P ODEVELOPMENT ,_ ,/ ./X/*̂ P̂ -̂ --̂ ;C"̂ V GFORGETQWN DELAWARE 1994?

AND_ . . ... "'-£lfxl JOOU'! /^^ '30"2' 855-770! EXT...325l_l_ AL.r'fNO — - - - ̂^ ' ** ' ' •*• J-^r'*^1

December.15, 1983

Xr~. and Mrs. Maurice -Koslovski... _ . ..._..... , ..R.D. 3, Box 347-L _ ~Laurel, Delaware 1.9955 "." " ".""l.J" .,;",:. "" "~ "" ." ;

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Kcslowski:

The.meeting origir.ally: scheGTjl_ed for. Tixursday, December 15,1983 has -been .rescheduled for -Tuesday, January 3, 1984 at7": 30 p. m. at the Laurel Town Hall.

I am enclosing a copy of the analysis for..the samplingwhich vas' performed in October, 1983 and a copy of the - --Delaware Drinking Wauer Standards-which gives the maximumcontaminant levels for different constituents found indrinking water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

We will review the analysis and answer-any questions younay have at this meeting, I..look forward to seeing you there,

I wish you and your -family "a" very "Kerry Christmas and avery Happy New Year.

Very truly yours",

Robert Wm." MartinDirector

Enclosures : " 2

cc: Joseph T. ConawayPatricia L. IsaacsAbraham Thomas

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Maximum Ccnta~inant LevelSobstance_ _ _ Conce.nrr.aticn in >!g/Hter

-Arsenic (As) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05-Barium (3a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.^Cadmium (Cd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010

**Chloride (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-; . . 250.-Chromium ( C r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05"-Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.*Fluoride (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--Foaming Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . C

(Fe). . . . . . ' . . . . . . , . . . . ~ . ; . . C

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"Manganese^(Mn) . . . _. . . . - - .... - - . . . Endrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0^Lindane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * « . . . 0-Methcxychlor ... ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-Toxaphene . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0«2,4-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0*234,5-TP Sllvex ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0*Kadium 226 £ 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-Gross alpha particle activity (incl. radium 226

but excluding radon £ uranium) 15

^Primary^-Secondary

RR20101

OFFICE OF D.RECTQR --*~\sL OS -''v/i'̂ v p o POX 599ECONOMIC CEVELCP^ENT r «-iflp Ŝ -iî V'X' \A ("-EORGCTOW N DTLA." ARE '-994 7

PwSUC WORKS - . '•"̂I'.-g '̂ ̂ ..ij '&' l̂';2l iJOa'-tilre 77O! t̂ T 325

December 15, 19S3

Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Johnson:Rt. 3, Box 347-HLaurel, Delaware 19956

Dear Mr, and Mrs, Johnson:

The tr.eetir.g. originally .scheduled for. Thursday, December .15,1983 has been rescheduled for Tuesday, January 3, 193^ at7:30 p.in. at: the Laurel Town Hall.

I ain enclosing a copy of the analysis for the sampling -which vas perfortned in October, 1983 and a copy of theDelaware Drinking Water Standards which gives the rr.axinunicontaminant levels for different constituents found indrinking vacer.

We will review the analysis and answer any questions yourr.ay have at this r,eeting. I look forward to seeing you there

I wish you and your family a very Kerry Christmas- and avery Happy Mew Year.

Very truly yours,

Robert tfcu~MartinDirector

Enclosures: 2

cc: Joseph T. ConawayPatricia L. IsaacsAbraham Thomas

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Maximum Contaminant LevelSubstance Concentration" in Mg/1 i ter

^Arsenic (As) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05*3ariim (Ha) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.*Cadraiura (Cd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010

**Chloridc (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.5>fChroniujn (Cr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05"••̂ Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.*Fluoride (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8F̂caning Agent. .................. 0.5

**Iron (Fe). . . . . . ' . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3*Lead (?b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

**>Hangenese (Mn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05^Karcury (Hg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002^Nitrates as Nitrogen (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.^Selenium (Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01^Silver (Ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05**Sulfatc (SOu).-. ................ 250.**Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

Dissolved Solids . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.Zn>... . .................. 5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0002

^Lindane ..,................'... O.OOH^Methoxychlor . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1^Toxaphene ....'................ 0.005*2,**-b ...................... o.i*2,Ua5-TP Silvex ................. 0.01*Radium 226 S 228 .................. 5 pC/1*Gross alpha particle activity (incl. radium 226

but excluding radon 5 uranium) 15 pC/1

P̂rimary

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ANDF.BLiC'AQPKS - .' .... _. . . '̂ 1̂ 1 I'g .y v IJ X1 />î l -JO2' Sc 6-77O1. EXT 325

' December 15, 19S3

1'r.' and Mrs. Irv.in Hastings - . .. . . .R.D. 3, Box 334Laurel, Delaware 19956 .... .._ _ ..._......_. .. .. '

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Hastings-:,.. .

The meeting originally.;. scheduled, for ..Thursday , December 15,1983 has been rescheduled for, Tuesday, January 3, 1984 at7:30 p.m. at the Laurel Town Hall._ . . •

I" am enclosing a copy of the analysis for the samplingwhich was -per formed in October, 1583 and a copy of theDelaware "Drinking Water Standards... which gives the maximumcontaminant, levels for - different constituents found indrinking water.

We "will review the analysis and answer any questions youmay have at this mee.ting. I look forward to. seeing you there

I wish you and your family a very Merry Christmas and avery Happy N e w Year, . . . . .

Very truly^yours,

Robert Wm.~MartinDirector

Enclosures: 2

cc: Joseph T. ConawayPatricia L. IsaacsAbraham Thomas

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Maximum Contaminant LevelSubstance _ _ _ _ _ _ . Concentration i n Kg/liter

-Arsenic (As) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05-rarium (Ba) . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.^Cadmium (Cd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010^Chloride (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250..•-'•Chromium ( C r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05**Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1."Fluoride (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ , . _ . _ . . . 1.8

--Foaming Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5**!ron (Fe). . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3*Lead (Pb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

(Mn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05(Kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . ~; ."..".. . "0.002

-Kitrates as Nitrogen (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .^ 10,•>Selenium (Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01^Silver (Ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05.— Sulfate (.S0i|).-. . . . . . . . . " . . . . - . . . 250.**Kydrogen Sulfide (H2S) .............. 0.05*-Total-Dissolved Solids . . : . . . , . . . . . . . 500.**Zinc (Zn)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5."•̂ Endrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0002->Lindane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^ - . . 0.004-Methoxychlor .-.'".......... . -. . . . . . 0.1->Toxaphene . ./. .' . . .... . . . . . . . . . . " . . . 0.005-2,4-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1*234,5-TP .S.ilvex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01-Radium 226 £ 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 pC/1-Gross alpha particle activity (incl. radium 226

but excluding radon £ uranium) 15 pC/1

-Primary--Secondary

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MEMORANDUM

TO: Joseph T. Conaway^ County Administrator" ,.

FROM: Robert Wm, Martin, Director of Economic Uevelopmen-

RE: WESTON REPORT - LAUREL & STOCKLEY LANDFILLS

DATE: December 20, 1983 _ ..

Attached is a copy of Abe's report regarding the testing ofprivate wells around the Laurel Landfill. As you can seethere appears to be no indication of contamination from leach-ate migration from the landfill. We have sent-each propertyowner-a letter showing their respective sampling results andwill be holding a meeting of all the property owners, on January3, 1984 at 7:30 p*m. in the Laurel Town Hall.

Per your request to investigate the apparant leachate leakageat Stockley, it has been determined that a slight problem deesexist but nothing to become alarmed about.

