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Transcript of Flue Gas Calculations
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Journal
of Scientific
Industrial
Research
Vol.
63, Fe hruary
2004
, pp. 156- 162
Impact of Indian and imported coal on Indian thermal power plants
A Chandra and H Chandra
Ce ntre for Energy Studies, Indi an lnstitute o f Technology, Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 11001 6
Received : 23 May 2003 ; accepted: 30 October 2003
En
ergy efticie
ncy and
env
iro
nm
en t analysis have b
ee
n
performed
for
coa
l
based
thermal
powe
r plants s ilUated in Delhi f
or
Indian and imported coal from Australia and America. In o
ur
stud y, it has been found that it is better to u
se
imported C <11 in Indi an
ther mal power plants , wi th advantages li ke, less amou nt of coal feed , low CO)
em
ission, and less
amo
unt
of
partic ul ate ge nerati on.
The
effect of per celll excess air on particulate genera ted and co ll ection efficiency of elec trostatic prec ipitator (ES P) is a lso ana lyzed ,
and it is found that as
th
e particu late g
enerated
(before discharge) is less for imported coal. on e may lise l
ess
e ffic ie
nt
ESP in thermal
power
plants .
Keywords: Impact, Indian and imported coal, Coa l, Indian Therma l Power Plants , Thermal Power Pl ants
1 Introduction
Th e power generation in Indi a ha s registered
re ma
rk
ab le grow th sin ce
it
ga in ed independe
nc
e in
I
947(
ref. I). Power ge nerat ion increased from 1362
MW
in
1947 to abo ut 10
49
J7 MW
in
2002(ref. 2), Thermal
power plants and hydro-sectors are the major power
producer in
Indi
a. The majo r portion of power demand in
Indi
a is
met
by thermal power plants du e to availability of
fo
ss
il
fuels (coal, o
il
, a
nd
gas).
Around 72
per ce nt of
total
in
sta lled capacity is met by thermal powe r plants
a
nd
25-30 per ce
nt
is met by hyd ro electric power
ge
ne
rati
on, while
th
e rest accounts for o
th
er
so ur
ces of
power ge nera
ti
on. Among the
co nv
entional means of
power
ge
neration, foss il fuel fired thermal power pla
nt
s
are very signifi can t
in
the ener
gy
sce nario of Indi a
H
.
Fossi l fuels (coal, oil, and gas) is goi ng to remain
th e primary source
of
energy in India
in
sp ite
of
atte mpts to harn ess hydel, nu clea r, and renewable
sources
of
energy. In the sphere
of
fossi I fuels, India
is
not ve ry well placed with refe renc e to resources of
o il and import
of
o il is very expensive . However th e
s
ituation with re spect to
coa
l rese rv es is
comparative
ly
better,
as
it contributes 84 per cent
of
the
rm
al power generat
ion
while, gas and oil contribute
to
13 and 3 per cent
of
th erm al power generation,
respecti ve l/ )· t2
*
Author for
correspo
ndence
E-mai l cha ndra 0 ces. i d .erne
.
in
In India the demand
of
elec tri city is always more
than the supply and the coal rese
rv
es
in
India is
in
better condition than other fossi Ifuels, thus
th
e power
production is totally dependant on the coal, which is
respon si ble to a large ex te nt , in po llutin g ou r
environment. Environmental probl ems associated
with thermal power plants start wilh transportation
of coal from mine, feeding it to boi ler, and th e
emi
ss
ion
of
flue gasesl.\ Nowadays the environmental
problems
of
energy use are rel ated with environmental
cost, which have been rising, rei nforc
in
g the effect
of
increased monetary costs
in
creating
in
centi ves for
increasing
th
e efficiency with which energy is used 14 .
Th
e e nergy
eff
ici e ncy a nd e
nvironmental
pollution
of
thermal power pl ant are dependent up on
the fuel used for combustion in furnace
of
bo iler.
Since coal reserves
in
India is
in
better situation, thus
it is worthwhile studying the impact of coal quality
in
thermal power plants. However
th
e coa l found
in
India
is
characterized
by
low calorific va
lu
e and high
ash content. As a result , for getting a un
it
amounts of
electricity, large amount
of
pollutants are generated.
