Focal Plane Array (Flash) LIDAR€¦ · Focal Plane Array (APD-FPA) Microchannel Plate Detectors...
Transcript of Focal Plane Array (Flash) LIDAR€¦ · Focal Plane Array (APD-FPA) Microchannel Plate Detectors...
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Focal Plane Array (Flash) LIDAR
Lewis Graham CTO, GeoCue Corporation 9668 Madison Blvd., Suite 202 Madison, AL 35758 USA 01-256-461-8289 [email protected] www.geocue.com
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SOME INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS
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Laser Imaging, Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
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Speed of light is constant, in a vacuum (Albert Einstein – 1905)
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Why LASER? (why not just a flashlight)?
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Spatially Coherent – low beam divergence
Temporally Coherent – short pulses
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It’s all about timing … • Light travels ~3 x 1010 cm in one second. • Light travels ~30 cm in 1 nanosecond (10-9 sec) • Light travels 1 cm in ~33.33 picoseconds (10-12 sec)
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A nanosecond is about 1 foot
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… and Position … (X, Y, Z)
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GPS error is constant with respect to range
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… and Attitude… (Pitch, Yaw, Roll)
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You have to have a good attitude to do proper LIDAR … Attitude errors are
magnified by range
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…and mechanicals …
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… and planning …
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Clockwise from Top: Range, Intensity (I), Range modulated by (I)
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Warning! - The following information is full of my supposition and extrapolation – use at your own risk!!
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First, some Physics…
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Photon – light particle (Max Plank, 1901)
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• “particle” of electromagnetic radiation (“light”) • Speed = 3 x 108 m/s, in a vacuum • Rest mass = 0 • Charge = 0 • Cannot be directly detected
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Stimulated Emission (laSEr) (A. Einstein, 1917)
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Billions and Billions….
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There are about 5 x 1014
photons in a single Airborne Laser Scanning pulse
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Photoelectric Effect - Detecting (Discovered: Heinrich Hertz – 1887; Explained: A. Einstein – 1905)
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Secondary Ionization - Amplifying (John Townsend – 1897)
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Photomultiplier Tube
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Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Topo
Bathy
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Doping versus λ
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1,064 nm ! Topo
532 nm ! Bathy
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FOCAL PLANE ARRAY (FLASH) LIDAR
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Focal Plane Array (Flash) LIDAR
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Array Detector Approaches
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Avalanche Photo Diode Focal Plane Array (APD-FPA)
Microchannel Plate Detectors (MCP-PMT)
Nano electron injection
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Avalanche Photo Detectors (APD)
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Courtesy Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc.
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An Avalanche Photo Detector (Focal Plane Array, FPA)
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Linear-mode vs. Geiger-mode • APDs can be operated in linear-mode or Geiger-mode • Geiger-mode provides much more sensitivity • Linear-mode can produce intensity images
1!
10!
100!
M!
Breakdown!0!
Ordinary photodiode!
Linear-mode APD!
Geiger-mode APD!
Response to a photon!
M!1!∞! I(t)!
(Image Credit: D.F Figer.)
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Single Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD)
PIN Diode APD
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ASC DragonEye
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• Linear mode 128 x 128 InGaAs APD
• 45◦ x 45◦ FOV • 1.5 km range • Size: 11.2 cm x 13.2 cm x 11.9 cm • Mass ~ 3 kg • 1570 nm, Class 1 laser • Repetition - Nominal 5 Hz, up to
30 Hz possible
Avalanche Photo Detector configured in linear mode
Courtesy – Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc.
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LIDAR Video
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Courtesy Advanced Scientific Concepts
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Microchannel Plate Detector
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Also referred to as “image intensifiers”, this technology is used in night vision equipment
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Sigma Space
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• Multiple laser beamlets • Returns from individual beamlets are imaged into a pixelated
detector. • Each pixel output is input to one channel of a Sigma-built high
resolution (< 100 psec), multi-stop timer to form a 3D image on each pulse. Individual images are mosaiced together by the aircraft motion and an optical scanner.
• A high speed scanner is synchronized to the laser pulse train and can generate a wide variety of patterns. The transmitter and receiver share a common telescope and scanner.
• Channel recovery time (detector plus electronics) is only 1.6 nsec (or ~ 24 cm) , compared to 10’s or 100’s of nsec in Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) systems.
• System operates in full day light, and can record multiple events per pixel channel per shot.
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Parameter Specification Beams 100 Wavelength 532 nm Laser Repetition Rate 25 kHz Lase Pulsewidth 700 psec Laser Output Power 1.5W Pixels/sec 2.5 Millon Eye safety Eye safe by FAA standards Multiple Return Capabillity Yes Pixel Recovery Time 1.6 nsec RMS Range Precision ± 5 cm Scan Patterns linear, conical Scan Width 0 to 40 degrees (selectable) Operational Altitude Range * 6.5 - 10 kft Swath vs AGL** (at maximum scan angle) 1.3 to 2 Km Areal Coverage vs AGL ** (at maximum scan angle and 200 Knots) 400 to 640 Km2 / hr single pass
Mean Point Density 12 to 8 per sq meter, single pass, with 15% reflectivity
Size 19 W x 25 D x 33 H inches Weight 50 lbs Prime Power 555 W
* higher altitude possible, but with lower mean points/m2 density
Sigma Space - HRQLS (High Resolution Quantum Lidar System) Specifications:
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mileskm
3060
SPL 3D mapping of Garrett County, MD, 1700 Sq Km 50% overlap, 12 hrs total (including ferry and turns)
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Common Issues • Jitter • Dark Current • Ambient contributions (stray light) • Stochastic nature of the avalanche • Recovery time (particularly in Geiger mode)
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A different approach… Nano-electron injection
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Why do we care?
• Higher point collection speeds – parallel processing as compared to single beam systems
• Framing geometry – higher achievable accuracy • Lower complexity systems design • Geiger mode offers some very interesting ‘imaging’
scenarios of extremely low return energy collections – Very high altitude – Deep vegetation penetration – think distribution wires!!
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Why do we care (cont.) • sUAS deployed LIDAR • Integrated LIDAR/Imaging sensors – true 3D
cameras on a chip!
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Commercial Players… • Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc. • Princeton Lightwave
– Commercialization of the MIT Lincoln Labs work • Sigma Space Corporation • Spectrolab (Boeing)
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Economic Driver?
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Special Thanks to: • Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc.
– www.advancedscientificconcepts.com • Sigma Space Corporation
– www.sigmaspace.com • Northwestern University
– www.northwestern.edu
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Thank You!
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