Abe will be meeting with me on Thursday, December 22, 1983 at11:00 a.m. to review the reports. Please advise if ..you wishto meet with us.

cc: John ArgoPatti Isaacs v/

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Maximum CcntaT.inent Level5abstance_ . . :- Concentration in Mg/lrter

^Arsenic (As) . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... - • • - • • . _• °-05-Barium (3a) . . . . . . . _ . . • • • _ • " • " • • • - " • !•^Cadmium (Cd) . . . - . . . . . . . . . • • • • • - • 0.010

--'̂ Chloride (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.-•-Chromium (Cr). . . . - . . . . . . . . . . - • • • 0-°5

^-Copper (Cu) , . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - - • - 1 -(F).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8

Agent. . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • ° - 5(Fe). . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . - • . • - °-3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05(Mn) . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • °-°5

*Hercury (Kg) ... . . . . . ̂ . . . . - . - • . . . . O-002-Nitrates as Nitrogen (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.*Selenium (Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °-01^Silver (Ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °-05**Sulfate (S04).-. . . . . . . . . . . . • • - • • 25°-**Hydrogen Sulfide

POX

: DEVELOPMENT H ̂ -̂"̂ -̂ -̂ '̂ : V-"© GEOHG.ETOA N QCLAA ARE 1994 7AND ^ ̂ ^ r^ t ̂.«,..-,.,,. 2- u^c : 7ci t

Decer.bor 15, 1983

Mr. Willard LecacesRe. 3, Box 347-FLaurel, Delaware 19956

Dear Mr. Lecaces :

The meeting .originally scheduled for Thursday, December.15,1983 has been rescheduled for Tuesday, January 3", ~ 1984 at7:30 p.m. at the Laurel Town Hall. ". -

I an enclosing a copy cf the analysis for the ssznplingwhich was performed in October, 1983 and a copy of theDelaware Drinking Water Standards which gives the rr.axijiumcontaminant levels for different constituents found indrinking water.

We will review the anal3.Tsis and answer any questions younay have at this meeting. I look forward to seeing you there

I wish you and your family a very Xerry Christr.ias and a._very Happy New Year.

Very truly yours,

Robert Ma.-MartinDirector

Enclosures: 2

cc: Joseph T. ConawayPatricia L. IsaacsAbraham Thomas

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Maximum Contaminant LevelSuhst_ance Concentration in Kg/liter

-Arsenic (As) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05A2ariiru (Ba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.*Cadn;iuni (Cd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010

ft*Chloride (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.'•''Chromium (Cr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05**Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.*riuoride CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8

-^roarr-ing Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5**Iron (Fe). . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3

(Pb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05nese (Hn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

^Mercury (Hg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002^Nitrates as Nitrogen (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.^Selenium (Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01^Silver (Ag) ................... 0.05

(SOi;).'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.Sulfidc (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

^*Total Dissolved Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.**Zinc (Zn).,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.*EndrIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0002*LindaTie . ...................... 0.004^Hethcxychlor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1^Toxapbene ....'................ 0.005*2,t»-b ...................... o.i2̂,4,5-TP Silvex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01^Radium 226 & 228 . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . 5 pC/1

alpba particle activity (incl. radium 226but excluding radon £ uranium) 15 pC/1

^Primary"^Secondary

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR A ,1 \1-TO GEORGETOWN DELAWARE 1994 7"AND

PUSL'C VTORKS . .- - .. ..'̂•'̂ '• ' 3T VJ w acj /> CT? ' 3O2 ' St'6- 7 7Q1 EXT 325

Dec/erber .15, 19-83

Mr. Dave SmithRt. 2 Box 330.Laurel, De. 19956

Dear Mr. Smith:

"The meeting originally scheduled •" for Thursday , December. 15 /1933 has been-rescheduled-for Tuesday," January 3, "1954 at7:30 -p.m. at"" t h e Laure'l Town Hall. ~ ~ " - - - - - -

I arn "enc Ics ing a ccpy of the analysis for the sairvo 1 ingwhich was performed in October,.. .1983 and a. copy of theDelaware Drinking *vat~er Standards"'which gives the maximumcontaminant levels for different""constituents found indrinking-water, .._ - .... - -_-"vv. •.•_...... .

We will review the analysis.and answer any questions youmay have at this meeting. I look forward_to"seeing you there

I wish you and your family a very"Merry Christmas and avery Happy N e w Year. . . _ _ - - /

Very trulv/ycurs,

/?..ff:

Robert Wm. MartinDirector

Enclosures: 2

cc: Joseph T. ConawayPatricia L. IsaacsAbraham Thomas

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Contaminant LevelSubstance_ . .. Concentra t ion in Mg/1i te r

-Arsenic (As)-.--.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05-Barium (3a)_ , _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.'-Cadrnium._(Cd)- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . ."" . ". . ~ _ 0.010

**Chloride (Cl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...__._. . 250.'•''Chromium (Or..). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0:5--Copper-(Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = ... 1.*Fluoride (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8

""Foaming Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5**!ron (Fe). . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3*Lead (Pb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05

^Manganese (Hn) .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05^Mercury (Kg) . . . . . . . . . . _._ -..-._• - - - ^_ r _-. °-002-Nitrates as Nitrogen (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.->Seleni'JJn (Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01^Silver (Ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05**Sulfate (S04).'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.**Kydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05**Total 'Dissolved Solids . . . . . . . . . . .". . 500.**Zinc (Zn).,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.->Endrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0002-^Lindane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O.OOU-Methcxychlor . . . - 1 . . . . . . . . . . v_. - .. 0.1«Toxaphene . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005»2,4-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1^2,4,5-TP Silvex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01-Radium 226 & 228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 pC/1-Gross alpha particle activity (incl. radium 226

but excl-uding radon £ uranium) 15 pC/1

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WESTON WAYWEST CHESTER, PA. 19380PHONE: (215) 692-3030TELEX-83-5348

12 April 1984

Mr. Robert MartinOffice of DirectorEconomic Development and Public WorksSussex CountyP.O. Box 589Georgetown, De 19947

Dear Bob:

Please find the enclosed report on the.water qualitysampling of supply wells on the downgradient side of theLaurel LahdfT117 As explained, ir^ the report, the high levelsof nitrate in supply wells are not derived from thelandfill. This is a county-wide problem resulted orresulting from the farming activities, septic tanks, etc.

The primary drinking water quality standard for nitrates is10 mg/1. All the supply wells tested showed nitrateconcentrations above the drinking water quality limit.

I have checked with Culligan for the alternative of treatingthe water for at least drinking purposes. The informationreceived with some cost estimates for such a system isenclosed for your review and, if necessary, to pass on tothe residents.

Very truly yours,

ROY F. WESTON, INC.

Abraham Thomas, P.G.Project DirectorGeosciences Department

Enclosure

flR20IQ29

GROUND-WATER QUALITY ANALYSESLAUREL LANDFILL AND SURROUNDING WATER SUPPLY WELLS

General

In order to evaluate the potential impact of Laurel Landfillon the ground-water quality in the surrounding area, 17.domestic wells, one irrigation well and one livestock supplywell in the vicinity of the landfill were sampled. Inaddition, water samples from Wells LS-4 and LD-1 werecollected and analyzed to compare ground-water qualityimmediately downgradient of the landfill to the supplywells.

According to information obtained from personal interviewswith some of the well owners, the depths of the domesticwells range from 50 to 80 feet deep, respectively. Thedomestic wells are commonly constructed of two-inch diametergalvanized, stainless steel or PVC pipe with a specifiedlength of screen. Well design of the irrigation wellconsists of a 12-inch diameter casing with 80 feet ofscreen; the livestock supply well is constructed offour-inch diameter casing and screen.