It is desirable to have a good qual ity
of
coal for powe r
generation, as it reduces the generated/unit
of electricity. The problem is analyzed in the present
study by considering good quality
of
coal obtained
from overseas. The work reported here examines the
impact
of
coal quality in thermal power plant situated
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CHAN
DR
A CHA OR
A: IMP
ACT OF INDI AN IMPORTED COAL 0 INDI AN TH ERM AL POWER PLANTS
157
in
Delhi , with res pec t to energy e ffi ciency and
env
ir
onmental pollution for Indian coa l and coa l
imported from
Au
strali a and Ame
ri
c
a.
2
aterials and ethods
For a
nal
ysis of polluta
nt
e
mi
ssion and ener
gy
efficiency, data have been co llected from
th
e power
plant loca ted
in
Delhi. Thi s power stati on is
th
e
Badarpur Thermal Power Station (BTPS
,
Badarpur,
New Delhi. BTPS is coal-fired
th
ermal power pl a
nt
under National Therm al Power Corp ora
ti
on (NTPC),
an ap
ex
body
in
India for power produc
ti
on. Analysis
of
th
e BTPS is perfo
rm
ed and
th
en
in thi
s power
pl
a
nt
th
e coal
is
repl aced from differe
nt
mines of India and
imported coal from Au strali a a
nd
Ameri ca.
2.1 Collection
of
Data
Data co llec ted
arc
as fo
ll
ows:
2.
1.1
Technical Data of
13TPS
Fo
ll
owin
a
data have bee n co
ll
ec ted from BTPS :
b
(a) Co
al
Co mpos iti on- As the co mpos iti on of coa l
va ri es eve ry day, so the co al co mpos iti on is
g iven by the ave ra
ge
va lu e of
pr
o
ximat
e and
ultimate analys is of the co al used for producing
heat in plant.
( i)
Pr
ox
imat
e
an
a l
ys
is ( pe r ce nt by m
s s -
Moist
ur
e = 2.8 1, Ash = 45.25, Volatile matter
(
VM
)
=
16 .54, F i
xe
d
ca
rbon (F
C)
=
3
5.40
,
Calorific va lu e
(C
V) = 3995 .3 75 kcal/kg
(
ii
) Ultimate or total ana lys is (per ce nt by m ss -
Ash
=
46.56,
Ca
rbon (C )
=
39.8 1, Hy
droge
n
(H)
=
3.3 5, Sulphur (S)
=
0.50, Nit rogen (N)
=
0.78,
Oxyge
n 0) = Remainder.
(b) Coal Feed
(i) Co al
so
urce is Jharia Coa l Fie ld s, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand
,
India
.
( ii )
Th
e
coa
l f
ee
d fo r ea ch unit is g iven
in
Table I .
U
nilnu
Firs l
Secund
Third
Fuurth
Fifth
Tulal
Tahle I- Coa l feed for each unil ofBTPS
Coa l feed lid
1664
1692
1640
31
93
3036
225
(c) Capac
it
y o f P
owe
r
Pr
od uc
ti
on
of Eac
h U
ni
t
Capac ities of first, second , and third unit s are
100 MW
eac
h. A ll th
ese
th ree unit s a re
co nnec ted to one chimney.
Ca
pac
iti
es
of
fourth ,
and fifth units
ar
e 2 10
MW
each and the
se
two
are
co
nnec ted to second c
himn
ey.
Thu
s, total
p
owe
r produced by BTPS is 720 MW.
(d) For Fourth Unit of BT PS- Emis sion rate of
total fl y ash vari
es
bet
wee
n 1
50
to
700
m
gl
Nm
. Capac ity o f fourth unit is 2 10 MW .
Ave rage flue
gas
fl
ow
rate vari
es be
tween 1
60
Nm
s
to 2 15 Nm
s
at I
SS e
2.1.2 Indian Cnal Quality
Th
e
co
al quality o f
diff
erent
coa
l fi e
ld
s from
In
d ia is
g iven in Table 2( re f. 15 . Indi a has
70
bt rese rve o f coa l;
amounting to almos t 7 per
ce
nt of the g loba l res erves.
Signifi cantl
y,
86.4
per
ce
nt
of
coa
l r
es e
rv
es
in In d ia
li
e
within eas
il
y ex plo itabl e depth of 600 m. Th e Ind ian coa l
is of mostly sub-bituminous rank, fo
ll
owed by bitumin ous
and li gnite (brow n coal . Unlike coa ls o f Austra li a and
Ame
ri
ca, Indi an
coa
ls h
ave
a rather
hi
gh per
ce
nt
age
of
as h, rang
in
g between 20-40 pe r ce nt and sulphur co ntent
is
ge
nera
ll
y l
ess
than 0 .6 per
ce
nt
1/1
.
