Flying’sCool! · b+ ½ρvb 2 P = Pressure of fluid v = Velocity of fluid ρ= Density of fluid...
Transcript of Flying’sCool! · b+ ½ρvb 2 P = Pressure of fluid v = Velocity of fluid ρ= Density of fluid...
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Flying’sCool!
Learn what Flying’s all about
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Flying’sCool!
Overview
• Theory of Lift
• Weight and Balance
• Maneuvers
• Stalls
• The Flight Plan
• Let’s Fly!
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Flying’sCool!
Drag
Thrust
Lift
Gravity
Forces
Center of GravityPoint on which plane balances
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Flying’sCool!
ForcesConservation of Energy
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Flying’sCool!
Forces
1. Every object will remain at rest or in uniform
motion in a straight line unless compelled to
change its state by the action of an external force
2. For an object with a constant mass m, the force F
is the product of an object's mass and its
acceleration a ― F = m * a
3. For every action, there is an equal
and opposite re-action
Newton’s Laws
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Flying’sCool!
Forces
• As the speed of a moving fluid
increases, the pressure within the fluid
decreases
Bernoulli’s Principle
Pa + ½ρva2 = Pb + ½ρvb
2
P = Pressure of fluid
v = Velocity of fluid
ρ = Density of fluid
Viscosity of fluid neglectedPa Pb
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Flying’sCool!
Lift
• Lift Is Generated By Turning a Moving Fluid
– Changing either the direction or speed of a flow
generates a force
– The flows over BOTH the top and bottom
surfaces are important!
Theory
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Flying’sCool!
Lift
• Both Bernoulli’s Principle and Newton’s third law describe the various ways the wing disturbs the flow of the air, forcing the air downward causing lift
– Bernoulli’s principle shows that the changes in pressure of the flows overthe top and bottom put a perpendicular force on the flow directing it down
– Newton’s third law shows that the resultant downward flow of air pushes the wing up
Angle of Attack
Theory
Coanda Effect(1930)
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Flying’sCool!
Lift
• At “high” angle of attack, the flow of air will
depart from the top surface of the wing, drag
will increase significantly, and lift will
decrease significantly
Stall
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/
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Flying’sCool!
Weight and Balance
Moment = Force x Distance from Datum
1 3
?90 lbs.
90 x 1 = ? x 3
Center of Gravity
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Flying’sCool!
Weight and Balance
Oil
• As weight of each load changes –
Center of Gravity (CG) movesFront
Passengers
Rear
Passengers
Fuel
Baggage
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Flying’sCool!
Weight and Balance
• If the Plane is too heavy
– Plane cannot lift off, stalls at higher speed
• If the CG is too far forward (Nose Heavy)
– Harder to change attitude of plane
– Has less lift because tail “trimmed” for climb
• If the CG is too far to the rear (Tail Heavy)
– Makes plane less stable
– Has more lift because tail “trimmed” for dive
http://avstop.com/AC/weightbalance/ch1.html
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Flying’sCool!
Weight and Balance
Piper Cherokee 180, 1973 N15802
Weight Aft Arm Moment
Empty Weight 1461 86.45 126297 82 1200 82 1200 88.75 2348.92
Oil 15 27.50 412.5 82 2050 82 1950
Pilot 225 80.50 18112.5 85.5 2450 86.5 1950
Passenger 180 80.50 14490.0 93 2450 86.5 1200
L. Rear Passenger 70 118.10 8267.0 93 1200
R. Rear Passenger 65 118.10 7676.5
Baggage 33 142.80 4712.4
Fuel (Gallons) 50 95.00 28500.0 300
Totals 2349 88.75 208467.4
Normal Utility Actual
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
Moment Arm
Weig
ht
Normal Category
Utility Category
Actual
Moment = Force x Distance from Datum (Nose)
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Flying’sCool!
Left Aileron
Right AileronRudde
r
Elevator
Left Flap
Maneuvering
(Climb/Dive)
(Turn)
(Turn)
(Turn)
(Slow Speed
Flight)
Turn
Dive
Climb
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Flying’sCool!
Drag
Thrust
Lift
Gravity
Climb
Control Yoke
Elevator
Angle of Attack
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Flying’sCool!
Lift
Dive
Control Yoke
Elevator
Angle of Attack
Drag
Thrust
Gravity
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Flying’sCool!
Turn
Rudder Pedals
Control Yoke
Ailerons
& Rudder
Turn Coordinator
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Flying’sCool!
Turn
• During turn, nose will tend to drop
– Pull back slightly to correct
• Use turn coordinator to help determine
how much rudder to use
– Keep ball centered through turn
– “Step on the ball”
• Stall speed will increase in turn
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Flying’sCool!
Stalls
• In the “Old” days, planes would snap
suddenly into spins, sometimes
unrecoverably
• Current planes are designed to “mush”
into a stall
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Flying’sCool!
Stalls
• Low power stall
• High power stall
• As plane stalls
– As speed slows, add flaps to lower stall speed
– It will tend to turn on its vertical axis due to
precession of engine. Use rudder to correct
– To recover, push stick forward. As speed
increases raise flaps.
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Flying’sCool!
How Fast
• Vr: Takeoff – 70 knots
• Vy: Max Climb – 80 knots
• Vs0: Stall – 59 knots
• Va: Landing App. – 75-80 knots/1700
rpm
• Vfe: Max Flaps Extension – 112 knots
• Control your speed with Attitude firstFor reference only – Use your flight manual
for actual figures
PA28 180 Vspeeds
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Flying’sCool!
Flight PlanKASH - CLOWW - KASH
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Flying’sCool!
Flight Plan
• Runway to land at - 14
• Control tower freq. – 133.2
• ATIS frequency – 125.1
• Navaid frequency – 359 (Chern)
• ILS frequency – 109.7
• Pattern Altitude – 1200 ft
VOR(/ILS) Indicator
with Glideslope
Things to know ahead of time
- Always perform clearing turns before
attempting any maneuvers
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Let’s Fly!