The domestic wells are frequently situated downgradient ofthe owner's septic field or are located so that otherpotential sources of ground-water contamination, forexample, a chicken house or a neighbor's septic field, couldeffect the quality of water in the well. In addition,commercial fertilizers are supplemented to the ground waterdischarged from the irrigation well. Many of the supplywells sampled in the investigation are downgradient to theirrigation system.

Water Quality

Analytical data from the water samples collected in October1983 at the supply wells and Wells LS-4 and LD-1 arepresented in Table 1.

Supply wells in the vicinity of the landfill show noindication of contamination from leachate migration from theLaurel Landfill. All of the chemical parameters for thesupply wells are below state drinking water standards,except for nitrate which exceeded 10 mg/1 for all wells.However, nitrate readings in Wells LS-4 and LD-1 which are

fiR20!030

located downgradient of Laurel Landfill were 4.1 mg/1 and3.3 mg/1, respectively. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrationswere also in relatively low concentrations for these wells.The analytical data implies that high~levels of nitrates inthe supply wells do not originate from the Laurel Landfill,but are derived from either farming activities to disposalof sewage. In the vicinity of the Laurel Landfill, specificcontamination sources would include: effluent from septicsystems, application of fertilizers in irrigation systemsand/or migration of contaminants from livestock and/orchicken houses.

/High levels of nitrates in supply wells is a county-wideproblem. The occurrence of excessive levels of nitrate inthe ground water of Sussex county has been documented in anumber of articles. A recent article describing theground-water quality in southern Delaware has been attachedto this report for your information. According to theauthors of the report, nitrate concentrations above the EPAand State drinking.water standard of 10 mg/1 has beenobserved in many ground-water supply wells of Sussex County.The authors concluded that poultry manure, septic tanks andfertilizers all contributed to the high nitrateconcentrations in ground water in southern Delaware.

Conclusions

Based on the analytical data from ground-water samplescollected in the Laurel Landfill area and review of reportson the water quality of Sussex County, it is concluded thatLaurel Landfill was not the source of nitrate contaminationof the supply wells. High nitrate concentrations in thesupply wells tested are apparently derived from farmingactivities, poultry manure and/or septic tanks.

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Laurel Landfill

1. The pliune of contamination identified with the EM surveyis migrating in the direction of several domestic supplywells, the blosest being that of Mr. King Gullette.Organic and inorganic analytical results show that theground water from the Gullette well has not beenaffected to date from contaminant migration. "^

2, WESTON proposed the installation of two moni tor wells(one shallow and one deep well) between the edge of theplcune and the Gullette well. These wells would besampled to periodically monitor water quality anddetermine the rate of plume migration towards theGullette*well.

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WESTON W A Y . _ _ _ . .WEST CHESTER. PA. 19380PHONE (2151 692.3030TELEX 83-5-3.48 23 December 1985

Mr. Rodney WyattSussex County -P.O. Box 589Engineering DepartmentGeorgetown, DE 19947

Dear Rodney:

Please find attached diagrams showing the staked locationsof the piezometers at the Laurel, Anderson Crossroads,Stockley and Omar Landfills. These locations wereestablished on 19 December 1985 with assistance from MikeIzzo and Roland Bounds (~the DCS driller).

Mr. Bounds will be responsible for contacting the utilitycompanies for site clearance. it was agreed upon that Mr.Bounds will apply for. the state drilling permits. In orderto accomplish this objective, I have sent copies of thediagrams with the established piezometer locations to Mr.Bounds.

Mike Izzo will be responsible for contacting the propertyowners to acquire permission to drill on their land. TheDGS will not commence the drilling program until writtenpermission to drill is obtained from the land owners. Mr.Bounds will forward to Mike Izzo a standard letter used bythe DGS in their attempt to acquire property ownerpermission. Abe or I would like to review your permissiondocument before it is sent to the respective owners. MikeIzzo must also procure the supplies to drill and install thepiezometers. I have already sent a list of materialrequirements to Mike.

In conversation with Roland Bounds, a start-up date toinstall the piezometers was set for Wednesday, 8 January1986. To assure that this start-up date can be met, we musthave in-h~and all requirements (materials, owner permissions,drilling permits) to drill prior to 8 January.

If we can be of any service to you or Mike in this effort,please do not hesitate to call. *

Very truly yours,

ROY F. WESTON, INC.

Thomas A. DrewProject GeologistGeosciences Department

TAD:ymtAttachmentscc: Abe Thomas.

Mike izzo SR20I036

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GROUND WATtt QUALITYSUSSEX COUNTY LANDFILLS

MARCH 1986

Anderggn Crossroads Landfill Total Ph«nol« fag/1)

AXS-4 0.073

AXS-5 0.012

AXS-6 0.017

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Impact of Land Use on Ground-Water Qualityin Southern Delaware3by William F. Ritter and Anastasia E. M. Chirnside

ABSTRACT water-table aquifer contains most of the ground-A ground-water quality monitoring study was con- water reserves. In Sussex County, the estimated

ducted in Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware. In the availability is 98.4 X 10* m3 per day (Sundstromcoastal region of Sussex County, 210 wells were sampled e+ a? i 975)12 times each. In noncoastal Sussex and Kent Counties, ". - , . __rt .272 wells were sampled once each season over a period of ** Part of the continuing 208 planningone year. Over 99 percent of the wells were in the water- process, the Delaware Department of Naturaltable aquifer. " Resources and Environmental Control included a

In coastal Sussex County. 32% of the wells had ground-water pollution abatement program inaverage nitrate concentrations above the EPA drinking- • southern Delaware. One objective of this programwater standard of 10 mg/1 N. In noncoastal Sussex County mnf ^n , , , _ . £. J . . , . £,„ - v-io, jo* r«.u~ ii f- i, was to develop cause/effect relationships- forand Kent County, 21% and 8% of the wells respectively, r "had nitrate concentrations above 10 mg/1. The highest ' coastal Sussex County where severe nitrate con-nitrate concentrations occurred in areas with intensive tamination has been identified, and to examinebroiler production or intensive crop production with ground-water quality in Other parts of Kent andexcessively-drained soils. Nitrate concentrations in forest Sussex Counties. To accomplish these tasks, anareas were

Atlantic and Coastal Plain Province, and consistgeologically of sedimentary units of unconsoli- /dated gravel, sand, silt and clay. In Delaware, these Jsedimentary deposits vary In thickness from about |NE* CASTLE915 m in Kent County to 2440 m in southeasternSussex County (Sundstrom et a/., 1976). This thickwedge of unconsolidatcd sedimentary rock overliesPrecambrian and Paleozoic age mctamorphic andigneous rock. ;

The principal aquifer system is the water-tableaquifer which consists of the sands of theColumbia Formation (Pleistocene) and the sub-cropping Manokin and Pocomoke sands (Miocene).The Columbia deposits contain about 90% of theState's ground-water supplies (Jordan, 1976). InSussex County, over 96% of the 1.14 x 104 m3 ofwater used daily comes from the Columbia water-table aquifer (Robcrtson, 1975).

