Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization...

Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products:Characterization, Utilization and Disposal III

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-40562-2 - Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilizationand Disposal III: Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings: Volume 86Editors: Gregory J. McCarthy, Fredrik P. Glasser, Della M. Roy and Sidney Diamond FrontmatterMore information

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Volume 1—Laser and Electron-Beam Solid Interactions and Materials Processing,J. F. Gibbons, L. D. Hess, T. W. Sigmon, 1981

Volume 2—Defects in Semiconductors, J. Narayan, T. Y. Tan, 1981Volume 3—Nuclear and Electron Resonance Spectroscopies Applied to Materials

Science, E. N. Kaufmann, G. K. Shenoy, 1981Volume 4—Laser and Electron-Beam Interactions with Solids, B. R. Appleton,

G. K. Celler, 1982Volume 5—Grain Boundaries in Semiconductors, H. J. Leamy, G. E. Pike,

C. H. Seager, 1982Volume 6—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IV, S. V. Topp, 1982Volume 7—Metastable Materials Formation by Ion Implantation, S. T. Picraux,

W. J. Choyke, 1982Volume 8—Rapidly Solidified Amorphous and Crystalline Alloys, B. H. Kear,

B. C. Giessen, M. Cohen, 1982Volume 9—Materials Processing in the Reduced Gravity Environment of Space,

G. E. Rindone, 1982Volume 10—Thin Films and Interfaces, P. S. Ho, K.-N. Tu, 1982Volume 11—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management V, W. Lutze, 1982Volume 12—In Situ Composites IV, F. D. Lemkey, H. E. Cline, M. McLean, 1982Volume 13—Laser-Solid Interactions and Transient Thermal Processing of Materials,

J. Narayan, W. L. Brown, R. A. Lemons, 1983Volume 14—Defects in Semiconductors II, S. Mahajan, J. W. Corbett, 1983Volume 15—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management VI, D. G. Brookins, 1983Volume 16—Nuclear Radiation Detector Materials, E. E. Haller, H. W. Kraner, W. A.

Higinbotham, 1983Volume 17—Laser Diagnostics and Photochemical Processing for Semiconductor

Devices, R. M. Osgood, S. R. J. Brueck, H. R. Schlossberg, 1983Volume 18—Interfaces and Contacts, R. Ludeke, K. Rose, 1983Volume 19—Alloy Phase Diagrams, L. H. Bennett, T. B. Massalski, B. C. Giessen,

1983Volume 20—Intercalated Graphite, M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, J. E. Fischer,

M. J. Moran, 1983Volume 21—Phase Transformations in Solids, T. Tsakalakos, 1984Volume 22—High Pressure in Science and Technology, C. Homan, R. K. MacCrone,

E. Whalley, 1984Volume 23—Energy Beam-Solid Interactions and Transient Thermal Processing,

J. C. C. Fan, N. M. Johnson, 1984Volume 24—Defect Properties and Processing of High-Technology Nonmetallic

Materials, J. H. Crawford, Jr., Y. Chen, W. A. Sibley, 1984







Volume 25—Thin Films and Interfaces II, J. E. E. Baglin, D. R. Campbell, W. K. Chu,1984

Volume 26—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management VII, G. L. McVay, 1984Volume 27—Ion Implantation and Ion Beam Processing of Materials, G. K. Hubler,

O. W. Holland, C. R. Clayton, C. W. White, 1984Volume 28—Rapidly Solidified Metastable Materials, B. H. Kear, B. C. Giessen, 1984Volume 29—Laser-Controlled Chemical Processing of Surfaces, A. W. Johnson,

D. J. Ehrlich, H. R. Schlossberg, 1984.Volume 30—Plasma Processsing and Synthesis of Materials, J. Szekely, D. Apelian,

1984Volume 31—Electron Microscopy of Materials, W. Krakow, D. A. Smith, L. W. Hobbs,

1984Volume 32—Better Ceramics Through Chemistry, C. J. Brinker, D. E. Clark, D. R.

