FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETIFUNDING …lgallard/VOCALS/proyectos/OLD_june... · 2006....

FONDECYT 2007 NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETITION 1

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

ANA MARIA CORDOVA LEAL

NATIONAL FUND FOR SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (FONDECYT) Bernarda Morín 551, Providencia - Casilla 297-V, Santiago 21

Telephone: (56-2) 365 44 44 Fax (56-2) 3654492 e-mail: [email protected]

SANTIAGO – CHILE

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH

FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH

FUNDING COMPETFUNDING COMPETFUNDING COMPETFUNDING COMPETIIIITIONTIONTIONTION

REGULAR COMPETITION 2007


CONCURSO NACIONAL DE PROYECTOS FONDECYT REGULAR 2007

LISTA DE CHEQUEO

INDICE SI NO PAGINA

I.2. Firma de Investigador(a) Responsable X 3

I.3. Firma(s) Representante(s) Legal(es) Institución(es) Ejecutora(s) X 3

I.5. Firma de todos los(las) Coinvestigadores(as) X 4

II. Resumen X 5

III.1. Formulación del Proyecto X 6

III.2. Hipótesis de Trabajo X 11

III.3. Objetivos X 11

III.4. Metodología X 12

III.5. Plan de Trabajo X 14

III.6. Funciones de los(las) Investigadores(as) X 15

III.7. Compromiso de dedicación al Proyecto X 16

IV. Trabajo adelantado por los(las) autores(as) del Proyecto X 16

V. Otros Antecedentes X 17

VI. Ant. curriculares de los(las) Investigadores(as) y publicaciones in extenso X 18

VII. Recursos Disponibles X 35

VIII.1. Recursos solicitados por cada unidad ejecutora X 36

VIII.2. Honorarios solicitados para el personal de cada unidad ejecutora X 39

VIII.3. Justificación recursos solicitados X 40

VIII.6. Bienes de Capital X 44

IX.1. Requerimientos de Etica, Bioseguridad y otros X 46


FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETFONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETFONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETFONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETIIIITION TION TION TION

2007 REGULAR COMPETITION2007 REGULAR COMPETITION2007 REGULAR COMPETITION2007 REGULAR COMPETITION

I. GENERAL INFORMATION

Proposal Type 1 FONDECYT Council 1 1. Science 2. Technology

Proposed length (Up to 4 years)

3

Proposal Title:

AEROSOL-CLOUD INTERACTIONS IN COASTAL STRATOCUMULUS IN NORTHERN CHILE

Proposal keywords

Aerosol clouds climate

Primary Field 68 Secondary Field Application

Sector Application

Region

I - IV

I.1. FUNDING REQUEST SUMMARY

BUDGET ITEMS 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Staff 13,700 14,100 16,200 44,000

Travel 6,690 10,455 2,940 20,085

Operational Expenses 21,975 19,645 2,450 44,070

Equipment 2,491 0 0 2,491

Annual Total 44,857 44,200 21,590 110,646

Thousand Chilean $

I.2. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Cordova Leal Ana Maria 10994619-2 FATHER'S SURNAME MOTHER’S MAIDEN SURNAME NAMES TAXPAYER ID NUMBER

Colina San Joaquín s/n MAILING ADDRESS

La Serena Casilla 36B 56 51 223290 56 51 227060 CITY P.O. BOX TELEPHONE FAX

[email protected] E-MAIL ADDRESS

Universidad de La Serena- Centro de de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas

INSTITUTION PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SIGNATURE

I.3. SPONSORING INSTITUTION(S): Performing Unit(s)

INSTITUTION NAME (University/Faculty/Department)

Authorized Signature FONDECYT

USE

1 Universidad de La Serena-CEAZA

2 Universidad de Chile/ Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas/ Centro de Modelamiento Matemático

3 Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CENMA)


I.4. ADDITIONAL FUNDING COMMITTED FROM OTHER INSTITUTIONS/SOURCES. If applicable, indicate the amount contributed by other institutions/enterprises interested in the proposal results. Please attach certifying letters.

INSTITUTION(S) CONTRIBUTION(1000 CHP$)

Uso FONDECYT

Center for Experimental Physic , Science Faculty, University of Chile

9.000

Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile

37.000

TOTAL 46.000

I.5 COINVESTIGATORS.

REMINDER In accordance with the terms of the 2007 competition, be aware that a researcher's signature as:

• COINVESTIGATOR IN 2 PROPOSALS

• PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR IN 2 PROPOSALS will cause immediate elimination from all proposals in which he/she participates. The CoInvestigators, whose signatures appear below, commit themselves to participate in this proposal until its full completion. See item 3.7 of this competition terms

Use an asterisk (*) to identify the CoInvestigator who would act as Principal Investigator (PI) in case of a temporary absence of the latter. Do not include CoInvestigators without residence in Chile. Funding for these participants, if applicable, may be applied for through the 2007 International Cooperation Incentive Competition. TAXPAYER ID # FATHER’S SURNAME MOTHER’S MAIDEN

SURNAME NAMES SIGNATURE

* 9.152.070-2 Gallardo Klenner Laura Eleonor Gabriela

Institution Name Universidad de Chile / Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas / Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM)

8.189.954-1 Leiva Guzman Manuel Andrés Institution Name Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CENMA)

Institution Name

Institution Name


II. PROPOSAL ABSTRACT:

Must be clear and informative. Describe the main issues you plan to address, including goals, methodology and expected outcomes. A good summary facilitates an adequate description and understanding of what you intend to achieve. If selected, this abstract may be published in CONICYT's web page. Use the available space only. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

The persistent stratus cloud deck under the subtropical Pacific High is an outstanding meteorological feature of Northern Chile and Southern Peru, which has a large impact on the regional and global energy balance and atmospheric circulation. In connection with mid-latitude synoptic-scale disturbances, subsiding easterly flow down the subtropical Andes often occurs in Northern Chile allowing large anthropogenic emissions of oxidized sulfur that take place in the region to reach the stratus deck. Exploratory studies (e.g., Huneeus et al, 2006; Wood et al, 2006) have suggested that these sulfate aerosols may perturb the optical and microphysical properties of the subtropical stratocumulus deck. During austral spring 2008, a large scale regional experiment focusing on cloud-aerosol-climate interactions is planned take place off shore Northern Chile (e.g., http://www.joss.ucar.edu/vocals/). The proposed research work hereby will contribute with crucial and unprecedented data and simulations with focus on the coastal areas of Northern Chile, which are instrumental to that campaign and to the overall understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate interactions in the region. The goal of the proposed research is to increase our understanding of how anthropogenic aerosols, mainly sulfate aerosols associated with copper smelting, may affect the persistent stratocumulus deck in the coastal areas of Northern Chile. This will be done by means of a regional study in which in situ and satellite measurements are combined with model simulations to ascertain the relative contribution of various aerosol sources, both natural and anthropogenic, to the aerosol loading able to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). More specifically, we will perform in situ measurements of aerosol concentrations, composition and size distribution in a coastal site near Antofagasta (23ºS) over which stratocumulus (Sc) clouds summit, particularly during winter, and on an episodic basis, downwind from a large copper smelter (Chuquicamata,22.32S, 68.92 W, 2850 m.a.s.l.). Aerosols will be sampled every three days during a summer period (~January 2008) and a spring period (~October 2008), of twenty one (21) days each using a standard dichotomous sampler, that separates into two fractions (fine and coarse inhalable particles), and a cascade impactor (MOUDI, Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor), distinguishing eight size categories, from 0.18 to 18 µm. These samples will be analyzed in terms of their elemental composition using Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique, mass concentration (gravimetry) and cations and anions through ion chromatography. The PIXE analyses will provide a way to identify potential sources of these aerosols when used in combination with receptor models and other statistical techniques. In addition to this, during the winter campaign, activated aerosols (CCN) in the stratocumulus deck will be sampled and analyzed in situ using the Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) instrument. Sample air from the CVI probe is directed to instrumentation to measure the concentration, size and chemical composition of the cloud droplet residual particles, and the condensed water content of the clouds. We will be able to measure the concentration and size distribution of particles between 0.01 to ca. 5µm diameter, covering the entire range of particle sizes expected to be important in determining the number concentration of cloud droplets. Particles will also be collected on filters for chemical analysis. One sample will be taken for single particle analysis, allowing determining the elemental composition of individual aerosol particles and thereby determining the chemical composition of the particles controlling the number population of cloud droplets – not just the bulk composition. A second bulk filter sample will be taken on which a more detailed analysis of the organic compounds can be performed. In addition to this, in order to provide information on the regional and seasonal distribution of oxidized sulfur, passive samplers will be deployed at four background sites, three in coastal summits and one at the highland (Altiplano) spanning from 20S to 30S. The coastal samplers will be collocated with fog traps that provide an indication of liquid water content of the clouds. These data will be further analyzed and put into a regional framework by means of high resolution meso-scale simulations using a weather forecast model as well as dispersion simulations including natural and anthropogenic oxidized sulfur sources. Satellite data (e.g., cloud droplet radii, cloud cover, liquid water path, etc.) will also complement these analyses. In sum, this study will provide the first characterization of CCN and CCN precursors for the coastal stratocumulus in Northern Chile, allowing a better understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions in the area, and assessing potential anthropogenic perturbations of the regional climate. These outcomes will be further potentiated by the concurring large-scale experiment on aerosol-cloud interactions to take place over the open ocean facilitating a better understanding of the intricate processes connecting aerosol, clouds and climate. In addition to this, the project will provide valuable information for the exploitation of coastal clouds as a source of water for human and small-scale agricultural consumption for communities living in the Atacama desert.