The thickness of the Columbia aquifer inKent County varies from 1.5 to 55 m. The long-term yield is estimated to be up to 37.8 X 10*mVday, In Sussex County the thickness of thewater-table aquifer varies from 27 to 61 m. Theaverage transmissivity is about 994 mVday. Depthto the water table normally ranges from 1.5 to 4.6m, with flows toward streams and other waterbodies. The soil texture, topography, and climategenerally allow a recharge of nearly half of the109.2 cm of annual precipitation (Sundstrom andPickett 1969)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESAn intensive ground-water monitoring study evidence of high nitrate concentrations in the

was conducted in the coastal regions of Sussex ground water. The purpose of selecting theseCounty, while a less intensive study was conducted areas was to determine the major cause of nitratein noncoastal Sussex and Kent Counties (Figure 1). contamination. Sampling in coastal Sussex CountyInstead.of using a grid network across the two started in May 1980, and was concluded in Augustcounties to select sampling wells, areas with 1981. A total of 210 wells were sampled 12 timesdifferent land use were sampled. The major each. Sampling in noncoastal Sussex and Kentsampling areas selected had the following land Counties started in September 1980, and wasuses: (1) intensive broiler production, (2) corn and concluded in July 1981. A total of 272 wells weresoybeans, (3) residential development with high sampled four times with sampling dates coincidingseptic tank densities, and (4) forest. with the different seasons of the year. Over 70% of

A potato-growing area, a swine lagoon and a the 482 wells sampled were individual private-poultry processing sludge disposal site were also water supplies. They ranged in depth from 6 to 34monitored. Areas classified as having intensive m. Nearly 100 monitoring wells were installed forbroiler production had at least one broiler house the project. The wells were constructed from 3.2per 50 ha. For an area to be classified as corn and cm diameter PVC pipe and installed by the hollow-soybeans, over 50% of the land area was in stern auger drilling method. The bottom 1.5 m ofcropland. the wells were screened with PVC screen. Depth of

Selection of areas was based on a review of the wells varied from 4.6 to 7.6 m.water-quality data collected in the area, land-use All samples collected were analyzed formaps, soils maps and ground-water maps. Some of nitrate nitrogen, ammonia, chlorides and pH.the areas selected for sampling had documented samples were also analyzed for iron, copper, zinc,

39

, lead, cadmium, chromium, total Tables 1 to 3. Major soil types of the samplingorganic carbon and fecal coliform bacteria. A total .. ^reas are presented in Tables 4 to 6.of 94 samples were analyzed for I5N to help Thirty-two percent of the wells sampled indetermine the source of nitrate contamination. coastal Sussex County had average nitrate concen-

All water samples were collected in poly- • trations above 10 mg/1. Eight percent had averageethylene acid-washed bottles. Samples used for nitrate concentrations in the 8 to 10 mg/1 range.bacteria analysis were collected in sterilized For almost ail of the wells in the 8 to 10 mg/1bottles. Samples obtained'from existing wells were range, the nitrate concentration was above 10 mg/1taken from the outside or household-water faucet for at least one of the samplings. Except for theor before any water treatment equipment. Water Frankford and Ocean View areas, 80% of the weilssamples from the 3.2 cm diameter PVC wells were sampled were located in an Evesboro loamy sandtaken with a hand-operated marine pump. Water- soil which is classified as an excessively-drainedtable depths were also measured at each sampling ' soil.in these wells with a battery-operated depth meter. Except for individual wells in Selbyville andWater samples analyzed for bacteria were collected White Neck, Phillips Hill, East Millsboro and Cedarfrom 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., and received at the Neck had the highest average nitrate concentra-laboratory by 3:00 p.m. Analyses were completed tions of all the areas sampled. Both the Phillips Hillby 5:00 p.m. on the same day. Ammonia, nitrate- and East Millsboro areas have intensive broilernitrite nitrogen, pH and chloride analyses were production.done on samples the day after they were collected. To quantify the poultry farm-nitrate relation-All samples were packed in ice in the field and "ship, poultry house locations were correlated withrefrigerated at 0°C in the'laboratory until they sampling wells located within 152 m, 305 m andwere analyzed. Samples for metal analysis were >305 m for the Phillips Hill and East Millsboroacidified with nitric acid and refrigerated at 0°C areas. For both the Phillips Hill and East Millsborountil they were analyzed. The time of storage areas, average nitrate concentrations were greatervaried from several days to four months. None of in wells located within 305 m of poultry Houses.the samples were filtered before they were For the Phillips Hill area, the average nitrateanalyzed for metals. Samples for organic carbon concentration of wells located within 152 m ofanalysis were acidified hydrochloric acid and taken poultry houses was 15.13 mg/1, while the averageas soon as possible to a commercial laboratory for concentration of wells located more than 305 manalysis. from poultry houses was 4.33 mg/1. Most of the

Nitrate nitrogen was analyzed by the brucine wells located within 305 m of poultry houses thatmethod, and ammonia was analyzed by steam had high nitrate concentrations were downgradientdistillation and nesslerization (APHA, 1975). in the direction of ground-water flow from theChlorides were analyzed with a chloride ion- poultry house or large cropland areas that areselective electrode, and pH was measured with glass available for spreading poultry manure.electrode (APHA, 1975). Iron, copper, zinc, The two wells sampled in the Selbyville andmanganese, lead, cadmium and chromium were White Neck areas are both within 152 m and down-analyzed by atomic absorption. A graphite furnace gradient of poultry houses, and both wells hadwas used for lead,, cadmium and chromium (APHA, nitrate concentrations above 20 mg/l.1975). Total organic carbon was analyzed with a In the Fairmont area, most of the wells aretotal carbon analyzer and fecal coliform bacteria located downgradient from large cropland areaswere analyzed by the membrane filter method where corn and soybeans are grown or in areas(APHA, 1975). All of the 15N samples were with low density residential development. Thereanalyzed by a Global Geochemistry in California, are very few poultry houses in the Fairmont area.using procedures similar to Kreitler and Jones In most cases, the highest nitrate concentrations(1975), and Gormly and Spalding (1979). occurred in wells downgradient from agricultural

cropland. Only two wells were located within 305RESULTS AND DISCUSSION m of broiler houses, and both of these wells had

Nitrates nitrate concentrations above 10 mg/l.The average and range of nitrate concentra- In the Cedar Neck area, there is considerable

tions and the associated major land use in the low-density residential development and a numbersampling areas for coastal Sussex County and non- of broiler nouses. Four of the wells had nitratecoastal Sussex and Kent Counties are presented in concentrations ranging from 11,63 to 17.43 mg/l.

40flR20IOU8

Tablt 1. Nitratf Concantntioni of Sampling Areas in Coaitai Sunax County

Concentration (mg/l ,VJ

area

Cedar NeckClarksvilleDagsboroEast Mills boroFairmontFrankfordLe CatoLong NeckMtllvillcOcean ViewPhillips HU1SclbyvillcWhite Meek

Major land use

Residential, broilersResidential, broilersReside ntralCorn, soybeans, broilersCorn, soybeansResidentialForestResidential, corn, soybeansResidential, broilersResidential, broilersBroilersBroilersBroilers

.Vo, ofwells Mean

7 9.729 7.7622 6.9721 10.2533 7.7212 7.624 .7213 3.929 5.8416 4.7662 11.461 48.91 21.5

—— —— —— —— —— —— t\Hfi)fC — -— — —— ——

0-4 4-8 8-10 >10Median — — — — .Vo. of wells — — — —

11.63 . 22.9.3 " . 4_4.93._ ~"_ 109.64 77.16 153.00 7.89 4

3.09 94.60 - 43.52 108.32 24

48.9 021.5 0

0 11 26 02 25 13 10 02 12 02 27 70 _ 00 0

961012101322411

Tabla 2. Nitrat* Concentrations of Sampling Araas in Noncoastal Sussex County

Sampling area.

