*FM 34-37FIELD MANUALNO. 34-37

HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWashington, DC, 15 January 1991

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 34-37, 30 September 1987.

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Preface

In the mid-seventies, twoevents created a void inechelons above corps (EAC)intelligence doctrine and forcestructure : the transi t ion ofArmy doctrine from field Armyto EAC and the implementationof decisions resulting from theIntelligence Organization andStationing Study. In 1982, theArmy Chief of Staff approvedthe changes resulting from thisdocument for planningpurposes. During this time, USArmy Intelligence and SecurityCommand (INSCOM) completed theEAC Intelligence, Security, andElectronic Warfare ArchitectureStudy . This was the basedocument for EAC intelligenceand electronic warfare (IEW)force development. FM 100-16,published in April 1985,incorporated key IEW doctrinalprinciples .

This manual applies thoseprinciples to the MilitaryIntell igence (MI) brigades(EAC) that support IEW indif ferent theaters . Thebrigades are the critical partsof the IEW structureestablished at EAC. The IEWfunctions of the MI brigades(EAC) forge the links with theEAC staff, the echelons abovecorps intell igence center(EACIC), echelons corps andbelow (ECB), other MI brigadeelements, other services, andnat ional level inte l l igenceagencies.

This manual provides thedoctrine for EAC IEWoperations, includingorganizations, missions,functions, and capabilit ies ofMI organizations at EAC. This

manual further supports Armydoctrine described in FM 100-5and FM 100-20.

This manual is not designednor intended to be adescr ipt ive tact ics ,techniques, and procedures(TTP) manual. The uniquenessof the EAC theaters in whichthe IEW units are locatedprohibits such a task. Thegeographical and operationalfocus of the theaters, alongwith command and NationalCommand Authorities (NCA)guidance, or ients the speci f icIEW support missions; forexample, functional andregional tailoring to bestachieve the assigned mission.

Chapter 1 describes how thegeneral political and militaryenvironment of theaters ofoperation are formed. I t a l s odescribes how the IEW structureforms to the operational levelfocus of the theaters andsupports the Army’s AirLandBattle Doctrine and IEWdoctrinal principles andtasks . Al l inte l l igencedisciplines have been includedin the functional description.

The remainder of the manualdiscusses the organization ofthe MI brigades (EAC) under thenew “L” series tables oforganization and equipment(TOEs) . These TOEs provide theframework for describing themissions and functions of thebrigade and its subordinateuni ts . These TOEs may beaugmented with tables ofdistribution and allowances(TDAs) force structures.However, such TDA organizations

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are theater dependent and arenot included in this manual.

This manual is forcommanders, staff, and keypersonnel of all EACorganizations--combat, combatsupport (CS), and combatservice support (CSS) . I tdescribes the organization andfunctions of theater level IEWunits and how they support theformulation of operationallevel inte l l igence . It thuslends support to theoperational planning by allArmy units within theirfunctional missions. It shouldalso be used by members ofUnited States Army Training andDoctrine Command (TRADOC)service schools and othermilitary organizations.

The proponent of thispublication is HQ, USAICS.Send comments andrecommendations on DA Form 2028(Recommended Changes toPublications and Blank Forms)directly to Commander, US ArmyIntelligence Center and School(USAICS), ATTN: ATSI-TD-DP,Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7000.

This manual complies withSTANAG 2084. It does notimplement any internationalstandardization agreement.

Unless this publicationstates otherwise masculinenouns and pronouns do not referexclusively to men.

This publication does notcontain copyrighted material.

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CHAPTER 1

FORMULATION OF ARMY THEATERINTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUPPORT

The focus of this manual ison the MI brigades (EAC).These brigades are found in, orare focused upon, operationaltheaters worldwide where USforces may be employed tosupport or protect US nationalsecurity interests and/or thoseof our Allies. In order torecognize the important role MIbrigades (EAC) play in thesetheaters, one must f irstunderstand other factors whichinfluence and shape militarypolicy within the theaters.

AirLand Battle Doctrinerequires that the IEW systemprovide timely and accuratemult idisc ipl ine inte l l igence ,electronic warfare (EW), andcounter inte l l igence (CI) to a l lechelons. To ensure victory onthe battlefield, the campaignplan in a theater of operationscalls for the achievement ofthe theater ' s s t rategic goals .The success of the IEW missionto support attaining thesegoals depends on detailedplanning and execution of allphases of IEW operations.

THEATER OPERATIONALCONSIDERATIONS

National strategy is theplan or expression of thecoordinated use of nationalpower which includes political,economic, psychological, andmilitary power during peace,crisis, or war to securenat ional ob ject ives . I t i sbased on both national

capabilit ies and threats to thenation and on a thoroughassessment of potentialenemies.

Military power in supportof national strategy is basedon deterring and, if thisfails , successfully executingassigned missions. UnifiedCommanders in Chief (CINCs)execute the use of militarypower in support of US nationals trategy. Their s t rategicguidance is expressed in termso f - -

o Aims (to deter or, ifnecessary, to fight and win).

o Resources (the forces andsustainment allocated to aregion).

o Limiting factors (whatthey must do and cannot do inapplying those forces).

Military strategy is thecombination of militaryobjectives (ends), militaryconcepts (ways), and militaryforce (means) to achievenational security policyobject ives . Ef fec t ive mi l i tarystrategy includes all aspectsof preparing military power forits most effective applicationon a global or regional scaleto achieve or secure nationalob ject ives . The CINC’smission, then, is to t ranslatethe strategic guidance receivedinto operational terms so thathe and subordinate commanderscan apply military power

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through deterrence or, fail ingthat, the conduct of combatoperations.

LEVELS OF WARFARE

For the Army, militarystrategy, operational art , andtactics are the broad divisionsof activity used to describethe operational continuum ofwarfare. A successful strategyachieves national and alliancepol i t ica l ob ject ives withminimal cost in lives andmoney.

These three act iv i t ies , inthe context of AirLand BattleDoctrine, have been describedas perspectives of theoperational continuum. (Theconcept of “levels” has becomesynonymous with that of“perspective.“) Each of theselevels generates its ownimplications for IEW planning.Additional details on thelevels of warfare are inFM 100-5 and FM 100-20.

Strategic Level

The strategic levelincludes US national strategyto deter nuclear attack againstthe US and its Allies; theconventional defense of alla l l ies ; the defense ofcontinental United States(CONUS); and the ability todeal with other contingenciesat the lower end of theoperational continuum (forexample, low-intensityc o n f l i c t s [ L I C s ] ) .

Operational Level

The operational levelcreates the link betweennational and military strategy;

hence, the application ofcombat to defeat an enemy.I t - -

o Sets the objectives andpattern of mi l i tary act iv i ty .This is generally characterizedby maneuver of large unitsagainst an enemy’s centers ofgravi ty .

o Focuses on attainingstrategic goals in a theater ofwar or theater of operationsthrough the design,organization, and conduct ofcampaigns and major operations.

o Frequently emphasizesjoint and combined operationsto achieve ultimate success.

Tactical Level

The tactical level includesthe tactics and techniques usedby maneuver units (corps andbelow) to destroy the enemy orseize objectives during battlesand engagements.

STRUCTURE OF A THEATER FORCE

The operational activitiesdescribed above create thebackdrop for understanding ArmyIEW support to EAC. The Army,as the land-based component ofAirLand Battle Doctrine, isforward deployed into theunified theaters around theworld. The Army force istailored according to thenature of the military threat,as well as political , economic,psychological, and geographicf a c t o r s . These five “factorsof power” affect the conduct ofwarfare and mold the CINC’smilitary strategy for thetheater . Hence, they have a

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direct effect on the theaterArmy component commander’smission planning.

OPERATIONAL LEVELINTELLIGENCE

By definition, IEW EACorganizations perform theirfunctions at the operationall e v e l . In executinginte l l igence operat ionalresponsibilit ies, the IEWorganization must support boththe CINC’s operational planningand the intell igencerequirements of Army forcescharged with conducting thoseoperations. The CINC andcomponent theater commandersmust consider the above factorsinto their military strategy toidentify enemy centers ofgravity and targets that, whenattacked, will impact on thesecenters . They must also beconsidered to protect friendlycenters of gravity. IEWsupport to the theater mustconcentrate on identifyingthese centers of gravity.

The NCA, through the JointStrategic Capabilit ies Plan(JSCP)--

o Provides the planningguidance for developing theateroperations plans.

o Develops strategicconcepts and establishesmil i tary ob jec t ives .

o Identifies resources foremploying and sustainingtheater forces in peacetime andwartime.

The military strategy,force structure, and

intell igence requirements ofeach theater are unique.Differences within each theaterof war include--

o The nature of alliances.

o Enemy militaryc a p a b i l i t i e s .

o Polit ical and militaryobject ives in theater .

o Geography.

o Popular support for USstrategic ob ject ives .

Campaign planning definesthe organization of resourcesrequired to defeat enemycenters of gravity. I t i sbased on a thoroughunderstanding of the political ,economic, geographic, anddemographic features of aregion.

Figure 1-1 shows how theArmy IEW system focuses supporton the Army’s operational forcestructures . The diminishinglength of the l ines indicatesthe relative value of theinte l l igence to the di f ferentlevels of the structure ofwarfare. The figure shows thatthe greatest amount of bothtact ica l and s trategicintell igence occurs at theoperational level. I t i s herethat the integration processhas the most influence onmil i tary s t rategy.

T a c t i c a l i n t e l l i g e n c e i sformed from combat informationand analytical processes ofunits involved in tacticaloperations. S t r a t e g i cintell igence is generated by

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national intell igence agenciesand is sent down to operationalforces . The IEW systemconnects strategic and tacticali n t e l l i g e n c e a c t i v i t i e s ,supporting the combat forces atall echelons.

Operational levelintell igence is required forplanning and conductingcampaigns within a theater. Atthe operational level,intell igence concentrates oncollecting and analyzinginformation that identifies andlocates strategic andoperational centers ofgravity. Successful attack ofthese centers achieves friendlypolitical and theater

m i l i t a r y - s t r a t e g i c o b j e c t i v e s .Also , i n t e l l i g e n c e a c t i v i t i e sare focused on analyzing enemymil i tary capabi l i t ies , probableintent ions , v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s ,weaknesses, and political andmil i tary interests in theregion.

DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES

The IEW system’s doctrinefor EAC IEW organizationsapplies to every echelon,regardless of where theyoperate. The IEW systemprovides for specific IEWstructures, beginning at thearmored cavalry regiment (ACR)or separate brigade level andending at the departmental or

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nat ional level . The IEWstructure at each echelon isdesigned primarily to supportthe combat commander at thatechelon. The IEW structure atsuccessively higher echelons isalso designed to support IEWunits at echelons below it.

The IEW architecture hasbeen developed as a mutuallysupporting system providingconnectivity, cooperation, andcoordination among IEWs t r u c t u r e s a t a l l e c h e l o n s . I trecognizes that IEW operationsat each echelon are notindependent. IEW operations athigher echelons assist lowerechelons in meeting theirmission objectives.

The IEW principles thatguide mutual support are--

o Operating on a 24-hourb a s i s .

o Basing operationalelements to facil i tate ap e a c e - t o - c o n f l i c t t r a n s i t i o n .

o Dedicating communicationlinks to ensure timely supportto all echelons and adjacentforces .

o Employing in an economyof force each echelon's finiteIEW assets according to thesupported force commander’sp r i o r i t i e s .

ECHELON INTERDEPENDENCE

The dependence eachechelon’s IEW organization hason higher commands and eachechelon 's responsibi l i ty tosubordinate commands is bestexplained by how a commander

views the battlefield. Al lcommanders view the battlefieldin terms of time, space, andarea. These factors influencea commander’s informationrequirements.

The battlefield commander’sarea of operation (AO) includesall the territory he canpresently attack or defend.The commander’s area ofinterest (AI) extends beyondthe AO to include areas inwhich enemy forces capable ofaffecting future operations arefound. These areas haveinfluenced how IEW structuresat different echelons areorganized. The IEWorganizations which are organicto force echelons concentratetheir resources on providingintell igence regarding theirAO. It then requests from anddepends on the IEW organizationat the next higher echelon forintell igence regarding its AI.

The AO and AI of a theaterwill be defined according tothe guidelines above and themissions assigned to thetheater commander. In anon- l inear bat t le f ie ldsituation, these guidelinesmight more appropriatelytranslate into c i rc les ; theradii of which would correspondto the guidelines.

At EAC intelligence supportfor the theater AI comes fromdepartment level, otherservices, and nationalagencies. The EAC IEWstructure is organized tomanage this vast coordinatione f f o r t . The result is gettingthe right intell igence into the

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hands of the commander tosupport his decision-makingprocess.

INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONICWARFARE SUPPORT TO

AIRLAND BATTLE

Successful AirLand Battlewarfare i s inte l l igencedependent. Intelligence is oneof the seven battlefieldoperating systems discussed inFM 71-100 and FM 100-15.

Inte l l igence i s v i ta l tothe CINC's operational design.Commanders must orient ondecisive objectives (which maybe centers of gravity), conductprecise planning, and remainflexible enough to aggressivelyexploit dynamic opportunitieson the bat t le f ie ld . The IEWstructure at EAC supports allfour tenets of AirLand Battle(see FM 100-5).

Success at the operationallevel will depend on the Army'sability to fight in accordancewith the basic tenets of theAirLand Battle Doctrine. IEWoperations must orient onidentifying where on thebattlefield the Army commandercan commit his forces toachieve decisive results.Effective IEW operationssupport each AirLand Battletenet and help the commandergain control of time.

INITIATIVE

Innovative plans andoperations are executed byleaders using IEW informationto force the enemy to react tothe friendly battle plan.

Risks are minimized throughaccurate and completeinte l l igence , which c lear lydistinguishes facts fromassumptions and estimates. IEWoperations determine likelyenemy courses of action whichallow commanders toaggressively exploitbat t le f ie ld opportuni t ieswithin the framework of themission. IEW operationssupport retention of theini t ia t ive by ant ic ipat ingfuture events.

AGILITY

Battles are accepted ordeclined because intell igenceidentifies where an enemy isvulnerable. IEW operationsseek to eliminate battlefielduncertainties and to providecommanders the intelligencethey require to “read thebattlefield” and make quickdecis ions . Based onintell igence and the friendlycampaign plan, commandersrapidly maneuver their forces,mass for operations, anddisperse for protection. Thiskeeps the enemy off balance.

DEPTH

The commander uses IEW toplan and bring combat power tobear at each phase of theoperation. IEW operationssupport future friendlyoperations by gatheringintelligence beyond theimmediate battle area.Intelligence supports theexecution of the commander’scampaign plan, throughout thedepth of offensive or defensiveoperations.

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SYNCHRONIZATION

Intelligence helps create auni ty of e f for t in e f fect ivestaf f planning, ref lect ingclear understanding of thecommander’s intentions. I t i sref lected in integrated s taf factions and supports thesynchronized activities ofmaneuver units. IEW operationssupport the commander’s abilityto achieve relative combatpower at the decisive point.They provide intelligence onthe time-space relationshipswhich impact on his decisionsand information on the relationbetween friendly and enemyc a p a b i l i t i e s .

Effective IEW operationsprovide the commander with oneof the most important factorsaf fect ing mi l i taryoperations--time. Time affectsevery facet of bat t le ( forexample, interdiction andmaneuver) at the operationall e v e l . It can be the decisivefactor necessary for acommander to defeat an enemyforce . Intell igence helps thecommander gain control of time.

THEATER INTELLIGENCE ANDELECTRONIC WARFARE TASKS

IEW operations at EAC areaimed at accomplishing fivetasks to produce operationall e v e l i n t e l l i g e n c e : s i tuat iondevelopment, targetdevelopment, EW, security anddeception, and indications andwarning (I&W). See FM 34-3 formore information aboutsituation development.

SITUATION DEVELOPMENT

Situation development is a

continuing estimate of thesituation that projects enemyintentions and the effects ofthe weather and terrain.Situation development beginswith intelligence preparationof the bat t le f ie ld ( IPB) . IPBstarts well before any combatoperations begin. It enablesthe supported commander to seethe entire theater AO,including the communicationszone (COMMZ), in sufficienttime and detail to generate theappropriate forces to executethe theater commander'scampaign plan. This task alsoprovides warning to the corpsof follow-on elements enteringthe corps AI and warning to theTheater Army Area Command(TAACOM) on the level of threatto the COMMZ. IPB is discussedfully in FM 34-130.

TARGET DEVELOPMENT

Target development providescombat information, targetingdata, and correlated targetinformation which supports thecommander’s campaign plan.Target development at EACfocuses on significant eventsand act iv i t ies ,mi l i tary-s trategic andp o l i t i c a l i s s u e s , a l l i a n c erelationships, and campaignstyles of enemy commanders toyield centers of gravity. Theanalysis of these factors couldyield operational level targetsfor the theater commander.Target development can beoriented on the identificationof enemy special weaponsystems, including nuclear,b i o l o g i c a l , and chemical (NBC);command and control (C²)systems; and other high-valuetargets (HVTs) or high-payofftargets (HPTs). See FM 34-3

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for more information abouttarget development.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE

EW is military action todetermine, exploi t , d isrupt , orprevent hostile use of theelectromagnetic (EM) spectrumand protect friendly use ofi t . EW includes--

o Electronic warfaresupport measures (ESM).

o Electroniccountermeasures (ECM).

o Electronic counter-Countermeasures (ECCM).

EAC IEW operations help focusthe EW resource allocationprocess for intelligence forcesin the theater AO. Theoperational commander mustdirect the limited EW efforttoward targets vulnerable toEW, which have the highestpayoff and are within thecommander's capability toat tack . See FM 34-40 for moreinformation about EW.

SECURITY AND DECEPTION

The realm of securityoperations is focused onprotecting the force,regardless of size or theater.It involves preventing orhindering the intell igencecol lect ion act iv i t ies of anenemy force directed atfriendly forces on theb a t t l e f i e l d . It also includescountering the various foreigninte l l igence services (FISs)whose peacetime collection

activities continue duringmilitary operations. Deceptionoperations are important combatmultipliers during militaryoperations. IEW supportfurnishes the information aboutan enemy force that deceptionplanners require to implementthese operations. E f f e c t i v edeceptions and tight operationssecurity (OPSEC) enhance combatpower by confusing the enemyand reducing his foreknowledgeof friendly actions. SeeFM 34-60 for more informationabout security operations andFM 90-2 for more informationabout battlefield deception.See FM 90-2A(S) for informationabout electronic deception.

INDICATIONS AND WARNING

I&W information is used todevelop and refine regionalindicator lists of enemyactivities and possibleintent ions . It is derived fromi n t e l l i g e n c e a c t i v i t i e s t h a tdetect and report time-sensi t ive inte l l igenceinformation of foreigndevelopments. Thesedevelopments could pose threatsto US or Allied military,p o l i t i c a l , or economici n t e r e s t , or to US citizensabroad. See FM 34-1 forinformation about I&W.

INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONICWARFARE CONNECTIVITY

Effective IEW operationsrequire substantialcommunications to support thetechnical interface requiredbetween all echelons in the IEWstructure . To establish this

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interface, tasking andreporting channels areestablished between EAC andECB . The theater G2disseminates all-sourceintelligence products andpasses collection requirementsto corps G2s over thesechannels. Conversely, thecorps G2s request intelligenceinformation from the theater G2who includes tacticalintell igence requirements inthe EAC collection plans.

Separate signalsintelligence (SIGINT) channels,as provided by Army technicalcontrol and analysis element(TCAE) centers, also supportthe inte l l igence inter facebetween EAC and ECB. Thisinterface requires dedicatedcommunications channelsseparate from C² andoperational channels. They areused to--

o Exchange humanintelligence (HUMINT), SIGINTtechnical and target data,imagery intelligence (IMINT),technical inte l l igence(TECHINT), measurement andsignature inte l l igence(MASINT), and multidisciplinecounterintelligence (MDCI)operational data.

o Provide national andother technical data supportingt i m e - c r i t i c a l c o l l e c t i o nmanagement (CM).

o Disseminateintelligence information forprocessing, cueing, andreporting.

JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS

Operations in a theater ofwar are invariably multiservice(joint) in character. However,operational direction may beexercised through an alliancestructure . When this occurs,US forces would be controlledby a combined command. TheC² elements of the theaterIEW force must be capable ofsupporting joint and combinedoperations. Likewise, thesenior inte l l igence of f icer(SIO) directing theater IEWoperations may be a J2, fromanother service, or from ana l l i a n c e .

The MI brigades (EAC) mustalso be prepared to provide IEWsupport to joint and combinedcommands. Likewise, Armyintelligence organizations maydepend upon these commands forall or part of theirintelligence requirements. Theimplication for MI brigades isa complete understanding ofother US services, host nation,and all iance intell igencesystems. Key to thatunderstanding are--

o The intelligence systemsused and their capabilities.

o CM procedures.

o Intelligencecommunication requirements.

The MI brigade (EAC)part ic ipates in the tact ica lexploitation of nationalcapabilities (TENCAP) and thenational exploitation of

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tactical capabilities (NETCAP)programs. Typical ly , s t rategiccollection means are among themost sensitive of nationala s s e t s , especially thosesources most likely to revealprobable enemy intentions.Providing such informationrisks loss of the source.Sanitization does not alwayseliminate the problem. Itextends to protecting thecapabi l i t ies of technological lysuperior intelligence or otherbat t le f ie ld operat ionalsystems.

In combined or coalitionwarfare, Allies may doubt therel iabi l i ty of one another 'sinternal security, makinginformation sharing difficult .Procedures for the release ofclassified information must beestablished and clearlyunderstood. These procedures

must cover information andsources developed at a combinedcaptured materiel exploitationcenter (CMEC) or a jointi n t e r r o g a t i o n f a c i l i t y ( J I F ) .

These types of problems maybe unique to the individualtheaters . The conduct andresponsibilit ies of the MIbrigade (EAC) supporting jointand combined operations or hostnations must be determinedprior to the s tart of host i leact iv i t ies within the theater .The need to share intelligenceinformation will be influencedby the nature of the threat andthe existence or absence ofpol i t ica l and mil i taryalliances and agreements.CINCs must develop and directspeci f ic theater inte l l igenceguidelines based on guidancefrom the NCA.

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CHAPTER 2

ECHELONS ABOVE CORPSINTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE STRUCTURE

This chapter describes theIEW structure at EAC. Itdiscusses the resourcesavailable and how they provideintelligence, EW, and securityand deception support totheater and tacticalcommanders. It also discussesthe functional and coordinationrequirements of this structureand provides insight into theduties of the key players andhow they interface.

THEATER ARMY INTELLIGENCESTAFF

Army IEW operations at EACreceive their direct ionalguidance from the SIO, usuallythe G2. However, dependingupon unique situations withinthe theaters, Army IEWorganizations may be workingfor the theater J2, or the SIOof another service or combinedcommand. I n t e l l i g e n c estructures supporting otherechelons within the theater mayalso be called upon to supporttheater inte l l igencerequirements. The doctrine forthese inte l l igenceorganizations is covered in theappropriate IEW manual focusedon these echelons.