Ulrich, 1984Volume 33—Comparison of Thin Film Transistor and SOI Technologies, H. W. Lam,

M. J. Thompson, 1984Volume 34—Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron, H. Fredriksson, M. Hillerts, 1985Volume 35—Energy Beam-Solid Interactions and Transient Thermal Processing/1984,

D. K. Biegelsen, G. A. Rozgonyi, C. V. Shank, 1985Volume 36—Impurity Diffusion and Gettering in Silicon, R. B. Fair, C. W. Pearce,

J. Washburn, 1985Volume 37—Layered Structures, Epitaxy, and Interfaces, J. M. Gibson, L. R. Dawson,

1985Volume 38—Plasma Synthesis and Etching of Electronic Materials, R. P. H. Chang,

B. Abeles, 1985Volume 39—High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys, C. C. Koch, C. T. Liu,

N. S. Stoloff, 1985Volume 40—Electronic Packaging Materials Science, E. A. Giess, K.-N. Tu,

D. R. Uhlmann, 1985Volume 41—Advanced Photon and Particle Techniques for the Characterization of

Defects in Solids, J. B. Roberto, R. W. Carpenter, M. C. Wittels, 1985Volume 42—Very High Strength Cement-Based Materials, J. F. Young, 1985.Volume 43—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilization,

and Disposal I, G. J. McCarthy, R. J. Lauf, 1985Volume 44—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management VIII, C. M. Jantzen,

J. A. Stone, R. C. Ewing, 1985Volume 45—Ion Beam Processes in Advanced Electronic Materials and Device

Technology, B. R. Appleton, F. H. Eisen, T. W. Sigmon, 1985Volume 46—Microscopic Identification of Electronic Defects in Semiconductors, N. M.

Johnson, S. G. Bishop, G. D. Watkins, 1985







Volume 47—Thin Films: The Relationship of Structure to Properties, C. R. Aita,K. S. SreeHarsha, 1985

Volume 48—Applied Materials Characterization, W. Katz, P. Williams, 1985Volume 49—Materials Issues in Applications of Amorphous Silicon Technology,

D. Adler, A. Madan, M. J. Thompson, 1985Volume 50—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IX, L. O. Werme, 1986Volume 51—Beam-Solid Interactions and Phase Transformations, H. Kurz, G. L. Olson,

]. M. Poate, 1986Volume 52—Rapid Thermal Processing, T. O. Sedgwick, T. E. Seidel, B.-Y. Tsaur, 1986Volume 53—Semiconductor-on-Insulator and Thin Film Transistor Technology,

A. Chiang. M. W. Geis, L. Pfeiffer, 1986Volume 54—Thin Films—Interfaces and Phenomena, R. J. Nemanich, P. S. Ho, S. S. Lau,

1986Volume 55—Biomedical Materials,]. M. Williams, M. F. Nichols, W. Zingg, 1986Volume 56—Layered Structures and Epitaxy, J. M. Gibson, G. C. Osbourn, R. M. Tromp,

1986Volume 57—Phase Transitions in Condensed Systems—Experiments and Theory,

G. S. Cargill III, F. Spaepen, K.-N. Tu, 1987Volume 58—Rapidly Solidified Alloys and Their Mechanical and Magnetic Properties,

B. C. Giessen, D. E. Polk, A. I. Taub, 1986Volume 59—Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Crystalline Silicon,

J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., S. J. Pearton, J. W. Corbett, S. J. Pennycook, 1986Volume 60—Defect Properties and Processing of High-Technology Nonmetallic

Materials, Y. Chen, W. D. Kingery, R. J. Stokes, 1986Volume 61—Defects in Glasses, F. L. Galeener, D. L. Griscom, M. J. Weber, 1986Volume 62—Materials Problem Solving with the Transmission Electron Microscope,

L. W. Hobbs, K. H. Westmacott, D. B. Williams, 1986Volume 63—Computer-Based Microscopic Description of the Structure and Properties

of Materials, J. Broughton, W. Krakow, S. T. Pantelides, 1986Volume 64—Cement-Based Composites: Strain Rate Effects on Fracture, S. Mindess,

S. P. Shah, 1986Volume 65—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilization

and Disposal II, G. J. McCarthy, F. P. Glasser, D. M. Roy, 1986Volume 66—Frontiers in Materials Education, L. W. Hobbs, G. L. Liedl, 1986Volume 67—Heteroepitaxy on Silicon, J. C. C. Fan, J. M. Poate, 1986Volume 68—Plasma Processing, J. W. Coburn, R. A. Gottscho, D. W. Hess, 1986Volume 69—Materials Characterization, N. W. Cheung, M.-A. Nicolet, 1986Volume 70—Materials Issues in Amorphous-Semiconductor Technology, D. Adler,

