Folder One Module One Plant Biotech No Log

7/31/2019 Folder One Module One Plant Biotech No Log

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Bio 131 Biotechnology and

SocietyWeek One

Plant Biotechnology


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What is plant biotechnology?

Thomas Fairchild Fairchilds mule


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Fairchilds mule gave birthto many

of todays hybrid flowersWhat is plant biotechnology?


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We have recently advanced our

knowledge ofgenetics to a point where we

can manipulate life

in a way never intended by

nature. We must

proceed with the utmost cautionin the application

of this new-found knowledge. LutherBurbankWhat is plant biotechnology?


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Burbank was apioneerin the development

ofseveral hybridplants in

the late 1800s andearly 1900s

plums

berries prunes

peaches

potatoesWhat is plant biotechnology?


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Selectivebreeding led tohigher-yielding

varieties.



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Modern cornTeosinte



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Gregor Johann Mendel



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Desired gene

Traditional plant breedingDNA is a strand of genes,much like a strand ofpearls. Traditional plantbreeding combines many

genes at once.

Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety

Desired Gene X =

(crosses)

(many genes are transferred)

Plant biotechnologyUsing plant biotechnology,

a single gene may beadded to the strand.Desired gene Commercial variety New variety

(transfers)=

Desired gene

(only desired gene is transferred)



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Plant biotechnology definition:

A precise process in

which scientific

techniques are used to

develop useful

and beneficial plants.



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More than 50 biotech food productshave been approved for commercial

use in the United States

Canola Corn

Cotton

Papaya

Potato

Soybeans

Squash

Sugarbeets

Sweet corn Tomato

Products on the market


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Four crops accounted for nearly all ofthe global biotech crop area in 2002

Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications

5%

12%

21%

62%

Canola

Cotton

Corn

Soybeans



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Four countries accounted for 99

percent* of the global biotech crop areain 2002

*Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Germany, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Romania, SouthAfrica, Spain and Uruguay accounted for the remaining 1 percent of biotech crop acres.


4%

6%

23%

66%

China

Canada

Argentina

United States



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Global plantings of biotech cropsincreased by 12 percent in 2002

58.7

52.6

1.711

27.8

44.239.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Global Area of GM Crops

MillionHectare

s



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Adoption rates for transgenic crops are

unprecedented

and are the highest for any new

technologies by

agricultural industry standards.

Clive James, Chair ofthe International Service

for the Acquisition ofAgri-biotech Applications



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Benefits ofbiotechnology

Better

food

Better for the

environment

More food


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More food

Current cultivars 4 billion pounds $1.5 billion 46 million pounds

Potential cultivars 10 billion pounds $1 billion 117 million pounds

Total 14 billion pounds $2.5 billion 163 million pounds

Yield increase Net economicimpact Pesticidereduction

Benefits of biotechnology More food


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More food

Source: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy


Bt corn 3.5 billion poundyield increase and $125million in additional income

Bt cotton 185 million poundyield increase and $102million in additional income

Biotech soybeans $1 billionin additional income throughproduction cost savings


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Products in the pipeline

Pest- and disease-resistant cassava

Agronomicbenefits


Disease-resistantbananas

Disease-resistantsweet potatoes

Oranges resistant

to citrus canker


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Source: C.S. Prakash, Center for Plant Biotechnology Research, Tuskegee University, Alabama

Agricultural yield increases are

declining

Developing countries World Developed countries0

1

2

3

Percentage

peryear

196719821982199419952020



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By 2025, there will

be another 2 billionmouths to feed

United NationsPopulation Fund



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Distribution of world

population growthto 2010

South America 8%Africa 35%

Asia 51%

Former Soviet Union 0%

Europe 0%

NorthAmerica 5%



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NorthAmerica 27%

South America 9%Africa 6%

Asia 32%

Former Soviet Union 4%

Europe 24%

growth

to 2010



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More foodwill be needed

to feed agrowing globalmiddle class


Developed world(EU, U.S., Japan) Population: 1 billion Income: $5,000+

Developing world

(Asia, Latin America) Population: 4.2 billion Income: $400 -$5,000

Impoverished areas(Africa) Population: 800million Income:


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Farmers will need to at least doubleproduction over the next 25 years to

meet increased demand.