The EAC IEW force structureis part of the total IEWarchitecture within eacht h e a t e r . The intell igencestaff at each theater variessomewhat, but all theaters havethe following staff functionsor elements in common:

o I&W division.

o CI.

o Collection.

o Current intell igence.

o Specia l securi ty of f iceSSO) .

o Cryptologic support group(CSG).

INTELLIGENCE PLANS

Accurate intell igence isrequired to prepareintell igence annexes. Confl ic tplanning requires constantinte l l igence updates fortheater campaign andcontingency plans.

INDICATIONS AND WARNINGDIVISION

Each theater operates a24-hour intelligence watchcenter . It monitors currentintelligence and informationreporting to determineindication of hostil ity (IOH)f a c t o r s . The center issueswarnings to other theaterinte l l igence sect ions and s taf felements and is tied into theDefense Intelligence Agency(DIA) worldwide I&W network.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE ELEMENT

The CI element providesMDCI analysis, planning, andtasking. This portion of thei n t e l l i g e n c e s t a f f - -

o Intelligence plans.

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o Provides information onenemy and internal securitythreats to theater forces.

o Coordinates theSubversion and EspionageDirected Against the US Army(SAEDA) program and deliberatesecurity violations reportingwith CI agencies of otherservices . (See AR 381-12 forinformation on the SAEDAprogram.)

o Establishes a theatercontrol office for CIinvestigations and operations.

COLLECTION ELEMENT

The collection elementmonitors and processes alltheater inte l l igencerequirements. It works closelywith the collection managementand dissemination (CM&D)section of the EACIC supportingthe theater Army G2.

CURRENT INTELLIGENCE ELEMENT

The current intell igenceelement performs analysis,which produces situationdevelopment and targetdevelopment information. Theintelligence and informationderived from situation andtarget development is providedto planning personnel. Thiselement also assists inpreparing daily briefings andintell igence updates,intelligence summaries(INTSUMs), and dailyintelligence summaries(DISUMs).

SPECIAL SECURITY OFFICE

The SSO is responsible forthe security, control, and

dissemination of sensitivecompartmented information(SCI). I t controls SCI bi l le tsand requests accreditation ofsensitive compartmentedinformation fac i l i t ies (SCIFs) .

CRYPTOLOGIC SUPPORT GROUP

The CSGs provide advice andassistance on SIGINT reportingand dissemination. Thesegroups may be augmented, duringcrises or war, by the EACICpersonnel assigned to the MIbrigade (EAC) described inChapter 4.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRIGADE(ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS)

ORGANIZATION

The IEW organization at EACis an MI brigade which isspecifically designed tosupport the theater or regionin which it operates. Thebrigade serves as a C²headquarters for subordinateand attached brigade elements.It includes an EACIC thatcontrols , manages, tasks,processes, analyzes, anddisseminates intell igence.Figure 2-1 shows the generic MIbrigade (EAC) organization.

US Army EAC IEWorganizations (MI brigade[EAC]) support unified, joint,and combined commands; other USArmy EAC commands within thetheater; and CONUS major Armycommands (MACOMs). MI brigades(EAC) are under the command ofINSCOM and are under theoperational control (OPCON) ofthe respective theatercommander during peacetime.During conflicts, they revertto the command of the theatercommander.

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The organizational support-reinforcing (GS-R) toprinciples of mission tailoring support subordinate maneuverare applied to the MI brigades commands or other IEW(EAC). They are regionally organizations within thetailored according to the theater .theater's mission and itsspecific geographic area. Thisprovides the appropriate mix of

The MI brigade (EAC)complements ECB MI

organizations, IEW equipment,l inguists, area expertise, anddata bases necessary to meetthe theater commander’srequirements.

The G2 or SIO generallyassigns a general support (GS)mission to the IEW force insupport of the EAC command ort h e a t e r . However, the IEWforce may be assigned otherstandard tactical missions,such as direct support (DS),reinforcing (R), and general

organizations within thetheater . The regional focus ofeach brigade eases thetransition from peace to crisiss i tuat ions . Each brigade,while tailored to meet the IEWmission requirements of itssupported command, can alsorespond to the missionrequirements of other MI unitsin the theater.

This design concept alsoallows for the economicalemployment of finite IEW

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a s s e t s . The IEW structure ateach echelon is organized tofocus on its own AO. Thisstructure automaticallyprovides support to eachsubordinate unit’s AI. Forexample, the corps IEWstructure focuses on the corpscommander's AO. I t thendepends on the theater IEWforce for intelligence on thecorps commander’s AI. The moresensitive sensors andcontrolled HUMINT assets, aimedat the theater AI, are managedat higher, more secure echelonsbut are s t i l l avai lable tolower echelons.

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE

The IEW system provides theframework within which each IEWforce functions. Thefunctioning of the system iscommon to all levels ofcommand. General ly , i tincludes a director,coordinators, producers, andexecutors.

DIRECTOR

The theater Army commanderis the director . The commanderis instrumental in establishingthe direction for the EAC IEWstructure in the form of thestated pr ior i ty inte l l igencerequirements (PIR) and otherinformation requirements (IR).

COORDINATORS

The G2 and the G3 arecoordinators. Together theyprovide staff supervision forthe IEW effort and, dependingon the theater, may alsoprovide functional expertise.

PRODUCERS

The producers support theG2s and G3s at all echelons.They conduct all-sourceanalysis on collectedinformation to produceintell igence and to satisfy theneeds of the command. Thisallows the coordinators todevote most of their time tomanaging the intelligenceeffort and advising theircommanders.

EXECUTORS

The primary executors arethe MI units that provide theIEW support. Although MI unitcommanders have primaryresponsibility for the conductof IEW missions, othercommanders of units capable ofexecuting IEW operations play as i g n i f i c a n t r o l e . Units ableto perform such functions aretasked in the senior command'scollection plan and/or EW plan.

COORDINATION REQUIREMENTS

The G2, G3, and MI unitcommanders are the key playerson the IEW team. The G2 and G3plan, control , and direct EACIEW operations. MI unitcommanders direct the specificemployment of their brigades’assets to execute thoseoperations. The team providesguidance for all EACintel l igence operat ions . Teammembers must continuouslycoordinate with each other toensure mission accomplishment.

Within the EAC IEWstructure , a variety of

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activities take place to ensurethat the commander'sintell igence requirements ares a t i s f i e d .

The G2, as the commander’sprincipal advisor on threat,weather, and terrain--

o Supervises intell igenceoperations.

o Coordinates thedevelopment of collectionrequirements and supervises CM.

o Tasks the appropriateelements.

o Exercises OPCON oversupporting EACIC IEWa c t i v i t i e s .

o Coordinates intelligencerequirements.

The G3, assisted by theG2--

o Coordinates the OPSECe f f o r t .

o Manages the ECM effort.

o Plans and coordinates thebat t le f ie ld decept ion ef fort .

o Tasks subordinateelements for assistance.

The MI brigade (EAC)commander employs availableorganic and attached MI assetsto execute the IEW mission.Employment of the IEW assetsmust be in context with theArmy commander's overallcampaign and not in the narrow

context of the capabilit ies ofthe assets themselves.

Since no single echelon ofcommand can meet all of itsintelligence requirements withits own organic resources, eachmust ensure that its resourcesare fully integrated into theIEW system. The inter-dependency created by thissituation requires systematicand detailed coordination upand down the IEW system toensure a successful collectione f f o r t . The requirement forcoordination applies equally toproducers and executors. Toenhance the success of IEWoperations, this coordinationmust be centrally managed ateach echelon. The logicalpoint for this coordination isthe collection managementofficer (CMO).

The Army EAC IEW structuremust interact and function withjoint or combined militaryforces and host nations. Thesize and scope of these IEWoperations at EAC are affectedby the--

o Necessity to augment andsustain tactical IEW supportrequirements.

o Amount of supportrequired for Army EAC commandsand units.

o Amount of Army IEWsupport requirements for joint,unified, and combined commands.

o Degree of IEWinteroperability between otherservices , Al l ies , host nat ions ,and intelligence systems.

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o National requirementsplaced on Army IEW resources atEAC and interaction with otherArmy units to meet thosestrategic requirements.

The EAC IEW force mustmaintain continuity ofoperations while making thetransition from peace to war.To ensure this continuity andto optimize capability, IEWorganizations are forwarddeployed to the maximum extentposs ible .

Intelligence organizationsat EAC are organized anddeployed to support theaterwartime requirements and areaugmented to satisfy peacetimemissions. The transition frompeacetime, through crisis, towartime operational status willnot be an abrupt shift fromtraining to combat. Rather,the transition will be markedby increases in the scope,i n t e n s i t y , and timeliness ofoperations. In some cases,targets may differ and ourinvolvement with non-Army andnon-US agencies will modify IEWoperations.

Within the operationallevel of any conflict, the ArmyEAC intelligence structure is apart of the joint theater IEWsystem. It, along with the IEWcomponents of other servicesand Allied nations, mustprovide the intell igence tosupport the theater CINC'ssequence of operations whichcomprise the campaign plan.This includes the initialdeployment of assigned andfollow-on forces.

INTELLIGENCE DISCIPLINES

The principal intelligenced i s c i p l i n e s a r e - -

o HUMINT.

o SIGINT.

o IMINT.

o TECHINT.

o MASINT.

These disciplines are discussedin detail in later chapters.What follows is an overview.

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

HUMINT includes allinformation derived throughhuman sources. Typical EACHUMINT collection activitiesinclude all foreign positivei n t e l l i g e n c e c o l l e c t i o noperations, such as--

o The exploitation of enemyprisoners of war (EPWs) anddetainees.

o The exploitation ofcaptured enemy documents(CEDs).

o Debriefings.

o Long-range surveillance(LRS) operations.

o Overt e l ic i ta t ionact iv i t ies to inc lude l ia isonwith local military orparamilitary forces.

o Information from friendlytroops.

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o Low-level sourceoperations (LLSO).

o Controlled collection.

SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE

SIGINT results from thec o l l e c t i o n , l o c a t i o n ,evaluation, analysis, andfusion of intercepted EMemissions. SIGINT sourcesinc lude--

o Communication signalsfrom ground forces,paramilitary, and clandestinecommand, control, andcommunications (C³) systems.These signals are primarily inthe high frequency (HF) tosuper high frequency (SHF)range.

o Noncommunication emitterssupporting enemy weaponsystems, such as air defenseart i l lery (ADA), surface- to-a irmissiles (SAMs), and surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs).

IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE

IMINT results fromevaluating and collatinginformation obtained throughimagery analysis (IA). I t i s avi ta l part of our inte l l igencecapabi l i ty a t s t rategic ,operat ional , and tact ica lechelons. IMINT sourcesinc lude--

o

o

o

o

Radars.

Infrared sensors.

Optical sensors.

Electro-optical (E-O)sensors.

o Multispectral sensors.

TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

TECHINT results fromexploiting captured enemymateriel (CEM), foreigntechnological developments, andthe performance and operationalcapabi l i t ies of fore ignmateriel as they relate tomilitary purposes. TECHINT--

o Can range from routinemodifications to existingequipment to items reflectingmajor advances in offensive ordefensive capabi l i t ies .

o Is concerned, during war,with high priority itemsrequiring immediate fieldexploitation to determine majorcapabi l i t ies , l imitat ions , andpossible friendly counter-measures.

MEASUREMENT AND SIGNATUREINTELLIGENCE

MASINT results from theanalysis of technical andscientific data derived fromspecial sensors. Thisa n a l y s i s - -

o Can identify distinctivefeatures associated withelectronic equipment used byenemy forces on theb a t t l e f i e l d .

o Can be used to identifyspecific equipment or todevelop countermeasures againstthe equipment, as required.

o Can be used to supportsignature data requirements forprogramming and/orreprogramming of automated/smart sensors, processors andsmart munitions.

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THEATER MILITARYINTELLIGENCE BRIGADES

Today's INSCOM theatersupport organizations aredeployable, multidisciplinedIEW brigades which performtheater IEW support missionsfor operational commanders.INSCOM MI brigades focus on:

o Europe.

o Southwest Asia.

o Americas.

o Northeast Asia.

o Pacific.

o CONUS.

The theater MI brigades aretransitioning to the “L” seriesTOE . They provide the basicintell igence structures for IEWsupport to theater commandersto satisfy peacetime supportrequirements. Roundout unitsfrom the Reserve Components(RC) are assigned to thebrigades to complete the forcestructure .

The organization of the MIbrigade (EAC) shown atFigure 2-1 is a genericstructure and shows the typesof IEW units which aresubordinate to the brigade.The brigades are tailoredaccording to their IEW supportmissions. Some brigades mayhave battalion size units whileothers may have only companies.

The current “L” series TOEorganization maintains theintegrity of the IEW system and

strengthens intell igence C².Inherent in the EAC brigadeorganizat ion is the f lexibi l i tyrequired by the commander tofac i l i ta te the opt imalemployment of the IEW assets.By applying the principle ofeconomy of force, the commanderachieves the best allocation ofscarce IEW resources among thecompeting demands of satisfyingstrategic and tact ica lintell igence requirements.

Each brigade has within itsorganization an EACIC. TheEACIC is the center for CM anda l l - s o u r c e i n t e l l i g e n c eproduction for the brigade.The EACIC supports the theaterArmy command. It becomes thecoordinating element for theef f ic ient funct ioning of theinte l l igence cycle in re lat ionto each theater's IEW mission.

EAC IEW organization andoperat ional capabi l i t ies aretailored regionally andfunct ional ly to f i t the specia lneeds of the theaters involved.

Regional tailoring matchesunits to a specific geographicarea . It provides anappropriate mixture of languages k i l l s , area expertise, properdata bases, and equipment.Effective IEW operations dependupon the abilit ies of oursoldiers , to inc lude theirtechnical and language skills .Language skills must bemaintained at specifiedprof ic iency levels asdetermined by the DefenseLanguage Proficiency Test. Theminimal proficiency levels of2/2/2 for language skills in

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l istening, reading, andspeaking comprehension must bemaintained through effectivein-unit language trainingprograms. (See AR 611-6 forthese programs.)

Regional tailoring meetsthe anticipated IEWrequirements for the type ofconflict l ikely to confront USand Allied forces in the AO.Like the combat forces the IEWstructure supports, thist a i l o r i n g i s s u f f i c i e n t t orespond appropriately to thevaried challenges l ikely to beencountered.

Functional tailoringprovides the appropriatemixture of assets to supportthe f ive inte l l igence funct ionsin order to meet the needs ofthe supported command.

EMPLOYMENT IN PEACE,CRISIS, AND WAR

MI brigades (EAC) are amajor US source of intelligenceon enemy ground forces. Thebrigades are tailored accordingto the character is t ics of thethreat force in theirrespective regions of theworld.

IEW operations at EAC arecontinuous and usuallyconducted similarly duringpeace, crisis, or war. IEWorganizations at EAC aremodified for peacetime missionsbut are prepared for a rapidtransition to war. The peace,c r i s i s , and war requirementsfor IEW at EAC are alsos imi lar . Target developmentwill vary in scope, t imeliness,

and intensity. Our involvementwith non-Army and non-USorganizations will shapetheater IEW operations.Ideally, in a crisis, US Army,joint, and national IEWorganizations are in place andoperating.

Once combat operationsbegin, the focus changes fromsupport of war readiness andplanning, with emphasis on I&Wi n t e l l i g e n c e , t o s i t u a t i o ndevelopment, targetdevelopment, EW, and securityand deception. However, I&Woperations can continue to playa significant role in helpingthe Army commanders achieve“positional advantage” (depth)needed for the campaign plan tosucceed.

Interconnect ivi tyrequirements vary depending onthe nature and intensity of theconflict ; the US forcestructure supported (forexample, theater or joint taskforce [JTF]); and the degree ofinteraction with andsophistication of Allied andhost nat ion inte l l igenceresources.

Peacetime provides the timeto plan and conduct operationsand the opportunity to emplacesophist icated inte l l igencesensors and support systems indesirable areas to support thewartime missions. In wartime,certain areas probably would bedenied or accessible only atgreat r isk . EAC intelligenceoperations must, therefore,exploit all peacetimeopportunities.

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EAC intelligence supportrelies on multidisciplineintelligence data bases and onsources developed in peacetime.Army units that need data abouta theater for which an MIbrigade (EAC) hasresponsibi l i ty wi l l d irectqueries to that theater EACIC.In order to support peacetimeand wartime operations, combatunits develop and maintaincurrent data bases on thoseareas of the world where armedc o n f l i c t i s l i k e l y .

In the transition to war,the MI brigade (EAC) mustsimultaneously support thetheater's operational andtact ica l levels of war . Forthose regions of the worldwhere there are noforward-deployed Army combatforces, the need for strategicand tactical intell igence databases remains a priorityintell igence mission.

S i m i l a r l y , i n t e l l i g e n c esources required in war must beestablished and activatedduring peacetime. Thisrequirement necessitates theforward deployment of EACinte l l igence forces ' col lect ionc a p a b i l i t i e s . Developingintelligence sources wherecontingency operations are mostlikely (such as Latin Americaand Southwest Asia), coupledwith interregional EAC IEWsupport to ground forces,reduces the chance of US Armyelements’ deploying into anintell igence barrenenvironment.

Subordinate units andelements of the MI brigade(EAC) normally are placed in

DS, GS, or GS-R of US forcescorps and below, otherinte l l igence uni ts , and, insome cases, Allied and combinedcommands. DS, GS, and GS-Rarrangements in peacetimeshould parallel as closely aspossible those supportrelationships needed duringconf l ic ts ; th is i s done incoordination with the commandsinvolved. In peacetime,support relationships includetaskings from nationalinte l l igence agencies .Effective organizationalplanning, habitual supportarrangements, and interfacebetween IEW elements andsupported commands strengthenthese operational relationshipsin the peace-to-war transition.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

All deployed specialoperations forces (SOF) areunder the OPCON of asubordinate unified command. Aspecial operations command(SOC) receives jointintelligence from the JointInte l l igence Center ( J IC) . TheArmy Special Operations Forces(ARSOF), under the command(less OPCON to the CINC) of thetheater Army, relies on theestablished IEW force structurefor intelligence support.

The Theater Army SpecialOperations Support Command(TASOSC) functions as aheadquarters responding to theneeds of the theater ARSOF.When SOF are committed to atheater, the TASOSC will attachan intelligence support element(ISE) to the theater CINC’s JICor the MI brigades. I t a l s oattaches an intell igence

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support team (IST) to major that SOF requirements aresubordinate commands (MSCs) to included in the CM plan. Forassist with SOF intell igence more information on ISEs, seerequirements. The ISE ensures FM 34-36.

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CHAPTER 3

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRIGADE(ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS) HEADQUARTERS

This chapter describes themission and organization of theMI brigade (EAC). I t d iscussesstaf f responsibi l i t ies of thebrigade headquarters and CSSrequired by the brigade and itssubordinate units. In general,the MI brigade (EAC)headquarters, under the “L”series TOE, consists of abrigade headquarters, a companyheadquarters, and aheadquarters and headquarterscompany (HHC) or a headquartersand headquarters detachment(HHD).

ORGANIZATION

The brigade headquartersconsis ts of a- -

o Command group.

o Coordinating staff.

o Special staff.

All support personnel for theMI brigade (EAC) are assignedand controlled by the HHC orHHD commander. Figure 3-1shows the organization of anHHC MI brigade (EAC).

MISSION

The mission of the MIbrigade (EAC) is to provide IEWsupport to battle management atjoint and Allied commandlevels ; to theater rearoperations; and to thesustaining base. The MIbrigade (EAC) participates innational level IEW operations.S p e c i f i c a l l y , the headquarters

is responsible for- -

o C² of subordinateelements conducting IEWoperations.

o Staff planning, control,and supervision ofadministration and operationsof attached units.

o Transition-to-warplanning.

o IEW support to battlemanagers at the joint andAllied command levels.

o Reinforcement of IEWsupport to all theater MI unitso r s t a f f s .

COMMAND GROUP

Brigade headquartersconsists of the brigadecommander, execut ive of f icer(XO), command sergeant major(CSM), and the commander’ss t a f f s e c t i o n s .

COMMANDER

The brigade commander isresponsible for all brigadeoperations. The commanderdefines the brigade mission andits mission tasks (through theunit mission-essential taskslist [METL]). He establishesthe brigade's objectives,directs i t s concept ofoperations, and assignsmissions. The commandersvis ion --the key to missionaccomplishment--guides theactions of the staff and

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3-2

subordinate commanders duringan operation. The brigadecommander is personallyinvolved in the brigade’s IEWoperations. He provides clearguidance and follows up toensure the guidance is carriedout and meets the needs of theuni t .

DEPUTY COMMANDER

The deputy commanderrepresents the brigadecommander in matters of commandauthority and responsibilitywhen the commander is notavai lable . While specific C²functions may vary, the deputycommander is responsible foroperations of the brigadecommand post (CP), and forthose essential brigade linkswith critical supportelements. The deputy commanderis also the point of contact(POC) with the host nation.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER

The XO directs theexecution of staff tasks, thecoordinated effort of staffmembers, and the efficient andprompt response of the staff.The XO directs the efforts ofboth coordinating and specials t a f f s .

COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR

The CSM, as the seniorranking enlisted soldier in thebrigade, is the brigadecommander’s principal advisoron matters involving thesoldiers of the command. TheCSM stays cognizant of thestate of t ra ining, disc ipl ine ,health and welfare, morale, andesprit de corps of soldiersthroughout the command. The

CSM is also responsible for NCOprofessional developmentthroughout the brigade.

SPECIAL STAFF

S p e c i a l s t a f f o f f i c e r sassist the commander inprofess ional , technical , andfunctional areas. Theygenerally are organized intosections according to theirarea of interest in thecommand.

SPECIAL SECURITY OFFICE

The SSO of the brigadefunctions under the staffsupervision of the S2. The SSOis responsible for the controlof SCI within the brigade.This office also administersSCI billet management andcontrols and accounts for allSCI material the brigade uses.

COMMAND JUDGE ADVOCATE

The command judge advocate(CJA) provides advice to thecommander concerning the legalaspects of intell igence andoperations law as they affectthe mission. He is designatedas a special staff officer andhas direct access to thecommander.

The CJA provides advice andassistance in other areas oflaw which may impact themission generally. These areasinc lude--

o Military law (forexample, Department of Defense[DOD] directives, Department ofthe Army [DA] regulations, theManual for Courts Martial[MCM], and local installationand command regulations).

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o Domestic law (forexample, Executive Orders, USstatutes, Federal regulations,state laws, and local laws).

o H o s t c o u n t r y l a w .

o International law (forexample, status of forcesagreements [SOFAs] andtreaties) and law of landwarfare and Geneva Conventionconsiderations.

The command must seek theCJA’s advice on all mattersperta ining to inte l l igenceact iv i t ies and inte l l igenceovers ight e f forts .