III. PROPOSED RESEARCH. III.1 PROPOSAL DESCRIPTION, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW: This section must

include a general presentation of the problem to investigate. Describe the novel aspects you intend to address and present a critical review of the literature on the state of the art of the research on the proposal topic. The maximum length of this section is 8 pages (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested). Use additional sheets to list your cited references.

The world’s most extended and persistent stratus deck around the world is that located under the Pacific high off the coast of Chile and Southern Peru. This cloud deck has a large impact on the regional and global circulations (e.g., Hartmann et al, 1992; Hartmann, 1994). In this region, large emissions of oxidized sulfur occur, both due to anthropogenic processes (Lefhon et al, 1999), mainly copper smelting, and natural processes, mainly biogenic emissions along the Humboldt current system, and also volcanic emissions (e.g., Scholes et al, 2003; Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998; Gallardo et al, 2006). Despite the relevance of these processes for the regional and global climate, our quantitative understanding and our predictive capabilities to assess potential future changes are scarce. In addition to impacts of oxidized sulfur on human health, various other impacts on climate, clouds and precipitation have been widely recognized by the scientific community (e.g., Twomey, 1974; Charlson et al, 1987; Albrecht, 1989; Charlson et al, 1991; Kiehl and Brigleb, 1993; Boucher and Lohmann, 1995; Nemesure et al, 1995; Jones and Slingo, 1996; Chuang et al, 1997; Haywood and Boucher, 2000; IPCC, 2001; Wilson et al, 2001; Lohmann, 2002a; Rosenfeld et al., 2002; Matsui et al., 2004, Liepert et al., 2004). Acidic deposition in connection with sulfate aerosols was pointed out in the early 60’s and 70’s as a regional issue of concern in Europe and North America. Nowadays, acidic deposition by sulfur and other species has become an issue in developing countries, particularly over Southeast Asia (e.g., Rodhe et al, 1995; Rodhe et al, 2002). The scattering effects of aerosols in general, and of sulfate aerosols in particular, are daily experienced by inhabitants of polluted urban areas all over the world as reflected in hazy conditions and low visibility. On the regional and global scales, it has been shown that the main contributors to the scattering of solar radiation are sulfate and some organic aerosols with a net global average direct forcing of about –0.5 W/m2 (e.g., IPCC, 2001). The quantification of the impact of sulfate aerosols due to their role as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) has been more elusive. Nevertheless, anthropogenic sulfate aerosols are thought to make clouds brighter and more long-lived (e.g., Ramanathan et al, 2001).

The atmosphere is a complex system made of gases and aerosols. These constituents can be emitted by natural or anthropogenic sources, mobile or fixed (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998). Aerosols and gases, depending on the meteorological conditions, such as, pressure, temperature, humidity and solar radiation, suffer chemical reactions forming new compounds, different from those directly emitted. Atmospheric aerosols particles are made of a mix of primary particles (directly emitted) and secondary particles (formed in the atmosphere). Airborne aerosols have sizes ranging from nanometers (nm) to tenths of micrometers (µm) diameter. Particulate matter is typically divided into two modes defined by size intervals which accumulate the mass concentration of aerosols, e.g., fine mode, less than 2,5 µm of aerodynamic diameter, and coarse mode, more than 2.5 µm. This is important because size fractions have different physical and chemical properties, different emission processes and sinks. The coarse mode is generally made of primary particles, formed from mechanical processes, like dust lifted by wind, marine salt, ashes generated by combustion and natural biogenic emissions. The fine mode has primary particles generated in industrial combustion processes, by vehicles and secondary aerosols coming from gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere, like sulfate formation from SO2 (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998). Inhalable particles (aerodynamic diameters less than 10µm) is basically formed of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, carbonic aerosol, marine salt (NaCl), soil elements (Al, Si, Ti, Ca, Fe), heavy metal (Pb, Zu, Cu, V, Ni, Cd, others) and water. Carbonic aerosol is now recognized as the more abundant compound in the urban aerosol mass (Turpin, 1999). Carbonic material is formed of primary and secondary organic carbon compounds. Primary sources are, mainly, incomplete fossil fuel combustion or evaporation, industrial processes and biogenic emissions. In general, particle material has residence time of days to weeks in atmosphere. It can also be carried through long distances by favorable air currents interfering with chemical and physical atmosphere processes, not only at a local scale but also in a regional and sometimes global scale. Aerosols removal processes occur basically by dry and wet deposition.

The “direct” effect is produced by reflection, scattering and absorption of solar radiation by aerosol


particles. Reflection causes a cooling effect, whereas absorption by aerosol particles causes surface cooling and atmospheric heating, decrease convection and cloudiness, lessening of evaporation from oceans and rainfall. This last effect is related to “black carbon” contained in aerosol mass. The “indirect” effect is related to aerosols ability to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), affecting their microphysical properties and, as consequence, optical properties and lifetime in the atmosphere (Haywood and Boucher, 2000). The aerosols indirect effects in cloud layer involve a chain of interactions with cloud dynamics, microphysics and radiative properties. For a given amount of water, an increase in aerosols concentration causes an increase in CCN numbers but, as water presence inside the cloud is limited, droplets numbers will increase in the cloud, but these will have a minor diameter. An increase of CCN will cause an increase of lifetime and spatial extent of clouds and through this, an increase of average albedo causing a cooling effect (Ramanathan 2001). Clouds themselves can also the evolution and properties of aerosols as they affect the physical and chemical changes they undergo and also those affecting their precursors. The complexity of the system is further increased by the multiplicity of spatial and temporal scales involved, ranging from in situ reactions (oxidation of gases in clouds, which have scales of seconds and micrometers) to a long range grouping effect (persistent stratocumulus, going from hecto to kilometers). However, little is known nowadays about these processes (Brasseur et al, 1999).

One of the more important aerosols sources are the oceans. Marine salt aerosols play an important role in climate and atmospheric chemistry (Quinn et al., 1993). They affect the “budget” of radiation of earth atmosphere (IPCC, 2001 and references therein) and their reactions with chemical species can affect ozone concentrations, hydrocarbons and cloud condensation nuclei (Nenes et al., 2002; Breon et al., 2002; Guibert et al., 2003; Matsui et al., 2004). Marine aerosol can also contribute to “clean” contaminated atmospheres through inside clouds processes (Rosenfeld et al, 2002). Another mechanism involved in droplet formation is the direct formation in the wave’s crest (Fitzgerald, 1991; Cai and Griffin, 2003). The new aerosol formed from marine salt is driven in shore where it chemically interacts with city atmospheres and influences air quality of coastal cities (Keene et al., 1996; Spicer et al., 1998; Moldanova and Ljungstrom, 2001; Cai and Griffin, 2003).

The impact of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud properties has been widely discussed in the literature over the last years, combining both experimental and modeling approaches (Quinn et al., 2000 ; Lohmann and Feichter, 1997; Lohmann et al., 2000; Lohmann, 2002a,b; Artaxo et al., 2002; Andreae et al., 2002; Henning et al., 2004). In Chile, it has been suggested a potential impact of sulfur emitted from copper smelters in Northern Chile upon the stratocumulus deck off the coast in connection with coastal lows (Huneeus 2003; Huneeus et al, 2006). Such impacts would also be expectable downwind from urban and industrial centers (Rosenfeld et al, 2002). The potential modulation of cloud albedo by aerosols has been a topic of substantial interest for many years now. The nature of the dependence has suggested that the aerosols will have the greatest effect in marine air (Twomey, 1991) and, indeed, the most convincing evidence for aerosol modulation of cloud properties has been derived from the marine atmosphere, specifically, from the marine stratocumulus scenario (Brenguier et al., 2000; Hegg et al., 2004). This is most prevalent in the eastern regions of the subtropical oceans and is thought to be an important component of the global radiation budget (Stevens et al., 2003). The few characterization experiments that have been performed for marine stratocumulus clouds have provided key-information for improving our understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate processes (Brenguier et al., 2000, 2003; Snider, et al., 2003). Unfortunately, none of these studies has focused on the extensive stratus deck off the Chilean and Peruvian coast. Only sporadic measurements have been carried out as part of other experiments, and they refer solely to aerosol-cloud interactions over the open ocean (e.g., Bretherton et al, 2004) or merely to dynamical processes (e.g., Garreaud et al, 2001). This situation is now changing as the upcoming regional experiment The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study - Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx), is planned to take place out over the open ocean off shore of Northern Chile (Wood et al, 2006, http://www.joss.ucar.edu/vocals/). This experiment will provide information about aerosol and cloud processes as well as on biogenic sulfur emissions and sea-salt aerosols. The study we propose hereby aims at contributing with crucial and unprecedented data and simulations with focus on the coastal areas of Northern Chile, which are complementary to VOCALS and to the overall understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate interactions in the region. The goal of the proposed research is to increase our understanding of how anthropogenic aerosols, mainly sulfate aerosols associated with copper


smelting, may affect the persistent stratocumulus deck in the coastal areas of Northern Chile. This will be done by means of a regional study in which in situ and satellite measurements are combined with model simulations to ascertain the relative contribution of various aerosol sources, both natural and anthropogenic, to the aerosol loading able to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We expect to provide the first characterization of CCN and CCN precursors for the coastal stratocumulus in Northern Chile, allowing a better understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions in the area, and assessing potential anthropogenic perturbations of the regional climate. These outcomes will be further potentiated by the concurring large-scale experiment on aerosol-cloud interactions to take place over the open ocean facilitating a better understanding of the intricate processes connecting aerosol, clouds and climate. In addition to this, the project will provide valuable information for the exploitation of coastal clouds as a source of water for human and small-scale agricultural consumption for communities living in the Atacama desert.