Consultative Groupon InternationalAgricultural Research



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Without an increase in farm productivity, an additional

4 billion acres of arable land will need to come under

the plow by 2050. C.S. Prakash, founder and

president of the nonprofitAgBioWorld Foundation



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Better food

HerbicideResistantsoybeans

Pest Resistantbt corn

Virus resistantpapya

Benefits of biotechnology Better food


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Products in the pipelineEnhanced nutritional qualities

Tomatoes enrichedwith flavonols

Soybean and canolaoils with higher levelsof vitamin E

Vitamin-enriched rice Decaffeinated coffee



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Products in the pipelineEnhanced nutritional qualities

I think in the long term we will

have foods that are less hazardousbecause biotechnology will

have eliminated or diminished

their allergenicity.

Steve Taylor, Ph.D.Department of Food Science and Technology,University of Nebraska



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Products in the pipelineFunctional foods

Bananas to delivera hepatitis vaccine


Apples to protectagainst RespiratorySyncytial virus

Potatoes to protectagainst cholera, E. coliand Norwalk virus


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Better for the environment

The results clearly show that

soil, air and water quality are

enhanced through theresponsible use of current

biotechnology-derived soybean,

corn and cotton crops.

Teresa Gruber, executive directorof the Council for AgriculturalScience and Technology (CAST)

Benefits of biotechnology Environment


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Conservation tillage improves

wildlife habitat, water quality

Nearly three-fourths

of no-till soybean

acres and 86 percentof no-till cotton acres

were planted with

biotech varieties.

Source: Conservation Technology Information Center



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Better for the environment

Iowa farmer Roy Bardole

We have wildlife on the farm todaythat my dad has never seen before,

and hes over 90 years old.



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Government Regulation

35


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World Health Organization

American Dietetic Association

Institute of Food Technologists

American Medical Association


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The College supports the use of biotechnology todevelop food crops that contribute to global food

security and enhance the safety and nutritionalvalue of the food supply.

American College of NutritionStatement on Crop Biotechnology


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There is no reason to suppose that the process offood production through biotechnology leads to risks

of a different nature than those ... created byconventional breeding.

Society of ToxicologyStatement on the Safety

of Foods ProducedThrough Biotechnology


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Biotechnology experts believe that the currentregimen of tests has been adequate for ensuring

that GM foods marketed to consumers are as safeas conventional foods.

General Accounting Office


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Indeed, the use of more precise technologyand the greater regulatory scrutiny probably

make them [biotech foods] even safer thanconventional plants and foods.

European Commissionresearch report


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USDA report saysimpact of Btcornon butterflies isnegligible


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Increasing production on existing land

preserves forests, enhancing biodiversityU.N. report says biodiversitywill be threatened on

72 percent of global landarea in 30 years.


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Biotech foods are labeled when they

are significantly different from theirconventional counterparts


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USDA Organic Seal program provides

consumers with choices


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Hybrid wheat gave birth to agriculture and some

say civilization itself. Jacob Bronowski, author

The Ascent of Man


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Plant biotechnology representsthe next leap forward


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Making progress

India approves plantingof biotech cotton

U.N. report says Genetically ModifiedOrganisms (GMOs) could be breakthroughtechnology for developing countries

African scientists call biotech a majoropportunity to enhance the productionof food crops


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Making progress Biotech crops boost farm income,

yields Reuters Biotechnology tastes sweeter and

sweeter Omaha World Herald

Biotech crops, an environmental allyAkron Beacon Journal

Biotech food great for farmers, eatersThe Spokesman Review

Biotech crop report cites benefits forfood production, environment

Feedstuffs Genetic crops could help reduce

pesticides UPI

Biotech holds great promise for beetsGrand Forks Herald

CBI


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We are increasingly encouraged that the advantagesof genetic engineering of plants and animals are

greater than the risks. ... We cannot agree with theposition of some groups that say it is against the willof God to meddle with the genetic make-up of plantsand animals.

Bishop Elio Sgreccia,vice president of thePontifical Academy for Life


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The more people know, the more they

support biotechnology

32%

51%

50%

67%

Heard some or a lot

Heard little or nothing

Percentage who support biotechnology to...

Develop new

varieties ofcrops

Geneticallymodify foods

Jul. 02

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