Y. Hamakawa, A. Madan, 1986







Volume 71—Materials Issues in Silicon Integrated Circuit Processing, M. Wittmer,J. Stimmell, M. Strathman, 1986

Volume 72—Electronic Packaging Materials Science II, K. A. Jackson, R. C. Pohanka,D. R. Uhlmann, D. R. Ulrich, 1986

Volume 73—Better Ceramics Through Chemistry II, C. J. Brinker, D. E. Clark, D. R.Ulrich, 1986

Volume 74—Beam-Solid Interactions and Transient Processes, S. T. Picraux, M. O.Thompson, J. S. Williams, 1987

Volume 75—Photon, Beam and Plasma Stimulated Chemical Processes at Surfaces, V. M.Donnelly, I. P. Herman, M. Hirose, 1987

Volume 76—Science and Technology of Microfabrication, R. E. Howard, E. L. Hu,S. Pang, S. Namba, 1987

Volume 77—Interfaces, Superlattices, and Thin Flims, J. D. Dow, I. K. Schuller, 1987Volume 78—Advances in Structural Ceramics, P. F. Becher, M. V. Swain, S. Somiya, 1987Volume 79—Scattering, Deformation and Fracture in Polymers, B. Crist, T. P. Russell,

E. L. Thomas, G. D. Wignall, 1987Volume 80—Science and Technology of Rapidly Quenched Alloys, M. Tenhover, L. E.

Tanner, W. L. Johnson, 1987Volume 81—High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys, II, C. C. Koch, C. T. Liu,

N. S. Stoloff, O. Izumi, 1987Volume 82—Characterization of Defects in Materials, R. W. Siegel, R. Sinclair, J. R.

Weertman, 1987Volume 83—Physical and Chemical Properties of Thin Metal Overlayers and Alloy

Surfaces, D. M. Zehner, D. W. Goodman, 1987Volume 84—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management X, J. K. Bates, W. B.

Seefeldt, 1987Volume 85—Microstructural Development During the Hydration of Cement, L. Struble,

P. Brown, 1987Volume 86—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products Characterization, Utilization and

Disposal III, G. J. McCarthy, F. P. Glasser, D. M. Roy, S. Diamond, 1987Volume 87—Materials Processing in the Reduced Gravity Environment of Space, R. H.

Doremus, P. C. Nordine, 1987Volume 88—Optical Fiber Materials and Properties, S. R. Nagel, G. Sigel, J. W. Fleming,

D. A. Thompson, 1987Volume 89—Diluted Magnetic (Semimagnetic) Semiconductors, J. K. Furdyna, R. L.

Aggarwal, S. von Molnar, 1987Volume 90—Materials for Infrared Detectors and Sources, R. F. C. Farrow, J. F.

Schetzina, J. T. Cheung, 1987






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

VLSI-I—Tungsten and Other Refractory Metals for VLSI Applications, R. S. Blewer,1986; ISSN: 0886-7860; ISBN: 0-931837-32-4

VLSI-II—Tungsten and Other Refractory Metals for VLSI Applications, E.K.Broadbent, 1987; ISSN: 0886-7860; ISBN: 0-931837-66-9

TMC—Ternary and Multinary Compounds, S. Deb, A. Zunger, 1987;ISBN:0-931837-57-x






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIA PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 86

Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products:Characterization, Utilization and DisposalIII

Symposium held December 1-3, 1986, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

Gregory J. McCarthyNorth Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, U.S.A.

Fredrik P. GlasserUniversity of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K.