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Nenes, A., R. J. Charlson, M. C. Facchini, M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, and J. H. Seinfeld. 2002. Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1848, doi:10.1029/2002GL015295. Olivares, G., Gallardo, L., Langner, J. and Aarhus, B., 2002: Regional dispersion of oxidized sulfur in Central Chile. Atmos. Env. 36, 23, 3819-3828

Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, D. J. Coffman, T. L. Miller, J. E. Johnson, D. S. Covert, J.-P. Putaud, C. Neusuß, and T. Novakov, A comparison of aerosol chemical and optical properties from the 1st and 2nd Aerosol Characterization Experiments. 2000. Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 239– 257.

Quinn, P.K., D.S. Covert, T.S. Bates, V.N. Kapustin, D.C. Ramsay-Bell, and L.M McInnes. 1993. Dimetrhylsulfide/cloud condensations nuclei/climate system: Relevant size-resolved measurement of the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles. J. Geophys.Res., 98, 10, 411 - 10.427.

Ramanathan, V., et al. 2001. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119– 2124.

Robertson, L., Langner, J., and Engardt, M. 1999. An Eulerian limited-area atmospheric transport model. J. Appl.Met. 38, 190-210.

Rosenfeld, D., Lahav, R., Khain, A. e Pinsky, M. The role of sea spray in cleansing air pollution over ocean via cloud processes. Science, 297, 1667-1670, 2002.

Rummukainen, M., Räisänen, J., Bringfelt, B., Ullerstig, A., Omstedt, A., Willén, U., Hansson, U. and Jones, C. 2001. A regional climate model for northern Europe: model description and results from the downscaling of two GCM control simulations. Clim. Dyn. 17, 339-359.

Schemenauer, R., and Cereceda, P., 1992. The Quality of Fog Water Collected for Domestic and Agricultural Use in Chile Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 275–290. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0275:TQOFWC>2.0.CO;2

Schemenauer, R., and Cereceda, P., 1994. A proposed standard fog collector for use in high-elevation regions. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 1313–1322.

Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N. Atmospheric Composition, Global Cycles, and Lifetime. In: "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from air pollution to climate change", Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA, 49-124, 1998.

Snider, J. R., S. Guibert, J.-L. Brenguier, and J.-P. Putaud. 2003. Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Kohler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 8629, doi:10.1029/2002JD002692.

Spicer, C. W., E. G. Chapman, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, R. A. Plateridge, J. M. Hubbe, J. D. Fast, and C. M. Berkowitz, Unexpectedly high concentrations of molecular chlorine in coastal air, Nature, 394, 353– 356, 1998.

Stevens, B., et al. 2003. Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus -DYCOMS-II, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579– 593.

Turpin, B. 1999. Options for Characterizing Organic Particulate Matter. Environmental Science & Technology, 1,76A-78A.

Twomey, S. 1991. Aerosols, clouds and radiation. Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2435– 2442.

Twomey, S. A., M. Piepgrass, and T. L. Wolfe. 1984. An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo. Tellus, Ser. B, 36, 356– 366.

Twomey, S. 1977. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152.

Wood, R. Bretherton, C., Fairall, C., Gallardo, L., Esbensen, S., Feingold, G. Garreaud, R., Huebert, B. Leon, D., Mechoso, R., McWilliams, J., Miller, A., Pizarro, O., Rutllant, J., Snider, J., Takahashi, K., Weller, R., Wijesekera, H. Yuter, S., Doherty, S., 2006: VOCALS-SouthEast Pacific Regional Experiment (REx). SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM OVERVIEW. Available on: http://www.joss.ucar.edu/vocals/


III.2 HYPOTHESES: Specify your working hypotheses or questions that will guide your research. Use the available space only. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

We hypothesize that anthropogenic emissions of oxidized sulfur that occur in connection with copper smelting in Northern Chile are affecting the microphysical and optical properties of the persistent stratocumulus deck under the subtropical Pacific High, particularly over coastal areas. Therefore, a characterization of the aerosols and cloud condednsation nuclei active in the coastal stratus deck off the coast of Northern Chile is necessary for the understanding and quantification of these interactions.

III.3 GOALS: (general and specific).

The general goal in this project is twofold. On the one hand, to determine the nature of particles that control the number population of droplets in the stratocumulus layer in the western Pacific coastal of Northern Chile, and on the other hand, to characterize the origin and composition of aerosols in the area. Specific goals

1. To document the composition and size distribution of aerosols and activated CCN in coastal stratocumulus in Norhern Chile

2. To identify and provide estimates of the source strength and distribution of sulfate aerosols in Northern Chile, with emphasis on sulfate aerosols

3. To provide estimates of the relative contributions of various aerosol sources, both natural and anthropogenic, to the aerosol loading able to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).


III.4 METHODOLOGY: Describe the methods you plan to use to achieve the proposed goals. For example: experimental techniques, sampling procedures justification, statistical analysis of results, etc.. The maximum length for this section is 3 pages. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

In situ measurements of aerosol concentration, composition and size distribution will be performed at a location in the Chilean subtropics, in a coastal site, in Northern Chile. This is a coastal site over which stratocumulus (Sc) clouds summit, particularly during winter. Aerosols will be sampled every three days during a summer period (January 2008) and winter period (~August 2008), of twenty one (21) days each using a standard dichotomous sampler, that separates into two fractions (fine and coarse inhalable particles), and a cascade impactor (MOUDI, Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor), distinguishing eight size categories, from 0.18 to 18 µm. These samples will be analyzed in terms of their elemental composition using:

• Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The PIXE analyses will be performed at the Physics Department, University of Chile by the group lead by Dr. Roberto Morales

• Mass concentration will be determined by gravimetric analyses in Faculty of Science, University of Chile.

• Cations and anions will be determined by means of ion chromatography performed at National Center for Environment (CENMA) in Santiago.

The PIXE analyses will provide a way to identify potential sources of these aerosols when used in combination with receptor models and other statistical techniques. In the PIXE analysis the sample is irradiated with a beam of x-rays, and the elements in the sample emit X-rays at characteristic wavelengths. The wavelengths that are detected indicate which elements are present, and the quantity of each element is determined from the intensity of the X-rays teach characteristic wavelength. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can be used for all elements with atomic weights from 11 (sodium) to 92 (uranium), and multiple elements can be determined simultaneously. This analysis technique is nondestructive and requires minimal sample preparation the filter is inserted directly into the instrument for analysis. Ions and cations will measurement by ionic chromatography of suspended particulate matter collected in polycarbonate filter will be extract in deionized water, and then will filtered and injected into an ion exchange chromatographic column. After separation, the ions pass through an electronic suppressor to eliminate background conductivity and are then detected with a conductivity cell. The resultant peaks are identified by their characteristic retention times and quantified by reference to external standards. A Counterflow Virtua Impactator (CVI) system will be used to determine the nature of the particles that control the number population of cloud droplets. Sample air from the CVI probe is directed to instrumentation to measure the concentration, size and chemical composition of the cloud droplet residual particles, and the condensed water content of the clouds. We will be able to measure the concentration and size distribution of particles between 0.01 to ca. 5µm diameter, covering the entire range of particle sizes expected to be important in determining the number concentration of cloud droplets. Particles will also be collected on filters for chemical analysis. One sample will be taken for single particle analysis. This technique will allow us to determine the elemental composition of individual aerosol particles. In this way, we will be able to determine the chemical composition of the particles controlling the number population of cloud droplets – not just the bulk composition. A limitation with the single particle analysis technique is that, while we can determine the number of particles containing organic material, we will not be able to determine the composition of the organic fraction. To remedy this shortcoming, a second bulk filter sample will be taken on which a more detailed analysis of the organic compounds can be performed. The interpretation of the data will be made by standard statistical analyses, including clustering techniques, and also with the help of model simulations. During the campaigns, these measurements will be further complemented with meteorological soundings at Cerro Moreno (23.43°S, 70.43°W, 137 m.a.s.l.) that will provide information about stability, mixing processes and the origin of the air masses (oceanic vs continental) . These soundings will be performed on a regular basis (4 per day) in order to characterize relevant synoptic conditions and the diurnal cycle in the boundary layer. Annual sampling of SO2 will be realized simultaneously by means of passive samplers on three