UNIT MINISTRY TEAM

The brigade chaplain is aspecia l s taf f of f icer withdirect access to thecommander. The unit ministryteam--

o Provides religioussupport forward to thebrigade's units on theb a t t l e f i e l d , i f p r a c t i c a l .

o Provides or performsrites, ordinances, sacramentalspiritual counseling, andpastoral care for soldiers .

o Advises the commanderconcerning the morale, moralclimate, and religious welfareof soldiers in the unit .

o Advises the commander onethical issues in the command.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE

The publ ic af fa irs of f icer(PAO) informs soldiers about

the organization, itsobjectives, equipment,personnel, and the citizens inthe AO. The PAO attempts toinstil l in soldiers a sense ofhistory, motivation, and espritde corps. The PAO also strivesto minimize the effects ofrumor and enemy psychologicaloperations (PSYOP).

AVIATION SECTION

The aviation sectionprovides technical expertise inArmy IEW aviation. It providesplanning expertise concerningunique intelligence missionsthat require aviation support.The aviation staff officerassists in the aviation unit’straining program and monitorsthe brigade’s IEW aviationsupport operations.

COORDINATING STAFF

Coordinating staff officersare the commander’s principals t a f f a s s i s t a n t s . Each officeris concerned with one (or acombination) of the broadf ie lds of interest . Theyassist the commander bycoordinating the plans,a c t i v i t i e s , and operations ofthe command.

PERSONNEL (S1)

The S1 aids the brigadecommander and staff inpersonnel matters and providesstaff supervision to twosect ions : the administrativeservices section and theaudio-visual (AV) andreproduction section.

The administrative servicess e c t i o n - -

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o Handles all personnelservices .

o Coordinates directly withthe theater personnel servicecompany to ensure properpersonnel services support.

o Has OPCON over personnelorganic to the brigade and hasoversight responsibilit ies overthe theater personnel servicecompany’s support to thebrigade.

o Provides recommendationsto the S1 on personnelassignments and placement andassists subordinate units withr e c o r d s , f i l e s , and publicationmanagement.

The AV and reproductions e c t i o n - -

o Handles the brigade’ssupport reproduction services.

o Provides administrativeand AV services to the brigade.

INTELLIGENCE (S2)

The brigade S2 is theprincipal s taf f ass is tant forformulating, developing,implementing, and supervisingsecurity policies andprocedures in support oftheater operations. The S2staff element consists of an S2sect ion, which is responsiblefor personnel and documentsecurity, and a securitysect ion.

The S2 section has a CIofficer who develops plans forimplementing brigade CIprograms. The personnel and

document security section isresponsible for personnelsecurity administration andclassified documentaccountability. The physicalsecurity section containsmilitary police (MP). Thissection works with the brigadeSSO to control access to theSCIF established by the SSO.

OPERATIONS AND TRAINING (S3)

The S3 manages fieldoperations and formulates plansfor the brigade. The S3--

o Coordinates and resolvestaskings with appropriateauthori t ies .

o Stays abreast of unitoperations and currentc a p a b i l i t i e s .

o Evaluates unitperformance.

o Develops and implementsthe unit OPSEC program.

o Develops and oversees theunit language maintenanceprogram.

The S3 establishes abrigade operations center, fromwhich the commander exercisesC 2of subordinate units. Theoperations center communicateswith the theater Army main CPand the EACIC. The S3coordinates closely with theEACIC . The brigade S3allocates resources required toaccomplish the tasking. Close,continuous coordination betweenthe EACIC and the S3 ensurest h a t - -

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o Taskings are within thecurrent capability of theu n i t s .

o Priorities are consistentand reasonable.

o Operational deficienciesare quickly identified andcorrected.

o Units are optimallypositioned to accomplishassigned tasking.

o Additional assets arerequested, as required.

The S3 apprises thecommander of the state ofintelligence operations andunit readiness and isresponsible for all thebrigade’s operation plans(OPLANs) and operation orders(OPORDs).

The S3 is staffed with MIpersonnel with functionalexpert ise in a l l inte l l igenced i s c i p l i n e s . As trainingmanager for the brigade, the S3establishes command trainingpolicies and guidance; monitorsthe conduct of training; andinforms the commander of thebrigade’s training readiness.The S3 determines types andquantities of equipment (commonand intelligence propertyitems) needed to accomplishplanned operations. The S3also establ ishes the pr ior i t iesfor distribution andredistribution of assets andprepares OPLANs and OPORDs forthe brigade to include theTECHINT appendix of the OPORD.The S3 has an NBC section and acommunications-electronics(C-E) section.

The NBC section providesdefensive NBC expertise to thebrigade and ensures that thebrigade is adequately trainedto function under NBCconditions. (See FM 3-101 forinformation on chemical staffsand units.)

The C-E section has staffsupervision over thecommunications section in theHHC or HHD (depending upontheater organization of thebrigade). The C-E section isresponsible for all brigadecommunications and ECCM. Basedon the concept of operationsdeveloped by the brigadecommander, the C-E section--

o Determines communicationsupport requirements.

o Ensures that the brigadeis e lectronical ly t ied intotheater EACIC and Theater ArmyCommunications System (TACS).

o Prepares C-E OPLANs andOPORDs.

o Provides technicalsupervision and training.

o Provides input to thebrigade signal operationinstructions (SOI).

SUPPLY (S4)

The S4 is the principals taf f of f icer responsible for- -

o Supply.

o Intelligence propertyaccountability.

o Automotive maintenance.

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o Electronic and SIGINTsystems maintenance.

o Transportation andmovement.

o

o

o

o

o

Medical service.

Food service.

Contracting.

Procurement.

Other logistics supportto the brigade:

The S4 section prepareslogistic plans and providesinput to the brigade OPORD.

The food servicetechnician, located in the S4,supervises all diningfacil it ies within the brigade.The staff supply technician--

o Coordinates theassignment of units toappropriate ration breakdownpoints and water points.

o Oversees the operation ofd i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s , s a n i t a t i o n ,and food preparation andserving.

o Handles the collectionand accountability of funds, asnecessary.

o Plans requirements.

o Monitors regulationenforcement.

o Supervises receipt andstorage of all supplies andsupply-related items.

o Supervises receipt,

storage, distribution, andredis tr ibut ion of a l l suppl ieswithin the brigade.

o Tests and assures thatall consumables, includingwater, are not degraded orcontaminated.

The S4 has three subordinatesect ions :

o The intelligence propertybook section (IPBS), whichaccounts for all propertyincluding inte l l igence-pecul iarproperty and hand receipts ofoperational property to users.

o A mechanical equipmentmaintenance section, whichsupervises and coordinates allautomotive and generatormaintenance within the brigade.

o Electronic warfare/intercept system (EW/IS)maintenance section, whichoversees the EW/IS maintenanceof all assigned brigade units.This section coordinates withINSCOM and other MACOMs toprovide assistance tosubordinate commands.

See FM 101-5 for details onstaf f responsibi l i t ies andfunctions in the MI brigade(EAC).

HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERSCOMPANY AND HEADQUARTERS AND

HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT

The headquarters element ofthe MI brigade may vary betweentheaters . It can be either anHHC or an HHD. For those MIbrigades with an organicoperations battalion, the

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headquarters element will be anHHD. If the operationsbattalion is not present, theheadquarters element will bethe larger HHC. The “L” seriesTOE attempts to establish anoperations battalion withineach MI brigade.

The HHC or HHD supports theinternal operations of thebrigade, to include bil letingand directing organizationalcommunications, maintenance,and food services sections.The HHC commander isresponsible for- -

o Personnel administration.

o Billeting.

o Training.

o Discipline.

o Unit supply.

o Brigade headquartersproperty accountability.

o Food service.

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

The MI brigade is normallylocated in the theater COMMZand therefore depends upon theCSS provided by units withinthe COMMZ. CSS units providingsupport to EAC are under thecommand of the theater Armycommander who executes DS andGS responsibilit ies through--

o The creation ofgeographically oriented supportcommands which partition theCOMMZ (for example, TAACOM).

o Functional andspecialized subordinatecommands, such as the UnitedStates Army Total PersonnelCommand (PERSCOM) or MedicalCommand (MEDCOM).

o Units having specializedmissions, like petroleumgroups, special ammunitionbrigades, or transportationuni ts .

The TAACOM further assignsarea responsibi l i t ies to anarea support group (ASG). TheASG provides DS CSS to unitslocated in or passing throughthe assigned area.

The principal driving forcebehind the brigadets logisticoperations is the widedispersal of IEW assetsthroughout the theater AO. Asa result , the brigade and itssubordinate units are organizedto decentra l ize logis t ica lfunctions. This operationalconcept ties the brigade to thespecific supply points or tosupply support activitiesestablished by the TAACOM.

Of particular concern arethe arrangements to supportassets which are detached, forboth short and long terms, fromtheir parent unit . In thesecases the detached asset mustcoordinate directly with thesupported unit for support.The brigade and subordinate S4smust ensure that the elementsof the brigade are supported bythe nearest CSS unit capable ofproviding the required support.

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CHAPTER 4

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTLION (OPERATIONS)

This chapter describes themission and structure of the MIb a t t a l i o n ( o p e r a t i o n s ) . I naddition, it describes thestructure and operations of theEACIC and other companiessubordinate to the MI battalion(operat ions) . I f the MIbattalion (operations) is notestablished within a particulartheater, the EACIC and otherinte l l igence disc ipl ines in theunits described below maycontinue to be separateorganizations until the MIbattalion becomes part of thebrigade structure. Figure 4-1shows the organization of theMI battalion (operations).

The mission of the MIbatta l ion (operat ions) i s toprovide IEW operation supportfor the MI brigade (EAC) insupport of theater Army orjoint or combined forces.Specific functions include--

o Providing C² ofassigned and attached units.

o Integrating all-sourceinte l l igence analys is ,production, and dissemination.

o Providing intelligence,analysis, and support to OPSEC.

o Providing intelligenceanalytical support tobat t le f ie ld decept ion.

o Providing near-real timeexploitation, reporting, andrapid dissemination support oftheater and/or national levelcollected imagery.

o Providing CM, data basemanagement, tasking guidance,and tasking for sensor cueingin support of EAC.

o Providing Army TECHINTsupport to the EACIC and otherservices and commands withinthe theater.

o Providing mechanical andcommunications maintenance andadministrative support for the

4 - 1

b a t t a l i o n , attached units, andthe HHD of the MI brigade(EAC), as required.

o Providing intell igenceand analysis support to WartimeReserve Mode (WARM) andReprogramming operations.

o Maintaining signaturedata base reference fi le thatcan be used to identify thoseautomated/smart sensors,processors and smart munitionsand weapons that may beaffected by a WARM or Alteredsignature.

The MI battalion(operations) is organized intoa headquarters and headquartersservice company (HHSC), theEACIC, a TECHINT company, and astrategic IA detachment. Theseunits contribute to theefficient operations of the IEWstructure at EAC and provides p e c i f i c i n t e l l i g e n c e

c o l l e c t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s t osupport the information needsof the theater in which theyare located. The battalion canalso accept the attachment oftactical reconnaissance supportdetachments, if they aremobilized from the RC. SeeChapter 9 for more details.

HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERSSERVICE COMPANY

The HHSC includes allpersonnel working in thevarious staff sections of thebattalion and the headquarterscompany. The battalionheadquarters, shown inFigure 4-2, consists of acommand section with thecommander, XO, CSM; and thebat ta l ion s taf f sect ions (S1 ,S2/S3, S4).

The command sectionprovides C for the battalionand supervises the operational

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and support activities ofsubordinate units. Thebat ta l ion s taf f sect ions areresponsible for similarfunctions performed by theirbrigade counterparts.

BATTALION HEADQUARTERS

The S1 section providespersonnel administrativesupport to all battalionelements.

The battalion has acombined S2/S3 section. The S2is responsible for the securitymanager functions for theb a t t a l i o n . The S3 preparesplans and operations for thebatta l ions support funct ionsand is responsible for allbat ta l ion tra ining. The S3 isalso responsible for taskingsto the TECHINT and IAcompanies. The securitysection provides protection forand controls access to theEACIC.

The S4 section isresponsible for all supply,maintenance, transportat ion,and logistics services for theb a t t a l i o n . The S4 alsocoordinates externalmaintenance support for thebattalion’s organic equipment.

HEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The headquarters companyprovides internaladministrative and logisticssupport for all sections of thecompany. In addition, thecompany must ensure that thebattalions communications andcommunications security(COMSEC) requirements are met.Some of the company sections

may be under the staffsupervision of a primary staffelement.

ECHELONS ABOVE CORPSINTELLIGENCE CENTER

The G2 performs CM andal l -source inte l l igenceproduction for the EAC Armycommander in support of the IEWmission, including--

o Situation development.

o Target development.

o E W .

o Security and deception.

o I&W.

o Counter WARM and supportreprogramming operations.

The EACIC consolidates theMI brigade’s assets forall-source production and CM.It is organic to the MIbat ta l ion (operat ions) , but i sOPCON to the theater Army G2.The G2 is the SIO in thecommand and is directlyresponsible to his commanderf o r a l l i n t e l l i g e n c e a c t i v i t i e sof the command. The EACIC isnormally collocated with thesupported command G2 andresponds to the intelligenceneeds of the Army componentcommander. The EACICcoordinates requests withnat ional level inte l l igenceagencies, s i s t e r s e r v i c e s ,Al l ied forces , and subordinateuni ts to sat is fy thecommander’s PIR or IR. Thisalso includes requests forintelligence information (RIIs)from subordinate units.

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MISSION

The EACIC plans, directs,and coordinates IEW operationsand performs all-sourceanalysis, production, and CM.The EACIC performs thefollowing general functions--

o CM, to include sensortasking guidance and cueing.

o All-source intelligenceproduction.

o Intelligence andinformation dissemination.

EACICs of differenttheaters are geographicallyoriented. Theirresponsibilit ies for providingIEW support are diverse forboth peacetime and wartime.

The EACIC may be taskedwith different intell igencerequirements ranging fromstrategic to regional areas ofa joint command with assignedAOs or AIs. In some theatersthe EACIC will support combinedcommands. Each command shareswartime requirements ofidentifying enemy activitywithin its command’s COMMZ andof supplying intelligence tocommanders charged with theconduct of rear operations.

Throughout the conduct ofthe above support operations,the EACIC must remain focusedon the operational intelligencerequirements of the conflict,which are identifying--

o Enemy centers of gravityso the commander can direct thecampaign plan (or phases) toexpose and attack it.

o An attacker’s culminatingpoint, to enable the friendlycommander to seize theini t ia t ive for of fensiveoperations.

The intell igence staff mustbe an integral part of thecommander’s campaign planningprocess and be constantlyattuned to changes in thatprocess. Figure 4-3 shows therelationship between the EACICand supported commands.

ECHELONS ABOVE CORPSINTELLIGENCE

CENTER STRUCTURE

The EACIC, shown atFigure 4-4, consists of aheadquarters section, CM&Dsection, production section,ISE, and communicationssect ion.

Headquarters Section

The headquarters sectionprovides C² and coordinationfor all sections of the EACIC.The chief of the EACIC alsoserves as the chief of theproduction section. Thecombined efforts of allproduction sections represent amultidiscipline CM andproduction activity conductingcontinuous operations.

Collection Management andDissemination Section

The CM&D section isresponsible for requirementsand mission management.Requirements management defineswhat to collect. Missionmanagement defines how tosatisfy the requirement. TheCM&D primary function is to use

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al l col lect ion resourcesavailable to assist the G2 insatisfying the theater Armycommander's PIR and IR. CM&Dsection internal procedures areguided by the CM process, asshown in Figure 4-5. This CMprocess further delineates theasset managementresponsibilities of commanders.

Asset management is theassignment of collection or ECMmissions to specific assets.Unit commanders respond to themission taskings of the EACICor the G3 regarding ECMmissions.

The process of formulatingdeta i led col lec t ionrequirements involves receiptof RIIs . Many requests will bePIR and IR. The collectionmanager must integrate thesewith the operationalconsiderations andcharacter is t ics of the theaterAO and the enemy force. Theprimary purpose of the processis to answer the commander’sPIR, using the limitedcollection resources available.

The collection manager musthave a thorough knowledge ofcollection systems andunderstand their operationalemployment limitations in orderto determine which sensor orintell igence discipline shouldbe used to satisfy arequirement. This is apriority for successful missionmanagement. The collectionmanager is assisted in thisprocess by the singlediscipline teams (SDTs) of theproduction section.

The CM&D section tasks theMI brigade for collectionmissions. I t requestsinformation and receivestaskings from nationalintell igence systems. As thecoordinator of the brigade’sc o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s , t h i ssection formats collectionrequirements which can besatisfied by organic assets andforwards them to theappropriate SDT for action.The collection manager, workingwith the SDTs, must be able totranslate requirements intoobservable or informationindicators from which specificIR are developed. The CM&Ds e c t i o n - -

o Directs the collectione f f o r t .

o Coordinates with theTAACOM to support rearoperations.

o Provides CM&D assistanceto ECB intelligence units toensure inte l l igence short fa l lsdo not exist.

o Interfaces withproduction section analysts torespond to consumerrequirements.

o Coordinates jointrequirements.

o Conducts liaison withA l l i e s .

o Disseminates intelligenceproducts in response to RIIsand taskings.

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o Manages IMINT, MASINT,SIGINT, HUMINT, and TECHINTcollection requirements.

SIGINT requirements areprocessed by the TCAEs at theEAC, corps, and divisionechelons. At the ACR andseparate brigade echelons, thebrigade or regimental S2,supported by an organic TCAE,performs CM&D functions. EachTCAE performs the SIGINTtechnical support, SIGINTtasking, and mission managementfunctions. See Chapter 5 formore information on TCAEoperations.

Production Section

The production sectionproduces and reports all-sourceintelligence to supportedcommands and IEW units. Theproduction section, as shown inFigure 4-6, consists of anall-source production team,order of battle (OB) team, CIteam, and five SDTs. Each SDTrepresents a singleinte l l igence col lect iond i s c i p l i n e .

All-Source Production Team andOrder of Battle Team. Theall-source production team,together with the OB team,determines if the commander'sPIR can be satisfied with itsexisting information and database holdings. These two teamsdetermine what enemyinformation is available tohelp ident i fy speci f icindicators of enemy intent.Information not availabledefines the collectionrequirements that thecollection manager must then

task IEW units within theaterfor or request from nationallevel assets . This processdevelops and refines PIR andestablishes other IR, asrequired, to identify orcollect information on theindicators necessary to answerthe commander's PIR.

During the analysis andproduction portion of theinte l l igence cyc le , theall-source production team andOB team coordinate with andreceive information from theother production section teams.This constant exchange ofinformation ensures that all-source products are developedfrom intelligence products.

Counterintelligence Team. TheCI team performs MDCI analysisin accordance with FM 34-60.The team identifies the enemyi n t e l l i g e n c e c o l l e c t i o ncapabilities and FIS operationsdirected against friendlyforces , missions, andinsta l la t ions . An FIS usesmany methods to collectinformation against friendlyforces , including HUMINT,SIGINT, and IMINT. As aresul t , the CI analyt ica lcapability includes a diversemix of specialists who fuseMDCI information to identifyand isolate col lect ionoperations. The CI team--

o Develops and maintainsMDCI data bases.

o Monitors CIinvestigations, operations, andc o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s .

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o Produces initial rearoperations IPB products for theproduction section.

o Produces MDCI analysisproducts, including MDCI threatassessments; MDCI estimates andsummaries; threat situationoverlays; MDCI graphicsummaries; and black, gray, andw h i t e l i s t s .

The CI team and otherelements of the productionsection exchange criticalinformation required to analyzethe enemy. The team providesthe CM&D section its IR basedon gaps in the MDCI data baseand the commander's PIR and IR.

The CI teams products areused to support specific CIfunctions as well as to supportthe targeting process,deception operations, and thecommand OPSEC program. The CIteam provides the threatassessment which identifiesenemy intell igence collection

c a p a b i l i t i e s . This processsupports the OPSEC requiredduring operational planning.PM 34-60 and FM 34-60A explainthe specific TTPs for MDCIfunctions.

During wartime, the CI teamalso monitors in-theatercounterespionage (CE)a c t i v i t i e s . These act iv i t iesinvolve sophisticated andspecialized techniques of CE,countersabotage, andcountersubversion. FM 34-60Aand AR 381-47 describe CEa c t i v i t i e s i n d e t a i l .

Single Discipline Teams. TheSDTs coordinate theater andnational IEW requirements withboth the theater MI brigade andother MI brigades with elementsresponsible for foreignposi t ive inte l l igencecollection (for example, IMINT,SIGINT, and HUMINT). Inaddition, the SDTs coordinatethe information andintelligence requirements of

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the ISEs located with othercommands within the theater.

The IMINT team--

o Coordinates tasks for theMI battalion (EAC) (IA).

o Assists the interactionbetween the imagery assets ofthe IA battalion and the EACIC.

o Coordinates IArequirements and activities forthe MI brigade’s support to thet h e a t e r .

o Maintains an imagery database and performs third-phase(detailed) analysis of imagery,with assistance from thebrigade's organic MI battalion(EAC) (IA). For additionalinformation on IMINT, seeTC 34-55.

The MASINT team manages thebrigade's MASINT effort.MASINT is a highlysophisticated application ofstate-of-the-art technology andprocessing techniques to detectand identify specific enemycapabilit ies and intentions.The MASINT team--

o Receives and processescollected information andforwards it to the all-sourceproduction team for all-sourceanalys is .

o Provides technical adviceand assistance through the useof MASINT-exploited targetsignatures or MASINT collectiondevices.

o Coordinates with elementsof the CONUS support base,industr ia l and sc ient i f iccommunities, and other servicesto ensure that new technologyis integrated into operations.

The SIGINT team--

o Provides the primaryinterface between the MIbrigade (EAC), the CM&Dsect ion, and the EAC TCAE.

o Analyzes collectionrequirements received from theCM&D section, based onresources available andparameters of coverage.

o Advises the CM&D sectiono f s u i t a b i l i t y f o r s a t i s f a c t i o nof col lect ion tasks .

o Monitors the status oftasks levied to the MIbattalion (SIGINT) and makesrecommendations to the EAC TCAEregarding employing resources.

o In conjunction with theTCAE, coordinates sensor cueingto support other IEWrequirements.

The HUMINT team--

o Develops and coordinatestheater interrogat ionoperations and controlledcollection requirements.

o Performs cueing and tip-off for theater and nationala s s e t s .

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o Translates taskingreceived from the CM&D sectioninto speci f ic col lect ion tasks .

o Provides combat situationupdates to theaterinterrogat ion assets .

The TECHINT team--

o Coordinates CM functionswith the CMEC and serves as alink between the CMEC and theG2 .

o Coordinates TECHINTcollection requirements andensures they are translatedinto terms that the combat unitor other specific collector canunderstand and act on.

I n t e l l i g e n c eSupport Element

The ISE is organic to theEACIC and normally consists ofthree teams. Each team isreferred to as an ISE when itis providing its supportmission to other commands.

ISEs provide EACIC liaisonwith US Army, joint, combined,and Allied militaryorganizations and theirassociated inte l l igenceorganizations or services.Examples of supported commandsinclude ADA commands, Armygroups, JTFs, SOF, Alliedcommands, or host nationgovernments. ISEs collocatewith each supported command andassist in identifying IEWrequirements, establishingprior i t ies , and interfac ingdirectly with the EACIC to helpsatisfy the command’srequirements.

