Silver Spring, Coimbatore, Artificial Plants, Flowers and Fruits
Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
-
Upload
jorge-reyes -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
1/91
FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERMS
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
2/91
Flowers
reproductive shoot composed of
whorls of modified leaves inserted
in a modified stem (peduncle)
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
3/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
4/91
Floral Parts
A flower contains four sets of parts
arranged in whorls on the
receptaclethe swollen tip of thepeduncle
Accessory parts
1. Sepal (calyx)
-protects the inner part offlower
-prevents dessication
2. petal (corolla)
-most noticeable portion
-different colors
Perianthcalyx and corolla
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
5/91
Essential Parts:
1. Stamen (androecium)
-male gametophyte
a. pollen containing
chamber (microsporangium)b. anther
c. filament
2. Carpel (gynoecium)
-female reproductive leaf
and ovule bearing structure of a flowera. ovary
-swollen basal part
b. stigma
c. style (tube like structure)
Bract-floral leaf formed at the base of the flower
or lower stalk.
-small
-protect flower bud
-involucre
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
6/91
Modified
stem:
-receptacle-
end of
peduncle(floral stalk)
-pedicel
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
7/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
8/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
9/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
10/91
Petal-
Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may
have guidelines on them and be scented.
Stigma-
Is covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will
adhere to.
Style-
The style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease
the likelihood of pollen contamination. It varies in length.
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
11/91
Ovary-
This protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken
place it will become the fruit.
Ovule-
The Ovule is like the egg in animals and once fertilization
has taken place will become the seed.
Receptacle-
This is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in some
cases becomes part of the fruit after fertilization e.g.
strawberry.
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
12/91
Flower stalk-
Gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the
insects.
Nectary-
This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract
insects.
Sepal-
Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from
a bud.
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
13/91
Filament-
This is the stalk of the Anther.
Anther-
The Anthers contain pollen sacs.
The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that
brush against insects on entering the flowers.
Once the pollen is deposited on the insect..it is transferredto the stigma of another flower.
The ovule is then able to be fertilized.
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
14/91
.
Male Parts Female PartsStamen
Anther
Filament
Pistil Ovary
Stigma Ovule
Style
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
15/91
.
2 Types of flowers: Perfect vs. Imperfect
Imperfect-a flower that has either all male parts or all female parts
Perfect- a flower that has both male and female parts in the same flower
EX: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons
EX: roses, lilies, and dandelions
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
16/91
Monocots Dicots
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
17/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
18/91
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
19/91
PISTIL(consisting
of one or
more
carpels)
Style
Stigma
Female floral parts Male floral parts
Pollen grain
(each will
produce
two spermcells)
STAMENFilament
Anther
Ovules(each producing
one egg cell)
Petal
Sepal
Peduncle
Receptacle
Ovary
(b) Cutaway view of an Arabidopsis flower. Each flower has four sepals
(two are shown), four petals (two are shown), six stamens, and one
pistil.Fig. 9-1b, p. 177
Flower Structure
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
20/91
Inflorescences
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
21/91
(a) Head
Common Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus)
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
22/91
Water pennywort
(Hydrocotyle ranunculoides)
(b) Umbel
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
23/91
Fireweed
(Epilobium angustifolium)
(c) Raceme
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
24/91
Elephant-heads
(Pedicularis groenlandica)
(d) Spike
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
25/91
(e) Panicle
False spike-nard
(Smilacina racemosa)
Fig. 9-2e, p. 178
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
26/91
Common tansy
(Tanacetum vulgare)
(f) Corymb
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
27/91
4 Parts of a Flower
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
28/91
4 Parts of a Flower
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
29/91
(c) A twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla) flower has
eight stamens. Note the rounded green ovary in
the center of the flower.
Pistil
Stamen
Fig. 9-3c, p. 179
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
30/91
Simple and Compound Pistils
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
31/91
Simple and Compound Pistils
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
32/91
POLLINATION ANDFERTILIZATION
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
33/91
FERTILIZATION
Fusion of male and female gametes
After fertilization, flowering plants produce seeds
inside fruits
A h
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
34/91
Anther
Pollen
grains
Pollination
occurs.Generative cell
Tube cell
Style
Ovary
Ovule
(containing
female
gametophyte)
Integuments
Pollengrain Two polar
nuclei
Meiosis
and mitosis
Megaspore
mother cell
Female
gametophyte
Egg Tube nucleus
Two sperm cells
move down pollen
tube and enter ovule.