coastal mountain sites in Northern Chile (roughly at 20S, 24S, and 30S). Also, a passive sampler will be deployed at high altitude (Altiplano) to collect natural sulfur emitted from volcanoes. These samplers include an impregnated filter inside a Teflon tube. To avoid turbulent diffusion inside the sampler, the inlet is covered by a thin porous membrane filter. Gases are transported and collected by molecular diffusion. The uptake rate is only dependent upon the diffusion rate of the gas. The passive samplers are assembled and made ready for use at National Center for Environment (CENMA) in Santiago. After seven days, the samplers will be returned to CENMA, where concentrations of SO2 are determined as sulphate by ion chromatography. This results will be used show the annual variability of SO2 in the coast of North of Chile. The quantity of water of Fog will be registered using Standard Fog Collectors (SFCs). This information shows the presence of coastal clouds and an indication of the water amount. These data when compared with records of water collected at several sites in Northern Chile where fog studies have been carried out during the last two decades (e.g. Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1994) may also shade some light on the representativity of the data collected during the campaigns Model simulations and satellite data will be used to put the in situ measurements within a regional framework. The model exercise will consist of regional scale weather simulations obtained from the dynamical downscaling of reanalysis fields using the techniques described by Rummukainen al (2001). These simulations will be evaluated against remotely sensed data and in situ meteorological measurements, with emphasis in the years 2000 and 2001, when additional measurements were performed (e.g., Garreaud et al, 2001, Bretherton et al, 2004). Further, these meteorological outputs will be use to drive a regional scale emission-transport-deposition model (e.g., Robertson et al, 1999; Huneeus et al, 2006) to simulate the fate of oxidized sulfur emitted from copper smelters, volcanoes, and a fraction derived from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation. Emission data will be compiled from official records (e.g., CONAMA, 2001), previous studies (e.g., Mather et al, 2004; Gallardo et al, 2006), and by implementing a parameterization of DMS emissions (e.g., Boucher et al, 2003). Once evaluated, the same sort of simulations will be performed for the campaign periods allowing an interpretation and contextualization of the data collected in situ by this project. NB: For references see Section III


III.5 WORK PLAN: On the basis of your stated goals, indicate the stages and describe the activities to be carried out each year. The maximum length for this section is 1 page. If appropriate, use a Gantt chart. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

Year 1 • Exploration of measuring sites

• Annual sampling of SO2 with passive tubes in three sites spanning from 20S and 30S: • Annual Fog collection data in the same sites of SO2 sampling. • Adjustment of model configuration (domain, parameterizations, etc.) • Compilation and analyses of observations for model evaluation • Field experiments in a coastal site of the north of Chile sampling of aerosols during

four weeks in summer season. • Logistical arrangements and campaign preparation • Sampling of aerosols with the MOUDI and Dicothumous samplers • Fog collection data registered through Standard Fog Collector • Acquisition of meteorological data at a surface site using to automatic station • Acquisition of meteorological data at a surface site of Antofagasta airport, • Analysis of SO2 tubes passive and filters • Analysis of data • Conference national presentations • Reporting

Year 2: • Field experiments in a coastal site of the north of Chile sampling of aerosols during four weeks in winter season.

• Logistical arrangements and campaign preparation • Sampling of clouds with the CVI instrument • Sampling of aerosols with the MOUDI and Dicothumous samplers • Acquisition of meteorological data at a surface site using to automatic station • Analysis of data • Preparation of papers and conference international presentations • Reporting

Year 3: • Analysis and interpretation of data in combination with model outputs • Meeting in La Serena by analyze of results • Preparation of papers and conference presentations • Report final

Table WP. Activity schedule for a three year project to be initiate in June 2007. JJA= June-July-August, SON=September-October-November, DJF=December-January-February, MAM= March-April-May.

Activity YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF

1. Determination of site of SO2 sampling and Fog X

2. Logistical arrangements and campaign preparation X

3. Sampling of aerosols with the MOUDI and Dicothumous samplers X

4. Sampling of clouds with the CVI instrument X

5. Acquisition of meteorological data X X

6. Sampling of SO2 with tubes passive X X X X X

7. Fog collection X X X X X

8. Analysis of data X X X X X X X

9. Conference presentations X X X

10. Preparation of papers and conference presentation X X X

11. Preparation of data and model outputs X X X X

12. Analysis and interpretation of data in combination with model outputs X X X X X X X X

13. Meeting in La Serena by analyze of results X

14. Report X X X


III.6 RESEARCHERS ACTIVITIES: Describe the job to be carried out annually by each researcher. Attach additional sheets, if necessary.

NAME: Ana Maria Cordova Leal Activities

1. Coordinates and leads project activities, including administration 2. Participates in campaigns 3. Meteorological data analyses 4. Coordination with external teams (CMM, DGF, MISU) 5. Prepares papers 6. Leads theses

NAME: Laura Gallardo Klenner Activities

1. Leads modeling and diagnostic activities 2. Prepares papers 3. Leads theses 4. Co-principal investigator (co-PI support the coordination and management of the project and acts

as substitute of the PI)

NAME: Manuel Andres Leiva Guzman Activities

1. Leads elemental and chemical analyses 2. Participates in campaigns 3. Prepares papers and reports 4. Leads theses


III.7 TIME COMMITTMENT TO THE PROPOSAL: On the basis the above described activities, indicate the

number of hours per week committed to the proposal by each researcher.

Taxpayer ID # FULL NAME 2007 2008 2009 2010

10994619-2 Ana Maria Cordova Leal 20 20 20

9.152.070-2 Laura Gallardo Klenner 20 15 20

08189954-1 Manuel Andres Leiva Guzmán 15 15 15

IV. PRIOR WORK ON THE PROPOSAL TOPIC: In the space below, if appropriate, summarize the main results of

your previous work on the topic of this proposal. Use the available space only. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

The PI of this project is an atmospheric scientist with a vast experience in field experiments studying aerosol and trace gases in the Amazon Basin. She participated in LBA project (The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) during her studies of PhD in Sao Paulo University. Also, she has participated in campaigns measuring aerosol concentrations in the forest and pasture during the dry and wet season over more than five years.

Since 2003 she has collaborated in a research project dealing with stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes in the subtropics (FONDECYT 1030809) which gives her insights in the circulation of the area of study and its chemical behaviour (presentation In IGAC 2004, “Climatological Analysis of Ozone and radiation Measurements at a background site in the Southern Hemisphere Subtropics: Cerro Tololo 30ºS,70ºW, 2200 m.a.s.l.” A.M. Córdova, Melitta Fiebig-Wittmaack, J. Quintana, L. Valle and G. Torres.

In collaboration with other research teams at CEAZA and in Germany, she has participated in a preliminary analysis of coarse mode aerosols along a transect at the Elqui Valley (presentation in IGAC 2004, “A Study of Aerosols in an arid zone transect in Chile at 30 ºS”. Ana María Córdova, Melitta Fiebig-Wittmaack, Eckart Schultz).

The Co-PI leading the modeling aspects of this study is a senior atmospheric researcher, with a expertise in global and regional modeling, including the first studies on regional scale sulfur dispersion performed in Chile (Gallardo et al, 2000; Olivares et al 2002; Gallardo et al, 2002; Huneeus et al, 2006) . She is also an active participant of the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study (VOCALS) program, facilitating the scientific exchange with the large scale experiment to take place off shore Northern Chile in 2008.

The Co-PI is an analytical chemist who has participated in several projects intended to characterize urban aerosols, with a strong background in analytical techniques, including ion chromatography, and aerosol sampling. At present he participates in a multidisciplinary research project, together geologists and physicists, namely the “Geochemical-physical studies of the particulate material in the Santiago urban atmosphere: A multidisciplinary approach”.


V. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Include other information that you consider relevant, not included elsewhere, which would facilitate this proposal's review. Use the available space only. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

The P.I as part of LBA project, worked with a group of research’s NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado) and Harvard University, Massachusetts.

• Influence of Amazonia Land-Use Change on Chemical Constituents in Atmosphere. PI. Alex Guenther. National Center for Atmospheric Research, department of Atmospheric Chemistry Division (NASA dentro del programa LBA-Ecology).

• LBA-CLAIRE Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment, coordenado pelos Prof. M. O. Andreae (Instituto Max Planck), Prof. Paulo Artaxo (Instituto de Física USP), PI. Prof. Paul Crutzen, Institute Max Planck and Prof. Jose Lelieveld, University of Utrecht.

• European Studies of Trace Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry as Contribution to the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (EUSTACH – LBA). PI Meinrat O. Andreae. Institute Max Planck.

Work in the atmospheric chemistry area and biochemical cycle with research’s Max Planck Institute for Chemistry with paper publications and participation in international conference. The multidisciplinary and multi-institutional framework in which this project is proposed to be developed gives a good opportunity of the integrated education of students at pre and postgraduate level in chemistry, meteorology, etc. The researchers submitting this proposal expect to count on at least 1 students per year during the project


VI. RESEARCHERS CURRICULA

(Fill out one form for the Principal Investigator and for each CoInvestigator).

