stats
Cultivated Land Grass Lands Forests Shrubs/Bushes Others 0
20000400006000080000
100000120000140000160000180000
Area (ha) 1986 Area (ha) 2001 Area (ha) 2006 Land Cover 2010
Land-use change through 1986 – 2010 Source: NLS 2011
Cereals
Cash
Specia
l Cro
ps
Marke
ting
Agri-tools
Irrigation
Energy/B
iogas
Land/H
ousing
Agri/Cotton In
dustry
Godown
Livesto
ck
Herticu
lture
Tea Coffee
Business/
Servi
ces
Others0
2000000
4000000
6000000
0150030004500
Investment in the country Investment in Bajura
Investment comparison (‘000) Source: ESD 2006/07
Agriculture Irrigation Forest0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Current Capital Total
Expenditure of Govt. (Million) Source: ESD 2006/07
Agriculture Irrigation Forest0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Grant Loan Total
Foreign Aid Distribution in Bajura (Million) Source: ESD 2006/07
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 20121000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
f(x) = − 16.7484485724176 x + 35541.0695872157
Total Annual Linear (Total Annual) 3 years moving mean Linear (3 years moving mean) MeanRainfall is decreasing with the decrease in total rainy days.
Precipitation in Bajura 1990 – 2010Source: DHM 2011
Annual mean Annual max Annual min Pre- Monsoon Monsoon Post- monsoon
Winter
17.8 24.4 6.6 18.63 17.45 19.4 17.73
Seasonal breakdown of temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
10203040506070
Tmax( ) Tmin() Mean
Temperature 2010 (DHM 2011)
Discharge Analysis
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
20
40
60
80
100
120
f(x) = − 2.57985714285648 x + 5246.33600793518
Annual Mean discharge Linear (Annual Mean discharge) MeanAverage3 yr moving mean
Government and stakeholder interventions
• NFC distributes cereals at subsidized prices delivers emergency food relief to communities that have been affected by natural disasters.
• The World Bank and the ADB are the principal multilateral donors (poverty alleviation interventions: food/cash-for-assets (F/CFA) .
• DFID is working especially in helping make the APP more pro-poor: DoLIDAR road project.
• WFP works with government to improve food access for the disadvantaged, including mothers and babies, Schoolchildren, refugees!
• WUPAP – joint endeavor between GoN and IFAD – poverty alleviation (phase 1: Jan 2003)
• local stakeholders playing notable roles - DAO, GIFT Bajura, MISS Bajura, SAPROS, DRSP etc.)
Agricultural Land-use Change land is not so productive – near by pastures and forests
being cleared – khets decreasing, Pakho bari increasing irrigated soil washed away due to monsoon rain and
flood Increased barren lands due to construction of
agriculture road
Crop Farming and Food Sufficiency Each household practiced farming along with livestock
raring Not a single irrigation canal exists Winter crops have high potential The main source of every day diet is bread Slight shift in the plantation and harvesting time
Conclusions and Recommendations
Adaptation Measures Planting trees Constructing river embankments and stone dykes Terraces of different forms, Crop rotation Inter cropping Mixed cropping Use of high yielding variety seeds Maintaining seed storages
Conclusions and Recommendations…
Conclusions and Recommendations…
Recommendations• Further research on impact of climate change on specific crops• Promotion of bread yielding and dry land crops (millet, maize,
potato wheat and vegetables..)• Irrigations • Create Emergency preparedness stocks (e.g. micro-irrigation
equipment; pipe/sprinkler irrigation and cash crop seeds) • Community seed production• Need to increase the supply quota by NFC
Climate change and food security•Erratic climatic patterns - Rainfall is decreasing with the decrease in total rainy days. •Natural disasters - deteriorating food security situation (Lack of early warning system and preparedness to disaster)• Decreasing productivity – increasing food deficiency•Several traditional adaptive techniques are practiced to overcome climate induced disasters.. Should be accompanied with modern techniques and improvised..
Changes high in the mountains affect availability of resources downstream
THANK YOU