2.1.3
Imported
Coal
Quality
C hina and So uth Asi a a re both projec ted to in crease
the ir de
mand
for
coa
l by more than 3
pe
r ce ntly d
ur
ing
the projec
ti
on pe ri od. Coal demand in South As ia w ill
co
ntinue to be dominated by Indi a. C hina and Ind ia w ill
therefore exert more influen
ce
on
As
ian
coa
l produc ti on
and
inte rn ational
co
al trade.
In
India the future leve l o f
co al pr
oduc
ti
on will prima ril y d
epe
nd on th e ava il ab ility
of finance to ex pand produc
ti
on capac it
y, was
hing plants,
and infras truc ture . Th e problem is not one of res e rves ,
but the rate at which
pr
oduc
ti
on
capac it
y
ca
n be ex panded
and
it
s loca ti on re lati ve to po tential
co
nsumer
s.
Currently,
Indi
a s co
al produc
ti
on and transpo rta ti on ca pac ity is not
ex panding rapidly enough to sa ti sfy domes tic coa l demand.
Therefore, Indi a is currently importing coa l from Austra
li
a
and Ame ri ca. Austra
li
a has 7 7 bt of demonstrated ill sitll
coa l res ou rces 1(,. Au s tra lia is the fourth la rges t
coa
l
produ
ce
r in the world , that
pr
odu
ce
d
26
5 .5 mt
of
black
coa
l in 200 I (ref. 17 ). It ex ported 73 pe r ce nt of thi s
produ ction ( 193.8 mt) , makin g Aus tra li a the wor ld s
lar
ges
t coa l exporter (a pos ition it has he
ld
s
in ce
I
Cl86 ,
accounting for around 30 per ce nt of wo rld trade. As ia
account s for almos t 80 per ce nt of Aus
tralia
s coa l expo rls
with the top
four
markets be
in
g
Jap
an (47 per
ce
nt), Korea
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158
J SCI INO RES VOL
63
FEI3RUARY
2004
Tahle
In
dian coa l quality (per ce
nt
by we ig
ht
)
Coa l fi eld
C H S N
0
Ash fr acti on Moisturc CV (kc allkg)
Fly ash fraction
Ra
ni
ga
nj
, Wcst Bcnga l
60.2 4.2 0.3 7.1 22.9 3.5
42 :: O 82
Giri dih. Jharkhan d
5 0 ~
3.8 0.5
1.3
5.9 34
3.7 4058 8.U
E 1St Flokaro, Jharkhand 6 1
4. 1 0.49 1.53 7.2 2 1
4 _ 6 ~
4300
XX.58
Wcs t Fl okaro . Jlwrkhand 52.3
3.3
0.4 1
1. 23
4.9
36
U\6 4098
7lJ .6
S ngrau
li
, M P ;
111
d UP
39.27
2.8
055
o.n 9. 18 39 8.28
3 ~ 5
78.25
" m ha, CG
42.93
2.XOlJ 0.4 1.06 8. 5 6.30 1 3997
lJO
Wardha Va lley, Maharas
ht
ra
46.4 2.9
0.4 1 1. 16 lJ .3
32 7.83
402(}
X
X.58
TaJc har, O ri ss;1 40.56
2.76
(UX
0.93 9 40 6.37 39 10
90.5
Tahle 3 - Impo rtcd coa l qu alit y (per ce
nt
hy weight )
CO;ll
ty pc
c:
J /
S
N 0
Alistra l
i;lI1
coa l
70
4.X 0.5
1.
7 6. 3
American coal
Pcnnsy lvania
77.4
5.2 2.4 1.4 5
Ohi o
64.2 5
I .X
1.3
8.9
West Virginia
70
5. 1
1 2
1.5 12.9
KClll llck y
70.9
5. 1 2.3
I
'i 8. 1
Illinois
73.7
5.
1
?
.
1.6 7.4
( 13 per cent
).
Taiwan (8 per cent ) and India (7 per cent
).
Accordin g to
Au
stralia 's black co
al ex
po
rt
of year
2001
-
2002, India imported 1.4 mt of coal while total exp ort to
Asia is 83.7 Mt (re
f.