Double fertilization
occurs.
Zygote
Sperm
cells
Three nuclei
fuse to form
endosperm
Pollen tube
grows through
style to ovule
in ovary.
Pollen tube
Stigma
1
2
3
4
Fig. 9-10, p. 184
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
35/91
General characteristics offlowers pollinated indifferent ways (by insects,birds, bats, and wind)
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
36/91
Flowers Pollinated by Insects
Often yellow or blue
have a scent
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
37/91
Nectar Guides
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
38/91
Bird-Pollinated Flowers
Often yellow, orange, or red
do not have a strong scent
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
39/91
Bat-Pollinated Flowers
Often have dusky white petals are scented
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
40/91
Wind Pollination
Wind-pollinated flowers
often have smaller petals or lack petals
do not produce a scent or nectar
make copious amounts of pollen grains
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
41/91
Define coevolution
Give examples of ways in which plants and
their animal pollinators have affected one
anothers evolution
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
42/91
Coevolution 1
Occurs when two different organisms
(flowering plants and their animal pollinators)
form such an interdependent relationship that
they affect the course of each others
evolution
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
43/91
Coevolution 2
While plants were coevolving specialized
features (petals, scent, nectar) to attract
pollinators, animal pollinators coevolved
specialized body parts and behaviors that
enabled them to aid pollination and obtain
nectar and pollen grains as a reward
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
44/91
Coevolution 3
Coevolution is responsible for long, curved
beaks of honeycreepers, which insert their
beaks into tubular flowers to obtain nectar
Long, tubular corollas of flowers that
honeycreepers visit also developed through
coevolution
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
45/91
Coevolution
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
46/91
List and define the main parts of a seed
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
47/91
ENDOSPERM
Nutritive tissue formed at some point in
development of all flowering plant seeds
COTYLEDON
Seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains
food stored for germination
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
48/91
Seeds
A mature seed contains a young plant embryo
and nutritive tissue (endosperm or
cotyledons) for use during germination
Seed is covered by a protective seed coat
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
49/91
Embryo
Mature flowering plant embryo consists of
hypocotyl
1 or 2 cotyledons
plumule (epicotyl) radicle
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
50/91
Bean Seed
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
51/91
Distinguish among simple, aggregate,
multiple, and accessory fruits
Give examples of each type
Cite several different methods of seed and
fruit dispersal
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
52/91
FRUIT
In flowering plants, a mature, ripened ovary thatoften provides protection and dispersal for
enclosed seeds SIMPLE FRUIT
Fruit that develops from one or several united
carpels
Some simple fruits are fleshy at maturity, others
are dry
Simple Fleshy Fruits
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
53/91
Simple, Fleshy Fruits
Simple, fleshy fruits
Berries (grapes) and drupes (peaches)
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
54/91
Simple Fruits
Simple, dry fruits (split open at maturity)
Follicles (milkweed pods), legumes (bean pods),
and capsules (poppy fruits)
Simple, dry fruits (dont split at maturity)
Caryopses (wheat grains), achenes (sunflower
fruits), and nuts (acorns)
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
55/91
Simple, Dry Fruits
That split open
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
56/91
Simple, Dry Fruits
That do notsplit open
Caryopsis corn
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
57/91
(a) The corn (Zea mays) fruit is a caryopsis,
or grain. In grains, the fruit wall is fused to
the seed coat.
Radicle
Fruit wall fusedto seed coat
Plumule
Cotyledon
Endosperm
Fig. 9-15a, p. 190
Nut acorn Plumule
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
58/91
Nut acorn
(b) An oak (Quercus) acorn is a nut. A nut
has a hard fruit wall that surrounds a single
seed.
Cup of fusedbracts
Fruit wall
Seed coat
Cotyledons
Radicle
Fig. 9-15b, p. 190
Achene sunflower
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
59/91
Achene sunflower
Fruit wall
Seed coat
Cotyledon
Radicle
Attachment of
seed to fruit wall
(c) A sunflower (Helianthus annuus) fruit is an achene.