Communications Section

The communications sectionestablishes the securecommunications support for theEACIC with its organicequipment. It is capable ofreceiving and transmitting toall the brigade’s subordinateu n i t s . It can also reach othertheater units throughout theestablished theatercommunications system. Secureand effective communicationshave special applications whichthe theater commands and theNCA must address. Secure andsurvivable communicationsdetermine the workability ofthe C² systems in any theaterof operations.

INTERNAL OPERATIONS

For the EACIC to accomplishits mission, all elements mustperform their assigned tasksaccurately and timely. Eachsection and team must worktogether to make theintell igence cycle operate ati t s b e s t . The EACIC chief--

o Plans and supervises allphases of the intell igencecycle .

o Ensures that the EACICprovides adequate andcontinuous IEW support for allheadquarters, commands, andagencies concerned.

o Must have thoroughknowledge of threats andnational assets, requirements,and the theater commander’soperational intent, whiledirect ing the tota lintell igence effort within theEACIC.

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Internal operationalprocedures and the intelligencecycle dictate close, continuousrelationships among allproduction section teams.Figure 4-7 shows theserelat ionships . The CM&Dsect ion f i l l s gaps ininformation by formulatingtasks and levying requirementsto assets deployed within thetheater and by tasking nationala s s e t s .

The production sectionconsol idates s ingle-disc ipl inereporting from collectors. TheCM effort is a continuousprocess that passes informationto the respective SDT andconstantly adjusts requirementsusing new PIR and IR. ThesePIR and IR are providedimmediately to the CM&D sectionfor consolidation and taskingto assets organic to thebrigade. The CM&D sectionlevies many of theserequirements on the respectiveSDT for immediate analysis andrecommended taskings forspeci f ic s ingle-sourcecol lect ion by speci f icsubordinate elements of thebrigade.

As single-sourceinformation is collected by thebattalions or companies, i t isquickly forwarded through theproduction section to theappropriate IMINT, MASINT,SIGINT, HUMINT, or TECHINT teamfor review and input to theCM&D section. During theanalysis process, additionalrequirements might surfacewhich could redirect the CMe f f o r t .

The CI team chief maintainsliaison with the CM&D sectionto support the production ofthe CI threat estimates,studies, and reports. Anaccurate assessment of enemyi n t e l l i g e n c e c a p a b i l i t i e s i sthe foundation of friendlyvulnerability assessment andthe development of effectivecountermeasures. The CI teammaintains a continually updateddata base to identify andassess the host i le inte l l igencecol lect ion threat .

ISEs serve as extensions ofthe EACIC and are collocatedwith the supported headquarterscommand or US or Alliedi n t e l l i g e n c e s e r v i c e . T oful f i l l i t s miss ion, each ISEmust keep abreast of allactivities of the productionsect ion. Therefore, continuousliaison with the CM&D sectionmust be maintained.

The ISE assists thesupported organization inobtaining desired informationby forwarding requirements tothe EACIC CM&D section forreview of the productionsection and MDCI data bases.Additionally, the ISE forwardscollection requirements of thesupported command to the CM&Dsection for appropriateact ion. The ISE team chief,assisted by the CM&D sectionand the production section,sanitizes reports used by thesupported unit.

The ISEs provide amechanism for joint, Allied,and combined commands torequest information, such as--

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o I&W.

o Employment of enemy SOF.

o Use of airborne or airmobile forces.

o Employment of NBCweapons.

The ISEs fac i l i ta teexchanging intelligence andcoordinating EW support,including jamming. ISEs alsowork with unit intelligenceofficers and assist withintell igence input tooperational planning, situationand target development, and theIPB of the supported commands.Occasionally, it may beadvantageous to have an ISEdeploy with supported units inadvance of hostil it ies.

Although managed by theEACIC chief, ISEs generally arelocated away from the EACICand, in practice, operateindependently. ISEs supportthe commander with whom theyare collocated. Additionally,their duties require them torespond to the needs of theircounterpart agencies andcommands at least as often asthey respond to the needs ofthe EACIC.

EXTERNAL OPERATIONS

To accomplish its mission,the EACIC must maintaineffective interaction andinteroperability with numerousexternal organizations. Theseorganizations fall into fourgeneral categories:

o National-- includes thoseorganizations, agencies, orassets control led direct ly atDOD levels. Some of them willhave representatives in thetheater of operations.

o Theater IEW--includes allunits organic to the MI brigade(EAC) and, where appropriate,intell igence units assigned toother services and hostnations.

o Supported headquartersand commands-- include Army,joint, combined, or Alliedorganizations.

o ECB-- includes support totactical commands andcoordinates the full use ofTENCAP and NETCAP for ECB andnat ional inte l l igenceorganizations.

These interfacerequirements are accomplishedprimarily through securecommunications and the use ofISE teams. Figure 4-8 showsthe external organizations thatinteract with the EACIC.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE)

Each MI battalion(operations) has a TECHINTcompany as a part of itsorganization. However, most ofthe MI companies (TECHINT) arepart of the RC force. There isonly one active componentTECHINT unit in the forcestructure . During a conflict,a theater's respective TECHINTcompany would mobilize and

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ANALYSIS

deploy to meet the battlefieldTECHINT requirements of thet h e a t e r .

The organization, mission,and functions of the TECHINTcompany are the same for thereserve and active force. SeeChapter 8 for a completediscussion of the TECHINTcompany.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEDETACHMENT (STRATEGIC IMAGERY

The mission of the MIdetachment (strategic IA) is toexploi t tac t ica l , theater , andnational level imagery and todisseminate the resultingintell igence within thetheater . This detachmentprovides--

o Imagery-derivedinformation and intelligence tothe EACIC and other requestingand supported detachments.

o First- , second-, andthird-phase exploitation ofradar, infrared, photographic,and national level imagery.

.o Interface with the EACIC,

J2 and J3, and Air Forceliaison staffs to satisfy Armyrequirements by nationalimagery assets and bydetachment collection,processing, exploitation, anddissemination efforts.

The MI detachment(strategic IA), shown atFigure 4-9, has a headquarters,exploi tat ion sect ion, bas iccover library, and maintenancesect ion.

HEADQUARTERS

The detachment headquarterscollocates with the MIbattalion (operations) in thevic ini ty of the EACIC. I tprovides operational command,administrative support, andsupply management for itsorganic sections. The MIdetachment (strategic IA)depends on the Theater ArmyCommunications Command (TACC)for access to thecommunications system.

EXPLOITATION SECTION

Exploitation sectionpersonnel perform second- andthird-phase exploitation ofradar, infrared, E-O,photographic, and nationallevel imagery on a 24-hourb a s i s . Inte l l igence reportsare sent by either courier orelectrical message toauthorized theater consumers.When requested, photographicprints of the exploited imageryare sent to division, corps,and those EAC elementsrequiring such products forOPSEC, planning, or contingencypurposes. This section alsoprovides imagery to the basiccover library to update theimagery data base and to use itin the basic cover program.

BASIC COVER LIBRARY

The basic cover library isthe main repository fortactical and national imageryproduced in the theater ofoperations. It has an ES-82photographic darkroom whichproduces photographic prints ofexploited imagery. The basic

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cover library deploys with animagery data base of the AO.This data base is used tocompare newly acquired imageryduring contingency or combatoperations. Personnel reviewincoming RIIs to determine ifimagery in the data basesatisfies the requirement.This section also maintainsmaps, overlays, referencematerials, publications, and

f i les of a l l exploi tat ionreports.

MAINTENANCE SECTION

The maintenance sectionprovides personnel andequipment to perform unit levelmaintenance for wheeledvehicles, generators,compressors, and relatedequipment.

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This chapter describes the

CHAPTER 5

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION (SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE)

mission and organization of theMI battalion (SIGINT) and theseparate MI company (SIGINT).It discusses the role of theEAC TCAE and the SIGINToperations of the MI brigade(EAC) . The mission of the MIbattalion (SIGINT) of the MIbrigade (EAC) is to conductSIGINT operations in responseto theater-level IEWrequirements, primarily thoseof the theater ground componentcommander. Other missionsinclude supporting ECB andnational requirements withspeci f ic funct ions , such as- -

o Operating and maintainingthe EAC TCAE.

o Collecting, analyzing,processing, and reportingcommunications intelligence(COMINT).

o Performing directionfinding (DF) and advancedidentification techniques.

o Managing the tasking andpositioning of organic SIGINTmission equipment.

o Providing electronicintelligence (ELINT)processing, analyzing, andreporting.

o Developing andmaintaining SIGINT data basesfor EAC and ECB SIGINT unitsdeployed, or which may bedeployed, in the theater ofoperations.

The MI battalion (SIGINT)is organic to the MI brigade(EAC). The battalion isorganized into an HHC,two-to-five MI (SIGINT)companies, and an MI controland processing (C&P) company.Figure 5-1 shows thisorganization. Through thecontributions of thesesubordinate companies, thebattalion commanderaccomplishes the total SIGINTmission for the MI brigade(EAC).

5-1

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

In general, the HHCprovides C², administrativeservices, and logistic supportto units assigned or attachedto the SIGINT battalion. EachMI company (SIGINT) conducts HFCOMINT and HF DF operations.The MI company (C&P) providesSIGINT mission and data basemanagement for the battalion.It analyzes, processes, andreports SIGINT data in additionto providing intell igencesupport to tactical units.

The HHC includes personnelfor the battalion headquartersand the headquarters company.The battalion headquarters,shown at Figure 5-2, consistsof a command section with abattalion commander, XO, andb a t t a l i o n s t a f f o f f i c e r s ( S 1 ,S2, S3, S4, and C-E).

The comman sect ionprovides the C² for thebattalion and supervises theoperational and supporta c t i v i t i e s o f a l l o f i t scompanies. The staff sectionsof the battalion headquartersperform various tasks.

5-2

BATTALION HEADQUARTERS

The S1 section providespersonnel administrativesupport to all battalionelements.

The S2 section develops andperforms security managerfunctions to ensure battalionphysical, information, andpersonnel security needs aremet. I ts secur i ty sect ioncontrols access to thebattalion's SCIF occupied byelements of the MI company(C&P).

The S3 section is theprincipal s taf f of f ice for thecommander in operations, plans,organization, and trainingmatters. The S3 provides C2

for all the battalion's SIGINTassets and issues tasking andreporting guidance for theiroperational employment in thebattalion’s AO. The S3monitors the taskings from theEACIC to the MI company (C&P)and coordinates the employmentof ECM teams.

The S4 section handles allmatters of supply, maintenance,transportation, and logisticservices . The S4 must maintainclose coordination with the S3for logistic support ofoperational employment ofbattalion SIGINT assets. TheS4 monitors maintenance supportfor all battalion organicequipment and coordinatesexternal maintenance supportwith the MI brigade. The S4also monitors food service andprocurement functions withinthe bat ta l ion.

The C-E section plans anddirects all communications-

r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s o f h eb a t t a l i o n , including C² andoperational communicationc i r c u i t s . The theatercommunications command handlesall external communications.The C-E section--

o Ensures the planning andapplication of adequate andproper ECCM throughout theb a t t a l i o n .

o Provides input tobattalion C-E plans.

o Supervises and accountsfor COMSEC materials andequipment.

o Coordinates friendlyfrequency allocation; frequencyassignment use; and theresolution of meaconing,intrusion, jamming, andinterference (MIJI) problems.

HEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The headquarters companyprovides internaladministrative and logisticsupport. I t consis ts of foursect ions :

o The company headquarterssection providesadminis trat ion, b i l le t ing,t r a i n i n g , d i s c i p l i n e , u n i tsupply, food service, andbattalion headquarters propertyaccountabi l i ty .

o The mechanizedmaintenance section performsunit maintenance on automotive,generator, and auxiliaryequipment assigned to thebattalion headquarters and theMI company (C&P) of theb a t t a l i o n .

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o The food service sectionprovides a dining facil ity forassigned and attached personnelof the HHC elements and the MIcompany (C&P).

o The unit ministry teamprovides religious support toall personnel assigned orattached to the battalion,including area anddenominational coverage andministry to mass casualties andhospitalized members of theb a t t a l i o n . The team advisesthe commander on religious,moral, and soldier welfareissues . I t a lso es tabl ishesliaison with unit ministryteams of higher and adjacentuni ts .

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE)

The MI company (SIGINT)conducts continuous HF COMINTcollection and HF DFoperations. The company isusually located in the COMMZand is deployed to cover a600-kilometer front along anoperational baseline up to2,400 kilometers in length.Its mission includes--

o Collecting HF voice,Morse, and non-Morsecommunications.

o Processing and analyzingCOMINT.

o Forwarding COMINT to theMI company (C&P).

o Conducting DF operations.

o Conducting ECMoperations.

Each of the two-to-fivecompanies in the battalionconsists of a headquarterssect ion, operations platoon, DFplatoon, and a collectionmanagement and analysis (CM&A)platoon. Figure 5-3 shows thisorganization.

HEADQUARTERS SECTION

The headquarters section isresponsible for internalsupport operations, includingbilleting and unit supply.

OPERATIONS PLATOON

The operations platoonconsis ts of a- -

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o Platoon he headquarterswhich provides C² to theintercept teams and preparestape and paper copy for ship-ment to the MI company (C&P).The operations platoon leaderassists the company operationsofficer in supervising themission. In addition, theplatoon leader is the company'snight operations officer whenthe company is deployed.

o Morse and voice interceptsect ion.

o Non-Morse interceptsect ion.

o Voice intercept section.

DIRECTIONFINDING PLATOON

The DF platoon consistso f - -

o A platoon headquarterswhich provides C² andestablishes the net controls t a t i o n .

o Four DF teams thatoperate two DF and onecommunications position. Theseteams are mobile and canoperate independently.

The DF teams can operate atextended distances, i frequired, to establish a DFbasel ine suf f ic ient to locatetargets at the required depthof the AO. DF operations arefully integrated into companyoperations and reportingfunctions. The DF platoonheadquarters also operates theadvanced identificationtechnique equipment.

COLLECTION MANAGEMENT ANDANALYSIS PLATOON

The CM&A platoon provides--

o Administrative supportand is linked to the EAC TCAEin the MI company (C&P). Ittasks organic assets; maintainsasset status; provides SIGINTtechnical data to assets;performs current and follow-onanalysis; and reports resultsof SIGINT operations to the EACTCAE .

o An analysis team thatperforms level one analysis(immediate combat information)on collected SIGINT data andreports s ignif icant orperishable information to theEAC TCAE in a time-sensitiveb a s i s .

o A reports team thatprovides the results of SIGINToperations to the EAC TCAE.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(CONTROL AND PROCESSING)

The MI company (C&P)performs SIGINT and EWtechnical control and analysisand management of organicassets within the MI battalion(SIGINT). It provides SIGINTtechnical support for organic,attached, OPCON, and lowerechelon SIGINT resourcesdeployed in the theater. Thisincludes mission tasking,processing, analyzing, andreporting of SIGINT data andinformation. The companyperforms these functionsthrough the TCAE, which

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provides direction for thebattalion’s SIGINT mission andfor theater tactical SIGINTa s s e t s . I t i n t e r f a c e s w i t h t h eproduction section in the EACICthrough the single disciplineteam-signals intell igence(SDT-SIGINT).

The MI company (C&P), shownat Figure 5-4, has a companyheadquarters and an EAC TCAE.These two elements provide C²of the company, SIGINT CM,technical support, and taskingfor all organic, attached, andOPCON resources. The EAC TCAEmaintains the SIGINT technicaldata base for theater targetsof interest to support thetheater Army commander. Inaddition, the EAC TCAEmaintains a direct interfacewith the SDT-SIGINT at theEACIC.

The MI company (C&P)generally collocates with theMI bat ta l ion (SIGINT) . I t - -

o Performs missionmanagement and tasking ofSIGINT assets organic,

attached, or OPCON to the MIbrigade (EAC).

o Processes and reportsELINT and COMINT information.

o Provides analysis supportfor voice, Morse, and non-Morsec o l l e c t i o n .

o Provides analysis supportfor processing, analyzing, andreporting ELINT data fromsources not organic to theb a t t a l i o n .

o Provides unit maintenanceon organic signal equipment.

o Provides the securecommunications systemssupporting the battalion.

o Provides technical datato EAC and ECB SIGINT assets.

COMPANY HEADQUARTERS

Company headquartersc o n s i s t s o f - -

o A headquarters sectionthat provides internaladministration of the unit.

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o A communications sectionthat installs and operates thesecure communications systemsand operational communicationscircuits supporting both the MIcompany (C&P) and battalionheadquarters. It performs unitmaintenance of allcommunications and COMSECequipment; provides COMSECaccountability for equipmentand materials issued to thebattalion and its subordinateunits; and provides DSmaintenance on companycommunications equipment.

ECHELONS ABOVECORPS TCAE

The EAC TCAE, shown atFigure 5-5, is organized into aheadquarters section, Morse andnon-Morse analysis sections,voice and ELINT analysissect ions , CM section, andreports and document section.The TCAE--

o Receives collectiontasking from the EACICSDT-SIGINT through the CMsect ion.

o Receives and forwardsSIGINT-related CEDs to theEACIC.

o Translates taskingreceived into SIGINTacquis i t ion tasks .

o Assigns specific SIGINTacquis i t ion tasks to speci f icc o l l e c t i o n a s s e t s .

o Monitors satisfaction ofSIGINT tasks in terms oftimeliness and quality.

o Provides asset status andlimitations to the EACIC CM&Dthrough the SDT-SIGINT.

o Performs electronicpreparation of the battlefield(EPB).

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o Maintains the theaterground component SIGINT POC forlateral theater EAC TCAEs andfor the Army TCAE (discussed inthe appendix).

o Serves as the theaterground SIGINT POC for“in-theater” national SIGINTsupport organizations.

The EAC TCAE is the highestechelon in the Army’s SIGINTtechnical control archi tecturewithin a theater of operation.The EAC TCAE is the single POCbetween the Army’s ECB SIGINTunits and the “in-theater”national SIGINT support base( i f present) .

As such, the EAC TCAEcoordinates directly with thenational SIGINT data base orregional SIGINT support center(RSSC) in the theater. In someinstances, where an RSSC is notpresent, a theater support node(TSN) may be deployed toestablish a communications linkwith the national SIGINT database. The TSN and RSSCorganizations are subordinateto the National Security Agency(NSA); they represent forwarddeployed technical supportorganizations to support allmilitary services within atheater of operations. Generalfunctions of theseorganizations include--

o Providing technicalsupport and technical data basesupport to all services withinthe theater.

o Providing informationfrom national assets and assetsnot organic to the services inthe theater (for example,Allied SIGINT assets).

o Providing nationalanalytic support to theservices in the theater.

o Assisting the services,when required, in maintainingtheir technical data base inthe theater.

o Providing technicalsupport and technical data basesupport for counter WARMoperations.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE)

(SEPARATE-ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS)

In those instances where anMI battalion is not required,an MI company (SIGINT)separate-echelons above corps(SEP-EAC) may be assigned to anMI brigade. This company isunder the command of the MIbrigade (EAC) and interactsoperationally with the EACIC.Although the SIGINT mission isthe same, the strength andorganizational structure ofthis company is slightlydifferent from the MI company(SIGINT) of the SIGINTb a t t a l i o n . Figure 5-6 showsthe organization of MI company(SIGINT) (SEP-EAC).

The company headquartersserves the same functions andprovides the same support asthat of the MI company(SIGINT). The structure of itsoperations platoon, DF platoon,and CM&A platoon is identical.However, since this is aseparate company withindependent operations, it hasits own organic TCAE. Ifassigned to a theater MIbrigade (EAC), this TCAEbecomes the EAC TCAE.

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The TCAE within an MI appropriate mix of languagecompany (SIGINT) (SEP-EAC) has s k i l l s , area expertise, andthe same structure and proper data bases and equipmentfunctions as that within the MI to accomplish the mission for acompany (C&P) of the MI given theater.battalion (SIGINT) describedpreviously. It performs all In the Army intelligencethe processing, analyzing structural design for EAC, thereporting, mission managment, operations of the MI battalionand technical support functions (SIGINT) are complex. Therequired to support organic,attached, or OPCON resources.It interfaces with the EACICthrough the SDT-SIGINT of theproduction section.

OPERATIONS

The operations of the MIbattalion (SIGINT) areconducted continuously tosupport peacetimerequirements. In wartime,operations are conductedsimi lar ly , with differences intypes of targets, t imeliness,intensity of operations, andthe degree of integration withnon-Army and non-US agencies.SIGINT and EW operations aretailored regionally andfunct ional ly to f i t speci f icgeographic areas and to meetmission tasking. Thisstructuring provides the

SIGINT battalion-commanderconducts extremely sensitiveinte l l igence operat ions . EACSIGINT operations provide bothstrategic and tact ica lintell igence information.Consumers range from thehighest echelons of governmentto tactical maneuver forces inthe f ie ld . To workeffectively, the SIGINTbattalion EAC must cooperateand exchange information withi ts s i s ter mi l i tary servicesand Allied EAC SIGINTorganizations.

INTERNAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

The SIGINT battalionfunctions range from receivinga tasking to reporting on aSIGINT requirement. Thecollection of SIGINTinformation begins with receipt

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of a requirement. Thisrequirement may come from anysource and may result from--

o Intelligence requirementsof the theater and Alliedcommands.

o PIR and IR of ECBtactical commanders.

o Strategic inte l l igencerequirements of national levelagencies.

Having determined the exactcol lect ion acquis i t ion tasks ,the CM section passes them onto the TCAE for transmission.The TCAE then passes thecollection requirements to theCM&A platoon of the SIGINTcompany for passage to thespecific SIGINT collectiona s s e t . The TCAE may directlytask attached or OPCON SIGINTassets if they have no CMelement.

SIGINT requirements leviedon the MI brigade (EAC) areanalyzed and processed by theEACIC. Within the EACIC, therequirements are forwarded fromthe CM&D section to theproduction section, wherepersonnel in the SDT-SIGINTelement coordinate to satisfythe requirements. I f not , therequirement is tasked down tothe EAC TCAE for collection bySIGINT assets of the MIb a t t a l i o n . The SDT-SIGINTprovides feedback to the CM&D

section regarding all aspectsof requirement satisfaction.

All tasking requirementsfrom the SDT-SIGINT arereceived by the CM section ofthe TCAE (EAC). Figure 5-7shows the SIGINT tasking andreporting flow through the EACTCAE of the C&P company. Onceprocessed by the CM section,taskings may be sent to organicSIGINT collection assets,attached assets, or to otherSIGINT assets throughout thetheater . At the same time, thebattalion S3 section monitorsthe tasking and reporting fromthe TCAE and the EACIC. Thus ,the battalion can oversee thebattalion’s overall SIGINTmission.

The CM section performs themission control function forall the battalion’s SIGINTassets and other SIGINTresources within the theater.

Figure 5-8 shows thetasking and reporting flowwithin the SIGINT company.Figure 5-9 shows the taskingand reporting flow from theEACIC to the MI battalion(SIGINT). (The relationship ofboth companies is shown.)Organic, attached, or OPCONSIGINT resources providecollection information and databack through the TCAEchannels. The CM sectionensures there is no duplicationof effort among collectiona s s e t s .