Delia M. RoyThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Sidney DiamondPurdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYPittsburgh, Pennsylvania






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Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

LEACHING BEHAVIOR OF FOSSIL FUEL WASTES: MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRYOF CALCIUM

D. Rai, L.E. Eary, S.V. Mattigod, C.C. Ainsworth and J.M. Zachara 3

LEACHATE COMPOSITION AT AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST CELL OF COAL COMBUSTIONFLY ASH

L.L. LaBuz, J.F. Villaume and J.W. Bell 17

COMPARISON OF THE BEHAVIOR OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING ACID LEACHING OFASHES FROM SEVERAL COALS

J.S. Watson 27

AN ESCA AND SEM STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE SURFACE COMPOSITION ANDMORPHOLOGY OF LOW-CALCIUM COAL FLY ASH AS A FUNCTION OF AQUEOUSLEACHING

M.M. Soroczak, H.C. Eaton and M.E. Tittlebaum 37

PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO AFBC SOLIDRESIDUES

E.E. Berry and E.J. Anthony 49

ELECTROCHEMICAL STABILITY OF EMBEDDED STEEL AND TOXIC ELEMENTS IN FLYASH/CEMENT BEDS

R.I.A. Malek and D.M. Roy 59

STUDIES OF ZINC, CADMIUM AND MERCURY STABILIZATION IN OPC/PFA MIXTURESC.S. Poon and R. Perry 67

STABILIZATION OF DRILLING FLUID WASTE WITH FLY ASHG.M. Deeley, L.W. Canter and J.G. Laguros 77

PART II: CHARACTERIZATION

SPECIATION IN SIZE AND DENSITY FRACTIONATED FLY ASH II.CHARACTERIZATION OF A LOW-CALCIUM, HIGH-IRON FLY ASH

R.T. Hemmings, E.E. Berry, B.J. Cornelius and B.E. Scheetz 81

SEM STUDY OF CHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN WESTERN U.S. FLY ASHR.J. Stevenson and T.P. Huber 99






CORRELATIONS OF CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF WESTERN U.S. FLY ASHG.J. McCarthy, O.E. Manz, D.M. Johansen, S.J. Steinwand andR.J. Stevenson 109

SOME PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME CANADIANFLY ASHES

R.C. Joshi and B.K. Marsh 113

THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL ASH POWDERS: HEAT CAPACITIES ANDMINIMUM SINTERING TEMPERATURES

R. Ledesraa, P. Compo and L.L. Isaacs 127

PART III: REACTIONS, MICROSTRUCTURE AND HODELING

HYDRATION REACTIONS IN CEMENT PASTES INCORPORATING FLY ASH AND OTHERPOZZOLANIC MATERIALS

F.P. Glasser, S. Diamond and D.M. Roy 139

LABORATORY MODELING AND XRD CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDRATION REACTIONSOF LIGNITE GASIFICATION AND COMBUSTION ASH CODISPOSAL WASTE FORMS

P. Kumarathasan and G.J. McCarthy 159

ALUMINUM SULFATE HYDRATION RETARDERS FOR HIGH-CALCIUM FLY ASH USED INHIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

M. Tohidian and J.G. Laguros 171

SOURCES OF SELF-HARDENING PROPERTIES IN FLY ASHESR.C. Joshi and D.T. Lam 183

MICROSTRUCTURE OF CEMENT BLENDS INCLUDING FLY ASH, SILICA FUME, SLAGAND FILLERS

M. Regourd 185

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MICROCHEMISTRY OF SLAG CEMENT PASTESA.M. Harrisson, N.B. Winter and H.F.W. Taylor 199

PORE STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN PORTLAND CEMENT/FLY ASH BLENDSD.J. Cook, Huu T. Cao and E.P. Coan 209

RESTRICTED HYDRATION OF MASS-CURED CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASHR.H. Mills and N. Buenfeld 221

EFFECT OF FLY ASH INCORPORATION ON RHEOLOGY OF CEMENT PASTESM. Rattanussorn, D.M. Roy and R.I.A. Malek 229

THE DIFFUSION OF CHLORIDE IONS IN FLY ASH/CEMENT PASTES AND MORTARSR.I.A. Malek, D.M. Roy and P.H. Licastro 239

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONSON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETES

E.L. White, D.M. Roy and P.D. Cady 251

MODELING OF TEMPERATURES IN CEMENTITIOUS MONOLITHSS. Kaushal, D.M. Roy and P.H. Licastro 265






THE EFFECT OF SIMULATED LARGE POUR CURING CONDITIONS ON THE TEMPERATURERISE AND STRENGTH GROWTH OF PFA CONTAINING CONCRETE

M.J. Coole and A.M. Harrisson 277

PART IV: UTILIZATION

STATUS OF ASTM AND OTHER NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE USE OF FLY ASHPOZZOLANS IN CONCRETE

R.M. Majko 293

CONSISTENCY OF PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETES WITH AND WITHOUT FLY ASHW.T. Hester 307

