Fluency with Information Technology INFO100 and CSE100 Katherine Deibel 2012-04-16Katherine Deibel,...
-
Upload
annabel-georgia-patterson -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
1
Transcript of Fluency with Information Technology INFO100 and CSE100 Katherine Deibel 2012-04-16Katherine Deibel,...
A Clip Show of Computing History50 minutes of nerds at their best
Fluency with Information Technology
INFO100 and CSE100
Katherine Deibel
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 1
Why History?
Computing and IT are two of the youngest fields in STEM
Many of our founders are still alive or recently passed on I've personally conversed with at least
three Turing award winners (basically the Nobel prize in computing)
Still, the history goes back farther than you may think
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 2
What is a computer?
Several definitions for first computers Computation tool: abacus
Mechanical: astrolabe and Antikythera mechanism
Programmable: Babbage Analytical Engine
First binary computer: Zuse Z3
First electronic general purpose: ENIAC
First commercial computer: Ferranti Mark 1
First single chip microprocessor: Intel 4004
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 3
Abacus
One of our earliest computation tools Predecessor was the stick/tablet with
crossed out counting marks Arrangement of strings and stones
allowed for development of fast counting methods (algorithms) Also introduced roundoff error
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 4
Clip: Abacus Speed
Source:Documentary: The Story of Onewith Terry Jones (Monty Python fame)
Setting:A mathematician challenges an modern abacus user
Play info: (start at 46:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umyhZu6gXmQ
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 5
Antikythera mechanism
Early 1st century BCE Greek mechanical computer
Calculates position of Sun, Moon, and several planets on different dates
Such mechanisms not seen again until the 14th century
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 6
Computer Hardware History
Been around a lot longer than one normally would guess Historical movement from gears to
vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits
But what about the software
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 7
Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King,
Countess of Lovelace
Daughter of Lord Byron Translated and extended
Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Predicted computers could be used for music and graphics
Wrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbers
Developed notions of looping and subroutines
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 8
Garbage In, Garbage Out
The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths.
— Ada Lovelace, Note G
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 9
On her genius and insight
If you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it…
All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal.
— Charles Babbage
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 10
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 11
Science and Victorian Ladies
Some journals accepted and supported science papers from women authors.
Periodical like the Edinburgh Review and Ladies Diary also provided opportunities for publishing amateur scholarly works.
2012-04-16
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 12
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 13
Human Computers
Manual calculation of differential equations for generating tables to be used in the field Supported through use of mechanical
calculators
A few specialized in the use of single-purpose hardware (e.g., differential analyzer)
Women more prominent as computers Alternative to a career teaching mathematics
Large pool of potential employees (both college and high school graduates)
Cheaper than hiring men2012-04-16
The Women of ENIAC
Six “computers” hired to be the first programmers for the ENIAC project (1945)
Women comprised a large percentage of later programmers for ENIAC, including Homé McAllister, Willa Wyatt Sigmund, and Marie
Bierstein
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 14
Working on the ENIAC Learned the system through its blueprints and
conversations with its designers Worked in pairs on subprojects:
Calculating and testing test trajectories:
Marlyn Meltzer and Ruth Teitelbaum
Developing and streamlining the programs:
Frances Spence and Kathleen Antonelli
Coordinating the Master Programmer unit:
Jean Bartik and Betty Holberton Only group to program ENIAC at the machine
level2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 15
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 16
After ENIAC Ruth Teitelbaum
Stayed with ENIAC project the longest
Trained second generation of ENIAC programmers Jean Bartik
Conversion of ENIAC to a stored-program computer
Worked on BINAC and UNIVAC I Kathleen Antonelli
Married John Mauchly (1948)
Software design for the BINAC and UNIVAC I Betty Holberton
Suggest grey as the color for UNIVAC I
Developed C-10 mnemonic instruction set for BINAC2012-04-16
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 17
Dustbin of history?
For 50 years, their involvement was mostly forgotten and ignored: Hardware more the focus than the software
Names misspelled in official Army history
Some programmers married ENIAC engineers Programmers originally not invited to
50th anniversary of ENIAC All six programmers inducted into the
Women in Technology International Hall of Fame (1997)
2012-04-16
Why the focus on women?