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CHAPTER 6

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION(COLLECTION AND EXPLOITATION)

This chapter describes themission and organization of theMI battalion (collection ande x p l o i t a t i o n ) ( C & E ) . I tdiscusses how the battalionoperates with the EACIC andother agencies, forces, andcommands within the theater.

The mission of the MIbattalion (C&E) is to provideinterrogation and CI supportfor EAC if separate CI andinterrogation battalions arenot authorized. I t a l s ocoordinates closely with theTECHINT element in theexploitation of foreignmater ie l of inte l l igencei n t e r e s t , including items of asc ient i f ic and technicalintell igence (S&TI) nature,acquired within the theater ofoperations. This missionincludes- -

o Providing CI support,including analysis of themult idisc ipl ine threat .

o Establishing a joint orcombined interrogation facil ityand conducting interrogationsof EPWs, high level politicaland military personnel,c iv i l ian internees , re fugees ,displaced persons, and othernon-US personnel.

o Translating andexploiting documents acquired,found, or captured in thetheater AO to produce writteni n t e l l i g e n c e .

o Debriefing US and Alliedpersonnel who have escaped

after being captured or whohave evaded capture.

o Col lect ing inte l l igenceinformation through LLSOs byrecrui t ing, t ra ining, br ief ing,and debriefing HUMINT assets insupport of US Army tactical andoperational requirements.

o Supporting otherintell igence agencies anddisciplines operating withinthe theater of operations.

o Conducting targetexploitation (TAREX) collectionact iv i t ies within the theaterof operations (when augmented) .

o Providing MDCI support tounits located in or transitingthe theater Army AO.

o Providing specializedtechnical support services,such as technical surveillancecountermeasures (TSCM),polygraph, and automatic dataprocessing (ADP) security.

o Providing intell igencederived from CI, interrogation,and LLSO support to rearoperations andcounterterrorism.

The MI battalion (C&E),shown at Figure 6-1, isorganized into an HHC, MIcompany (CI), and the MIcompany (interrogation).

The HHC provides C²,administrative services, andlogistic support for units ofthe bat ta l ion. I t a l s o

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provides operationalcoordination between the two MIcompanies and the EACIC. TheMI company (CI) provides CIsupport within the theater ofoperations. The MI company(interrogation) (EPW)interrogates and debriefs EPWsand other persons ofi n t e l l i g e n c e i n t e r e s t . I t a l s otranslates and exploitsselected documents.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The HHC, shown atFigure 6-2, includes personnelfor both the battalionheadquarters and theheadquarters company. Inaddition to the battalioncommander, XO, and CSM, thebattalion headquarters consistsof S1, S2, S3, S4, C-E staffsections, and a chaplain.

The responsibi l i t ies ofthese s taf f sect ions aresimilar to those described forthe MI brigade (EAC) and otherMI battalions. (See Chapters 3and 5.) The HHC provides C,supervision, unitadministration, and logistical

support for the battalion.

In addition to its normalstaff functions, the S3 sectionprovides CI and technicalsupport with a CI analysisteam, polygraph team, and TSCMteam. The S3 sectiondistributes CI reports andinformation on battalionoperations to the EACIC andsupported commands.

The CI analysis teamprovides the focus for theconduct of MDCI analysis withinthe battalion. Reports andimportant CI informationresulting from the analyticaleffort at the MI battalion(C&E) are forwarded to andsupport theater MDCI analysisconducted by the CI element inthe EACIC. The CI analysisteam in the battalion receivesits information primarily fromthe battalion's CI company.

Polygraph teams providepolygraph support within thetheater AO. A polygraph isused as an aid for intelligenceinvestigations. Polygraphsupport includes--

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o Responding to requestsfor polygraph assistance.

o Scheduling examinations.

o Reviewing case files.

o Conducting examinations.

o Preparing reports used indetermining the accuracy ofinformation gathered.

The TSCM team providestechnical service support forthe theater and those units ororganizations transiting thetheater AO en route forcommitment to a corps.Assisted by the S3 section, theteam maintains a master

schedule of inspections,supervises the operations ofthe various technical supportservices , and directs thepreparation of resultingreports .

The TSCM team conductsinspections to detect hostiletechnical surveillance andpotent ia l ly exploi tabletechnical security hazards inareas where sensitiveinformation is processed ordiscussed. This team iscomposed of CI agents who havereceived special training inoperating technical andsensitive detection equipment.Team members also provide

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advice and assistance to unitsw i t h s e n s i t i v e f a c i l i t i e s t omaintain required securitystandards.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE)

The MI company (CI), shownat Figure 6-3, consists of acompany headquarters section,operations element, specialoperations element, CI element,and a counter-SIGINT (C-SIGINT)e l e m e n t . I t - -

o Provides MDCI support(C-SIGINT and counter-humanintelligence [C-HUMINT]) to theEACIC and commands within theCOMMZ.

o Performs liaison with US,joint, and combined commandsand Allied and host nation CIcounterparts.

o Conducts CIinvest igat ions .

o Conducts C-SIGINToperations to support theater

OPSEC considerations anddeception operations.

o Reinforces ECB CIa c t i v i t i e s .

o Conducts wartimeoffensive CI operations withinthe theater AO.

HEADQUARTERS SECTION

The company commander, withthe assistance of theheadquarters staff, commandsand controls all elementsorganic to the company andother CI elements which may beattached to the MI battalion(C&E).

OPERATIONS SECTION

The operations sectiontasks and receives reports fromthe subordinate elements of thecompany. This sectionmaintains liaison andcommunications with thebattalion S3 section to ensurethe effective flow of taskingand reporting with the EACIC.

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As the focal point of companyact iv i t ies , the chief of theoperations section receivesguidance and direction from thecompany commander and battalionS3 and briefs other elements ofthe command.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS ELEMENT

The special operationselement consists of aheadquarters and three specialoperations teams.

The special operationsteams conduct CE,countersubversion, andcountersabotage operations andinvestigations (see FM 34-60A).These teams also conductLLSOs . CI jur isdic t ionincludes- -

o Known or suspected actsof espionage.

o CI aspects of known orsuspected foreign-directedsabotage.

o Limited investigationsregarding contact with elementsof threat governments.

o Subversive activity byArmy personnel.

o Known or suspected actsof treason or sedition by Armypersonnel.

o CI aspects of terrorismand assassination.

o Army defections, absenceswithout leave (AWOLs),detentions, and unexplainedabsences of Army personnel.

o Impersonations of MIpersonnel. ( S p e c i f i cinvestigations and legalresponsibi l i t ies are inAR 381-10 and AR 381-20.)

These teams develop andmaintain a data base onindividuals with possiblehostile intent within thetheater AO. This i saccomplished through liaisonwith military, civil ian, andprivate agencies andrepresentatives of nationalagencies located in thegeographical region. They alsoconduct specialized collectionoperations against FISs, asdirected by the MI brigade(EAC) commander. Duringwartime these teams conduct CEact iv i t ies within the theaterAO, as specified and authorizedby the theater commander.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCEELEMENT

The CI element has aheadquarters and up to six CIinvestigation teams. Theyconduct CI investigations,c o l l e c t i o n , and operations insupport of the CI mission, asdefined in FM 34-60 andFM 34-60A.

The CI investigation teamsprovide specialized CI supportto ECB requested by the CorpsG2 . These requirements aredetermined by mission, enemy,terrain, troops, and timeavailable (METT-T). They alsoprovide specialized support tothe J IF .

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COUNTER-SIGINT ELEMENT

The C-SIGINT function is asubset of CI. The C-SIGINTa n a l y t i c a l e f f o r t i saccomplished through thefour-step C-SIGINT process:

o Threat assessment.

o Vulnerability assessment.

o Development ofcountermeasures options.

o Countermeasuresevaluation.

Threat Assessment

The three C-SIGINT teams inthis element maintain the database of friendly unitdeployment and C-E equipment,as well as unit deployment andSIGINT and radio electroniccombat (REC) assets for theent ire theater force . Usingthat information, and workingwithin the 4-step C-SIGINTprocess, team members identifyand verify specific threatentities and the friendlysystem, unit, or critical nodevulnerable to the identifiedt h r e a t . The C-SIGINT processsupports both the theatercommander's OPSEC program andthe planning for electronicdeception operations. (SeeFM 90-2A for details.)

Vulnerability Assessment

Critical nodes verified asvulnerable should be targetedto determine the nature andamount of usable informationand intelligence being obtainedby threat forces through active

c o l l e c t i o n . Besides keepingthe commander up to date onwhat may have been compromised,the analytical product will bevaluable in formulatingcountermeasures.

Development ofCountermeasures Operations

At this point, the teamwill generate and recommendcountermeasures designed toeliminate or minimize thevulnerability, exploit thevulnerability, and eliminatethe threat. The team alsoevaluates the effectiveness ofimplemented countermeasuresduring the planning, execution,and post-execution phases.

Countermeasures Evaluation

The collection effort mustbe initiated or reinitiated atthis s tep. All implementedcountermeasures must beevaluated. If friendly C-Eemissions are collected duringvulnerability assessment, theresults of collection serve twopurposes: they verify ifcountermeasures wereimplemented and they helpdetermine whether thecountermeasures achieved thedesired ef fect .

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(INTERROGATION)

The MI company(interrogation), shown atFigure 6-4, consists of acompany headquarters,operations section,communications section, andinterrogation and exploitation(I&E) platoon.

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The mission of the MIcompany (interrogation) is toconduct interrogations of EPWsand other personnel ofintell igence interest and toexploit CEDs in Army, joint, orcombined interrogation centers.

COMPANY HEADQUARTERS

The company headquartersconsists of the commander, XO,first sergeant (1SG),operations staff section, andunit supply section.

OPERATIONS SECTION

The operations section,supervised by the XO--

o Receives PIR, otherrequirements, and combatsituation updates from theEACIC.

o Forwards taskings to theI&E platoon.

o Keeps interrogatorsupdated on the combats i tuat ion.

o Forwards interrogationand other intelligence reportsfrom the I&E platoon to EACIC.

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION

The communications sectionprovides communication betweenthe supported interrogationfac i l i ty , the MI bat ta l ion(C&E), the EACIC, andinterrogation “GO” teams.These teams are discussed inFM 34-52.

INTERROGATION ANDEXPLOITATION PLATOON

The I&E platoon consists ofa headquarters and is taskorganized based on the theaterof operations and thes i t u a t i o n . This platoon formsthe basis of the Army, joint,

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or combined interrogationfacil ity and is generallycollocated with the theaterArmy EPW internment facilities.GO teams from this platoon maybe forward deployed to supportECB EPW facilities. Thisplatoon conducts interrogationsof EPWs and other persons ofinte l l igence interest andexploits CEDs.

OPERATIONS

Within the MI battalion(C&E), the commander isresponsible for the sensitiveact iv i t ies of CI , the deta i ledrequirements of interrogationsand document exploitation, andTAREX when augmented.

Publications l isted in thereferences sect ion,particularly TC 34-5 andFMs 34-1, 34-2, 34-3, 34-52,34-54, 34-60, and 34-60A,establ ish overal l doctr ine .They describe generalprocedures and how to use anddisseminate C&E products at alllevels of command. Tosupplement the guidance inthese publications, operationsfor the MI battalion (C&E) arediscussed in two categories:

o Internal operationalprocedures.

o Interaction andinteroperability procedures.

INTERNAL OPERATIONALPROCEDURES

In addition to the S3sect ion at bat ta l ionheadquarters, each companycontains an organic operationssection which supervises

miss ion-re lated act iv i t ies .The operations section in eachcompany and battalioncoordinates and supervisesmission performance. Theoperations section receivesrequirements from the nexthigher headquarters and,according to guidance providedby the commanders concerned,submits reports and serves asPOC for the coordination of alla c t i v i t i e s .

INTERACTION ANDINTEROPERABILITY PROCEDURES

To accomplish its mission,the MI battalion (C&E) mustinteract with externalorganizations. Figure 6-5shows the two generalcategories of organizations anda c t i v i t i e s t h a t i n t e r f a c e .

The battalion's primaryPOCs within the EACIC are theCI and HUMINT teams in theproduction section.

The comprehensive CI andinterrogation missions of thebattalion require coordinationby each operational companywith its counterparts in otherUS services, and with nationaland Allied activities intheater or local c iv i lauthor i t ies . This i sespecially useful when total CIassets are coordinated towardcommon objectives, conservingtime and effort. This type ofi n t e r a c t i o n a s s i s t sinterrogators who exploitpersonnel and documents ofi n t e r e s t t o o t h e r a g e n c i e s . I talso contributes to the propercontrol, tasking, and use ofhuman assets available withinthe theater of operations.

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The single disciplineteam-human intelligence(SDT-HUMINT) analyzes andprocesses HUMINT requirementsreceived at the EACIC orgenerated by the threatproduction elements. Withinthe EACIC the requirements areforwarded from the CM&D sectionto the production section,where personnel in theSDT-HUMINT coordinate tosat is fy the requirements . I funable to satisfy therequirements, the SDT-HUMINTtranslates them into specificcollection tasks and leviesthem on the MI battalion (C&E)for col lect ion act ion. TheSDT-HUMINT provides feedback tothe CM&D section regarding allaspects of requirements.

The SDT-HUMINT alsonotifies other commands whenpersons or documents, afterinterrogation screening, aredetermined to be of speciali n t e r e s t . Interrogators useknowledgeability briefs andspot reports to notify theSDT-HUMINT. These reportsidentify who or what the personor item is and how they mightbe of value to otherc o l l e c t o r s .

For example, interrogatorsspot an enemy naval pilot

during screening. Theyquestion him on combat PIR andIR and simultaneously spotreport his identity to theSDT-HUMINT. The SDT contactsthe naval intell igencel i a i s o n . The liaison officerresponds with source-directedrequirements for interrogatorsto use or with specificdisposition instructions.

The second POC for thebattalion with the EACIC is theCI analysis section. Thissection conducts MDCI analysisfor the COMMZ to--

o Determine hostilecollection threat and friendlyvulnerabi l i t ies to that threat .

o Recommend counter-measures.

o Evaluate effectiveness ofthose countermeasures.

The CI team interfacesclosely with other elements ofthe product ion sect ion. I texchanges critical informationrequired to analyze the enemy'smult idisc ipl ine col lec t ionc a p a b i l i t i e s . It performssimilar functions as theSDT-HUMINT in analyzing andprocessing CI requirements.

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CHAPTER 7

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION(INTERROGATION AND EXPLOITATION)

As covered in Chapter 6,the MI battalion (C&E) performsboth foreign positive HUMINTand CI activities. In othertheaters, these missions areperformed by two otherb a t t a l i o n s . This chapterdiscusses the MI battalion(I&E) whose mission is entirelyforeign positive HUMINT.

The MI battalion (I&E),shown at Figure 7-1, has abattalion headquarters, an HHC,and three MI companies (I&E).Two interrogation companiesprovide support to theoperations of JIFs establishedwithin the theater. The thirdcompany provides GS support toECB units operating in thetheater AO. The MI battalion(I&E) mission, which is similarto that of the MI battalion(C&E), includes--

o Establishing one-to-threetheater, joint, or combined

interrogat ion fac i l i t ies withinthe internment facil ity. Theyare established by the provostmarshal and operated by an MPb a t t a l i o n . This i s consis tentwith current OPLANs andconcepts of EAC operations inDS of theater CINCs and theaterArmy components.

o Interrogating EPWs, highlevel polit ical and militarypersonnel, c iv i l ian internees ,refugees, displaced persons,and other non-US personnel.

o Assisting in theinterrogation of EPWs and otherpersonnel of intelligenceinterest for component orAllied commands.

o Translating andexploiting CEDs.

o Conducting TAREXcol lect ion act iv i t ies , whenaugmented.

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o Debriefing returned USprisoners of war and detainedpersonnel.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The HHC includes personnelfor the battalion headquartersand the headquarters company.Figure 7-2 shows thisorganization.

The general staffresponsibilit ies of the MIbattalion (I&E) are similar tothose of the MI brigade (EAC)and other MI battalions (seeChapters 3 and 5). The MI

battalion (I&E) also has a unitministry team assigned. The S3s e c t i o n - -

o Provides C² andsupervision of all thebattalion’s I&E operations.

o Processes anddisseminates HUMINT spotreports and intelligenceinformation reports (IIRs) tothe SDT-HUMINT element of theEACIC.

o Plans and coordinates useof the battalion’s I&E assetsand supervises the TAREX teams,if assigned.

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MILITARY INTELLIGENCECOMPANY (INTERROGATION)

Each MI company(interrogation) includes acompany headquarters,operations section,communications section, foodservice section, and an I&Eplatoon. The functions of eachof the company’s sections aredescribed in Chapter 6. (Referto Figure 6-4 for theorganization of this company.)

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(INTERROGATION)

(GENERAL SUPPORT)

The MI company(interrogation) (GS) providesHUMINT support functionssimilar to that of the EPWcompanies. The main differenceis the direction of thesupport. This company providesGS to ECB units operating inthe theater AO. I t a l s oconducts liaison with thesupported commands, foreignmilitary and civil ianintelligence organizations,refugee control points, andc o l l e c t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . Thesel ia ison act iv i t ies can resul tin written intell igenceproducts on persons, documents,and equipment of significantintell igence value to thetheater commands. In addition,this company can assist theother interrogation companies,as required.

The MI company(interrogation) (GS) consistsof a headquarters section,operations section, and threeinterrogation platoons, eachwith a platoon headquarters andsix interrogation sections.

These sections combine theski l l s of inte l l igence analystsand interrogators to accomplishtheir assigned missions, whichare directed and coordinated bythe company’s operationssect ion. This company uses thesupported command’s reportingchannels.

TARGET EXPLOITATION

Both MI battalions--I&E andC&E--can be augmented withTAREX elements or teams. Theelements would be located withTECHINT battalions or companiesof the MI brigade (EAC). Whenaugmented, either battalion canconduct collection operationssupporting strategic andtact ica l exploi tat ion ofhostile EW activities. TAREXoperations are conductedagainst certain EPWs,c ivi l ians , defectors , andrefugees who have knowledge ofenemy C-E (signal) operations.

TAREX teams assist in theinterrogation or debriefing ofcaptured C-E personnel andscreen enemy signal-peculiarequipment, documents, or othersignal materiel . AlthoughOPCON to either battalions (I&Eor C&E), the TAREX reportingchannels flow through SIGINTchannels established within thetheater to the EACIC. Thefunctions and operations ofTECHINT are discussed inChapter 8.

OPERATIONS

The operations of the MIbattalion (I&E) are identicalto that of the MI battalion(C&E). Operations involve bothspecific internal procedures

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and external coordination battalion and companyrequirements with other operations sections. Reportinginte l l igence and c iv i l ian flows back through theseorganizations within the operations channels andtheater AO. Generally, MI directly to the SDT-HUMINT andbattalion (I&E) activities are CI team within the EACIC.controlled through the

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CHAPTER 8

ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS BATTLEFIELDTECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

This chapter describes themission of battlefield TECHINTand the organizations thatmanage and support TECHINTrequirements. The Army’s oneactive component TECHINT unitis used to show doctrine commonto all contingencies andtheaters of operation.

BATTLEFIELD TECHNICALINTELLIGENCE

TECHINT is one of the fiveintell igence disciplines andconsists of S&TI andbattlefield TECHINT. DOD andnat ional inte l l igenceactivities manage and conductS&TI collection andproduction. S&TI supportsstrategic level TECHINTproduction. B a t t l e f i e l dTECHINT supports operationaland tact ica l levels ofi n t e l l i g e n c e . The IEW systemincludes theater echelon MIunits (TECHINT) to manage andconduct the battlefield TECHINTe f f o r t . (See FM 34-54.)

BATTLEFIELD TECHINTSTRUCTURE

The Army has just oneTECHINT unit in the ActiveComponent, an MI battalion(TECHINT). The balance of theTECHINT force is in the RC.These companies are assigned toeach theater’s MI battalion(operations) as a roundoutu n i t . The organization andfunctions of the MI company(TECHINT) are the same for bothactive and reserve forces (seeChapter 4).

The MI battalion (TECHINT),currently a provisional unit ,is subordinate to INSCOM. Thebattalion has both an extensivepeacetime mission and aworldwide TECHINT contingencysupport role.

In case of war, the unitdeploys to aturns over C² to the forcecommander’s MI brigade. Inwartime the battalionestablishes a CMEC to manageTECHINT collection andcountermeasure production untilaugmented, re inforced, orrelieved by the MI brigade’sassigned roundout reserveTECHINT company.

THE BATTLEFIELDTECHINT MISSION

The mission of a MI unit(TECHINT) is to providesupported force commanderswith- -

o Analyses andexploitations of foreign andtechnical CEDs, equipment,weapon systems, and other warmater ie l .

o Reports on thecapabilit ies and limitations ofenemy combat material.

o Reports alerting thecommand to the tactical threatposed by technical advances innew or recently discoveredforeign and enemy materiel.

o Countermeasures to anyenemy technical advantage.

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o Foreign and enemyequipment for t roop -

familiarization andtraining.

o Recommendations on thereuse of CEM.

o On-site supervision ofevacuations of items of extremeinterest to TECHINT analysts.

o A coordinated, timely,and continuous flow ofinformation and TECHINT torequesters and taskers.

o Task-organizedbattlefield TECHINT teams tosupport a subordinate command’sTECHINT effort.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEBATTALION (TECHNICAL

INTELLIGENCE) ORGANIZATION

The MI battalion (TECHINT),shown at Figure 8-1, consistsof an HHC and at least oneTECHINT company. The MIbattalion (TECHINT) taskorganizes TECHINT teams fromits organic and attachedresources to support corps anddivisions as necessary.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The HHC provides C² forall organic and attachedbattalion elements, supplies,and support services . I tcoordinates and depends on the

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HHC of the MI brigade for allmaintenance, food service, andmiscellaneous support notorganic to the battalion.

The battalion commander isthe supported force commander’sadvisor on all matters relatingto TECHINT and technicalcountermeasures. The commanderis also the director of theCMEC, which conducts thetheater's overall TECHINTexploitation and productione f f o r t .

MI COMPANY (TECHINT)

The TECHINT company has thebulk of the battalion’s subjectmatter experts (SMEs). These

SMEs perform laboratory andon-site analysis of CEM ofinterest to the CMEC. Theyseek to determine a system’scharacter is t ics , potent ia l , andvulnerabilit ies in order todevelop countermeasures thatwill neutralize any advantagethe system offers the enemy.

The individual platoonsbegin the source directedrequirements process by routingquestions for interrogators touse in exploiting personnelwith speci f ic and cr i t ica ltechnical knowledge (seeChapter 6). The MI company(TECHINT) is organized as shownat Figure 8-2.

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Intelligence Support Platoon

This platoon providesl i m i t e d i l l u s t r a t o r , e d i t o r i a l ,and photographic support to theCMEC and deployed battlefieldTECHINT teams. Part of theC M E C 'S mission is to providehandbooks and publications onhow our soldiers can reuse,render safe, or destroycaptured enemy equipment(CEE). This platoon supportsthat effort and providesappropriate photographs,diagrams, sketches, or chartsto supplement other writtenreports and analyses.