Atlanta EstatesDclmarEastman HeightsEllendalcGeorgetown AGeorgetown BGreenwoodGriffith LakeHaven LakeLake PinesLaurel

Major land use

ResidentialCorn, soybeans, broilersResidentialBroilersCorn, soybeans, broilersSwine lagoonCorn, soybeansCorn, soybeans, broilersResidentialResidentialCorn, soybeans, broilers

Nanucoke Acres & Rt.20 ResidentialNorth ShoresSlaughter BeachWest Seaford

ResidentialResidentialCorn, soybeans, broilers

.Vo, ofwells Average

8 5.1111 . 7,7114 6.962 6.0130 6.0910 1.0214 7.8523 8.4413 6.215 3.8217 10.1227 3.337 4.413 .208 10.13

Concentration

0-4Median — — — -

3,65 48.43 27,40 14.97 06J>2 12.4-0 9

8.50 38,25 76.52 24.59 26.82 52.76 193.7.4 5.22 3

11.11 0

fmg/l .V)- — Range — -4-8 8-10— ;Vo of wells -

2 23 19 42 07 41 04 44 29 13 04 15 00 20 03 ,1

>10- - —

05

L̂B̂̂^̂ P03

101073004

Tabla 3. Nitrata Concantrations of Sampling Arias in Kant County

Sampling area

Felton AFelton BHartlyLittle Heaven "Petersburg APetersburg BRoute 9Woodland Beach

Major land use

ResidentialSludge disposalResidentialResidential, cornResidential, forest. ForestCorn, soybeans, potatoesResidential

A/o. ofwells A verage

2 3.083 5.80

20 1.7210 6.6010 3.664 .4520 3.0011 3.08

Concentration (m

0-4.Median — — — -

6.08 14.42 1.31 15

5.81 41.60 7.49 4

1.24 15.94 7

g/l W- — Range — —'4-8 8-10- .Vo. of wells —

I 01 05 03 01 10 ' 04 04 0

>10— —— -

0103

•̂LĤ̂^̂

0̂

Septic tanks as well as poultry manure are Tabi« 6. Major Soil Typ« in Sampling Ar««probably causing the high nitrate concentrations. , - - - ____ in K«nt County____________

The four wells in the Le Cato area, which is Drainagecompletely forested and has an Evesboro loamy sampling area Major soil types characteristicssand soil, had average nirrare concentrations of TT' ' ^——:———~ ../" .——"—« - , « / « « _ . I . *. « -i Felcon A Sassafras sandy loam Well drained0.24. 0.48, 0.89, and 1.25 mg/1. respectively. Felcon B Sassafras sandy ioam Wcli dramed

Twenty-seven percent of the wells sampled in Hartly Sassafras sandy loam Well drainedDagsboro had average nitrate concentrations above FaJlsmgton sandy loam Poorly drained

Little Heaven Sassafras sandy loam Well dramedPetersburg A Fallsington sandy loam Poorly drained

. Petersburg B Fallsington sandy loam Poorly drainedRoute 9 LMatapeakc silt loam Well dramed

Table 4. Major Soil Typ« in Sampling Araas Othello silt loam Poorly dramedin Coastal Suuax County Woodland Beach Tidal marsh Poorly drained

Sampling ~ " - — - - Drainagearea Major soil types characteristics

Cedar Neck Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drainedClarksville Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained K) mg/1. The major source of nitrate contamina-Dagsboro Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained tidn in Dagsboro is from septic tanks. Frankford,E. Millsboro Evesboro loamy sand Excessively dramed which also has extensive residential developmentFairmonc Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained wkh dc rankSj had ]owcr nitrate concenrrationsFrankford Pocomoke sandy loam Very poorly dramed, ^ D ^ M but rwo f ±e wd]s ied j

FaJlsmgton sandy loam Poorly drained ~ L , , • r- , i"Le Cato Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained Dagsboro were located in an Evesboro loamy sandLong Neck Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained soil. Most of the wells located in Frankford are inMillville Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained poorly-drained soils where denitrification may. beOcean View Woodstown sandy loam Mod. well drained enhanced and decrease the nitrates in the ground

Klej sandy loam • Mod. well dramed water. There is probably potential for higherPhilhps Hill Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained . • • i_ . •Selbyville Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained nitrate concentrations in the ground water inWhite Neck Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained Frankford and Dagsboro than other residential—————————————————————————————— areas because of the large number of cesspools still

being used as septic tanks.Table 5. Major Soil Typas in Sampling Araas ^on is another factor that is contributing to

in Noncoastal Sussax County lower nitrate levels in Frankford and Dagsboro~T——7"———————————————'——~T—!————— than some agricultural areas. Forty percent of theSampling Drainage ~» . „ r i

area Major soil types characteristics wells sampled in Dagsboro and 50 percent of thewells sampled in Frankford had iron concentra-

Atlama Rumford ioamy sand Excessively drained dons ef than IQ ^ pam of Millville andEstates Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained ^ T T - i- 11 j • i__ , ... , f *. , .. . „ «„• ., Ocean View sampling areas were also located in theDelmar Woodstown sandy loam Mod. well drained « ,

Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained high iron zone outlined by Robertson (1977a). A. Eastman Hcs. Sassafras sandy loam Well drained further discussion of the iron and nitrate relation-Ellendale Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained ships will be included under the trace and heavyGeorgetown Woodstown sandy loam Mod. well drained metals sectionA Evesboro loamy sand Excessivelŷ drained Nitrate concentrations were higher in SussexGreenwood Sassafras sandy loam Well drained _ , „ _ _ ° . _Griffith Sassafras sandy loam Well drained CounW than Kcnt County- In noncoastal SussexLake Rumford loamy sand Excessively drained County, 21 percent of the wells had average nitrateHaven Lake Rumford loamy sand Excessively drained concentrations in the 8 to 10 mg/1 range, with theLake Pines Evesfaoro loamy sand Excessively drained nitrate concentration exceeding 10 mg/1 for atLaurel Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained least Qne sampling. Only 8 percent of the wells inNanticoke Evesboro sand Excessively drained ,,, -, _ , , • .. «»_-;«„t a o ^ p u i j IT • i j • j Kent County had average nitrate concentrationsAc.&R.20 Evesboro loamy sand Excessively dramed 7 ^North Evesboro loamy sand Excessively drained above 10 mg/l.' Shores Rumford loamy sand Excessively drained The West Seaford, Dclmar, Greenwood andSlaughter Griffith Lake areas had the highest median nitrateBeach Tidal marsh Poorly drained concentrations in noncoastal Sussex County. These

W.Seaford Sassfras sandy loam Well drained areas have large acreages of cropland with someEvesboro loamy sand Excessively drained . . ° . °, r . , ,_____________:_____________ poultry production and scattered low-density

42 SR20I050

residential development. Greenwood has no not significant at the 5 percent level. Since cherepoultry production in the immediate vicinity of was very little variation in nitrate concentrationsthe sampling wells. Atlanta Estates, North Shores, in the 0 to 12m depth and since ground waterLake Pines and Nandcoke Acres, which are all moves very slowly, the nitrate contamination ofclassified as medium residential developments with the aquifer has been occurring over a long perioiseptic tanks, had lower nitrate concentrations than of time (20-25 yrs). A definite decrease in nitrjany of the areas in noncoastal Sussex County concentration with depth would indicate nitratwhere the main land use was agriculture. have recently been leached to the aquifer and ire

Hartly, Petersburg, Woodland Beach and slowly moving to greater depths.Route 9 had the lowest nitrate concentrations in In recent years"a number of researchers haveKent County, All four of these areas have wells had success in identifying the source of nitrates inlocated in soils with poor drainage characteristics ground water by studying the ratio of ISN to 14N(Pocomoke sandy loam) or in well-drained soils (Kreitler and Jones, 1975; Kreitler etai, 1978;(Matapcake silt loam). In the heavier well-drained Gormly and Spalding, 1979). Isotopic compositionsoils, nitrates will not leach as readily because of of nitrogen compounds is controlled, in part, bythe higher moisture holding capacity and in the biological decay processes. In biological processes,poorly-drained soils, denitrification will occur. except nitrification, the lighter isotope, 14N, is used