Yes, there were plenty of men who also worked in computing We will cover them more in other chapters
This is a clip show of interesting points in computing and IT history
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 18
Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957
An Amazing Photo
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 19
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 20
Grace Hopper (1 of 3) Education
Vasser: B.S. in Mathematics and Physics
Yale: M.S. and Ph.D. in Mathematics
Naval Career Joined Naval Reserves (1943)
Assigned to work with Howard Aiken Harvard
First person to write a program for the Mark I (arctangent calculations)
Member of the Mark II and III development teams2012-04-16
The Infamous Bug
While working on the Mark II, Hopper discovered a moth stuck in a relay.
Originated the term “debugging”
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 21
Grace Hopper (2 of 3)
UNIVAC Invented concept of compiler:
ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC
COBOL was partially an extensionof FLOW-MATIC
Standards Advocated and pioneered development of
standards for testing computer systems and languages.
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 22
Grace Hopper (3 of 3)
Naval Career Retired three times
1983 Special Presidential promotion to Rear Admiral
Defense Distinguished Service Medal recipient (1986)
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Senior Consultant and Goodwill
Ambassador (1986 – 1992)
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 23
Nanoseconds
To demonstrate the cost of computing time, Hopper would hand out pieces of wire.
Distance electrons travel: 1 nanosecond ≈ 12 inches
1 microsecond ≈ 1000 feet
1 millisecond ≈ 189 miles
1 second ≈ 189,000 miles
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 24
Clip: Hopper and Nanosecond
Grace Hopper explains the nanosecondURL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eyFDBPk4Yw
She also appeared on Letterman!URL:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ0g5_NgRao
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 25
Let's Jump Ahead
Until the late 1960s, the general view of computers was the mainframe
The idea of a personal computer on one's desktop was an alien idea
Then came the Mother of All Demos
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 26
Douglas Engelbart
Early pioneer of Human-Computer Interaction Developed computer mouse
Set foundation for Hypertext
Established use of GUIs Main credo:
Use computers to connect and support human thought and capability
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 27
Mother of All Demos
Stanford Research InstituteDecember 9, 1968
Live demonstration of a GUI workstation that shows Computer mouse
Video conferencing
File sharing
Word processing
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 28
Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 29
Clip: The Demo
URL:http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html
Clips:2. Introduces workstation3. Word processor12. Mouse and keyboard
2012-04-16
Our Final Clip
I expect to hear some groans…
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 30
The Office Assistant
Animated help tool in Microsoft Office 97-2003
Despised by the public
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 31
Microsoft Word Feature Glut Word had many many features
Letter wizard
Cross-referencing
Etc. Difficult for users to discover and learn
the features that could best help them
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 32
Original Idea: Lumiere
Bayesian model (AI technique) Agent tracks user’s goals Offer advice when user appears stuck Taper off advice as user stops showing
interest in new features Prevent frustrating the user
Accepts that every user may not want to become a complete power user of Word
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 33
It worked but…
Lumiere’s software took up a large percentage of the Office memory and storage space requirements
Caused Office to run a bit slowly
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 34
Marketing’s Lobotomy
Lumiere’s intelligence was stripped They kept the task detection software
Removed the code for tracking the learner’s progress and avoiding annoyance
Result: Unhappy customers
Clippy removed from Office 2007
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 35
Impact on Intelligent Agents
Negative opinion of intelligent helper agents like Clippy Furthered by automated hotlines with
poor speech recognition Lumiere as it was would run fine on
computers today It won’t be implemented into future Office
versions
Consumer response would be negative
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 36
Perhaps the Tide is Turning
Clippy was over 4+ years ago New smart agents are around Apple iPhone’s Siri
Very popular
Not animated but is treated as a person Siri-type clones likely to become more
plentiful in the near future
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 37
Summary
I hope you enjoyed a few clips from the history of IT and computing
We'll touch on many more throughout the rest of the term Starvation and theoretical physicists
Laziness and integrated circuits
2012-04-16 Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 38