Communications-ElectronicsPlatoon

This platoon provides C-Etechnical expertise andanalytical support to the CMECand deployed battlefieldTECHINT teams. Its purviewconcerns enemy communicationsor e lectronics equipment . I tis responsible for laboratoryand on-site exploitation of newand crit ical i tems, oftenresulting in extensive anddetailed reports.Countermeasure productionrequires close integration withTAREX activities and elements.

NBC and MedicalIntell igence Platoon

This platoon provides SMEswho analyze and counter enemytechnological advances inchemical warfare and medicalprocedures, equipment, andsystems. The CMEC’s efforts inthis area require closecoordination among TECHINTs p e c i a l i s t s , the staff chemicalofficer’s NBC teams, and the

staf f surgeon’s inte l l igencee f f o r t .

Weapons and MunitionsIntell igence Platoon

This platoon provides enemyweapon systems expertise andanalyst capability in thelaboratory and in the field.This requires closecoordination with capturingunits, engineers, and explosiveordnance disposal (EOD) teams.Platoon specia l is ts typical lyexploit enemy armor, antitankguided missiles, smoke devices,mines, and non-nuclearmunitions.

Mobility Intell igence Platoon

This platoon providessubject matter expertise onenemy mobility capabilities.TECHINT reports on this subjectare crucial during IPB whenenemy capabilities areintegrated into weather andterrain conditions. Typicalitems historically exploitedare enemy river crossingsystems, amphibious equipment,tracked vehicles, enemyengineer equipment, androtary-winged aircraft . Closecoordination with combatengineers is often necessary.

CAPTURED MATERIALEXPLOITATION CENTER

The theater’s TECHINT unitforms a CMEC from its ownassets to conduct andcoordinate the command'sbattlefield TECHINT effort.Other technicians andspecialists in disciplines suchas medical, EOD, andengineering may augment it.

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When SMEs from other servicesaugment the CMEC, it becomes ajoint captured materielexploitation center (JCMEC).When SMEs from other nationsaugment it, the CMEC becomes acombined captured materielexploitation center (CCMEC).

Ideally, the CMEC islocated in the theater rearnear main supply routes,airports, and seaports. Thesite must be conducive topositioning the sensitive andsophisticated test equipmentneeded by the CMEC. Analysts,technic ians , and scientists usethis equipment to conduct thedetailed and time-consumingexaminations which areimpossible for deployed TECHINTteams to perform.

The CMEC exists to providethe force commandercountermeasures to enemy combatsystems. I t rapidlydisseminates combat informationand processed intelligence of aperishable nature to those whoneed it . The CMEC inputs alltechnical information obtainedinto the IEW system for furtherprocessing into all-sourceintell igence products.

CMEC MISSION

The CMEC has the samemission as the MI company(TECHINT) and is formed frompersonnel from the company.Figure 8-3 shows the TECHINTtasking and reporting channelsthat would be establishedwithin a theater. A CMEC iscreated only during wartime orcontingency operations. I t smission includes--

o Determining dispositionof captured items, includingevacuating items collected.

o Supporting the PIR and IRdevelopment process by givingthe EACIC a list of TECHINTitems wanted for CMECexploi tat ion.

o Establishing liaisonthroughout the AO withc o l l e c t i o n p o i n t s , c i v i laffairs, interrogation, EOD,NBC, and logistic operations tofacil itate identifying CEM ofinterest to the CMEC.

o Establishing andoperating laboratories anda n a l y s i s f a c i l i t i e s f o rexploiting CEM.

o Supervising on-sitecollection and evacuation ofitems of priority interest tothe CMEC.

o Task-organizing TECHINTteams from its own resources toprovide DS, GS, and GS-R to asubordinate commander’s TECHINTe f f o r t s .

o Providing countermeasuresto advances in enemytechnology.

CMEC SUPPORT TO CORPSAND BELOW

The CMEC supports ECB byanswering all spot reportsregarding the capture ofsuspected or known TECHINTmateriel and providing thecapturing unit with dispositioninstruct ions . The CMEC--

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o Coordinates evacuationfor subordinate echelons inaccordance with proceduresestablished in the theater.

o Publishes a wide range ofpamphlets explaining how todefeat, render safe, and evenreuse enemy systems encounteredon the bat t le f ie ld .

o Supports subordinateechelon commanders byorganizing and deployingTECHINT teams to coordinatetheir battlefield TECHINTe f f o r t .

BATTLEFIELD TECHNICALINTELLIGENCE TEAMS

The IEW architecturerequires one bat t le f ie ldTECHINT team within anypart icular theater . I t i s t h eCMEC subelement assigned as theTECHINT SDT in the EACICproduction section (seeChapter 4).

The CMEC task organizesother battlefield TECHINTteams, as necessary, to furtherf a c i l i t a t e t h e f o r c ecommander's TECHINT effort.

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There are no standard rules onteam composition, mission, ordeployment area.

The CMEC organizes aTECHINT team's compositionaccording to the mission andSME assets on-hand. If a teamis to serve as a corps“mini-CMEC,” i t wi l l probablyhave at least one of each typeof specia l i s t avai lable . I f ateam has only the task tosupervise an enemy tankevacuation, then it might needonly one armor SME and oneevacuation technician.

The theater commander mayinstruct the CMEC to form anddeploy battlefield TECHINTteams to conduct differenttypes of missions, to include--

o DS to ECB to specificallysupport subordinate commanderTECHINT countermeasurerequirements. This wouldinclude serving as a“mini-CMEC” for the corps ordivision G2.

o GS-R to performpreliminary TECHINTexaminations within a corpsAO. This might includeevaluating battle damagedfriendly equipment to analyzeenemy weapon systemc a p a b i l i t i e s .

o GS to corps until an RCTECHINT roundout company entersan AO. After arrival of thereserve TECHINT element, thisteam might stay behind to serveas the theater CMEC’s liaisonat the various collection andevacuation points in thetheater AO.

o “GO” teams sent forwardon a one-time basis to performspeci f ic on-s i te exploi tat ionsor to supervise criticalevacuations.

BATTLEFIELD TECHNICALINTELLIGENCE REPORTS

The IEW system must beprepared to handle thedifferent types of reportsgenerated as a result of thesupported command’s TECHINTe f f o r t . The reports range fromlow technical size, activity,location, unit, time, andequipment (SALUTE) reportscoming into the system fromcapturing units to hightechnical analyst reports fromthe CMEC en route to nationalS&TI centers.

THE SALUTE REPORT

Battlefield TECHINTdoctrine operates under thepremise that only thosecaptured items wanted by theCMEC will be exploited onsiteor evacuated to the CMEC. Thismeans a lot of equipment willbe left on the battlefield forroutine logistics disposition.Capturing units must use commonsense and their PIR and IR todecide if an item might be ofinterest to the CMEC. Theyverify their decision by spotreporting the item’s capturethrough higher headquarters tothe first echelon with anorganic or attached TECHINTelement.

The spot report is in theSALUTE format. Once the CMEClearns of the capture, it sendsdisposition instructions back

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to the capturing unit. Theseinstructions could range from“send more information” to“prepare for item’s evacuationas follows” to “destroy inplace .”

The SALUTE report is usedbecause it is fast , does notclutter communication channels,and includes enough informationfor the CMEC to decidedisposition or if it needs moredata. Examples of SALUTEreports used to transmitintell igence information are inFM 34-2, FM 34-52, andFM 34-54.

PRELIMINARY ANDCOMPLEMENTARY

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Battlefield TECHINT teamsnormally report initial andsecondary examinations of CEMusing either a preliminarytechnical report (PRETECHREP)or a complementary technicalreport (COMTECHREP).

A PRETECHREP--

o Includes a generaldescription of the itemreported and recommendedrender-safe procedures.

o Alerts others tosignificant technical data thatcan be used immediately byt a c t i c a l u n i t s .

A COMTECHREP is morei n - d e p t h . I t - -

o Follows a secondary or anin-depth initial examination.

o Allows the CMEC tocompare significant informationobtained to information alreadyin its data bank.

OTHER TECHNICAL REPORTS

At each successive echelonof exploitation TECHINTanalysts add to the overallbody of information on an itemby either adding to previousreports or by preparing newreports . The CMEC or othernational level S&TI activitiesprepare more advanced technicalreports and analyses. The IEWsystem must be prepared todisseminate these and allTECHINT reports to the lowestechelon necessary. Thesereports include--

o Detailed technicalreports .

o Translation reports.

o Special technicalreports .

Other TECHINT productsinclude--

o CMEC publications such asoperator manuals, maintenancemanuals, TECHINT bulletins, andtact ica l user bul le t ins .

o S&TI analysis bulletins.

o Foreign materielexploitation reports.

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CHAPTER 9

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION (IMAGERY ANALYSIS)

The mission of the MIbatta l ion ( IA) i s to exploi ttact ica l , theater , and nat ionallevel imagery and to quicklydisseminate IMINT within thet h e a t e r . T a c t i c a lreconnaissance imageryexploitation has beentransferred to the US Army RC.In the future, other imageryfunctions and organization ofthis battalion may also betransferred to the RC.

The MI battalion (IA)provides the following IMINTsupport to the theater:

o Analysis of imagery tosatisfy EAC units and supportedunits’ imagery exploitationrequirements as tasked by theEACIC.

o Analysis of imageryexploitation requirements fromthe EACIC for planning,supervising, and coordinatingimagery missions tasked insupport of EAC units andsupported corps.

o First- , second-, andthird-phase analysis;exploi tat ion; and reproductionof radar, infrared,photographic, E-O,multispectral , and digitalimagery products derived fromt a c t i c a l , t h e a t e r , a n dsupported corps requirements.

o Dissemination ofintell igence reports derivedfrom imagery to EAC units andsupported corps.

o Imagery exploitation insupport of OPSEC requirements.

o Air reconnaissanceliaison personnel to the UnitedStates Air Force (USAF)tactical reconnaissance wing orsquadron to ensure thesatisfaction of Army imageryrequirements.

o One-to-nine MI tacticalreconnaissance support (TRS)detachments to exploit imageryin support of tactical ,theater, and national leveltasking.

o A strategic IA detachmentto exploit imagery in supportof theater and national levelrequirements. The detachmentprovides intelligence reportsand hard copy imagery tosat is fy theater inte l l igenceand terrain analysisrequirements.

The MI battalion (IA)organization, shown atFigure 9-1, consists of an HHD,up to nine TRS detachments, andzero- to- f ive s trategic IAdetachments.

The HHD provides C² ofassigned or attached elementsof the MI battalion (IA).

A TRS detachment deployswith a USAF tacticalreconnaissance squadron at ana i r f i e l d . Due to thegeographic dispersion of theseelements, they must operatewith limited support from the

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b a t t a l i o n . The TRS detachmentlocates where the supportedArmy component commanderd i c t a t e s .

The strategic IA detachmentnormally locates near the EACICto ful f i l l i t s miss ion ofsupport. For more informationon imagery analysis, seeTC 34-55.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT

The mission of the HHD isto provide C² andadministrative and logisticsupport to assigned or attachedunits of the MI battalion (IA).

The HHE, shown atFigure 9-2, includes abattalion headquarters with anS1, combined S2 and S3 section,S4 section, and C-E section;and a detachment headquarterswith a mechanized maintenancesection and a food servicesect ion. Usually the HHDlocates in the vicinity of theEACIC.

The responsibilit ies of thestaff sections for the MIbattalion (IA) are similar tothose described in Chapters 3and 5. This battalion has acombined S2 and S3 sectionwhich performs the functions ofboth s taf f posi t ions . Thissection provides IMINT input tothe EACIC for planning,supervising, and coordinatingimagery exploitation, missionplanning, and assistance in CMin support of theater IMINTrequirements.

The S2 and S3 section alsoprovides the interface between

TRS detachments, the strategicdetachment (IA), and the singlediscipline team-imageryintelligence (SDT-IMINT)element with the EACIC. Thesection provides an aerialreconnaissance l ia ison of f icer(ARLO) and senior imageryanalyst to the USAF tacticalreconnaissance wing; theyassist in mission planning andsatisfying Army requirements.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEDETACHMENT (TACTICAL

RECONNAISSANCE SUPPORT)

The mission of the TRSdetachment is to exploittact ica l and theater levelimagery and to disseminate thereports quickly. Figure 9-3shows the organization of a TRSdetachment. The TRS detachmentprovides--

o Imagery-derivedinformation and intelligence tothe EACIC and requesting andsupporting units.

o F i r s t - and limitedsecond-phase exploitation ofradar, E-O, infrared, andphotographic imagery.

o Interface with the USAFtact ica l reconnaissancesquadrons to satisfy Armyimagery requirements. The USAFcol lects , processes , analyzes ,and disseminates imagerysupport for the detachments.

o Communications capabilityto pass IMINT reports torequesters and supported units.

o A backup communicationslink for USAF IMINTcommunications.

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DETACHMENT HEADQUARTERSSECTION

The detachment headquarterssection is the commandelement. It providesoperational C²,administrative, and supplymanagement support for thedetachments. I t a lso acts asliaison between the detachmentsand the USAF tacticalreconnaissance squadrons.

OPERATIONS SECTION

The operations section hasa mobile army ground imageryinterpretat ion center(MAGIIC). The MAGIIC wasoriginally designed as atactical imagery exploitationsystem and is currently beingphased out of fieldedinventory. MAGIIC provides theexploitation interface withUSAF imaging systems. Whenthis MAGIIC is replaced, itwill provide exploitation

capability for the RC.

Intelligence reports aresent by TACC or by securecommunications to supportedunits and the EACIC. Thesection also provides imageryto the basic cover library inthe strategic detachment toupdate the imagery data baseand to use it in the basiccover program.

MAINTENANCE SECTION

The maintenance sectionprovides personnel andequipment to perform unit levelmaintenance for wheeledvehicles, generators,compressors, MAGIIC, andrelated equipment for thedetachment.

COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICSSUPPORT SECTION

The C-E section operatesthe communications link with

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the MI battalion (IA). I t a l s operforms operational andadministrative logistic supportfunctions.

When the MI battalion (IA)is a t fu l l s t rength, i t has thecapability to deploy nine TRSdetachments. While normallycollocated with USAF tacticalreconnaissance squadrons,additional TRS detachmentscollocate with and providesupport to Allied or combinedcommands anywhere in thetheater AO.

STRATEGIC IMAGERY ANALYSISDETACHMENT

Strategic IA detachmentsare organic to the MI battalion(IA) if assigned to a theater.When present, the HHD of thedetachment collocates with theIA bat ta l ion headquarters . I fthe IA battalion is notpresent, the strategic IAdetachment is part of the MIbatta l ion (operat ions) .Chapter 4 discusses theorganization, mission, andfunctions of the strategic IAdetachment.

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CHAPTER 10

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE)

This chapter describes themission and organization of theM I b a t t a l i o n ( C I ) . I tdiscusses the functionalactivities of the battalion andthe support role of CI incombatting terrorism.

The MI battalion (CI)provides support in Europe andSouthwest Asia. The MI company(CI), as part of the MIbattalion (C&E), providessupport in the Pacific, Korea,and Central and South America.The MI battalion (CI) and MIcompany (CI) function in a GSrole to units operating withinthe theater or AO for which theMI brigade (EAC) hasr e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Their missionsare to provide MDCI supportwithin the theater or AO. TheMI battalion (CI), shown atFigure 10-1, is organized withan HHC and three CI companies.

The MI battalion (CI) andMI company (CI) perform basicCI functions:

o CI support within theCOMMZ.

o CI investigations andspecial operations.

o CI technical support,TSCM, and polygraph.

o Liaison with designatedjoint and combined commands andhost nation CI counterparts.

o Reinforcing CI support toUS. corps and other designatedcommands.

The general staffresponsibilit ies of the MIbattalion (CI) are similar tothose described for the MIbrigade (EAC) and other MIbattalions (see Chapters 3and 5). This battalion also

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has a unit ministry teamassigned.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The HHC includes abattalion headquarters and aheadquarters company. Thebattalion headquarters includesthe battalion command group ands t a f f s e c t i o n s . Theheadquarters company contains aheadquarters section, unitministry team, mechanizedmaintenance section, and a foodservice sect ion.

The HHC provides--

o C² of assigned orattached units or elements.

o Staff planning.

o Management.

o Coordination ofemployment of battalionresources.

o Communications support.

o Unit maintenance.

o Recovery support forbattalion equipment.

o CI technical support(TSCM and polygraph).

The S3 section plans,coordinates, and tasks organicand attached CI assets. Thesection provides the interfacefor tasking and reporting, withthe MI brigade (EAC) and the CIsection and SDT-HUMINT elementof the EACIC.

The S3 section provides theTSCM and polygraph teams whichsupport the battalion mission.

It also has an analysis teamthat writes CI reports,summaries, and estimates. Theanalysis team maintains theMDCI data bases from informa-tion provided to it from thethree CI companies. Theinformation is derived from theMDCI functions of thecompanies: CI investigations;operations; collection; and theconduct of C-SIGINT, C-HUMINT,and counter-imageryintelligence (C-IMINT)a n a l y t i c a l e f f o r t s .Figure 10-2 shows theorganization of HHC, MIbatta l ion (CI) .

The MI battalion (CI)operates in a GS role inproviding CI support throughoutthe theater AO. It may,however, deploy teams from itsorganic companies to reinforcecorps or other CI EAC unitassets (for example, SOFu n i t s ) . If deployed, the teamsremain under the C² of thebat ta l ion.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE COMPANY(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE)

The structure of the MIcompany (CI) is the same,whether assigned to the MIbattalion (CI) or to the MIbattalion (C&E). Because thebattalion has a pure CImission, three CI companies areassigned vice the singlecompany assigned to the MIbattalion (C&E). See Chapter 6for a complete description ofthe structure and functions ofthe separate elements of the MIcompany (CI) and otherorganizations with which the MIbattalion (CI) may coordinateto accomplish its mission; theyare the same as those for theMI battalion (C&E).

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COUNTERINTELLIGENCEOPERATIONS

Army CI activities aredirected against themult idisc ipl ine inte l l igencecol lect ion ef forts of ouradversaries. In responding tothe col lect ion capabi l i t ies ofan enemy (HUMINT, SIGINT,IMINT, and other collectionmeans), MDCI must be able toidentify what collectioncapabi l i t ies ex is t andrecommend countermeasures todeny the information sought.Part of the CI mission includescountering, to the extentposs ible , various foreign andthreat inte l l igence servicesother than intelligencecol lec t ion act iv i t ies , such as

propaganda, disinformation,sabotage, terrorism, andassassination.

The conduct of the CImission is accomplished throughfour basic functions:investigations, operations,c o l l e c t i o n , and analysis andproduction. The information(for example, C-HUMINT)resulting from the first threefunctions merges during theanalytical process with theinformation generated fromC-SIGINT and C-IMINT analyticalfunctions. The battalion CIanalysis team and the companyoperations sections translatethe information into brief MDCIreports and products that

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support the operations staff(G3 or J3) section’s OPSEC anddeception staff planningprocesses.

The same MDCI functions areaccomplished throughout thespectrum of conflict . However,during contingency or LICoperations, the emphasis is onusing HUMINT techniques tocollect information to counteran enemy’s collectionc a p a b i l i t i e s o r h o s t i l eoperations.

CI assets, in two- orfour-person teams, may bedeployed throughout the theaterAO. The teams are assignedeither an area or a unitmission. The most effectiveemployment technique for theseteams is to assign areas ofr e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The teamassumes a GS mission and theconduct of its functionssupports all units within itsarea of responsibi l i ty . The GSrole is the best supportmission for teams because itallows limited CI assets tosupport the entire force withinthe area covered. In the GSrole the teams can also respondto theater PIR and IRcol lect ion tasks in a speci f icAO. CI teams employed withunit support missions also arebest used in a GS role for thesame reasons.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SUPPORTTO REAR OPERATIONS

CI support to rearoperations is described inFM 34-60 and FM 34-60A. Thissupport includes--

o Maintaining liaison withmilitary and civil ian police,

civilian and MI agencies, andc i v i l a f f a i r s u n i t s f o rinformation exchange andass is tance . Cooperationbetween agencies is essentialin defeating the rear areathreat , and ef fect ive l ia isonis the key to this cooperation.Liaison prevents duplication ofeffort; ensures maximumdissemination and use ofi n t e l l i g e n c e ; and assists inplanning unified efforts by theagencies involved. Liaisonwith local civil agencies alsocan provide I&W intelligence.

o Providing threatawareness training to supportedu n i t s . A well-developedsecurity education program,SAEDA classes, and threatawareness training in supportedunits are essential to minimizeFIS operations. CI personnelprovide training andinformation on the threat tounit security managers and areresponsible for channels usedto report suspicious activity.CI personnel also providesecurity advice and assistanceto supported units.

o Conducting LLSOsthroughout the COMMZ to provideI&W information on potentialrear area act iv i ty . Low-levelsources can be individuals whoserve as paid or unpaidinformants for US intelligencespecial agent personnel. Theyprovide information onpersonal i t ies and act iv i t iesgained from their routine dailya c t i v i t i e s . Examples includethe local barber, storekeeper,or maid. These LLSOs areestablished around criticalareas or activities to provideI&W information on potential

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enemy activity in the reararea.

o Conducting LLSOs duringcontingency or actual combatoperations. In LIC, EAC CIunits conduct low-leveloperations to identify threatsto US forces. In a theaterwhere corps and division CIassets are deployed, EAC CIunits integrate these LLSOswith those of ECB units. Wheninitiated, these types of LLSOsare directed at gatheringcombat information on apotential hostile force or onan actual threat force. Theplanning and conduct of LLSOsare covered in FM 34-60A.

o Investigating incidents.CI investigations are directedby the theater subcontrolo f f i c e . They can lead to thei d e n t i f i c a t i o n , n u l l i f i c a t i o n ,or exploitation of agents ofhost i le act ions . Theseinvestigations includeincidents of espionage,sabotage, subversion, sedition,treason, and terrorism. CIteams also must effect liaisonwith the US Army CriminalInvestigation Division (CID).

o Providing data to theblack, gray, and white l iststhat identify personnel of CIi n t e r e s t . Teams conductoperations that provide dataused to compile these lists.Black lists contain the namesof persons hostile to USinterests and whose capture,n u l l i f i c a t i o n , or exploi tat ionare of prime importance. Graylists contain names of personswhose inclinations or attitudestoward US interests areuncertain. White l ists contain

names of persons favorablyinclined toward US interestswho need to be protected fromenemy targeting. (These l i s tsare covered in FM 34-60.)

COMBATTING TERRORISM

CI support to combattingterrorism is described inFM 34-60. This supportconsists of defensive andoffensive measures. There isno specified point whereantiterrorism measures end andcounterterrorism measuresbegin.

DEFENSIVE MEASURES

Defensive, orantiterrorism, measures are--

o Taken to reduce thevulnerabilit ies of personnel,their dependents , fac i l i t ies ,and equipment.

o Commonly referred to as“hardening of a target.” CIpersonnel recommend protectivemeasures to key commandpersonnel in a specific AOabout a potential terroristt h r e a t .

o Supported by CI personnelconducting investigationsconsistent with appropriateregulations and host-nationlaws.