17) . The US is a maj or player in th e
int ernati onal st ea m coa l marke t. Co ns
id
erable excess
produ cti on and ex port capac it y ex ists
in
th e US, and thi s
e ffec
ti
ve ly pla
ces
a
limit
on th e ex tent to whi c h
i
nt
ernationall y traded co
al
pri ces can rise. The relatively
high price level at which th e
US
produ cers enter th e exp ort
ma
rk
e t. prov
id
es some she lter for th e deve lopme
nt
of new
capac ity in oth er
ex
pensive reg ions such a
s,
Lati n
Ame
ri
ca, lnd onc sia, and China . The imported co
al
quality
ha s been anal yzed in
th
e study and is given in Tabl e 3.
The relevant dat a has bee n co ll ec ted from relevant
SOLI rces 17· I .
The comp a
ri
son of Table 2 and 3 regarding
th
e co
al
quality shows th at th e In dian variety o f coa ls gives less
c
al
orific value
(v
aryin g be tw een 3852 to 4300 kcallkg),
and
hi
gh ash
n t ~
(v
ary
in
g between
21
to 40 per cent);
whi le impo
rt
ed qualit y of coal is ha v
in
g hi gh calorific
v
al
ue (vary in g hetween 6300 to 7800 kcallkg), a
nd at
th e
same time hav in g low as h f
ra
c
ti
ons (varyin g between 7. 5
to 15 pe rcent ). Thu s,
fo
r ge tting the same amount of energy
the amount of co
al
bu
rn
ed in th e case of impo
rt
ed co
al
will be less and so is th e fl y ash generation. Thus th e O
Ash fracti on
Moist llre C V (kca /kg)
Fl y frac
ti
on
14.4 2.3 WlJO
70
7.5
1. 1 7728
55
16 2.8 6378
5 1
1.
2 7522
.'iX
9.8 2.3 7022
(
) }
7.9
2 7330
55.5
generated/ unit of ener
gy
in
th
e case or
im
po
rt
ed co
al
w
ill
be less, and fl y ash generated will also be le ss, requiring
the sma ller ESP for fl y ash co llec ti on. For Indian coa l
th
e
reverse
is th
e case
,i
.e., larger amount of coa l burned and
hence more CO" genera
ti
on, more
fl
y ,I
sh
to co
ll
ect, and
larger the s ize o f ESP.
2.2
Ma
thematical Model ing
Analysi s o f vari olls data co llected for power pl a
nt
s is
based on certain we ll establi shed relati onshi ps
'
-('"" .
(a) Relations for
Energ
y Analysis" '
Overall e
ffi
ciency of coa l based the rm al po\ve r plant
is
(per cent)
={ (Outpu t powe r)/(Input powe r)} x 100, ( I)
where, Input power
=
Coal feed x Cal or ihc value (CV)
of coal
(2)
(h)
Quick Comhustion Relationships
.'''''''''
Alth ough some of carbon and su lp hur may remain
unburned (less than or equal to 4 per however its
ex
act estimate are
di ffi
cLlI to mak
e, th
erefo
re
here
wc
have
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CHANDRA CHANDRA:
IMPA
CT OF INDIAN IMPORTED COAL
ON
INDIAN THERMAL POWER PLANTS
15
9
assumed 100 per cent combus
ti
on of carbon and sulphur
2:
Volume of CO
2
emitted =
u
1
=
(22.4 00). CII2) Nm
3
1
kg
of
coal
(3)
where C is c
arbon In per cent
by
weight
of
coa
l
composition.
Volume of emitted in Nm /s = u
1
x coal feed
(kg
of coa l/s), ... (4)
Volume of
S0
2emitted =
u
2
=
(22.4 00) .(S/32)
Nm /kg of coa l ,
. (5)
where S is s
ulphur
In
per
ce
nt by
weight of coa
l
compos
iti
on.
Volume of SO] emitted
in Nm /s
=
u]
x coal feed
(kg of
coa l/s . (6)
Mass of gas produced/s =
w
=
111. PVIRT) , .
(7)
Vo lume of N2emitted =
y
= 0.79 A
ll +
[(Nx22.4) I
(28x I00)] (
10
)
Volume of
flu
e gases = V = Nm /kg of fuel,
. . . (
II
)
Combustion of coal requires excess air, so let n per cent
of
excess air
is
required, then ,
Volume of
flu
e gas
in Nm l kg
of coa l = V = V
+
II A
l
.
.. ..( 12)
Flue gas flow rate
in Nm
/s = Vx Coa l feed .