There was a general trend of decreasing • preferentially, and results in the remaining nitrogen"nitrate concentrations with increasing well depth being enriched in 15N. Isotopic ratios are expressedas indicated in Table 7. The regression coefficient in terms of ISN where:for the data in coastal Sussex County was only _ Standard0* > i • * 11 • • .f l_? ._ i N / i T OalllUlt i^tf i^ J Ld.1 IU r±i LI.26 and not statistically significant at the 5 5 is\ - _^————,_£.————————————— 1000percent level. No wells that had iron concentra- 1SN/14N Standardtions above 1.0 mg/1 were used for the analysis A more positive 5 ISN value indicates enrichment ofbecause ferrous iron will chemically reduce nitrate j,N and conversclV( a more negative value indicatesto nitrite (Robertson, 1977a). Below a well depth depletion of the »N isotope more than in theof 18 m in coastal Sussex County, there was a standard. Gormly and Spalding (1979) in a recentdecrease in the average and median nitrate conccn- study in the sandnills of Nebraska indicated tĥ ^tranons. For well depths shallower than 18 m, fi !SN va]ues of 9.5 conservativelySussex and Kent Counties, wells from 0 to 12 m indicate the nitrates are from animal or humanhad the highest average and median nitrate concen- wastcs wkh 5ISN valucs bctwecn 3.5 and 9.5 thetrations. The regression coefficient was 0.31 and probable-source of nitrate is from natural soil

nitrogen. The isotopic ratio test cannot distinguishbetween animal and human wastcs. Only land usecan help distinguish if the nitrate is from animal or

•̂ ,_. -,,.,.,« _̂ ., *„ „ - * .. human wastes if 51SN is>9.5. A total of 94TabU 7. Will Dtpth and Nitrati Conc»ntrition Trends . , , . . ._________________________;_____ samples with high nitrate concentrations were

analyzed for 1SN. The results are summarized in__depth ,Vo, of Concentration (mg/l N) Tables 8 and 9tm> wfe Average Median Range ^^ QJf ̂ ̂ ^ ^ Dagsboro and Cwo

Coattal SUSMX County out of the three samples from Frankford had 5 ISN°* 6 34 H-° 8-27 .21-53.1 values above 9.5, which indicate the nitrates in, 6'}l !! 16'L !'?! •t!"?« t these samples are coming from septic tanks. TheU-18 16 8.16 8.34 .08-29.6 f - _ „ ?„ , , fis^ i t18-24 U 480 460

Tablo 3. Summary of '5N Analyiii for Coastal Sussex County

Area

Cedar NeckClarksvtlleDagsboroEast MillsboroFairmontFrankfordLong NeckMUlvilleOcean ViewPhillips Hill 'Selbyville.

.Vo ofsamples

44 .

. 6673

• 124231

A veragf51S.V

. 7.408.447.516.947.9611.929.607.507,559.4426.36

Maximum515.V

. 11.2710.8210.808.47

24.1916.919.60

11.228.2430.7326.36

0-2

000"00000000

2-35

10a0i000030

- Range 5 ' !35-6-5

01323001040

'.v--- --55-95

21042

. i"00480

>9 5

11j.30I211031

from poultry manure for chese seven wells located two samples from the Laurel area had 6ISN valuesnear poultry houses. Two of the wells in above 9.5 which indicate the nitrates are comingClarksville, and one of the wells in Millville had from broiler manure. Samples from Felton and515N values above 9.5. All three of these wells were Woodland Beach had 515N values greater than 9.5.in residential developments with septic tanks. In High nitrates in these two areas are caused bythe Cedar Neck area, the well with an 5 ISN value of septic tanks.since both these areas are unsewered11.2 was located next to a poultry house. One well and have no poultry production or other livestock.in Fairmont and one well in Long Neck also had These results indicate there is nitrate, con-5 1SN values that indicates the source of nitrates is tamination of the ground water in lower Delawarefrom human wastes or poultry manure. The well in by poultry manure, fertilizers and septic ta'nks. InFairmont was located downgradicnt from a large order to minimize ground-water contamination,cropland area with no poultry houses, while the better manure and fertilizer management practiceswell in Long Neck was located near several houses need to be used on excessively well-drained soils._with septic tanks. The Griffith Lake area had four Some of the nutrient management practices thatout of seven samples with 5ISN values below 3.5 should be used are: (1) apply only enough nitrogenand Little Heaven had two samples. Both of these to meet the crop requirements, (2) apply manureareas have agricultural cropland where fertilizers and fertilizer in late spring and during growingare applied. The Laurel area and West Seaford area season-, (3) analyze manure nutrients, (4) calibrateboth have broiler production and high nitrate manure spreaders, and (5) use slow-release Nconcentrations. One sample from West Seaford and fertilizers.

Table 9. Summary of 15N Analysis for Noncoastal Sussex and Kent Counties

Sampling

Atlanta EstatesDelmarEastman HeightsFelton AGeorgetown AGreenwoodGriffith LakeHaven LakeLaurelLittle Heaven

• Nanricoke AcresNorth ShoresRoute 9West SeafordWoodland Beach

44

^ —————

...Vo, ofsamples

131132724221.._._

21

Average515,V

5,756,663.7522.228.838.184.136.079.373.357.814.693.97_9-.3613.52

Maximum5ls.V

5.758.023.7522.2215.009.909.027.3913.203.508.474.693.979.89

13.52

0-2

000000000000o00

2-3.

000000400200000

-- - Range 5IS.V-5 3.5-6,5

121021211001100

flR20i052

6.5-9.5

010000111020010

>9.S

000111002000011

Ammonia This indicates bacteria contamination in most areasMean ammonia concentrations ranged from in southern Delaware is low.

0,05 mg/l N for the Atlanta Estates area to 9.80 A total of 203 samples were analyzed formg/l for Georgetown B, The median concentration total organic carbon. Twenty-one percent of theranged from

in brotler feed- In the Phillips Hill area the highest ' maximum concentration of chromium was 0.0028copper concentrations were found in the shallow mg/1.PVC wells. In the East Millsboro area, all sampleswere taken from the shallow PVC monitoring PRIORITIZATION OF GROUND-WATERwells. The average copper concentration for the PROBLEM AREASEast Millsboro area was 3.57 mg/1 and for the The ground-water sampling in Kent andPhillips Hill area was 2.34 mg/1. Sussex Counties showed that nitrates were the only

There were 282 samples analyzed for widespread ground-water quality problem. Allmanganese. Thirty-five percent of the samples had areas sampled in the two counties were rankedmanganese concentfations above the EPA second- according to the severity of their nitrate problem.ary drinking-water standard of 0.05 mg/l. In In ranking the areas, the following factors weregeneral, the higher manganese concentrations were considered: .(1) degree of occurrence. (2) magni-found in the poorly-drained soils. Manganese tude of occurrence, (3) size of the area affected,becomes soluble in water under anaerobic condi- and (4) number of people affected.tions. The percentage of sites in a given area above

A total of 144 samples were analyzed for an average concentration of 8 mg/1 was used tolead, cadmium and chromium. Seven samples had . determine the degree of occurrence. All wells thatlead concentrations above the EPA drinking-water .had an average nitrate concentration between 8standard of 0.05 mg/1. Of the seven samples, four and 10 mg/1 had nitrate concentrations above 10were from the Dagsboro and Frankford areas. All mg/1 for at least one sampling. The magnitude ofcadmium and chromium samples had concentra- the occurrence was based upon the percent of wellstiohs well below the EPA drinking-water standards having average nitrate concentrations over 10, 15,of 0.01 and 0,05 mg/1. The maximum concentra- 20, and 30.mg/1. The size of the area and the •tion of cadmium detected was 0.0026 mg/1 and the . population density were considered on a