OFFENSIVE MEASURES

Offensive, or counter-terrorism, measures are--

o Taken in response tos p e c i f i c t e r r o r i s t a c t s ,including the collection of

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information and threat analysis This includes interdiction andin support of such responses. apprehension. CI investiga-

tions and operations ofo Direct actions taken speci f ic terror is t groups

against a terrorist group provide information thatcommitting a terrorist act. supports direct actions.

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CHAPTER 11

CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES MILITARY INTELLIGENCEGROUP (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE) (ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS)

This chapter addresses theCI EAC mission and structure inthe CONUS theater. Itdiscusses the resourcesavailable and how they provideCI support to MACOM commandersand DA and DOD agencies. Itdiscusses, too, the funct ionaland coordination structure ofthe CONUS MI group (CI) andprovides insight into theduties of the key elements ofthe group and how theyi n t e r a c t .

MISSION

The mission of the CONUS MIgroup (902d MI Group) (CI) isto conduct MDCI functions,specialized CI training, andtechnical support services forDA and other organizations asdirected by the commandinggeneral (CG), INSCOM. Thisgroup is a major peacetimesource of CI support in CONUS.It is the only wartime CONUSEAC CI unit and is designed tomeet all CI supportrequirements in its AO. Thisgroup’s assets are tailored tosupport--

o Unified, joint, andcombined commands.

o Other US Army EACcommands.

o US Army corps anddivis ions .

o DOD agencies.

The functions of the group aret o - -

o Provide all-source CIsupport to commanders and headsof DA and DOD activities havingproponency for special accessprograms (SAPs).

o Plan, conduct, and manageCI investigations andoperations in CONUS.

o Conduct investigations oncategories II through VI SAEDAcases and miscellaneous casesas directed (see AR 381-12).

o Establish and operate aCI subcontrol office to manageCONUS investigations andoperations.

o Provide technical CIservices and validationservices , to includeregulatory tests andinspections.

o Conduct polygraphexaminations for INSCOM andother DOD activities.

o Provide ADP securitysupport as directed by INSCOMto the Army through the conductof comprehensive ADP securityservices , engineering services,software analysis services, andadvice and assistance.

o Provide CONUS-wide TSCMinvestigations to detect andneutralize technicalsurveillance penetrations,technical surveillance hazards,and physical securityweaknesses.

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o Conduct laboratoryanalysis of technicalsurveillance devices andtechnical surveillance hazardsworldwide.

o Provide defense againstmethods of entry (DAME)services to INSCOM and providetechnical DAME advice andassistance worldwide asdirected.

o Approve Armycryptofacilities in CONUSbefore establishment,a l terat ion, expansion, orre locat ion.

o Review plans for newconstruction of and providefield TEMPEST test support tose lect Army fac i l i t ies . Thesefac i l i t ies are des igned toprocess classified informationelectronically to ensureadequate protection againstcompromising emanations.

o Assist CONUS commandersin developing and evaluatingC-SIGINT policies, plans,operating procedures, andprograms.

o Provide C-SIGINT supportto CONUS EAC units orfacilities and provide C-SIGINTcollection support to ECBtactical units and the ArmyRCs.

o Collect and analyzeemissions of Army emitters. Itdoes this during developmentaland operational testing ofweapons systems and duringfield training exercises (FTXs)to determine theirvulnerability to SIGINTexploi tat ion.

o Provide CI support tocommanders at EAC to aid in theestablishment of unit OPSECprograms.

o Establish and maintainoperational coordination withlocal, state, and Federalinvest igat ive , law enforcement,and intelligence organizationsto ful f i l l miss ionrequirements.

o Provide support to theNCA’s Alternate JointCommunications Center.

o Conduct CI collectionactivities in CONUS.

o Provide dedicated CIsupport to the Defense NuclearAgency (DNA) and its fielda c t i v i t i e s .

o Provide specialized CItra ining.

The CONUS MI group (CI) isorganized for peace and wouldrequire modification for war.In peacetime, supportrequirements from supportedcommands are usually welldefined, sufficiently scoped,adequately planned andresourced, and routinelyconducted. Peacetimerequirements, although intense,are functionally focused anddemand timely response.

In peacetime, the groupplans for transition to warbased on the documented threatto mobilization, new oradditional missions, orlocation of supporteda c t i v i t i e s a n d r e s o u r c e s . I nwartime, certa in funct ionalareas would demand lessemphasis while a focus on the

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CONUS sustaining and trainingbase would expand. Once combatoperations begin, there will bea change in focus to securingand protecting wartimecapabi l i t ies , operat ions , andactivities in the CONUStheater .

ORGANIZATION

The CONUS MI group (CI),shown at Figure 11-1, has anHHC and three CI battalions:CE, security, and technical.

HEADQUARTERS ANDHEADQUARTERS COMPANY

The HHC commands andcontrols all assigned andattached units. I t containselements to perform all thefunctions normally associatedwith a unit of this type.

Group headquarters consistsof the group commander, deputycommander, CSM, and the commandsect ion. The commander definesand assigns the group mission,establishes objectives, and

designs concept of operations.The commander's objectivesguide the actions of the staffand subordinate commandersduring an operation. The groupcommander becomes personallyinvolved in group CI operationsby identifying informationneeds, directing theirful f i l lment , and following upto ensure instructions arecarried out.

The deputy commanderrepresents the group commanderin matters of command authorityand responsibility when thecommander is not available.Specifically, he performs groupheadquarters operations andmaintains essential group linkswith critical support elements.

The group CSM isresponsible to and takesdirection from the groupcommander. The CSM advises thecommander about training,d i s c i p l i n e , health and welfare,morale, and esprit de corps ofthe enlisted members.

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The S1 serves as theadjutant and is the primarys t a f f o f f i c e r f o r a l l m i l i t a r yand civilian personneladministrative matters. The S1has OPCON over the informationmanagement office (IMO). TheIMO is responsible for thegroup’s automation managementand training and distributesand reproduces information.

The S2 is the principalstaff officer who formulates,develops, implements, andsupervises policies andprocedures pertaining tointernal secur i ty ,mult idisc ipl ine threatdissemination, and nationallevel l iaison and intell igenceoversight for the group’s CONUSmission.

The S3 manages fieldoperations, formulates plans,and oversees training for thegroup. The S3--

o Develops, coordinates,d i r e c t s , and monitors group CIsupport operations, services,plans, and programs; individualand unit training; forcedevelopment requirements; andRC support and training.

o Prepares, coordinates,implements, and interpretsgroup operational policy.

o Prepares and coordinatesstaf f act ions for specia lp r o j e c t s .

o Recommends distributionof group personnel, funds, andequipment resources.

o Prepares and recommendschanges to group modificationtable of organization and

equipment (MTOE) and TDAdocuments.

o Evaluates unitperformance.

o Coordinates group supportto the SAP.

INSCOM levies missiontasking directly to the CONUSMI group (CI). The groupcommander and staff determinewhich subordinate battalion isbest suited for the mission.The S3 tells the commander thestatus of CI operations,readiness, and unit training.

The S4 is the principals taf f of f icer responsible for- -

o Supply.

o Maintenance.

o Movements.

o Contracting.

o Facilities management andmaintenance.

o Procurement.

o Real estate managementand leasing.

o Other logistic support tothe group.

o Medical, environmental,and food service coordinationas required.

The resource managementoffice (RMO) is a special staffsection responsible for budgetand manpower. The RMO--

o Ensures that all manpowerand equipment requirements are

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properly reflected on eachunit’s organization documents.

o Establishes andadministers an effectivefinancial management program.

o Provides fiscalmanagement to include planning,committing, obligating,administering, and monitoringbattalion funds.

o Prepares, executes, andadministers battalioncontracts .

o Advises battalion andsubordinate commanders onbudgeting and fiscal policies.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE BATTALION(COUNTERESPIONAGE)

The mission of the CIbattalion (CE) is to conductinvestigations and operationsin response to allegedespionage against the US Army.

Investigative support isprovided to EAC units anddesignated DOD activitieswithin CONUS, Alaska, andPuerto Rico, or as otherwisedirected by the groupcommander.

ORGANIZATION

This battalion performs itsmission through geographicallydispersed military intell igencedetachments (MIDs), executingthe battalion’s mission in aspeci f ic area . These MIDs arefurther broken down as neededinto resident offices (ROs) tofac i l i ta te bat ta l ion miss ionexecution. The number of MIDsand ROs are tailored to missionrequirements.

Typically the CI battalion(CE), shown at Figure 11-2, hasa headquarters and supportdetachment, four-to-five MIDs,and one-to-five ROs for eachMID.

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BATTALION HEADQUARTERS ANDSUPPORT DETACHMENT

The battalion commander isthe primary CE officer withinthe group and is directlyresponsible to the commanderfor CE matters. The battalionprovides GS CE coverage toCONUS units, with elementsdeployed throughout CONUS. Theheadquarters support detachmentconsists of a detachmentcommander, noncommissionedofficer in charge (NCOIC), andadministrative personnel toperform routine personnel,administrative, and supplyactions for personnel assignedto the battalion headquarters.

The bat ta l ion s taf f i sorganized on a standard basis,with an S1, S2, S3, S4, andRMO. Each section hasr e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i t sfunctional area throughout theb a t t a l i o n .

The S1 providesadministrative support to allbattalion elements.

The S2 manages intelligencecol lect ion, to inc ludeprocessing intelligence throughan internal battalion CIa n a l y s i s c e l l . The S2 servesas the security manager andensures that securityinformation and battalionphysical and personnel securityneeds are met.

The S3 manages thebattalion's CE operationsthroughout the US, to includeoverseeing case control,administration, and executionof CE investigations. The S3reviews and monitors thebat ta l ion 's CI specia l

operational concepts, specialoperations, and currentintell igence reports to obtaintimely knowledge of FIStargeting and methods. Thebattalion also provides OPSECadvice and assistance to theFederal On-Site InspectionAgency (OSIA).

The S4 provides logisticalsupport and administration tobattalion elements, toinc lude--

o Property books.

o Hand receipt creation andmaintenance.

o Logistical acquisitionedaccountability management.

o Coordination of localpurchase and shelf-programacquisitions withinsta l la t ion act iv i t ies andadministration of battalionfleet operations, to includecoordination with the GeneralServices Administration.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEDETACHMENT

The MID is the C² elementof subordinate CI ROs in theconduct of the CI mission. TheMID--

o Conducts CI operationsand activities to include CEinvestigations, operations, andservices .

o Supports C-SIGINTfunctions, SAPs, cryptofacil ityval idat ions , cryptonet securityevaluations, and personnelsecurity screening programinterviews.

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o Conducts operationalcoordination with local, state,and Federal law enforcement andinte l l igence agencies .

o Conducts SAEDA and FISthreat br ief ings .

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION(COUNTERINTELLIGENCE)

(SECURITY)

The MI battalion (CI)(security) provides integratedCI support to SAPs, selected DAor DOD contractors, andselected DOD and Federalagencies in CONUS and outsidecontinental United States(OCONUS) areas, as directed bythe commander. The battalionalso provides dedicated CIsupport to US Army SOF, DNA,OSIA, and Strategic DefenseCommand.

ORGANIZATION

This battalion, shown atFigure 11-3, is organized witha headquarters and supportdetachment and separate MIDsand ROs tailored to supportspecific CI security missionrequirements. In addition, thebattalion has a specialoperations security supportdetachment (OSD) and a CIsupport detachment. As theunit is organized functionally(not geographically), eachdetachment is configuredd i f f e r e n t l y .

BATTALION HEADQUARTERS ANDSUPPORT DETACHMENT

The CI battalion (security)commander is responsible to thegroup commander for allac t iv i t ies of the bat ta l ion.The battalion commander is

authorized direct coordinationwith supported US Army elementsand designated DOD agencies toaccomplish the mission. Thegroup commander issuesd i r e c t i v e s , invest igat ionauthorizations, policy planningand programming guidance,approved programs, and resourcea l l o c a t i o n s .

Although many of thesubordinate detachments are inDS of CONUS-wide localcommanders or program managers,the CI battalion (security)commander retains C². Theheadquarters and supportdetachment consists of adetachment commander, NCOIC,and administrative personnel toperform routine personnel,administrative, and supplyact ions for bat ta l ionheadquarters personnel.

The S1 serves as theadjutant for the battalion andis the primary staff officerfor a l l mi l i tary and c iv i l ianpersonnel matters.

The S2 is responsible tothe commander for allpersonnel, document, andinformation security of theb a t t a l i o n . The S2 serves asthe battalion security managerand the badge and credentialcustodian. The S2 coordinatesand conducts internal securityinspections and appropriatesecurity education programs.

The S3 coordinatesC-HUMINT, C-SIGINT, plans,training, OPSEC advice andass is tance , and CI operationsin support of all US Army SAPs,treaty ver i f icat ions , and theStrategic Defense Command.

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The S4 handles all mattersperta ining to logis t ics ,maintenance, and procurement.The S4 advises and assists thecommander, s taf f , andsubordinate commanders on allmatters pertaining to supply,maintenance, movements,services , and miscellaneouslogistical support of theb a t t a l i o n .

The RMO ensures that allmatters pertaining to budget,manpower, or internal controlsare effectively managed.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEDETACHMENTS

The primary mission of theMIDs of the MI battalion (CI)(security) is to provide OPSECsupport to DA and DOD SAPs.MID commanders exercise C²over ROs subordinate to thedetachment. MIDs---

o Conduct CI investigationsand operations, as required.

o Provide CI support toactive and reserve Armyu n i t s .

o Conduct operationalcoordination with Federal,s t a t e , and local lawenforcement, investigative, andintelligence organizationswithin assigned geographicalareas of responsibi l i ty .

o Are generally organizedgeographically to supportSAP-re lated fac i l i t ies ,organizations, and operationswithin a designated areaof responsibi l i ty .

o Conduct CE operations andinvestigations and provideservices for DA and otherorganizations, as directed byCG, INSCOM.

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o Provide OPSEC advice andassistance to SAPs in a GSr o l e .

o Keep the groupheadquarters informed on theS A P 'S act iv i t ies andmilestones.

o Ensure that local hostileinte l l igence threat es t imatesare correct and tailored to SAPrequirements.

o Help local programmanagers prepare requests forTSCM, TEMPEST, and othersecurity requirements.

o Conduct all CI operationsin accordance with applicableregulations, laws, and statutesas directed.

OPERATIONS SECURITYSUPPORT DETACHMENT

The OSD develops, plans,coordinates, and oversees CIOPSEC support to DOD SAPs in aDS role. The OSD receives itstaskings through the chain ofcommand from the Deputy UnderSecretary of Defense (Policy).An OSD assessment teamdetermines the feasibility andscope of the proposed SAP.Once granted SAP status, theOSD provides OPSEC advice andassistance from the conceptionof the SAP; through theresearch and development cycle,tes t ing, and f ie lding; orthrough activation of the SAP.This enhanced security programis continued until the ViceChief of Staff, US Army,decides to discontinue the SAP.

The chief of the DS teamssubordinate to the OSD briefsthe security posture of each

SAP during the annual SAPOversight Committee and makesrecommendations for therevalidation of the programs.The OSD acts as the “eyes andears” of the Deputy Chief ofStaff for Intelligence and theTechnology Management Office,as they ensure adherence ofadequate OPSEC procedures.

The OSD also coordinateswith the Defense InvestigativeService to ensure that DODcontractors comply withappropriate SAP personnelsecurity procedure guides,DODD 5220.22M, andDODD 5220.22R. The OSD dealsprimarily with the DA staff,nat ional level inte l l igenceactivities, MACOMs, nationaltest facil it ies, and SAPprogram managers. The OSD doesnot have geographical AOs.

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCYMILITARY INTELLIGENCE

DETACHMENT

The DNA MID performs thesame mission as the OSD butprovides dedicated, tailored CIand OPSEC support services toDNA and its field activities atlocations throughout CONUS.

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SUPPORTDETACHMENT

Like the DNA MID, the CIsupport detachment providesdedicated OPSEC support. Thisdetachment supports SOF duringtraining missions. It providesCI and security investigationsupport to them as directed byDA. Although the detachmentreceives its operationaltaskings from DA, C² of thedetachment remains with the

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commander, MI battalion (CI)( s e c u r i t y ) .

MILITARY INTELLIGENCEBATTALION (COUNTERINTELLIGENCE)

(TECHNICAL)

The MI battalion (CI)(technical) provides technicalservices and training insupport of DA and DODorganizations. I t ac ts asproponent for Armywidetechnical CI investigations,services , and instructions.This battalion performs a GSmission for EAC units andconducts the followingtechnical CI functions:

o

o

o

o

TSCM.

DAME support.

Polygraph testing.

Automatic data processingsecurity service (ADPSS)support.

o C-SIGINT monitoring.

o TEMPEST inspecting andt e s t i n g .

The CI battalion(technical), shown atFigure 11-4, includes aheadquarters and supportdetachment, technical supportdetachment, polygraphdetachment, ADPSS detachment,C-SIGINT detachment, andTEMPEST detachment.

HEADQUARTERS AND SUPPORTDETACHMENT

The headquarters andsupport detachment has abattalion headquarters,support team, and trainingteam. It provides C² oforganic and attached units ofelements; provides staffplanning, communications,logis t ics , personnel , andadministrative support; andprovides CI support andspecialized CI training.

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TECHNICAL SUPPORTDETACHMENT

The technical supportdetachment consists of aheadquarters section, TSCMoperations team, counter-measures support team, and aDAME team. (See FM 34-60A andFM 34-60.)

POLYGRAPH DETACHMENT

The polygraph detachmentconsists of a headquarterssection, training team,operations team, and screeningteam. It schedulesexaminations, reviews casef i l e s , conducts examinations,and prepares reports todetermine the truthfulness ofgathered information andscreening.

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSINGSECURITY SERVICE DETACHMENT

The ADPSS detachmentconsists of a headquarterssect ion, systems testing andevaluation branch, analysisteam, and field evaluationteam. The testing andevaluation branch is augmentedby six additional mobilizationdesignee evaluation teams inwartime.

The ADPSS detachmentprovides ADP security supportin accordance with AR 380-380to units within the AO. Itdoes this by conducting fullADP security, engineering, andsoftware analysis services andby providing advice andass is tance . On request, italso provides technicalassistance in CEinvest igat ions . The detachment

provides assistance andevaluation on automationsecuri ty , inc luding--

o Security management.

o Hardware security.

o Communications security.

o Information security.

o Software security.

o Procedural security.

o Personnel security.

o Physical and environmentsecur i ty .

COUNTER-SIGNALSINTELLIGENCE DETACHMENT

The C-SIGINT detachmentconsists of a detachmentheadquarters section, C-SIGINTteams, an electronic security(ELSEC) team, andcryptofac i l i ty inspect ionteams. It provides COMSEC,ELSEC, and ECCM advice andass is tance .

Highly technicalcommunications and EMcollection and analysisequipment may be organic to thedetachment to support selectedresearch, development, test,and evaluation; other Armyprograms; and ECB C-SIGINTcollection requirements.

TEMPEST DETACHMENT

The TEMPEST detachmentconsists of a headquarterssect ion, testing team, andfield evaluation team.

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I t i n s p e c t s c l a s s i f i e d conducts TEMPEST testsinformation-processing (laboratory-type examinationsfacil it ies to ensure compliance under controlled conditions)with and to detect deviation and field tests to determinefrom approved installation the existence and nature ofpractices as outlined in conducted or radiated signalsappl icable technical bul le t ins from electronic equipment.and regulations. I t a l s o

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CHAPTER 12

THEATER INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARECOMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS

AND SUPPORT ARRANGEMENTS

Commanders use C² tocontrol, direct, and coordinatemilitary forces to accomplishtheir missions. This processencompasses the personnel,equipment, communications,f a c i l i t i e s , and proceduresnecessary to gather and analyzeinformation; to plan for whatis to be done; to issueinstructions; and to supervisethe execution of operations.Communications allowscommanders to direct operationson the battlefield and tomonitor their execution. I t i sa crit ical element tobat t le f ie ld synchronizat ion.

Within a theater, C² ismaintained by a successfultransition from peacetimeoperations to war orcontingency operations. Thistransition cannot beaccomplished withoutcommunications and the flow ofessential information betweenthe theater Army staff, EACsubordinate commanders, andcombat commanders. Operationsof the peacetime commandstructure must include planningand preparing for wartimecontingencies to ensure theorderly transition required forcontinuity of operations.

The unique character ofC² of military operations isthat it must be effective underthe extraordinary stress ofbattle in obscure situations,in compressed time, and underpsychological and emotional

stress caused by battlefieldlosses . An operational levelcommander, like any tacticalcommander, must be able to“see” the battlefield in orderto e f fec t ive ly t ie the tenetsof AirLand Battle together intoa winning strategy. Theeffectiveness of the theaterC² system can be measured bythe extent to which thecommander’s intentions arecarried out and the ability tocope quickly and effectivelywith changes in the situation.

The IEW structure at EACsupports the C² process. Theintelligence assets of the MIbrigade enable the commander tosee the bat t le f ie ld .Intelligence operations at EACaccomplish the five IEW taskswhich produce operational levelintell igence (see Chapter 1).Intelligence feeds the conceptdevelopment and planning of thestaff which result in thecommand estimate. Oncedeveloped, the command estimateis continuously evaluated forchanges required because ofshi f ts in the s i tuat ion.Intell igence processes, such asIPB and CM, shift accordinglyto answer the commander’s PIRand IR to help maintain thecurrency and validity of theestimate.

INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONICWARFARE COMMAND AND CONTROL

Specific C² arrangementsbetween MI brigade (EAC) and

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supported theater commandersare addressed in OPLANs andconcept plans. These plans areformulated during thedeliberate planning process.The C² system at EAC includesa specified Army headquartersfor US Army CS and CSS units inthe theater . To accomplishthis, the EAC C² systemprovides long-range planning,centralized management, anddecentralized execution.

IEW C² is theresponsibility of the MIbrigade (EAC) commander. I t i ssupported by the commander’ss t a f f , subordinate commanders,and the relationships withhigher echelons of command, thehost nation, Allied servicescommands, and the supported USf o r c e s . (For details oncommander and staff roles, seeFM 101-5.) To accomplish theC² mission, the MI brigade(EAC) commander ensures--

o Effective missionaccomplishment with theresources on-hand.

o C² functionalresponsibi l i t ies are c lear lydefined.

o Clear command andreporting channels areestablished (for example,between the EACIC and supportedcommands).

o Assignment of IEWmissions and tasks isconsistent with the uniquecapabi l i t ies of the uni ts towhich IEW assets are assigned.

o Continuous coordinationis maintained among staffelements of all EAC MI units

and the brigade.

o Information managementand communications systems areintegrated so that the theatercommander’s PIR and IR areacted upon quickly.

o Detailed plans are madefor an orderly transition frompeacetime to wartime orcontingency operations.

The MI brigade (EAC)supports the C² for EAC IEWoperations by--

o Providing a C²headquarters for Army IEWsupport to theatercommanders. These commandersmay include Allied Army groupswith OPCON of US Army forces,Allied regional commands, aunified and specified command,and separate US Army units.There may also be a JTF commandduring contingency operations.

o Conducting IEW operationsin support of all theateroperations.

o Managing IEW resourcesrequired for collecting,analyzing, producing, anddisseminating all-sourceintelligence and CI within thetheater .