SOME PROPERTIES OF CONTRASTING END-MEMBER HIGH CALCIUM FLY ASHESS. Diamond and J. Olek 315

VARIABILITY AND TRENDS IN IOWA FLY ASHESS. Schlorholtz, K. Bergeson and T. Demirel 325

MONITORING OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLASS C FLYASH

S. Schlorholtz, K. Bergeson and T. Demirel 337

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UTILIZATION OF WESTERN U.S. COAL CONVERSIONASH

O.E. Manz and D.L. Laudal 343

EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL USES OF AFBC SOLID WASTESE.E. Berry and E.J. Anthony 353

ENHANCED RESOURCE RECOVERY BY BENEFICIATION AND DIRECT ACID LEACHING OFFLY ASH

E.E. Berry, R.T. Hemmings and D.M. Golden 365

CARBOCHLORINATION OF FLY ASH IN A FUSED SALT SLURRY REACTORM.S. Dobbins and G. Burnet 381

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 393

AUTHOR INDEX 395

SUBJECT INDEX 397






Preface

Vast quantities of inorganic by-products are produced when coal is burnedor gasified. In the US, nearly 60 million tons of fly ash are removed frompower plant stacks each year and more than 80% of this ash is buried in land-fills or stored in holding ponds pending burial. Only 10% has found a com-mercial market, chiefly in concrete-related uses. Conversion of coal, throughgasification and other processes, into other energy sources will lead to addi-tional large quantities of ash in the future. With such vast quantities ofash involved, one needs to be attuned to any environmental consequences ofburying ash and to any new possibilities of using this vast resource for in-dustrial or civil engineering applications. Thorough characterization of theash materials and their reactions provides the scientific basis for safe dis-posal or effective utilization. It is the purpose of this series to reportthe materials science and engineering aspects of the characterization, utiliz-ation and disposal of coal-derived ash.

Of the papers in this volume, 29 are based on presentations in SymposiumN of the 1986 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society. This was thethe Society's fifth symposium on the subject of coal ash. Proceedings of thefirst, edited by S. Diamond, were published under the title "Effects of FlyAsh Incorporation in Cement and Concrete," and are available from D.M. Roy ofPenn State's Materials Research Laboratory. Relevant papers from the secondsymposium, edited by G.J. McCarthy, appeared in the July 1984 issue of Cementand Concrete Research. Proceedings of the third and fourth symposia appearedas Volumes I and II of this series (Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vols. 43 and65). There will be a Volume IV based on a sixth MRS symposium of this titleto be held at the 1987 Fall Meeting.

Six additional papers in this volume were presented in a joint sessionwith Symposium M, "Microstructure Development During Hydration of Cement."Although concerned principally with microstructure, the cement and concretematerials discussed in these papers incorporated coal ash. These six papersare also published in Microstructural Development During the Hydration ofCeaent, edited by L. Struble and P. Brown, Materials Research SocietySymposium Proceedings Volume 85, 1987.

This volume contains both conventional papers and summaries. The paperswere peer-reviewed and handled according to the normal criteria for journalarticles and invited review papers. Three of the 35 contributions are shortsummaries that were "communicated" (in the manner of Cement and ConcreteResearch and the Materials Research Bulletin) by an editor. These are of twotypes: summaries of work already published and pointers to that literature,and reports of work in progress that is not yet ready for formal publicationor is to be submitted for more extensive publication elsewhere.

D. Rai and coworkers provide a well referenced review of the leachingbehavior of electrical utility wastes and deal specifically with the geo-chemical modeling of calcium as an illustration of the mechanistic approachbeing employed in their work. To provide data under actual field conditions,fly ash has been placed in "test cells" at a Pennsylvania power plant. L.L.LaBuz et al. describe the design of the experiment and summarize the leachatedata obtained over the first year of operation. As part of a study aimed atAl extraction from fly ash, J.S. Watson has done acid leaching tests that alsoprovide insight into the extent and correlation of extractability of variouselements in the ash. M.M. Soroczak et al. describe the use of ESCA and SEM tostudy leached ash. R.I.A. Malek and D.M. Roy report results of a study ofelectrochemical stability of fly ash-concrete pastes used as beds forpipelines, and provide insights into the redox behavior of several of theimportant trace elements in that ash. The use of fly ash for stabilization of






other wastes i s described by C.S. Poon and R. Perry, and by J.G. Laguros andco-workers.