Table 10. Ranking of Ground-Water Problem Areas

Area

Phillips HillEast MillsboroCedar NeckGriffith LakeLaurelFairmontDcimarClarksvilleMillvilleLittle HeavenDagsboro . -GeorgetownFrankfordWest SeafordOcean ViewLong NeckNorth ShoresAtlanta EstatesEastman HeightsNan ti coke Acres & Rt.' 20PetersburgHaven LakeRoute 9

— — — Factor score* — — — -.~l =2 -J '=4

88987687665

. 645535552331

101010810865666555320003322

108578885575857585555755

77775759979595979999575 -

Totalscore

353331303029272626

" 26- 2524232222201919191917

' 17- 14

Rank

1234

..467888

11121314141617171717 .212223

Probable major causesof contamination

Poultry manurePoultry manure and fertilizersSeptic tanks and poultry manureFertilizers

_ Poultry manure and fertilizersFertilizersPoultry manure and fertilizersSeptic tanksSeptic tanksFertilizersSfeptic tanksPoultry manure and fertilizersSeptic tanksPoultry manure and fertilizersSeptic ranksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksSeptic tanksFertilizers

—1 — Degree of occurrence.Factor ̂ 2 — Magnitude of occurrence.Factor -3 — Size of area affected.Factor =4 — Number of people affected.

46 8R2QI051*

qualitative basis. Each factor was based on a scale tions appear to be caused by the corrosive natureof 1 to 10, and the four factors were added to get of the water and the piping material used for thethe final ranking. No areas with less than three water supply. There is a correlation betweensampling wells were considered in the priority poultry production and copper concentrations inranking. The swine lagoon and poultry processing the Phillips Hill and East Miilsboro areas.sludge disposal site at Felton also were notincluded in the ranking. If an area did not have any REFERENCESwells with average nitrate concentrations above American Public Health Association. 1975. Standard8 mg/1. It was not included in the priority ranking, Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-because no nitrate contamination problem exists. wa:er Analysis. 14th edition. Washington, D.c._* . E- , . . . .-. . j • Gormly. J. R., and R. F. Spaidmg, 1979. Sources and con-Thc results of the pnoritization are presented in r * j e uv. »v.«,«LtJ wt ««. p.. r centrations of nitrate-nitrogen in ground water ot theTable 10. • Central Platte Region. Nebraska. Ground Water.

The Phillips Hill area is the highest ranked v. 17, pp. 291-301.priority followed by East Miilsboro, Cedar Neck, Jordan, R. R. 1976. The Columbia Group (Pleistocene; ofGriffith Lake, Laurel and Fairmont. In the top six Delaware. Petroleum Exploration Society of Newranked areas, poultry manure and fertilizers are *ork; ̂lld.eboô l°che St??v?£y ?* 'hc Adantic. , . , r . e • • Coastal Plain in Delaware. Edited by A, M.probably the major sources of nitrate contamina- - Thompson. New York, NY, PP. 103-111.tion. ~" Kreider, C. W., S. E. Ragone, and B. G. Katz, 1978.

1SN/I4N ratios of ground-water nitrate. Long Island.CONCLUSIONS Ncw York- Ground Water, v, 16, pp. 404-409.

In general, ground-water quality is better in Kreitler. C W.. and D. C Jones. 1975. Natural soil nitrate:., ~ , ° - — _ ~ i • the cause of the nitrate contamination of groundKent County than Sussex County. Several areas in watcr in Runnds County Jexas Gfound ̂Sussex County have widespread nitrate contamina- v 13, pp. 53-61.tion which .Was found to be the major ground- Robertson, F. N. 1975. Inventory of Water Use in DelawareWater quality problem. for 1974. Water Resources Center, University of

Poultry manure, septic tanks and fertilizers Delaware, Newark, DE., - £ •_ . _ • * - • Robertson, F. N. 1977a. The Quality and Potentialare the main source of nitrate contamination in a ...; - , - ,,.. 7. _ . _,. . „ . _ _ ... Problems of the Ground Water in Coastal Sussex

number of areas in Kent and Sussex Counties. County, Delaware. Water Resources Center.Highest ground-water nitrate concentrations University of Delaware, Newark, DE.

occur in Kent and Sussex Counties where there Robenson, F. N. I977b. The Effect of Agriculturalarc excessively-drained soils and intensive Activity on Ground Water Quality Near Miilsboro.agriculture nroducrion Delaware. Coastal Sussex Water Quality Management* _ ^ . _ '. , t . Program Report. Contract No. 208-04-77.

Forest areas in Delaware have low nitrate Sundstrom. R. w., T. E. Pickett. and R. D. Varrin. 1976.concentrations b the water-table aquifer. Hydrology, Geology and Mineral Resources of the

Highest nitrate concentrations occur in wells Coastal Zone of Delaware. Delaware Coastal Zoneless than 18 m deep. In general, there is very little Management Program Technical Report No. 3, Waterobserved difference between nitrate concentrations Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark.in wells 0 to 6 m deep and 6 to 12 m deep. Wells _ . ' _ ... . _ _ n. . ..._ _, . .. ...., ,r , . . r Sundstrom, R. W., and T. E. Pickett. 1969. The Availability12 to 18 m deep had somewhat lower nitrate con- of Ground Water in Eastern Susscx Councy Wawrcentrations, and wells greater than 18 m generally Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark,had significantly lower nitrate concentrations. DE.

Areas in Kent and Sussex Counties that havepoorly-drained soils and where chemical-reducing * * * «conditions occur have high iron concentrations ajidlow nitrate Concentrations. William F. Ritter has a Pb.D, in Agricultural Engineer-

The presence of pathogenic or indicator '"* and *'Re' ,,.r „ . r e, £ sources from Iowa State university. He has B.S, degrees inbacteria m wells located more than 30 m from avil and Agricuiturai Engineering from the University ofseptic tanks in Kent and Sussex Counties is rare. Toronto and University ofGuelph. He has done research in

Lead, Cadmium and chromium concentrations nonpoint source pollution, animal waste management, landin the water-table aquifer in Kent and Sussex disposal of sludges, lake eutrophication, and irrigationCounties arc well below the drinking-water water mana$erne™- , „ „ .... . „ , Anastasta £, Chirnstde has an M.S. ana B.S. in ,standards in mast areas. In some wells, copper and science from the University of Delaware. She has bel .zinc concentrations are above the drinking-water research associate in water quality at the University ofstandards. In a lot of cases, these high concentra- Delaware since 1981,

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Thomas :•Deiomzation• Dealkalization ... ;-Disinfection Confirming our phone conversation on our point• Filtration °^ use systems for nitrate removal.* Purification • . - - . . - - , ,- ., ,• Reverse osmosis A typical system would include the following:• Softening• ultra-Pure water One " FWQ-20 polypropylene housing with a resistivity

quality indicator light mounted in the cap.TELEPHONE215-539̂ 221 One - FWQ-D20 Disposable Deionizer Cartridge.215-242-2323609-966-2001 ^ , ,_ - ^ -, ^ ^ .e'-ij.One - Activated carbon post filter.