AUTOMATION SUPPORT TOCOMMAND AND CONTROL

Tremendous amounts ofinformation flow into thetheater headquarters. In orderto be of value to thecommanders decision-makingprocess, this information mustbe routed to the respectivestaff sections, processed in atimely manner, and incorporated

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into the staff estimate.Reports, including periodicsituation reports, and otherbattle information systems usedby the staff are a means ofmonitoring the battle.

Maneuver operationsgenerate their own battlefieldinformation which is usuallyspecific to the event and whereit occurred on the battlefield.The reporting of operationsoccurring simultaneouslyprovides the commander with asense of how his campaign planis being executed.I n t e l l i g e n c e c o l l e c t i o noperations complement thisreporting because they arefocused on enemy operations.

Situation updates peakduring mission analysis whenthe enemy and friendlydispositions and status must beknown as accurately asposs ible . Coordinating allthis information provides thecommander with the certainty herequires to direct f r iendlyoperations and to maintain thebalance required for close,deep, and rear portions ofthose operations. The entireprocess equates to effectivebat t le f ie ld informat ionmanagement and supports theaterC ² .

Theater automation systemsmust be capable of managing thesignificant amounts ofinformation required at EAC.The automation support to C²of an MI brigade is enormous.Its information-processingsystems must be compatiblebetween the EACIC, the brigadeheadquarters, and subordinateu n i t s . Secure communications

equipment is essential to thepassage of sensitiveintelligence information andfor the protection of scarceassets involved in other IEWsupport operations.

The automated systems ofthe MI brigade C² system mustbe compatible with the theaterC² system to ensurei n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y . Automatedsystems involved withintelligence processing musthave integrated switching,s torage, and data retrievalcapabilit ies which allowanalysts to function withminimal delays. They should behardened for protection andequipped with power sourcesthat allow for continuousoperations. Interoperabi l i tywith the intelligence C²systems of joint and combinedcommands will not occur withoutprior planning of howautomation support is to beprovided to these commands.

COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT

Theater Army MSCheadquarters (for example, HHC,MI brigade) support is providedby an affi l iated signaloperations platoon from an areasignal battalion which is partof the theater signal command,Army. This platoon providesc i r c u i t s w i t c h i n g f a c i l i t i e sand transmission equipment forconnectivity into the areacommunications systems. The MIbrigade (EAC) provides terminalequipment, such as telephones,f a c s i m i l e , and data devices.All other MI users are providedaccess to the areacommunications systems on anarea basis as designated by thetheater commander. The MI

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brigade (EAC) and itsbattalions have organicterminal amplitude modulation(AM), and/or single side band(SSB), and other securecommunications capabilities.

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONSSUPPORT

External communicationssupport should be integratedinto and evaluated during MIbrigade CP exercises and FTXsto ensure that trainingconducted in peacetime preparesthe unit for combat. The C-Eannex of the brigade OPLAN andOPORD identifies the specificcommunications personnel,equipment, and nets thatsubordinate signal units arerequired to provide the MIbrigade (EAC), as well as othermajor subordinate units of thebrigade.

SUPPORT ARRANGEMENTS

All support arrangementsfor the theater IEW force areestablished in accordance withtheater war plans and otherappropriate documentation. Therequirement for thesearrangements is based on themission assigned to the MIbrigade (EAC) and subordinateuni ts . Their missions includeIEW DS, GS, R, or GS-R to--

o US Army corps.

o US joint and unifiedcommands.

o Land component commands.

o US Army units at EAC.

o Allied and combinedcommands (occasionally).

These missions describe indetail the IEW supportresponsibilit ies for an MIuni t . They also establish anMI unit 's relationship to asupported force or other MIu n i t s . Standard tacticalsupport missions may affect theorganizational structure andthe command relationships thatresult from employment of IEWassets in specific supportmissions.

Administrative and logisticsupport to MI brigades (EAC)will be provided by TAACOM andits support groups or by thecommander of the Army componentof a JTF to which IEW assetsmay be employed. Supportrelationships in peacetimeshould be as closely alignedwith wartime requirements asposs ible . This is necessary tominimize the changes in atransition from peace to waroperations.

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APPENDIX

ARMY TECHNICAL CONTROL AND ANALYSIS ELEMENT

The Army TCAE providessupport and guidance to Armytactical SIGINT units. TheArmy TCAE is the highestechelon in the Army’s technicalcontrol architecture and servesas the single. POC at NSA forArmy theater and tacticalforces . This technicalarchitecture extends throughTCAEs located at theater orMACOM to corps and down throughdivision, ACR, and separatebrigade TCAEs. Figure A-1shows this structure.

The Army TCAE is collocatedwith NSA. It performs qualitycontrol of reportedintelligence information andtechnical data exchange underthe technical supervision oftarget area offices within NSA.Technical data and technical

taskings from the Army TCAE toEAC and ECB units are sent inthe form of SIGINT technicalmessages. Other messagesprovide guidance to tacticalunits in the form of SIGINToperations policy, directives,and doctrine.

MISSION AND FUNCTIONS

The mission of the ArmyTCAE is to provide SIGINTtechnical support to the Army'stheater and tactical forces inpeace and war. The Army TCAEis divided into operationalteams and sections to providetailored support to each EAC orECB SIGINT unit, based onspecific operational andtraining needs. The Army TCAEprovides DS to TCAEs and ECBunits that do not have a

A-1

theater EAC TCAE. The ArmyTCAE--

o Serves as the single POCbetween NSA and the Army’s EACand ECB forces for providingtechnical information tosupport SIGINT operations.

o Monitors intercepttasking data base (ITDB)submissions to ensure that thecommander’s PIR and IR havebeen clearly stated.

o Provides quality controlfeedback on SIGINT reporting,ITDBs, and CM matters insupport of the EAC TCAEs andother tactical SIGINT units notsupported by an EAC TCAE.

o Acts as the TROJAN systemmanager, network manager, andnetwork security manager.(TROJAN is a program tofacilitate SIGINT operations.)

o Operates the TROJANsystem control desk whichoversees the TROJAN switchingnetwork and the allocation ofsystem resources to the field.

o Services requests fortechnical information tosupport EAC and ECB SIGINToperations by providingtailored data extracted fromresident NSA data bases,working aids, and trainingaids .

o Assists SIGINT units indeveloping collection,processing, analysis, andreporting philosophies andtechniques.

o Participates on selectedNSA field assistance visits for

Army SIGINT units. Coordinatesfor the unit concerned toresolve technical issuesaddressed during such visits.

o Under the provisions ofAR 350-3, assists in providinggeneral analytic and languagetraining and any location-specific training necessary toenhance signals collection,processing, analysis, andreporting techniques at thet a c t i c a l l e v e l . This can beaccomplished to meet therequirements of a deployingunit or to upgrade soldierskills during peacetimeoperations.

o Identifies and providesinformation on potentialcol lect ion opportunit ies forSIGINT units conductingtraining or operationalmissions. This f ive-s tepprocess entai ls - -

- -Providing t ip-of fs ofcurrent target ac t iv i ty .

--Providing updates totarget methods of operation andtechnical data to supportc o l l e c t i o n .

- -Predict ing targeta c t i v i t y .

- -Providing uni t -speci f ictailored information.

--Evaluating theeffectiveness of the overallprocess.

ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS

The Army TCAE, shown atFigure A-2, is organized toprovide SIGINT technical

A-2

support to Army theater andtactical forces in peace andwar.

OPERATIONS ELEMENT

The operations element isdivided into four support teamsand a TROJAN section in whichthe operations officer directsand supervises operations ineach team and section. Theoperations element maintainsstatus on RIIs and tracks themto ensure timely support isprovided to Army SIGINTorganizations in every OCONUS,theater , CONUS, and SIGINT unitwhich might be deployed tosupport contingency operations.

Support Teams

Team A supports all SIGINTunits in the European Theaterand United States Army Forces

Command (FORSCOM) with Europeancontingency missions. Team Bsupports all SIGINT units onthe Korean Peninsula andFORSCOM units with a Korean,P a c i f i c , or Northeast Asiamission. Team G supportsprimarily USSOUTHCOM, UnitedStates Central Command(CENTCOM), and FORSCOM SIGINTunits with a mission in Centralor South America and SouthwestAsia. Team W supports allSIGINT units for their ELINTrequirements.

To facil itate providingtechnical support to the Army'sSIGINT units, theater and MACOMTCAEs have been designated asfollows:

o Army Europe TCAE(AE-TCAE), which supportsUnited States Army, Europe(USAREUR).

A-3

o Army Forces TCAE(AF-TCAE), which supportsFORSCOM.

o Army Korea TCAE(AK-TCAE), which supportsEighth United States Army(EUSA) .

o Army South TCAE(AS-TCAE), which supports

USSOUTHCOM.

o Southwest Asia TCAE(SWA-TCAE), which supportsCENTCOM.

TROJAN Section

The TROJAN sectionpublishes periodicTROJAN-related reports andsupervises the operations ofthe TROJAN system controldesk. Exercising OPCON of theworldwide TROJAN switchingnetwork, the TROJAN systemcontrol desk--

o Monitors system status.

o Acts as the POC forallocating and switchingresources to ensure adequatesharing between MACOM andtheater TCAEs (based on missionneeds).

o Assists units inobtaining the requiredmaintenance support forTROJAN operations as needed.

This last function isperformed 24 hours per day,7 days per week. The Army TCAEis the TROJAN system manager,network manager, and networksecurity manager. At thetheater and MACOM levels,TROJAN system management will

be exercised by the designatedtheater and MACOM TCAEs. Inaccomplishing this task, theseTCAEs--

o Maintain systemoperational readiness data.

o Assess system operations.

o Implement troubleshootingprocedures when required.

o Assist in implementationand system restoration.

o Initiate or recommendnecessary changes in operatingand maintenance procedures orlogis t ic support .

PLANS ELEMENT

The plans element isresponsible for long-termplanning and direction for theArmy TCAE. This is donethrough an internal plan whichbrings together Army doctrine,the Army Intelligence MasterPlan, and TCAE operations. Theplans officer also supervisesthe ADP section, US SignalIntelligence Directive (USSID)sect ion, and ITDB section.

Automatic DataProcessing Section

The ADP section plans andsupports Army TCAE ADP internalneeds. External support toArmy SIGINT organizations isfocused on developingspecialized programs andstandardized applications tomaximize the existing ADPtechnology currently fielded.To further enhance the depth oftechnical support to ArmySIGINT organizations, the ADP

A-4

section works closely with NSAto gain data base access forthe Army TCAE through the useof local area networks.

US Signal IntelligenceDirective Section

The USSID sectionestabl ishes , i ssues , andensures accuracy of all USSIDaccounts held by Army SIGINTorganizations. This sectionvalidates recommended changest o e x i s t i n g d i r e c t i v e s . I tcoordinates extensively withINSCOM and DA on all matterspertaining to Army policy and

guidance related to USSID whichmay affect Army SIGINT units.

Intercept Tasking DataBase Section

The ITDB section monitorsthe input of the tacticalcommander’s PIR and IR bysubordinate TCAEs forcompliance with existingUSSIDs . It tracks SIGINTresources held in the field andensures that the technicalreports reflect the technicalinformation needs of theorganization.

A-5

GLOSSARY

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACRADAadminADPADPSSAE-TCAE

AF-TCAE

AIAK-TCAEAManalAOARLOARSOFAS-TCAEASGAVavnAWOL

bdebn

C²C³CCMECC-EC&EC&PCECEDCEECEMCENTCOMCFICGCIC-HUMINTC-IMINTC-SIGINTCIDCINCCJACMCM&A

armored cavalry regimentair defense ar t i l leryadministrationautomatic data processingautomatic data processing security serviceArmy Europe technical control and analysis

elementArmy Forces technical control and analysis

elementarea of interestArmy Korea technical control and analysis elementamplitude modulationanalys isarea of operationaer ia l reconnaissance l ia ison of f icerArmy Special Operations ForcesArmy South technical control and analysis elementarea support groupaudio-visualaviat ionabsent without leave

brigadeb a t t a l i o n

command and controlcommand, control, and communicationscombined captured materiel exploitation centercommunications-electronicscollection and exploitationcontrol and processingcounterespionagecaptured enemy documentcaptured enemy equipmentcaptured enemy materielUnited States Central Commandcryptofac i l i ty inspect ioncommanding generalcounter inte l l igencecounter-human intelligencecounter-imagery intell igencecounter-s ignals inte l l igenceCriminal Investigation DivisionCommander in Chiefcommand judge advocatecollection managementcollection management and analysis

Glossary-1

CM&DCMECCMOcoc o l lCOMINTcommCOMMZCOMSECCOMTECHREPCONUSCPCSCSGCSMCSSCTOCSE

DADAMEDCSINTdetDETECHREPDFDIADISUMdivDNAdocDODDSDTOCSE

EACEACICECBECCMECMELINTELSECEME-OEODEPBEPWequipESMEUSAEWEW/IS

collection management and disseminationcaptured materiel exploitation centercollection management officercompanyc o l l e c t i o ncommunications intelligencecommunicationscommunications zonecommunications securitycomplementary technical reportcontinental United Statescommand postcombat supportcryptologic support groupcommand sergeant majorcombat service supportcorps tactical operations center support element

Department of the Armydefense against methods of entryDeputy Chief of Staff , Intell igencedetachmentdetailed technical reportdirection findingDefense Intelligence Agencydaily intelligence summarydivis ionDefense Nuclear AgencydocumentDepartment of Defensedirect supportdivision tactical operations center support

element

echelons above corpsechelons above corps intelligence centerechelons corps and belowelectronic counter-countermeasureselectronic countermeasureselectronic inte l l igenceelectronic secur i tyelectromagnetice l e c t r o - o p t i c a lexplosive ordnance disposalelectronic preparation of the battlefieldenemy prisoner of warequipmentelectronic warfare support measuresEighth United States Armyelectronic warfareelectronic warfare/intercept system

Glossary-2

lSGFISFMFORSCOMFTX

G1G2G3G4G5

GSGS-R

gp

HFHHCHHDHHSCHPTHQHUMINTHVT

IAI&EI&WIEWI I RIMINTIMOIOHINSCOMINTSUMi n t e lintgIPBIPBSIRISEISTITDB

J 2J 3JCMECJ I CJ I FJSCPJTF

km

f irs t sergeantforeign intell igence servicefield manualUnited States Army Forces Commandfie ld t ra ining exerc ise

Deputy Chief of Staff, PersonnelDeputy Chief of Staff , Intell igenceDeputy Chief of Staff, Operations and PlansDeputy Chief of Staff, LogisticsDeputy Chief of Staff, Civil Affairsgroupgeneral supportgeneral support-reinforcing

high frequencyheadquarters and headquarters companyheadquarters and headquarters detachmentheadquarters and headquarters service companyhigh-payoff targetheadquartershuman intelligencehigh-value target

imagery analysisinterrogation and exploitationindications and warningintelligence and electronic warfareintelligence information reportimagery intelligenceinformation management officeindicat ion of host i l i tyUS Army Intelligence and Security Commandintelligence summaryinte l l igenceinterrogationintell igence preparation of the battlefieldintelligence property book sectioninformation requirementsintelligence support elementintelligence support teamintercept tasking data base

Joint Inte l l igence DirectorateOperations Directoratejoint captured materiel exploitation centerJoint Intell igence Centerjo int interrogat ion fac i l i tyJoint Strategic Capabilit ies Planjoint task force

kilometer

Glossary-3

LICLLSOlogLRS

MACOMMAGIICmaintMASINTMCMMDCImechmedMEDCOMMETLMETT-T

MIMIDMIJIMSCMTOEMP

n a t lNBCNCANCONCOICNETCAPNSA

OBOCONUSOPCONOPLANOPORDopsOPSECOSDOSIA

PAOpersPERSCOMphysPIRp l tPOCpolyPRETECHREPPSYOP

low-intensi ty conf l ic tlow-level source operationsl o g i s t i c slong-range surveillance

major Army commandmobile army ground imagery interpretation centermaintenancemeasurement and signature intelligenceManual for Courts Martialmultidiscipline counterintell igencemechanicalmedicalMedical Commandmiss ion-essent ia l tasks l i s tmission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time

avai lablemil i tary inte l l igencemilitary intelligence detachmentmeaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interferencemajor subordinate commandmodified table of organization and equipmentmil i tary pol ice

nationalnuclear, biological, and chemicalNational Command Authoritiesnoncommissioned officernoncommissioned officer in chargenat ional exploi tat ion of tact ica l capabi l i t iesNational Security Agency

order of battleoutside continental United Statesoperational controloperation planoperation orderoperationsoperations securityoperations security support detachmentOn-Site Inspection Agency

p u b l i c a f f a i r s o f f i c e rpersonnelUnited States Army Total Personnel Commandphysicalpriority intell igence requirementsplatoonpoint of contactpolygraphpreliminary technical reportpsychological operations

Glossary-4

RRCRECreproRFARI IRMORORSSC

S1S2S3S4S&TISAEDASALUTE

SAMSAPSCISCIFs c t ySDTSDT-HUMINTSDT-IMINTSDT-SIGINTsecsepsep bdeSEP-EACSFGSHFSIGINTSIOSMESOCSOFSOFASOIsptSSBSSMSSOSSPSSP-HSSP-ISSP-SSSP-TSTANAGSVCSWA-TCAE

reinforcingReserve Componentsradio electronic combatreproductionrequest for assistancerequest for intell igence informationresource management officeres ident of f iceregional SIGINT support center

Adjutant (US Army)Inte l l igence Off icerOperations and Training OfficerSupply Officersc ient i f ic and technical inte l l igenceSubversion and Espionage Directed Against US Armys i z e , act iv i ty , locat ion, uni t , t ime, and

equipmentsurface- to-a ir miss i lespecial access programsensitive compartmented informationsensitive compartmented information facilitysecur i tysingle discipline teamsingle discipline team-human intelligencesingle discipline team-imagery intell igencesingle discipline team-signals intell igencesect ionseparateseparate brigadeseparate-echelons above corpsspecial forces groupsuper high frequencysignals inte l l igencesenior inte l l igence of f icersubject matter expertspecial operations commandspecial operations forcesstatus of forces agreementsignal operation instructionssupportsingle side bandsurface- to-surface miss i lespecia l secur i ty of f icesingle source processsingle source processor-HUMINTsingle source processor-IMINTsingle source processor-SIGINTsingle source processor-TECHINTstandardization agreementserviceSouthwest Asia technical control and analysis

element

Glossary-5

TAACOMTACCTACSTAREXTASOSCTCAETDAtechTECHINTTENCAPtmTOCTOETRADOCTRSTSCMTSNTTP

USUSAFUSAICSUSAREURUSMCUSSID

WARMwpn

XOx p l t

Theater Army Area CommandTheater Army Communications CommandTheater Army Communications Systemtarget exploi tat ionTheater Army Special Operations Support Commandtechnical control and analysis elementtable of distribution and allowancestechnicaltechnical inte l l igencetact ica l exploi tat ion of nat ional capabi l i t iesteamtact ica l operat ions centertable of organization and equipmentUnited States Army Training and Doctrine Commandtactical reconnaissance supporttechnical surveillance countermeasurestheater support nodet a c t i c s , techniques, and procedures

United StatesUnited States Air ForceUnited States Army Intelligence Center and SchoolUnited States Army, EuropeUnited States Marine CorpsUnited States Signal Intell igence Directive

Wartime Reserve Modeweapons

execut ive of f icerexploi tat ion

Glossary-6

References

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

Required publications are sources that users must read inorder to understand or to comply with this publication.

Field Manuals (FMs)

34-1

34-2

34-3

34-40

34-52

34-54

34-60

34-60A

34-130

100-5

100-15

100-16

100-20

Training

34-5

34-55

Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations

Collection Management

Intell igence Analysis

(U) Electronic Warfare Operations, Secret

Intelligence Interrogation

Batt le f ie ld Technical Inte l l igence

Counterintell igence

(U) Counterintelligence Operations, Secret/NOFORN

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

Operations

Corps Operations

Support Operations: Echelons Above Corps

Low Intensity Conflict

Circulars (TCs)

(U) Human Intelligence Operations, Secret

Imagery Intelligence

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

Related publications are sources of additional information.They are not required in order to understand this publication.

References-1

Army Regulations (ARs)

350-1

350-3

380-40

380-380

381-10

381-12

381-14

381-20

381-47

611-6

625-17

Army Training

Tactical Intelligence Readiness Training (REDTRAIN)

(U) Policy for Safeguarding and Controlling COMSECInformation, Confidential

Automation Security

US Army Intelligence Activities

Subversion and Espionage Directed Against US Army(SAEDA)

(U) Technical Surveillance Countermeasures (TSCM),Secret

US Army Counterintelligence Activities

(U) US Army Counterespionage Activities,Secret/NOFORN

Army Linguistic Management

Wartime Reserve Modes (WARM), Secret/NOFORN

Field Manuals (FMs)

3-101

6-20-10

25-100

34-25

34-36

34-81

71-100

90-2

90-2A

Chemical Staffs and Units

Targeting Process

Training the Force

Corps Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations

Special Operations Forces Intelligence and ElectronicWarfare Operations

Weather Support for Army Tactical Operations(AFM 105-4)

Armored and Mechanized Division Operations (How toFight)

Battlefield Deception

(U) Electronic Deception, Confidential

References-2

101-5 Staff Organization and Operations

101-5-1 Operational Terms and Symbols

Defense Intelligence Agency Manuals (DIAMs)

50-3 (U) Physical Security Standards for SensitiveCompartmented Information Facilities, For OfficialUse Only

50-4 (U) Security of Compartmented Security Operations,Confidential

50-5 (U) Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI)Contractor Administrative Security, Vol 1,Confidential

DJS-1400-7-85 (U) SATRAN: Satellite Reconnaissance AdvanceNotice, Secret

Miscellaneous Publications

MISC Pub 9-2 Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1984

DOD Directives (DODDs)

5220.22M Industrial Security Manual

5220.22R Industrial Security Regulation

JCS Pub No. 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Militaryand Associated Terms

JCS Pub No. 2 (U) Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF),Confidential

NATO STANAG 2084 Handling and Reporting of Captured EnemyEquipment and Documents

STANAGs may be obtained from the Naval Publications and FormsCenter (NPFC), 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120. UseDD Form 1425 to requisition documents.

References-3

Index-1

Index-2

Index-3

Index-4

Index-5

Index-6

Index-7

Index-8

Index-9

Index-10

Index-11

Index-12

Index-13

Index-14

Index-15

Index-16

Index-17

Index-18

Index-19

Index-20

Index-21

Index-22

FM 34-3715 JANUARY 1991

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONOGeneral , United States Army

Chief of Staff

Official:

JOHN A. FULMERColonel, United States ArmyActing The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-llE,requirements for FM 34-37, Echelons Above Corps (EAC) Intelligence and ElectronicWarfare (IEW) Operations (Qty rqr block no. 1124).

✩ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1994 O - 300-769 (22277)

- .