A coal conversion by-product with quite unique characteristics is pro-duced in the emerging atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) technology,in which a limestone bed is included in the combustion system to reduce sulfuroxide emissions. In two papers, E.E. Berry and co-workers summarize the typesof AFBC units and discuss chemical and physical characteristics, environmentalconsiderations and potential uses of the by-products.

This volume includes s igni f icant advances in understanding of fly ashchemistry and mineralogy derived through the application of modern materialscharac ter iza t ion methodology. Results of a comprehensive study of low-calcium, high-iron fly ashes are reported by R.T. Hemmings et a l . This papercomplements a similar study on a high-calcium ash in Volume 65 of this series.The characteristics and extent of variabil i ty of high-calcium fly ash from thewestern U.S. are the subject of papers by R.J. Stevenson and T.P. Huber, G.J.McCarthy et a l . , R.C. Joshi and B.K. Marsh, and S. Schlorholtz and co-workers.S. Diamond and J. Olek point out the importance of knowing the mineralogy ofthe calcium in these ashes in addition to the t o t a l amount present. W.T.Hester describes strength variations in concrete incorporating fly ash, andnotes that this could be due either to inherent variabil i ty in the ashes or incuring of the concrete.

The key to many of the uses of coal ash i s i t s hydration behavior. F.P.Glasser, S. Diamond and D.M. Roy provide an extensive review of currentknowledge of the hydration reactions of coal ash and similar by-products whenincorporated into cement pastes as blending agents. P. Kuraarathasan and G.J.McCarthy, and R.C. Joshi and D.T. Lam, describe experiments on the self-hard-ening hydration reactions in high-calcium ashes. M. Tohidian and J.G. Lagurosreport studies of chemical additives designed to retard this property.

Microstructures of cement blends incorporating by-products i s the subjectof a review by M. Regourd, a paper by H.F.W. Taylor and co-workers that in-cludes an SEM/EDX examination of microchemical hydration react ions, and apaper by D.J. Cook et a l . The effects of incorporation of by-products onrheology, chloride diffusion, and strength and durability of cement pastes andconcrete are described in three papers by D.M. Roy and co-workers.

One of the pr inc ipa l advantages of incorporating blending agents intoconcrete i s the reduction in degradation of properties resulting from the heatof hydration of the portland cement. Papers by S. Kaushal et a l . and M.J.Coole and H.J. Harrisson discuss thermal behavior of hydrating blends ofconcrete and by-products.

The ut i l izat ion of fly ash in concrete i s necessarily quite dependent onthe engineering standards in effect in each country. R.M. Majko reviews thesestandards and provides recommendations for modifications in the ASTM standardsin use in the U.S.

Aluminum recovery from f ly ash i s described in papers by E.E. Berry eta l . and M.S. Dobbins and G. Burnet. Berry et a l . a l so describe appl icat ionsfor the residues from the extraction process.

F ina l ly , the reader w i l l note that t h i s volume appears in a uniformtypeface. Two-thirds of the papers were submitted on disk and the balancewere keyboarded at North Dakota State University. In addition to the editingdone during the refereeing process, a l l papers had addi t ional technicalediting by the senior editor. I t was the editor's goal that this volume wouldconform to the highest standards possible in a camera-ready format.

G.J. McCarthyFargo, North DakotaApril, 1987






Acknowledgments

Kevin D. Swanson of North Dakota State University (University of Wiscon-sin after June, 1987) provided dedicated and enthusiastic assistance in thelayout, proof-reading and indexing of this book. The editors thank LindaStoetzer and Kathleen Beeson of NDSU for keyboarding of manuscripts.

The symposium program and publication of this volume were made possibleby financial contributions from the following sponsors:

PRINCIPAL SYMPOSIUM SUPPORT

Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CaliforniaAmerican Fly Ash Company, Des Plaines, Illinois

SUPPLEMENTAL SUPPORT

Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IllinoisWestern Fly Ash Research Development and Data Center, Grand Forks andFargo, North Dakota

L.E. Shaw, Ltd., Halifax, Nova Scotia






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