VI.1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

1 0 9 9 4 6 1 9 - 2

TAXPAYER ID # (Do not include decimal point)

CORDOVA LEAL ANA MARIA FATHER ‘S SURNAME MOTHER’S MAIDEN SURNAME NAMES

18 01 71 Day Month Year

M F X Chilean 56 51 223290 56 51 227060

DATE OF BIRTH GENDER NATIONALITY TELEPHONE FAX

Colina San Joaquin s/n MAILING ADDRESS

IV La Serena Casilla 599 [email protected] REGION CITY P.O. BOX E-MAIL ADDRESS

Universidad de La Serena – Centro de estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) INSTITUTION

VI.2. ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Professional Title(s) UNIVERSITY COUNTRY YEAR

Biochemistry

Universidad de Concepción

Chile

1996

Academic Degrees

M. Sc Biotechnology

Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Brazil

1999

Ph.D. in Meteorology

Instituto de Astronomía, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Brazil

2003

Other

Main Lines of Research/Specialty Areas

1.- Atmospheric Chemistry

2.- Atmospheric Physics

3.- Chemistry/Climate Interactions

CURRENT ACADEMIC APPOINTMENT(S)

INSTITUTION

HOURS PER WEEK

Research – Professor

University of La Serena-CEAZA

44


VI.3. PARTICIPATION IN FONDECYT-APPROVED PROJECTS (LAST 10 YEARS).

YEAR

Begin

End

PROJECT NUMBER & TITLE

ROLE

(PI, CoInvestigator)

2003 2006 Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange (STE) processes and their impact on the ozone balance in the subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere: A multi-scale integrated study based at Cerro Tololo (30ºS, 70ºW, 2200 m.a.s.l) (FONDECYT 1030809).

CoInvestigator

VI.4. PARTICIPATION IN OTHER PROJECTS OR RESEARCH PROGRAMS FUNDED BY NATIONAL OR

FOREIGN SOURCES (LAST 5 YEARS). SPECIFY THEIR GOALS AND EXPLAIN THEIR DIFFERENCES WITH THE CURRENT PROPOSAL. (Attach as many pages as needed) FONDECYT Councils, at their discretion, may request proper certification.

YEAR

Begin End

FUNDING

SOURCE

PROJECT TITLE

ROLE (PI,

Coinvestigator )

1999

2003 FAPESP Grant, Brazil.

“Trace Gas in the Amazon Basin: A study of temporal and spatial variability of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) in pasture and forest”

Ph. D student

SPECIFICATION: Natural and anthropogenic trace gas emissions in the Amazon basin are important in the global atmospheric

composition. A study of temporal and spatial variability of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides

(NOX) was presented in this work. Concentrations of such trace gases were measured at a pasture site and two

forest sites. The influence of local and regional weather conditions regulating the atmospheric concentrations of trace

gases in Amazonia was investigated. This study was part of the atmospheric chemistry component of the Large Scale

Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) conducted in the Amazon Basin. The principal differences with

actual proposal is the area site, hypotheses of study and goals.

1999

2003 FAPESP Grant, Brazil.

Physical and chemical properties of aerosols and

trace gases in Amazonia. PI. Paulo Artaxo. Research

SPECIFICATION: This project was brazilian part of The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), that is an

international research initiative led by Brazil. LBA is designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand

the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia, the impact of land use

change on these functions, and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. The principal differences

with actual proposal is the area site and hypotheses of study.


VI.5. PUBLICATIONS. Please provide full references (author(s), title, journal full name, volume, pages, year) for articles accepted or published over the last 5 years. If appropriate, specify the FONDECYT project number.

a. Publications since 2001. Use additional sheets, if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)

Fiebig-Wittmaack, M., Schultz, E., Córdova, A.M. Pizarro, C.

Article title A microscopic and chemical study of airborne coarse particles with particular reference to sea salt in Chile at 30ºS

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Atmospheric Environment

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2006 40 3467-3478 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Squeo, F. A., Tracol, Y., López, D., Gutiérrez, J.R. Cordova, A. M., Ehleringer, J. R.

Article title ENSO effects on primary productivity in Southern Atacama desert.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Advances in Geosciences

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2006 6 273–277 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

P. Artaxo, J.V. Martins, M.A. Yamasoe, A.S. Procopio, T.M. Pauliquevis, M.O. Andreae, P. Guyon, L.V. Gatti, and A.M. Cordova

Article title Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 107 D20 8081,

doi:10.1029/2001JD000666

Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

G. A. Kirkman, A. Gut, C. Ammann, L. V. Gatti, A. M. Cordova, M. A. L. Moura, M. O. Andreae, and F. X. Meixner

Article title Surface exchange of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone at a cattle pasture in Rondonia, Brazil



doi:10.1029/2001JD000523


Author(s)

A.K. Betts, L.V. Gatti, A.M. Cordova, M.A. F. Silva Dias and J. D. Fuentes

Article title Transport of ozone to the surface by convective downdrafts at night


Bibliographic Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date*


Reference 2002 107 D20 8046, doi:10.1029/2000JD000158


b. Books and Book Chapters since 2001: Please provide full references and use additional sheets if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)

Title of Book or Chapter

Editor(s) Name(s)

Editorial

Publication Place & Date

Publication type* Pages Book Book Chapter Monograph

Author(s)


Editor(s) Name(s)

Editorial



c. PUBLICATIONS IN PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS SINCE 2001. Include up to 6

publications relevant to this proposal topic.

Author(s)

Cordova, A.M., Novoa, J.E., Montecinos, S..

Abstract Title Effects of precipitations associated to El Niño event and flow rates in semiarid area of Chile

Congress Title Symposium on Climate Change: Organizing the Science for the American Cordillera (CONCORD).

Place, Date & Pages Country: Argentina City: Mendoza Date: 4-6 abril 2006 Page(s):

Author(s)

Fiebig-Wittmaack, M., Schultz, E., Cordova, A.M

Abstract Title Untersuchungen zur zusammensetzung und größenterteilung der staubfraktion

Congress Title Deutsch - Osterreichisch SchweizerischeMeteorologen – Tagung

Place, Date & Pages Country: Deutschland City: Karlsruhe Date: 7. bis 10. September 2004

Page(s):


Author(s)

Cordova, A.M., Gatti, L. V., Longo, K., Freitas, S., Artaxo, P., Procópio. A.

Abstract Title Nitrogen Oxides Measurements in an Amazon Site and Enhancements Associated with a Cold Front

Congress Title IGAC/CACGP Symposium Atmospheric Chemistry within the Earth System: From Regional Pollution to Global Climate Change

Place, Date & Pages Country: Greece City: Crete Date: 18-25 September 2002

Page(s):

Author(s)

Rizzo, L., Artaxo, P, Cordova, A.M., Gatti, L. V.

Abstract Title Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration of organic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon

Congress Title IGAC/CACGP Symposium Atmospheric Chemistry within the Earth System: From Regional Pollution to Global Climate Change

Place, Date & Pages Country: Greece City: Crete Date: 18-25 September 2002

Page(s):

Author(s)

Artaxo, P, Meinrat A., Gunther, A., Rosenfeld, D., Martins, J.V., Rizzo, L.V, Procópio. A, Gatti, L. V, Cordova, A.M, Guyon, P., Graham, B.

Abstract Title Aerosol, trace gases and climate linkages in Amazonia: What we learned so far?”

Congress Title 2nd International LBA Scientific Conference

Place, Date & Pages Country: Brazil City: Manaus Date: July 7-10, 2002 Page(s):

Author(s)

Cordova, A. M, Gatti, L. V., Yamazaki, A., Silva Dias, M.A.F., Artaxo, P., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A., Fitzjarrald, D.

Abstract Title Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides and VOCs measurements in Amazonia

Congress Title Global Change Open Science Conference

Place, Date & Pages Country: The Netherlands

City: Amsterdam Date: July 10-13, 2001

Page(s):

d. Publications relevant to this proposal's topic prior to 2001. (No more than 5).

Author(s)

Fiebig-Wittmaack, M., Schultz, E., Córdova, A.M. Pizarro, C.

Article title A microscopic and chemical study of airborne coarse particles with particular reference to sea salt in Chile at 30ºS

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Atmospheric Environment

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2006 40 3467-3478 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Squeo, F. A., Tracol, Y., López, D., Gutiérrez, J.R. Cordova, A. M., Ehleringer, J. R.

Article title ENSO effects on primary productivity in Southern Atacama desert.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Advances in Geosciences

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2006 6 273–277 Published X In press Accepted


Author(s)

P. Artaxo, J.V. Martins, M.A. Yamasoe, A.S. Procopio, T.M. Pauliquevis, M.O. Andreae, P. Guyon, L.V. Gatti, and A.M. Cordova

Article title Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia



doi:10.1029/2001JD000666

Published In press Accepted

e. Thesis Direction. List Undergraduate, Doctoral and Master’s theses directed over the last 5 years.

Students Names Thesis Title Degree, Institution & Year Awarded

Carla Roberta Trostdorf

Estudo da Variabilidade Sazonal na Emissão do Isopreno na Região Amazónica.

M Sc. student , Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, 2004, CNPq-Brazil.

