FLUORINE 18.998 POISON TO PROM ISE · Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Polytetrafluoroethylene...
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Find out what Reaxys can do for you: https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/reaxys Follow Reaxys for all the latest news and information: @elsevier.reaxys @Reaxys /company/reaxys FLUORINE 18.998 9 F POISON TO PROMISE Fluorine is a highly toxic diatomic pale yellow gas. Thanks to the continued creativity of countless chemists, this extremely reactive gas was eventually transformed into a more utilizable form via electrolysis. This opened the doors for further experimentation and allowed chemists to incorporate this element into different molecules not found in nature. Doing so has resulted in compounds that are highly utilized and improve our daily lives. 13 C + 4 He 16 O + neutron 14 N 14 C + proton 4 He + 15 N 15 N 4 He 19 F 18 F 18 O + positron proton + 18 O Henri Moissan 1852-1907 The Taming of the Fluorine Henri Moissan Henri Moissan was a brave and intelligent scientist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering a way to isolate fluorine— requiring some rather unnerving experiments that involved the electrolysis of KHF2 in neat HF (a very corrosive gas at room temperature). In the past, all attempts to isolate this element failed by other experimenters, some of which resulted in death. Fluorine is the most electronegative element with a value of 3.98 on the Pauling electronegativity scale. Given that fluorine is one electron away from having a fully filled 2p electron orbital, and its relatively small size, the electrons are held very tightly to the nucleus, contributing to its high electronegativity. F 14 N + 4 He combine to form combine to form combine to form impacts Fluorine’s Origin Fluorine is estimated to be the 24th most common element in the universe. It is so rare because it is not a product of the usual nuclear fusion processes in stars. In space, fluorine commonly combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride. Fluorine cations have been seen in planetary nebulae and in stars, including our Sun. s p l i t s i n t o s p l i t s i n t o Uses of Fluorine Refrigerators Fluorine is present in Freon which is used to keep refrigerators cold. Enhanced rocket fuel Most liquid chemical rockets use two separate propellants: a fuel and an oxidizer. Oxidizers include nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide, liquid oxygen, and liquid fluorine. Pharmaceuticals Among the currently approved FDA pharmaceutical drugs, nearly one- third contain fluorine (this was a mere 2% in 1970), many of which are top- selling pharmaceuticals (e.g. Lipitor). Fluorine can impart many unique (and still unpredictable) chemical properties when attached to organic compounds of biological relevance. To name a few: increased lipophilicity, metabolic stability, and potency. Given fluorine’s wide range of properties it has brought many attractive opportunities in drug design. Toothpaste Fluoride toothpastes make up more than 95% of all toothpaste sales. Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fluorocarbon polymer that was discovered in 1938 by accident when a chemist was attempting to make a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant. A few applications include non-stick coating to frying pans, wiring (e.g coaxial cables), and Gore-Tex.
Transcript of FLUORINE 18.998 POISON TO PROM ISE · Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Polytetrafluoroethylene...
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FLUORINE18.998
9
FPOISON TO PROMISE
Fluorine is a highly toxic diatomic pale yellow gas. Thanks to the continued creativity of countless chemists, this extremely reactive gas was eventually transformed into a more utilizable form via electrolysis. This opened the doors for further experimentation and allowed chemists to incorporate this element into different molecules not found in nature. Doing so has resulted in compounds that are highly utilized and improve our daily lives.
13C + 4He
16O + neutron
14N
14C + proton
4He + 15N
15N4He
19F
18F
18O + positron
proton + 18O
Henri Moissan1852-1907
The Taming of the FluorineHenri Moissan Henri Moissan was a brave and intelligent scientist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering a way to isolate fluorine—requiring some rather unnerving experiments that involved the electrolysis of KHF2 in neat HF (a very corrosive gas at room temperature). In the past, all attempts to isolate this element failed by other experimenters, some of which resulted in death.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element with a value of 3.98 on the Pauling electronegativity scale. Given that fluorine is one electron away from having a fully filled 2p electron orbital, and its relatively small size, the electrons are held very tightly to the nucleus, contributing to its high electronegativity.