Its seed coat is attached to the fruit wall at one spot only,
and it is possible to peel off the fruit wall, to separate it
from the seed. Fig. 9-15c, p. 190
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
60/91
AGGREGATE FRUIT
Fruit that develops from a single flower with many
separate ovaries
Several separate carpels fuse, or grow together Example: raspberry
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
61/91
Ovaries of separate carpels
PetalSepal
Remnants of stamens
Receptacle
Ovaries (in a)
become tiny drupes (in b)
Remnants of stigmas
and styles
Stamens
Stigmas and styles
Fig. 9-16ab, p. 190
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
62/91
Fig. 9-16c, p. 190
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
63/91
MULTIPLE FRUIT
Fruit that develops from many ovaries of many
flowers growing in proximity on a common axis Carpels of closely associated flowers fuse, or grow
together Example: pineapple
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
64/91
Multiple Fruit
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
65/91
Multiple
fruit
Inflorescence(a cluster of
flowers on
a common
floral stalk)
Single
female
flower
Fig. 9-17b, p. 191
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
66/91
ACCESSORY FRUIT
Fruit whose fleshy part is composed primarily of
tissue other than the ovary
Example: strawberries
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
67/91
Accessory Fruit
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
68/91
SepalOvule (in a)
becomes seed (in b)
Floral tube
Ovary
Style
Stamens
Stigma
Petal
Sepals
Fig. 9-18, p. 191
F i T
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
69/91
Fruit Types
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
70/91
Seed
Berry (simple fruit)
A simple, fleshy fruit in which the
fruit wall is soft throughout.
Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum)
Fig. 9-12a, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
71/91
Single seed inside
stone
Drupe (simple fruit)
A simple, fleshy fruit in which
the inner wall of the fruit
is a hard stone.
Peach (Prunus persica)
Fig. 9-12b, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
72/91
Seed
Follicle (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that splits open
along one suture to release its
seeds; fruit is formed from ovary
that consists of a single carpel.
Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Fig. 9-12c, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
73/91
Seed
Legume (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that splits
open along two sutures to
release its seeds; fruit is formed
from ovary that consists of a
single carpel.
Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Fig. 9-12d, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
74/91
Split-open
suture
Seed
Capsule (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that splits
open along two or more suturesor pores to release its seeds;
fruit is formed from ovary that
consists of two or more carpels.
Iris (Iris)
Fig. 9-12e, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
75/91
Fused fruitwall and
seed
coat
Single
seed
Caryopsis (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit in
which the fruit wall is
fused to the seed coat.
Wheat (Triticum)
Fig. 9-12f, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
76/91
Single
seed
Seed
coat
Achene (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit in which the
fruit wall is separate from the
seed coat.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Fig. 9-12g, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
77/91
Woody
fruit
wall
Single
seed
Scale-covered
cup
Nut (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that has a
stony wall, is usually large, and
does not split open at maturity.
Oak (Quercus)
Fig. 9-12h, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
78/91
Seed
Aggregate fruit
A fruit that develops from a
single flower with several to
many pistils (i.e., carpels arenot fused into a single pistil).
Blackberry (Rubus)
Fig. 9-12i, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
79/91
Seed
Mulberry (Morus)
Multiple fruit
A fruit that develops from theovaries of a group of flowers.
Fig. 9-12j, p. 187
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
80/91
Enlarged
floral tube
Ovary
wall Seed
Apple (Malus sylvestris)
Accessory fruit
A fruit composed primarilyof nonovarian tissue (such as
the receptacle or floral tube).
Fig. 9-12k, p. 187
i l
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
81/91
Dispersal
Seeds and fruits of flowering plants are
adapted for various means of dispersal
wind
animals
water
explosive dehiscence
S d d F i Di l
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
82/91
Seed and Fruit Dispersal
E l i D hi
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
83/91
Explosive Dehiscence
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
84/91
(a) The fruits of maple (Acer) have wings for
wind dispersal.
Seed Wing
Fig. 9-19a, p. 192
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
85/91
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
Summarize the influence of environmental
factors on the germination of seeds
S d G i ti
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
86/91
Seed Germination
External environmental factors
requirements for oxygen, water, temperature, and
light
Internal factors
maturity of the embryo
presence or absence of chemical inhibitors
I bibiti
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
87/91
Imbibition
E di t G i ti d G th
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
88/91
Eudicot Germination and Growth
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
89/91
Cotyledons
Hook Shriveled
cotyledon
Fig. 9-22, p. 194
M t G i ti d G th
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
90/91
Monocot Germination and Growth
-
7/28/2019 Flowers, Fruits, [Autosaved]
91/91
First foliage
leaf
Coleoptile
Adventitious
roots
Primary
root
Coleoptile