Williams Martins Castro

Estudo Continuo de Emissoes de Compostos Organicos Volateis na Amazonia. "

Undergraduate student, University of Amazon, DTI CNPQ by LBA-project

Alejandro Gomez Hernandez

Estudio de la prefactibilidad económica de la red de estaciones meteorológicas CEAZA-MET

Undergraduate student, University of La Serena



Gallardo Klenner Laura Elenor Gabriela FATHER ‘S SURNAME MOTHER’S MAIDEN SURNAME NAMES


M F X Chilena 56-2-6784882 56-2-6889705


Blanco Encalada 2120, piso 7, Santiago, Chile MAILING ADDRESS

Metropolitana Santiago Casilla 170, Correo 3 [email protected] REGION CITY P.O. BOX E-MAIL ADDRESS

Associate Researcher, Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile. Part-time teacher at the Geophysics Department, University of Chile.

INSTITUTION



B.Sc. Physics University of Chile Chile 1986


Academic Degrees

M.Sc. Chemical Meteorology Stockholm University 1993

Ph.D. Chemical Meteorology Stockholm University 1996 Other


Atmospheric modeling at regional and global scales

Biogeochemical cycles

Anthropogenic impacts on the climate system


INSTITUTION

HOURS PER WEEK

Associate Researcher Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile (UMI CNRS 2807).

44


YEAR

Begin

End


ROLE


2006 2010 South American Emissions, Megacities, and Climate (SAEMC). Financiado por IAI (Inter American Institute for Global Change Research).

PI

2003 2007 A Europe-South America Network for Climate Change Assessment and Impact Studies (CLARIS). A Pilot Action on continental-scale air pollution produced by South American mega cities. 6th Framework program, European Union

Coinvestigador

2004 2006 ECOS Sud (2004-2006). Impacts of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on the stratocumulus deck off Chile. Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, CNRS/Université de Lille I, (LOA).

PI

2003 2006 CONICYT-FONDECYT 1030809, 2003-2006: Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange processes and their impact on the ozone balance in the subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere: A multi-scale integrated study based at Cerro Tololo (30ºS, 70ºW, 2200 m.a.s.l).

PI

2004 2005 Urban Mobile Emissions in South American Mega cities (UMESAM, IAI SGPII 03SGP211 – 211). Joint project involving researcher from South American megacities (Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Lima, Río de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santiago) and research centers in the United States of America. Financed by the Inter American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI).

PI

VI.4. PARTICIPATION IN OTHER PROJECTS OR RESEARCH PROGRAMS FUNDED BY NATIONAL OR FOREIGN SOURCES (LAST 5 YEARS). SPECIFY THEIR GOALS AND EXPLAIN THEIR DIFFERENCES WITH THE CURRENT PROPOSAL. (Attach as many pages as needed) FONDECYT Councils, at their discretion, may request proper certification.


YEAR

Begin End

FUNDING

SOURCE

PROJECT TITLE

ROLE (PI,

Coinvestigator )

SPECIFICATION:

SPECIFICATION:



c. Publications since 2001. Use additional sheets, if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)

Kalthoff, N., Bischoff-Gauß, I., Fiebig-Wittmaack, M., Fiedler, F., Thürauf, J., Novoa, E., Pizarro, C., Castillo, R. Gallardo, L., Rondanelli, R.,

Article title Mesoscale Wind Regimes in Chile at 30 °S.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name J. Appl. Meteo.

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 953-970 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Gallardo, L., Olivares, G., Langner, J. and Aarhus, B.

Article title Coastal lows and sulfur air pollution in Central Chile.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Atmos. Env.

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 36 23 3829-3841 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Olivares, G., Gallardo, L., Langner, J. and Aarhus, B.

Article title Regional dispersion of oxidized sulfur in Central Chile.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Atmos. Env.

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 36 23 3819-3828 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Rondanelli, R., Gallardo, L., Garreaud, R., 2002

Article title Tropospheric ozone changes at Cerro Tololo (30ºS, 70ºW, 2200 m) in connection with cut-off lows..

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Journal Geophysical Research

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 10.1029/2001JD0

01334 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Huneeus, N., Gallardo, L., and Rutllant, J., 2006.

Article title Off shore transport episodes of anthropogenic sulfur in Northern Chile: Potential Impact on the stratocumulus deck.

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Geophysical Research Letters (Submitted)

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference Published In press Accepted


d. Books and Book Chapters since 2001: Please provide full references and use additional sheets if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)


Editor(s) Name(s)

Editorial



Author(s)


Editor(s) Name(s)

Editorial




publications relevant to this proposal topic.

Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title

Place, Date & Pages Country: City: Date: Page(s):

Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title



Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title


Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title


Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title


Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title



Author(s)

Abstract Title

Congress Title



Author(s)

Article title

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name


Author(s)

Article title







0 8 1 8 9 9 5 4 - 1


LEIVA GUZMAN MANUEL ANDRES FATHER ‘S SURNAME MOTHER’S MAIDEN SURNAME NAMES


M X F Chilean 562-678 72 58 562-271 38 88


Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa MAILING ADDRESS

RM SANTIAGO CASILLA 653 [email protected] REGION CITY P.O. BOX E-MAIL ADDRESS

Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CENMA)

INSTITUTION



Academic Degrees

Bachelor in Science, mention Chemistry

University of Chile. CHILE 1995

Ph.D. in Chemistry University of Chile. CHILE 2002

Other


1.- Atmospheric Chemistry

2.- Molecular Physical Chemistry


INSTITUTION

HOURS PER WEEK

Instructor Professor Faculty of Science, University of Chile 44



YEAR

Begin

End


ROLE


1999 2001 Luminescent and physicochemical electronic properties of molecular wires. Funding Agency FONDECYT GRANT: N°2990015

PI

VI.4. PARTICIPATION IN OTHER PROJECTS OR RESEARCH PROGRAMS FUNDED BY NATIONAL OR

FOREIGN SOURCES (LAST 5 YEARS). SPECIFY THEIR GOALS AND EXPLAIN THEIR DIFFERENCES WITH THE CURRENT PROPOSAL. (Attach as many pages as needed) FONDECYT Councils, at their discretion, may request proper certification.

YEAR FUNDING

SOURCE

PROJECT TITLE

Begin End

ROLE (PI, Coinvest)

2004 2005 DID Grant N°TNAC 06/03, Department of Research and Development, University of Chile

geochemical and physical studies of particulate material in Santiago of Chile: A multidisciplinary approach.

CoInvest.

SPECIFICATION:

This project proposes is a multidisciplinary research, composed by Geologist, Chemist and Physics. The aim of this project is the mineralogical, geochemical, chemical and physical characterization of the inorganic component of the particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the air of Santiago. Our working hypothesis proposes that these multidisciplinary studies, based on the analytical characterization of aerosol, would allow us the identification and characterization of contaminants and source. Samples of aerosols must be collected from two localities of the Santiago city: in the Pudahuel area (one of the more polluted area in the Región Metropolitana) and in downtown. The principal differences with actual proposal are the studies area and objectives.

1999 2000 DID Grant PG/049/99 Department of Research and Development, University of Chile

Electronics properties in molecular wires PI

SPECIFICATION:

The field research of this proposal was Molecular physical chemistry a difference of the actual proposal. And the aim of this project was the studied a radiative a non radiative deactivations process of the exited state of the estilbenoid compounds in solution and rigid media.

1998 1999 DID GRANT PG/006/98, Postgraduate Department, University of Chile

Molecular Resistivyties an electronic properties in molecular organic wires.

PI

SPECIFICATION:

The field research of this proposal was Molecular electronics a difference of the actual proposal. And the aim of this project was the studied the electronic properties, how as resistivities and conductivity, in structures named molecular wires.



e. Publications since 2001. Use additional sheets, if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)

Manuel A. Leiva

Article title Resistividades moleculares y propiedades electrónicas en alambres moleculares orgánicos del tipo dador-canal de conducción-aceptor

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Ciencia Abierta, divulgación electrónica de las Ciencias

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2003 20 N°2990015 Published X In press Accepted

Author(s)

Manuel. A. Leiva, Víctor Vargas y Raúl G. E. Morales

Article title Bridge effect of the C=N bond and long distance electronic effects of electron-donor substituents on N-(4-D-benzylidene)-4-nitroanilines and N-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-4-D-aniline

FONDECYT Project Nº Journal full name Spectroscopy Letters

Year Vol. Nº Pages Publication status to date* Bibliographic Reference 2002 35 4 611-624 Published In press Accepted

f. Books and Book Chapters since 2001: Please provide full references and use additional sheets if necessary. Use an "X" to check the appropriate box*.

Author(s)

R.G.E. Morales y M.A. Leiva G.


Contaminación por Ozono. Distribuciones Temporales y Focales en la Ciudad de Santiago (Ozone pollution. A Temporal and spacial distribution in Santiago city).

Editor(s) Name(s) Raul G.E. Morales

Editorial Editorial Universitaria


Santiago,Chile-2006

Publication type* Pages Book Book Chapter X Monograph 173-230

Author(s)

Leiva G. y R.G.E. Morales.


Contaminación por aerosoles en la Cuidad de Santiago, (Aerosols pollution in Santiago city)

Editor(s) Name(s) Raúl G.E. Morales

Editorial Editorial Universitaria


Santiago,Chile-2006

Publication type* Pages Book Book Chapter x Monograph 107-172



publications relevant to this proposal topic. Author(s)

M. A. Leiva, M.R. Gonzalez, R.G.E. Morales S., M. Belmar, D. Morata, M. Polvé, S. Hasegawa and S. Wakamatsu,

Abstract Title Elemental and organic carbon ratios in aerosols at urban street canyon in Santiago downtown, Chile.