F
14N + 4Hecombine to form combine to form
combine to form
impa
cts
Fluorine’s OriginFluorine is estimated to be the 24th
most common element in the universe. It is so rare because it is not a product of the usual nuclear fusion processes in stars.
In space, fluorine commonly combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride.
Fluorine cations have been seen in planetary nebulae and in stars, including our Sun.
splits into
splits into
Uses of Fluorine
RefrigeratorsFluorine is present in Freon which is used to keep refrigerators cold.
Enhanced rocket fuelMost liquid chemical rockets use two separate propellants: a fuel and an oxidizer. Oxidizers include nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide, liquid oxygen, and liquid fluorine.
PharmaceuticalsAmong the currently approved FDA pharmaceutical drugs, nearly one-third contain fluorine (this was a mere 2% in 1970), many of which are top-selling pharmaceuticals (e.g. Lipitor). Fluorine can impart many unique (and still unpredictable) chemical properties when attached to organic compounds of biological relevance. To name a few: increased lipophilicity, metabolic stability, and potency. Given fluorine’s wide range of properties it has brought many attractive opportunities in drug design.
ToothpasteFluoride toothpastes make up more than 95% of all toothpaste sales.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fluorocarbon polymer that was discovered in 1938 by accident when a chemist was attempting to make a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant. A few applications include non-stick coating to frying pans, wiring (e.g coaxial cables), and Gore-Tex.
Find out what Reaxys can do for you:
https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/reaxys
Follow Reaxys for all the latest news and information:
@elsevier.reaxys @Reaxys /company/reaxys
FLUORINE18.998
9
F
POISON TO PROMISEFluorine is a highly toxic diatomic pale yellow gas. Thanks
to the continued creativity of countless chemists, this extremely reactive gas was eventually transformed into a more utilizable form via electrolysis. This opened the
doors for further experimentation and allowed chemists to incorporate this element into different molecules not
found in nature. Doing so has resulted in compounds that are highly utilized and improve our daily lives.
16O + neutron
14N
14C + proton
4He + 15N
15N4He
19F
18F
18O + positron
proton + 18O
13C + 4He
combine to form
14N + 4He
combine to form
combine to form
impacts
Fluorine’s Origin
splits intosplits into
Fluorine is estimated to be the 24th most common element in the universe. It is so rare because it is not a product of the usual nuclear fusion processes in stars.
In space, fluorine commonly combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride.
Fluorine cations have been seen in planetary nebulae and in stars, including our Sun.
Henri Moissan1852-1907
The Taming of the Fluorine
Henri Moissan Henri Moissan was a brave and intelligent scientist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering a way to isolate fluorine—requiring some rather unnerving experiments that involved the electrolysis of KHF2 in neat HF (a very corrosive gas at room temperature). In the past, all attempts to isolate this element failed by other experimenters, some of which resulted in death. Fluorine is the most electronegative element with a value of 3.98 on the Pauling electronegativity scale. Given that fluorine is one electron away from having a fully filled 2p electron orbital, and its relatively small size, the electrons are held very tightly to the nucleus, contributing to its high electronegativity.
F
Uses of Fluorine
RefrigeratorsFluorine is present in Freon which is used to keep refrigerators cold.
Enhanced rocket fuelMost liquid chemical rockets use two separate propellants: a fuel and an oxidizer. Oxidizers include nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide, liquid oxygen, and liquid fluorine.
PharmaceuticalsAmong the currently approved FDA pharmaceutical drugs, nearly one-third contain fluorine (this was a mere 2% in 1970), many of which are top-selling pharmaceuticals (e.g. Lipitor). Fluorine can impart many unique (and still unpredictable) chemical properties when attached to organic compounds of biological relevance. To name a few: increased lipophilicity, metabolic stability, and potency. Given fluorine’s wide range of properties it has brought many attractive opportunities in drug design.
ToothpasteFluoride toothpastes make up more than 95% of all toothpaste sales.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fluorocarbon polymer that was discovered in 1938 by accident when a chemist was attempting to make a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant. A few applications include non-stick coating to frying pans, wiring (e.g coaxial cables), and Gore-Tex.
