PROJECT REPORT ON

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-

+2 NON MED. CHEMISTRY ROLL NO. 2 TEACHER

SACRED HEART SR. SEC. SCHOOL MANDI GOBINDGARH

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SESSION 2009-2010

This is to certificate that AJAY KUMAR of +2 NON MEDICAL of SACRED HEART R. SEC. School has successfully completed practical study of class 12th chemistry on the topic To Study The Foaming Capacity of Soap. It further certificate that is his original work

I greatful acknowledge the help i recived from my teacher

. I am also thankful to my school

for use of refrence books in library from where I gained valuable material, Ncert book was also very helpful. I also thanks to our worthy

principal providing me all facilities required for the project

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acid. The higher fatty acids may be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid (C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has liophilic (oil soluble) part and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part. When soaps is a shaken with water it produces foam which is responsible for removal of dirt. A soap which produce more foam is more affective in cleansing.

The cleansing action of soap can be explained keeping in mind that a soap molecule contain a non-polar liophilic gp &a polar hydrophilic gp. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl gp dissolve in oil droplet while the polar (COO-)gp remain dissolve in water in this way each oil droplet is surrounded by a negative charge. These oil droplet containing dirt particle can be washed away with water.

Washing or cleansing action of a soap dec. in hard water. Hard water contain Ca2+ & Mg2+

which interact with soap to form curdy ppt of Ca & Mg salt of higher fatty acid.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca ↓ + 2Na+

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2Mg ↓ + 2Na+

The hardness of the water can be removed by adding washing soda(Na2CO3) where by calcium and magnesium ions gets precipitated as their carbonates.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

1.The objective of this project is to compare the foaming capacities of diff. samples of soaps & to study the effect addition of washing soda (Na2CO3) on the foaming capacity of soap.

2.Study the effect of addition of sod. Carbonate (washing soda) on the foaming capacity of soap.

Compare the foaming capacity of diff. sample of soap.

REQUIREMENTS:

100ml conical flask with corks, 20ml test tubes, 100ml measuring cyl., test tube stand, weight box & stop watch and diff. samples of soaps & distilled water.

THEORY:

There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming capacity of soaps. Solution of diff. soaps are prepared by dissolving their equal weight & vol. of distilled water. These sol. r shaken vigorously to produce foam & then they r allowed to stand longer the time taken for the dissapearence of foaming in a given sample of, greater is it foaming capacity.

PROCEDURE:

Weigh 0.5 g of each of the diff. sample of soap provided to you.

Dissolve each of these weigh sample in 50ml of distilled water separately, in diff. conical flask. Label the sol. obt. 1,2,3,….

Take 20ml test tube & add 100ml distilled water to each of them. Then add 1ml of diFf. Soap sol. separately in diff. test tube and correspondingly mark the test tube as 1,2,3….

Cork test tube no.1 tightly & shake it vigorously for 1 minute. Place the test tube stand & starts the stop watch immideatly. Note time in which foam just disappear.

Similarly, note the time for the dissapearence of foam in the order test tube & record the observation.

OBSERVATION:

Weight of the each sample taken = 0.5 g. Vol. of distilled water taken for preparing sol. of each sample = 50ml.

Test tube no.

Brand name of the soap

Time taken of dissapearence of foam

1 LUX 210 MINUTES2 HAMAN 205 MINUTES3 DETTOL 190 MINUTES4 FENA 150 MINUTES

CONCLUSION:

The soap for which time taken for dissapearence of foam is max. has max. foaming capacity & is best quality soap among the soap tested.

LUX > HAMAN > DETTOL > FENA

Study the effect of addition of sod. Carbonate (washing soda) on the foaming capacity of soap.

REQUIREMENTS: 100ml conical flask with corks, 20ml test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weight box & stop watch and diff. samples of soaps & distilled water.

THEORY:

Ca & Mg ion present in the tap water interfere in the foaming capacity of the soap. These ion combine with soap & form the insoluble salt which get precipitated.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca ↓ + 2Na+

therefore, in the presence of these ions the foaming capacity of soap dec.

When sod. Carbonate is added to tap water, Ca & Mg ions get precipitated as their carbonate. Therefore, in the presence of sod. carbonate

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Mg2+ + Na2 CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Foaming capacity of water increases. In order to demonstrate this the foaming capacity of the given sample of soap will be determine, first in distilled water then in tap water & finally in tap water containing sod. Carbonate.PROCEDURE:

Weigh 0.5g of the given sample of soap & dissolve it in 50ml of distilled water taken in a conical flask.

Take three test tube and label them as 1,2,3… .To the first tube add 10ml of distilled water, to the second add 10ml of tap water & to the third add 5ml of tap water & 5ml of M|10 Na2CO3 sol.

To each of the test three tube add 1ml of soap sol.

Cork the test tube no.1 tightly & shake vigorously for 1 minute. Place the test tube in test tube stand & start the stop watch immediately. Note the time in which the foam just disappear.

Similarly, note the time for the dissapearence of foam in the remaining two test tube & record the observation.

OBSERVATION:Weight of soap taken= 0.5g Vol. of distilled water taken for preparing solution = 50ml.

Test tube no.

Water used Vol. of soap sol.

Time taken of dissapearence of soap

1 10ml distilled water

0.5 G 195 MINUTES

2 10ml tap water 0.5 G 210 MINUTES3 5ml tap water +

5ml Na2CO3 sol.0.5 G 250 MINUTES

CONCLUSION:

Foaming capacity of soap is max. in distilled water. The foaming capacity of tap water inc. on the addition of sod. Carbonate.

1.Comprehensive practical chemistry

Dr. N.K. Verma B.K. Vermani Dr. Neera Verma K.K. Rehani

2.Pradeep practicle chemistry