.. . ( 13)
Inl
et Dust Concentrat ion = (Power capacity x Fly ash
fract i
on
x Coal feed
t/h/MW)
x Ash fraction x
10
(
) I
(F
lu
e gas flow rate x 3600)
g/N m . . .
(
14)
In
Indian
, thermal p
owe
r plants E le
ctrostati
c
Precipitators (ESPs) are
Ll
sed to control
th
e particulate
emission . The co
ll
ection efficiency of ESP
(Tn
is given
where,
P
= atmospheric pressure( Pasca l) , = molecular as :
weight of gas (kg/kg mol),
V=
vo
lume of gas
(N m /s , R
= universa l gas constant
(J/kg mo l-K ), T= temperature ( K
).
Theo retica l air required =A I = {(22.4 x 4 .76)/IOO).
{(CI 12)+(H/4)- (0/32)+(S/32)) Nm
/kg of coa l,
.. .(8)
where C, H,
°
nd S are ca rbon, hydrogen , oxygen, and
sulphur in per cent by weight of coal composition.
Volume of mo is tu re produced = =
22.4
00).
{( H/
2
+
(Mil 8) }
Nm
/kg of coal, .
. .
(9)
where H, and M are hydrogen, and moisture
in
per cent
by weight of coa l compos
iti
on.
= I-I (outlet dust concentrat ion)1
(inlet dust concentrati on)}
. . . ( 15)
Central Pollution Control Board (CPC B) set;
th
e o
utl
et
dust concentration from ESPs of th ermal power plants in
India, which
is
0.150
g/N m .
3 Results
nd
Discussion
The data
of
th
e th ermal power plants , as give n in
section 2.1.1, is ana lyzed
in
terms of energy efficiency
and environment; and
th
e results are g
iv
cn
in
Table 4.
From Table 4,
it
is evident that the particu late generated
(before
di
scharge)
is
more than CPCB standards . CO
2
emission per unit of power output is more than S0 2
emission. The energy efficiency of BTPS for coa l feed of
11225 tid (or 0.6495
t/h/MW )
is 33.025 per ce
nt.
Analysis is ca
rri
ed out for BTPS with dif
fe
rc
nt
Indian
Table 4 - Environmental ami energy
an
alysis
or
BTPS with Jharia coal fie
ld
Therma l Power Plant Environmental Energy Efficiency
Analysis
Particulate generated SO, e
mis
sion
(p
er cent)
CO, emission
gIN
m ) before discharge
t/h/MW)
(t/h/MW)
Badarpur Thermal
Power Stalion (BTPS) 0.949665 99.305
0.006505
n
025
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C HA
ND
RA
&
C
HANDRA:
IMPACT
OF INDIAN & IMPORTED COAL ON INDIAN THERM
AL
POWER
PLA
TS 16
1
101
-
C
100
0
0
0
Q
99
VI
w
0
9
"--<>-- 8TPS I Jhar ia
co . , field I
>-
"-
j
~ P n n s
l v n i
"
97
96
95
v
0
94
93
40
50
60
70
eo 90 10
0
110
PtrClnt fxcell oir
Fi gure 5 - Vari a
ti
on of
co
ll
ec ti
on c
fl icie
n
cy of
ESP with res pect to
per ce nl excess air used for
co
mbustion in BTPS Pl ant
50 , 75 and 100 per cent, respec tive ly .
From
Figure 4, it
is
evident that Indian
coa
ls are
mor
e polluting with respec t
to the dust emiss ion to e
nvironm
ent.
It
is
du
e to the fact
th
at the
(l.s
h fraction of Indian coa l (varying betwee n 21 to
40
per
cent)
is
mo r
e than the
imported coal
(varying
betw
ee
n 7.5 to 15 per cent) . In imported coal American
coa
l is better than
Australian co a
l.
As
the
particu
late
generated
is hi
gh for Indian
coa
l therefore it is must to
co ntrol it before discharging into atmosphere with the help
of
pollution co ntrol d
ev
ices, e.g., e l
ec
trostatic
prec
ipitators
(ES Ps). Large ES Ps are required in order to mee t the
stipulated emiss ions standards, which will incr
ease
the
ca pital cost and maintenance cos t of power plant and hence
hi
gher value or obtaining power.
Form Figure
4,
it
is also
ev
id
ent that the inlet
dust
co
nce ntration
decr
eases
as the
per
cent excess
a ir increases. It is due to the fact that after
co mbu stion the mass of the particulate
is
same but due to
excess air used for co mbu stion its density d
ec
reases.