Congress Title IV Jornadas Chilenas de Química y Física Ambiental

Place, Date & Pages Country: Chile City: Temuco Date:13-15 April 2005 Page(s): Author(s)

M. Obando, G. Montesinos, Ma R. González, R.G.E. Morales S. and M.A. Leiva G.,

Abstract Title Anion and cations concentrations in urban air aerosols in the Santiago metropolitan area, Temuco, Chile

Congress Title IV Jornadas Chilenas de Química y Física Ambiental

Place, Date & Pages Country: Chile City: Temuco Date:13-15 April 2005 Page(s):

Author(s)

R.E. Toro A., G.P. Jara, R.G.E. Morales y M.A. Leiva G.,

Abstract Title Norma primaria de calidad de aire para material particulado respirable MP10 en Santiago de Chile (particulate material Primary norm of the air quality for PM10 in Santiago of Chile)

Congress Title XXVI Congreso Latinoamericano de Química

Place, Date & Pages Country: Brazil City: Salvador (BA) Date: 30 de May 02 to June 2004

Page(s):

Author(s)

M. A. Leiva, D. Andrew, A. Arancibia, F. de la Barrera, R. Seguel y R.G.E. Morales,

Abstract Title Seasonal and daily variation of the urban ozone concentrations in Santiago of Chile

Congress Title Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2004

Place, Date & Pages Country: Greece City: Kos Date: June 1 to 8, 2004

Page(s):

Author(s)

Ariela Lavados, Rodrigo J. Seguel*, Gregorio P. Jara, Manuel A. Leiva y Raúl G. E. Morales

Abstract Title Contaminación por ozono en puntos focales de la ciudad de santiago de Chile, (Ozone contamination in some point in Santiago city), Congress Title III Congreso Iberoamericano de Física y Química Ambiental

Place, Date & Pages Country: México City: Tlaxcala Date: October, 6-10, 2003

Page(s):

Author(s)

Gregorio P. Jara C., Ariela Lavados, Manuel A. Leiva G. y Raúl G.E. Morales S.,

Abstract Title Distribución superficial de ozono en zonas de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, (Distribution of superficial ozone in santiago city),

Congress Title 51 Congreso de Americanistas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Place, Date & Pages Country: Chile City: Santiago Date: July, 14-18, 2003

Page(s):


Author(s)

Gregorio P. Jara C., Ariela Lavados, Manuel A. Leiva G. y Raúl G.E. Morales S

Abstract Title Calidad de aire en la Region Metropolitana. Línea base en ausencia de locomoción Colectiva (Air quality in Metropolitan Area. Background in ausence of public transport)

Congress Title III Jornadas Chilenas de Química y Física Ambiental

Place, Date & Pages Country: Chile City: Santiago Date: December, 4-6, 2003

Page(s):


Author(s)

Article title





Richard Toro A studies primary norm of PM10 in Santiago of Chile

Professional Title Environmental Chemists, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, In development


VII. AVAILABLE RESOURCES: If applicable, identify means and resources available at the sponsoring institution(s)to carry out this proposal. Use the available space only. (Arial or Verdana font size 10 is suggested).

• The University of Chile have a Dicothumous sampler necessary by colleted of aerosol

• CEAZA has a complete surface meteorological station with sensors of radiation, wind, temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. This instruments will be installed in the site during intensive campaign of summer and winter.

• The PIXE analyses will be performed at the Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile by the team lead by Dr. Roberto Morales, at lowest cost possible, i.e., of the standard cost plus the cost of SF6 gas.

• The CVI and chemical analyses instrument will be provided by the research team lead by Dr. Radovan KREJCI Department of Meteorology (MISU), Stockholm University

• The Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), University of Chile will facilitate computer resources for making weather and dispersion simulations in a 16x2 high performance cluster.


VIII. AMOUNTS AND JUSTIFICATION OF FUNDS REQUESTED FROM FONDECYT. VIII.1 FUNDS FOR EACH PERFORMING UNIT. (Please use one sheet for each University Department).

Universidad de La Serena / Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA)

INSTITUTION (University/Faculty/Departament)

Benavente 980, La Serena

70783100-6

MAILING ADDRESS INSTITUTION TAX ID

Casilla 599

La Serena

56 51-204310

56 51-204310

P.O. BOX CITY TELEPHONE FAX

[email protected]

E-MAIL ADDRESS

NAME OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE Jaime Pozo Cisterna__________________________________________

The above named Authorized Representative certifies to know the terms and regulations of this FONDECYT competition and proposal selection procedures.

AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE

BUDGET ITEMS 2007 2008 2009 2010 TOTAL

1. STAFF

Total Honoraria 10,200 11,100 12,700 34,000

2. TRAVEL

Domestic Per Diem 4,455 3,585 780 8,820

International Per Diem 210 2,210 420 2,840

Domestic Fares 1,425 560 540 2,525

International Fares 600 4,100 1,200 5,900

3. OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 21,975 19,645 2,450 44,070

4. EQUIPMENT 2,491 0 0 2,491TOTAL REQUESTED (1+2+3+4) 44,448 41,200 18,090 0 103,738

Thousand Chilean $ (1000 CHP)


VIII.1 FUNDS FOR EACH PERFORMING UNIT. (Please use one sheet for each University Department).

Universidad de Chile / Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas/Centro de Modelamiento Matematico


Blanco Encalada 2120, piso 7

60.910.000


170-3

Santiago

56 2 6784525

56 2 6889705


E-MAIL ADDRESS

NAME OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE ______ Victor Perez Vera ____________________________________



ANNUAL AMOUNTS (1000 CHP) BUDGET ITEMS

2007 2008 2009 2010 TOTAL

1. STAFF

Total Honoraria 2.000 1.500 2.000 5.500

2. TRAVEL

Domestic Per Diem

International Per Diem

Domestic Fares

International Fares

3. OPERATIONAL EXPENSES

4. EQUIPMENT

TOTAL REQUESTED (1+2+3+4) 2.000 1.500 2.000 5.500


VIII.1 FUNDS FOR EACH PERFORMING UNIT. (Please use one sheet for each University Department).



Avenida Larrain 9975, La Reina


Santiago

50 2 2994100

56 2 2751688


E-MAIL ADDRESS

NAME OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE __________________________________________



ANNUAL AMOUNTS (1000 CHP) BUDGET ITEMS

2007 2008 2009 2010 TOTAL

5. STAFF

Total Honoraria 1.500 1.500 1.500 4.500

6. TRAVEL

Domestic Per Diem

International Per Diem

Domestic Fares

International Fares

7. OPERATIONAL EXPENSES

8. EQUIPMENT

TOTAL REQUESTED (1+2+3+4) 1.500 1.500 1.500 4.500


VIII.2 HONORARIA REQUESTED FOR EACH PERFORMING UNIT RESEARCH STAFF. Please read Application

Instructions. (Include data for all researchers, even if no honoraria are being requested)

Universidad de La Serena / Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA)

RESEARCH UNIT (INSTITUTION / UNIVERSITY/ FACULTY/ DEPARTMENT) ANNUAL AMOUNTS (1000 CHP)

ROLE TAXPAYER ID FULL NAME 2007 2008 2009 2010 TOTAL

PI 10.994.619-2 Ana Maria Cordova Leal 2.000 2.000 2.000 6.000

CoInvestigator

Thesis/Doctoral Students 1.300 1.300 1.300 3.900

Technical & Support Staff 6.900 7.800 9.400 24.100

SUB-TOTAL HONORARIA (1000 CHP) 10.200 11.100 12.700 34.000

Universidad de Chile/Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM)



CoInvestigator 9.152.070-2 Laura Gallardo Klenner 2.000 1.500 2.000 5.500

CoInvestigator

Thesis/Doctoral Students

Technical & Support Staff





CoInvestigator 8.189.954-1 Manuel Andres Leiva Guzman 1.500 1.500 1.500 4.500

CoInvestigator

Thesis/Doctoral Students

Technical & Support Staff


PRIVATE (Include here staff personnel not affiliated with an institution/organization). ANNUAL AMOUNTS (1000 CHP)


CoInvestigator

CoInvestigator

TOTAL PERSONNEL (1000 CHP)


VIII.3. JUSTIFICATION OF REQUESTED AMOUNTS: Justify the annual amounts requested for each of the items above.

a. If applicable, fully describe the tasks of all technical & support staff for which honoraria are being

requested. Make sure their inclusion is directly related to the proposed goals and work plan of the research.

Year 1

Three research assistants are required by the project. One person will collaborate with the chemical analyses of

the aerosol filters during a 6 month period after each campaign (200 kCHP$/month). Another research assistant,

with a background in meteorology and computer science will help in the set up and performance of modeling

simulations (450 kCHP$/month). Finally, a research assistant for field work (instrumentalisty) for a 5 month

period (150 kCHP$/month).

Year 2

As in Year 1.

Year 3.

A research assistant, with a background in meteorology and computer science will help in the performance and

evaluation of model simulations, and satellite data (450 kCHP$/month).

Aresearch assistant with background in chemical meteorology and statistical analysis for a 10 month period (400

kCHP$/month).

b. Clearly specify if this proposal intends to fund theses students/Doctoral students. For theses students, include the names of prospective candidates, possible topics and degree objective. For Doctoral students, indicate the name of the accredited program.