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Capillary Tube Assembly

Postfiltar, Carbon

Connector, 1/4" MPT x 1/4" Plastic

Connector, 3/8" MPT x 1/4" Plastic

Water Chiller (Optional)

CATALOGNUMBER

4427-33

4428-46

9550-60

9660-04

4427-31

4428-61

4428-44

4426-34

4421-91(Chiller Only)

ID Weter Heeter Option | 3300-77(Heatar & Fauoat)Heattr only 3300-43Faucet only 3300-67

ffl Air Gap Faucet 5714-06

H Porcelain Sink Hole Cutter 5916-25

___ ___ [D Faucet Stub Extension 3323-86

09 Faucet Spout Option 3323-09

W Refrigerator (4.6 cu. ft.) 4421-14(34"Hxl8"Wx20"D)

CD

16. - - 1 Ul

4R201062

Dace of Final Report: March 22, 1985

SUSSEX COUNTY, De.QUARTERLY REPORT

FORSAMPLES RECEIVED KEBRVARY 11, 1985

TOTAL CYANIDE AND TOTAL PHENOLICS SUMMARY

DATE SAMPLES COLLECTED: February 5 to 8, 1985

\ -v'SAMPLES SUBMITTED BY: Tor. Drew A ; *R.F.V. NO/-. SAMPLE DESCRIPTION TOTAL CYANIDE TOTAL Ph.. JL1CS

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SUSSEX COUNTY, OEQUARTERLY REPORT

FORSAMPLES RECEIVED FEBRUARY 11, 1985

SOLUBLE METALS IL-AHALYJiED BY

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DATE OF F I N A L R t P O R T : MARCH 22

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DATE SAMPLES COLLECTED: FE B R U A R Y 5 to 8 , 1985SAMPLES SUBMITTED BY: TOM DREW

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LAUREL LANDFILL

WELL LS-2

FEBRUARY 1985

Sol. As

SUSSEX COUNTY

LAUREL LANDFILL

WELL LS-2

FEBRUARY 1985

Acid CompoundsNone Detected

Base/Neutral CompoundsDiethyl Phthalate 15 (ug/1)

Pesticides/PCB'sNone Detected

Volatile CompoundsBenzene 1< x

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flR20i076

RECOMMENDED ACTION ITEMSLAUREL LANDFILL

1. Install two monitor wells downgradient ofthe landfill between the estimated edge ofthe contaminant plume and the King Gullettesupply well. These would be used toperiodically monitor water quality and therate of plume migration towards the Gullettewell.

2. Conduct vertical electric soundings with theEM-34 to define the maximum depth of plumemigration.

3. Sample the newly installed wells, monitorwells LS-4 and LD-1, and King Gullette'ssupply well for volatile organic compoundsand indicator parameters*

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LAUREL LANDFILL

WELL LS-2 ._..._.. .

FEBRUARY 1985

Sol. As

SUSSEX COUNTY

LAUREL LANDFILL

WELL LS-2

FEBRUARY 1985

Acid CompoundsNone Detected

Base/Neutral Compounds ,Diethyl Phthalate 15 (ug/1)

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RECOMMENDED ACTION ITEMSLAUREL LANDFILL

1. Install two monitor wells downgradiant ofthe landfill between the estimated edge ofthe contaminant plume and the King Gullettesupply well. These would be used toperiodically monitor water quality and therate of plume migration towards the Gullettewell.

2. Conduct vertical electric soundings with theEM-34 to define the maximum depth of plumemigration. •

3. Sample the newly installed wells, monitorwells LS-4 and LD-1, and King Gullette'ssupply well for volatile organic compoundsand indicator parameters.

AR20IQ90

Grpundwater Management Investigationsfor Six Sussex County Landfills

Senior Project/Geologist

Thomas DrewSenior Project Geologist

Abraham Thomas, P.G.Project Director

December 1987

Prepared byROY F. WESTON, INC.

Weston WayWest Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380

SR20!

5.4 LAUREL LANDFILL

5.4,1 Site Description

The Laurel Landfill is located off Route 494 approximately2.5 miles southwest of Laurel, Delaware (Figure 5-33). Themajor stream in the area is Broad Creek which lies approx-imately two miles north of the site. The Collings andCulver Ditch lies east of the landfill and has intermittentstream flow.

Laurel landfill operated from May 1970 to August 1979 forthe disposal of municipal waste. The site is presentlyoperated as a transfer station. The refuse was disposedinto trenches excavated into the native soil. A final coverof soil has been emplaced on the completed refuse cells.

5.4.2 Site Geology

The Laurel Landfill is underlain by sedimentary deposits ofPleistocene age. A saturated thickness map of thePleistocene deposits in Sussex County (Sundstrom andPickett, 1970) and information from wells at the landfillindicate that the Pleistocene is approximately 110 feetthick in the area of the landfill. The Pleistocenedeposits in this area are underlain by sediments belongingto the Manokin aquifer.

Geologic data obtained from the drilling of the existing andnewly installed monitor wells shows that the Pleistocenedeposits underlying the site consist primarily of fine tocoarse sand with some gravel. Thin lenses of silt and clayare occasionally found in the sand deposits withinapproximately 15 feet of the surface. In the area of themonitor wells LS-5, LS-6 and LS-7 north of the landfill(Figure 5-34), a six foot layer of silty clay occursapproximately 9 to 15 feet below ground surface. Claylenses are found near LS-2 and LS-4 at slightly shallowerdepths. Below the clay lenses, grain-size increase,becoming predominantly medium to coarse sand and gravel to

of at least 90 feet.

5.4.3 Site Hydrogeology

All ground water monitor wells at Laurel Landfill arescreened in the Pleistocene deposits or water table aquifer.Locations of these monitor wells are shown in Figure 5-35.Three of the existing monitor wells (LS-l, LS-2, and LS-3)are situated within the landfill. Well LD-1 and LS-4 are

5-96

flR20!092

^ ' " 3°=K'-/ -• - -

SCALE1000̂ _ _0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000~~ ~~ ~ FEET

FIGURE 5-33 LAUREL LANDFILL SITE MAP

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located on the northern perimeter of the landfill. Thethree newly installed wells, LS-5, LS-6 and LS-7, arelocated approximately 300 feet north of the landfill betweenthe Gullette - Well and fill area. Details on wellconstruction and water level data for the Laurel Landfill isgiven in Table 5-37«

Water level readings from the monitor wells (excluding LS-5)in March 1986 show depth to water ranging between 8 and 14feet below ground surface- At monitor well LS-5, the depthto water in the well was 2.37 ft. below ground level,approximately 7 ft. higher than water levels in adjacentwells LS-6 and LS-7. Monitor well LS-5 is screened above asix foot layer of silty clay which occurs approximately 9 to15 feet below ground surface; monitor wells LS-6 and LS-7are screened below the clay at depths of 41 and 95 feetrespectively. The significantly higher water level observedin LS-5 suggest that the downward seepage of ground water inthis, area is restricted by the presence of the lowerpermeability clay layer. This results in the buildup orperching of ground water on the clay layer. Clay lenses arealso present at approximately the same depth at wells LS-2and LS-4. However, the water levels in these wells do notappear to reflect perched ground water conditions since thewells are screened partially below the clay lenses.

A ground water surface map for the water table aquifer wasdeveloped from water level data collected from the monitorwells (excluding LS-5) in March 1986 (Figure 5-36). Asshown in Figure 5-36, ground water flow in the vicinity ofthe Laurel Landfill is to the north-northeast towards BroadCreek located approximately 1.5 miles north of the site.

The ground water hydraulic gradient for the water tableaquifer, as calculated from Figure 5-36, is on the order of0.002. Based on th* results of the computer flow modelcalibration, an average transmissivity of 85,000 gpd/ft. wasassigned to the water table aquifer. Using a saturatedaquifer thickness of 100 feet, the hydraulic conductivity isequal to approximately 850 gpd/ft or 114 ft/day. Assumingan effective porosity of 0.20 for the unconsolidated depo-sits, the appropriate substitutions can be made into theground water seepage velocity equation