From Figure 4, it is ev ide
nt
that th e inl et
du
st
co
ncentration is
hi
gh for
BTPS
(Jharia coal field) while
low for Pe nn
sy
lvani a
co a
l. In
order
to m
ee
t
CPCB
e mi ss ion s tandard
of
0 . 150 g
/N m
J; th e variation of
co
ll
ec tion effi ciency
of
ES P with respect to per cent excess
air, Figure is drawn . Fo rm Figure 5, it
is
ev ident that
w
il
en the per cent
excess
air is
mor
e then
th
e
collect
ion
effic ien
cy
d
ec
r
eases
, and as
th
e inlet
dust concentration
fo r Pennsy lvania coa l is low
co
mpared with Jharia coal,
therefo re
th
e co llec tion
ef fi
c iency for Pennsy lvania coal
is low. From Eq. ( 15 ), it may be observed that
th
e co
ll
ec tion
effic iency depends upon inlet
dust concentration
only,
be
ca
use
th
e outlet dust
co
ncentrat ion is fixed by
CPCB.
ow when inlet du
st co
nce ntration decreases then the
co
ll
ec
ti
on e ffi c iency 01' ESP also dec reases. The inlet dust
_101
c
1 0
99
.
...
91
"0
97
>-
c
96
9S
c
'4
93
92
"
'
"
0
D
'c
. :.g
a
."
'
;;;
w
0
ID
ID
a
I
a
O
.t
Difftrent coal f
i lds
~
n
' SOpetCint
~
n
Sptr
cenl
O
n. 1 ptr
nt
a
'2
>-
0
:.c
>
c
;
'
Figure 6 - Co
ll
ec tion ef fici ency of ES P for BTPS anJ
diff
erent
coal fields used in BTPS with variatio n of per ce nt
exc
ess
ai
r (n)
concentration
of
the Pennsylvania coal is lower than Jharia
coa l, because the ash fract ion of Penns ylvan ia coal (7 .5
per
cent)
is
lower than
]h
a
ri
a
coa
l
(46.56
per ce
nt
).
Th e
\ inlet
dust co
ncentration also depends up on the
fl
ue gas
flow rate, whic h depends upon the per ce nt excess ai r,
and as the per cent excess air incr
eases
, flu e gas fl ow rate
increases, and the inlet dust concentration decreases.
Figure 6 shows the co llec tion effic iency of ESP for
BTPS and various coa l
fi
e ld s used in BTPS wit h variation
of per
cent
excess a ir.
From
Figure 6, it is evident that th e
required coll
ec
tion ef ficiency of ES P is l
ow
for impo
rt
ed
coal than Indian coa l, as imported coa l ha s low inlet dust
co
nc e ntrati o n . And as th e inl e t
dust co
n
ce ntrati
on
decreases then the co llec
ti
on ef fic iency als o dec rea ses,
b
eca
use
the
outlet
dust
co
n
ce
ntra
ti
on rema
in
co
nstant by
the standards fixed by
CPCB. Th
e inlet dust co ncentration
a l
so depend
s upon the flue gas flow rate, which depends
upon
the per cent
excess
a ir used for co mbu sti on.
4 Conclusions
In this study the suit ability
of
Indian
coa
l and impo
rt
ed
coa
l from Australia and
Am
erica for Indian
th
ermal power
plant is assessed with respect to en
er
gy effic iency and
environment analys is.
It
is
es tim ated that am ollnt or
coal feed is required in
th
e
case of
imported coa l (to ge t
the same energy ef fic iency) to generate the same
am
ount
of
e l
ec
tricity, as
it
has hi gh calorific value. Also
th
e CO,
emission and particulate gene rated (before di scharge) is
lower for imp
or
ted coa l than Indi an coa l. As
th
e particulate
generated are less for imp orted coa l thu s we can use less
ef ficient ESPs to co ntrol particulate. Th e SO , e
mi
ssion is
hi
gh in the case of imported coa l, which I; ight require
f
lu
e gas desulphuri sa
ti
on treatmcnt
in
so mc cases. One
8/20/2019 Flue Gas Calculations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/flue-gas-calculations 7/7
J SCI IND RES VOL
63
FEBRUARY 2004
has to
do
more
detailed analysis in
order to
ge
t overall
cos t of ge nerating e l
ec
tricity for each case.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge support provided by the
Illana
ge
ment ofThennal Power Plant r
ega
rding collection
of
data
and
power
plant visit.
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