Academic theses or professional examns will be developed, one per year. The following themes can be foreseen: • In Environmental Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, dealing with PIXE analyses and

interpretation. This thesis will be co-guided by Dr. Leiva and and Dr. Morales. • In Chemistry either U. of Chile or Concepción, dealing with the interpretation and scrutiny of outputs from ion-

chromatography. • In Chemistry from U. of Chile, dealing with the interpretation of SO2 data collected during one year in three

sites in the north of Chile. • In Meteorology either from U. of Chile or U. of Valparaiso, dealing with the interpretation of meteorological

data collected during the campaign and model simulations


VIII.4 TRAVEL: Funding may be requested for activities directly related to the proposal development and dissemination of results.

a. FOREIGN TRAVEL:

All trips abroad require a clear justification. Indicate tentative destinations, number of days and amounts for each trip. Estimate annual international travel fares and per diem expenses. Remember that only coach fares are acceptable. Please read the Application Instructions (Item VIII).

AMOUNTS (1000 CHP)

Fares Per Diem Purpose No. Days

2007 600 210 1 research to meeting and Workshop VOCALS

3

2008 4.100 2.210 2 attendees to International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Conference (IGAC 2008)

Training of CVI equipment in Sweden

1 research to meeting and Workshop VOCALS

5

10

3

2009 1.200 420 2 research to meeting and Workshop VOCALS

3

2010

Justification (for each year):

There is a trip considered during the second year for research or student by present results of the projects in an International Conference, probably IGAC 2008. The cost are estimate considering 100 US$ per diem. Five days each are assumed. Air tickets are estimate in about 1300 US$

This trip should cover the participation’s researches and students in Conference in order to present the project’s results.

This proposal contemplate a possibility the a trip of Sweden by to train with the CVI instrument. The cost are estimate considering 100 US$ per diem. Ten days each are assumed. Air tickets are estimate in about 900 US$


b. DOMESTIC TRAVEL & FIELD TRIPS: Per Diem expenses related to domestics field trips must be justified. Provide a detailed schedule including transportation means to be used. Include a tentative calendar of national scientific meetings you plan to attend.

AMOUNTS (1000 CHP)

Fares Per Diem Purpose No. Days

2007 1.425 4.455 3 attendees to national conference

Trip by installations of sampling to SO2 and Standard Fog Collector in tree site of North of Chile

Testing measuring campaign (2 people, 15 days) plus logistic and exchange (1 people, 15 days)

5

9

30

2008 560

3.585 Testing measuring campaign (2 people, 15 days) plus logistic and exchange (2 people, 15 days)

30

2009 540 780 3 attendees to national conference

Research and exchange. Discussions of project’s results in La Serena

5

3

2010

Justification (for each year):

For the first and third year abroad three people (research and student), five days each are assumed by different National Conferences.

The cost are estimate considering 50000 CHP$ per diem. Bus tickets are estimate in about 50000 CHP$. Five days

During the first years is necessary travel to La Serena and Antofagasta for by to installed the SO2 sampler and Standard Fog Collector in tree sites of North of Chile.

During the summer (year one) and winter (year two) campaign, four people (research and student), will travel to site of north of Chile by to colleted aerosol and meteorological data during one month.

Fly tickets are estimated in about 140000 CHP$. The cost are estimate considering 35000 CHP$ per diem.

Finally, during the third year, exchange trips in Chile, between Santiago- La Serena, for discussing and writing papers and reports are considered.


VIII.5 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES: Specify and justify, for each proposal year the amounts requested, if applicable,

for the following items: computing-related items, reagents and other laboratory non-durable materials, field trip related expenses(vehicle rental, shipping charges, gasoline, lubricants, highway tolls), books purchases, scientific journals and subscription fees (all of which must be registered with the performing unit), scientific meetings registration fees, payments for services, hiring of occasional auxiliary personnel, publishing costs of proposal-derived papers on ISI-indexed journals or equivalent depending on the nature of the field. Operational cost Field experiment and monitoring The principals costs in this projects is relate with two field experiments in a coastal site in the north of Chile during the first and second year.

• The Physics Department, University of Chile will provide dichotomous sampler and MOUDI (see appendix 1). During each campaign (twenty one days), aerosols will be sampled in polycarbonate filters. We will use two boxes wits 100 filters each (ca. US$370 each) for a dichotomous sampler and MOUDI. Filter carrier by transports of samples from and to laboratory are necessary (ca US$ 150). The eighty four PIXE analysis will be performed at the Physics Department, University of Chile, at lowest cost possible (ca. UF 1,5 each). This will also require one SF6 gas (1400 kCHP$ for bottle). The 84-analysis cations and anions analysis will be performed by means of ion chromatography at National Center for Environment (CENMA) in Santiago (ca UF 1,5 each). The transportation costs associate to instruments from and to Antofagasta are estimate in ca. 500 kCHP$ each campaign.

• The passive tubes of SO2 will be analyzed at National Center for Environment (CENMA) in Santiago (ca. UF 0,4 each). During the annual campaign, there will be cost in connection with the transportation of person from and to cost site is ca. 95 kCHP$ per trip.

• The installation of Standard Fog Collector (FCS) and SO2 sampler will be realized during the

first years. The cost kCHP$ 668 include vehicle rental and gasoline.

• The cost associate to fly transport of CVI instruments of Sweden-Chile-Sweden is ca. kCHP $ 1.800.

Other costs Others costs considered are publications mostly at the end of the project (850 kCHP$), about 50 US$ per page depending of journal. Office supplies (500 kCHP for whole period). We assumed an exchange rate of 1US$ = 560 CHP


VIII.6. EQUIPMENT FOR EACH PERFORMING UNIT. Indicate the quantity and cost of each piece of equipment being requested. This amount(s) specified must include transportation, insurance and applicable import taxes costs. Non-durable, expendable items, must be included under Operational Expenses. Include at least one quotation/proforma invoice (Annex No. IX.2). No equipment purchase is allowed during the last execution year. a. Equipment specifications

Universidad de La Serena / Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas

RESEARCH UNIT (INSTITUTION / UNIVERSITY/ FACULTY/ DEPARTMENT) FONDECYT USE

Amounts (1000 CHP)

2007 2008 2009 TOTAL

ITEM Qty. 1000 CHP Qty. 1000 CHP Qty. 1000 CHP Qty. 1000 CHP

Desiccators Standard Fog Collector

1

3

500

450

TOTAL 950



Amounts (1000 CHP)

2007 2008 2009 TOTAL


Desiccators

1 500

TOTAL 500


Universidad de Chile/Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM)


Amounts (1000 CHP)

2007 2008 2009 TOTAL


High performace PC

1 1.000

TOTAL 1.000

b. EQUIPMENT JUSTIFICATION: Each piece of equipment requested must be clearly justified considering the proposal goals and intended work plan. In the Annex section include, at least one quotation or proforma invoice. Purchase of furniture or physical space furnishing is not allowed.

The desiccators are necessary for maintained of filters during the analysis and sample in La Serena and

Santiago

Standard Fog Collector (SFC) will be utilize by collected the fog in the tree site. The SFC is a

simple inexpensive fog collector and its use as a standard instruments. The large variability in fog

deposition rates with altitude and topography leads to the need for to collected in the tree site.

The measurement of fog will be compared with the weekly SO2 concentrations.

A high performance personal computer will be needed for carrying out the analyses of model

simulations and satellite data. The large volumen of data and the analysis of images makes it

necessary to count on a high performance device, and peripherics.


IX. ANNEXS

IX.1 ETHICAL, BIOSAFETY AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

All proposals, involving studies on human beings or genetic manipulation, must submit an approved report from each of the participating institutions Ethics Committee. In addition, a sample of the standard informed consent form1 that patients participating in the study will sign. FONDECYT reserves the right to request an independent ethics report. Proposals which include experimentation with animals must submit an approved report from the pertinent institution Bioethics Committee. Proposals which involve handling of pathogenic agents to human beings, animals or plants, recombinant DNA and/or radioisotopes or other risk elements, must consider biosafety measures as prescribed on “Manual de Normas de Bioseguridad”, edited by CONICYT in 1994. A copy of such manual may be requested from FONDECYT's Director. If a proposal does not appear to comply with the prescribed biosafety measures FONDECYT Councils may decide to reject it or subject its approval to the availability of adequate facilities to carry out the experiments. If your proposal involves studies on protected species, archaeological sites, wildlife protected areas (SNASPE), use of protected archival material, introduction of foreign animal or plant species, must attach written authorization from each institution or agency involved.

If applicable to your proposal, attach following this page, all required permissions, certifications and authorizations, In the event that the above documents are unavailable at the time of proposal submission, and to review it with all the information, you must mail them to FONDECYT no later than 30 September 2006. Non-compliance with these requirements may determine elimination from the competition.

1

The document must follow the discipline standards


IX.2 QUOTATIONS & PROFORMA INVOICES: If applicable, attach all quotations and proforma invoices supporting your funding request for equipment or other expenses.

FONDECYT NATIONAL RESEARCH FUNDING COMPETIFUNDING …lgallard/VOCALS/proyectos/OLD_june... · 2006....

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