Floristic Diversity of the Biodiversity Monitoring Plots ...

Floristic Diversity of the Biodiversity Monitoring Plots and itsEnvironswithinAgata Mining Ventures, Inc., Tubay, Agusandel Norte,Philippines

Roger T. Sarmiento

College of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Caraga StateUniversity, Ampayon, Butuan City, Caraga Region,Philippines

Key words: Floral composition, Stand structure,Nickel Mining, mine rehabilitation

StudyArea: Agusandel Norte, PhilippinesCoordinates: 8°57'N; 125°32'E

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Vol. 7(1): 11-18Year 2020

ISSN- 2348 5191 (Print) & 2348 8980 (Electronic)

ambientSCIENCE

Abstract

Introduction:

The Philippines is one of the top mineralized countries inthe world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite (Quintans,2017; Kay, 2018). In the southern part of the country-theCaraga Region, nickel mining has been a promisingindustry (Sarmiento & Demetillo, 2017) as 20 of the 48registered metallic mines in the Philippines are found inthe region and engaged in nickel mining (DENR-MGB,2018). A number of these nickel mines were ordered shutdown in early 2017 for several violations on environmentallaws and resulted in the decline in nickel productionworldwide. However, despite the issuanceof closureorders,some companies continued to operate business as usual.Of the few law-abiding mining corporations in the region,Agata Mining Ventures, Inc. (AMVI) invested a substantialportion of its operational budget into research for craftingsound reforestation and rehabilitation plans. A goodmanagement plan guarantee sustainable use of existingnatural resources such as soil, water, timber andbiodiversity with the preparation and revision of this is a

very crucial process, thus, appropriate knowledge on theseresources is vital. However, during mining activities wheremineral ores were extracted by means of the open-pitmethod, many biota having ecological and scientif icimportancewerestill displaced (Sarmiento , 2017).Plant communities are the foundation for terrestrialtrophic webs and animal habitats, and their structure andspecies composition are a cumulative result of biologicaland physical processes (Gates, 1993; Davis, 1981) that arediff icult to measure directly. However, with theestablishment of permanent monitoring plots thebiodiversity resources can be monitored and its variationand function can be determined space-wise in time(Malabrigo ., 2016). For this study, the main objectivewas to establish and maintain permanent biodiversitymonitoring plots (PBMP) within the approved MineralProduction Sharing Agreement (MPSA) area of AgataMining Ventures, Inc. in the province of Agusan del Norte.Specif ically, it aimed to: i) determine the currentcomposition and diversity of trees inside the established

et al.

et al

Woody plant species are key components of the forestecosystem and are responsible for forest architecture andthe overall composition of forest communities. On theestablished permanent biodiversity monitoring plots(PBMP) inside an approved mineral production sharingagreement areas in Agusan del Norte, the species diversityand abundance of trees were assessed wherein a total of 123individuals of 16 families, 28 genera, and 37 species wererecorded. Transect walks were likewise done to list existingflora within MPSA and recorded a total of 251 vascular plantspecies belonging to 80 families and 203 genera. Themineral lands of AMVI hold a tremendous diversity ofspecies to include critically endangered

and , amongothers. During re-assessment, it was observed that most ofthe monitoring plots progressed positively. At present, thebiodiversity of these monitoring plots is under threat due totheanthropogenicand upcoming mining activities.

Diospyrosphilippinensis Camptostemon philippinense

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monitoring plots; ii) gather information on the abundanceand conservation status of the different species insidemonitoring plots; iii) generate a near-comprehensive list oftheexisting floral specieswithin theapproved MPSAarea.

: permanentbiodiversity monitoring plots (PBMP) are thedef ined areasto study various life forms that are geographically locatedand permanently gridded with markers (Malabrigo et al.,2016). The biodiversity resources inside PBMPs weremonitored in place and time to determine variationsstructurally and functionally. The establishment of PBMPswill beverysignif icant for monitoring long-termecologicalresearch on biodiversity-functioning in relation to climatechange and rehabilitation programs of any industry. A totalof twelve (12) plots were established within the approvedMineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA) area ofAgata Mining Ventures, Inc. (AMVI). Four (4) plots werelocated inside the active mining sites while the rest wereoutside but still within the approved MPSA area. Therelative location of the permanent plots was recorded usinga handheld GPS receiver taken on the southern left cornerand plotted inaGoogle Earth (Map).

The sites were selected on the basis of previouslyconducted biodiversity surveys for AMVI. The comparisonof information gathered from different periods can give aclearer picture of the dynamics of the ecosystem in time.The f irst f ieldwork was conducted on June 6-9, 2017 for aseries of activities such as i) the establishment of thePBMPs, ii) the initial assessment of existing flora speciesinside the monitoring plots, and f inally iii) listing of otherflora species outside monitoring plots but within theapproved MPSA area. The second f ieldwork was done onMarch 3-4, 2018 where the primary focus was to revisit andevaluate vegetation change and the diversity of speciesinside PBMPs. All tagged trees were assessed forpresence/absence and other emerging tree species wererecorded and noted.

: the PBMPs were laid out with 20mx 20m dimensions. A GPS receiver was used to determinethe coordinates of the plot using the southern left corner asthe reference point. All plants (trees in particular) insidethe quadrat with DBHH >5 cm were measured andrecorded. A fabricated aluminum tag bearing a numberedspecies code was then pinned on the visible section of thetree for identif icationand monitoring.

Transect walks and walkthroughs were likewise doneto record other vascular plants outside PBMPs but withinthe approved MPSA area to generate a near-comprehensivelisting of vascular species in the mineral areas of AMVI.Vascular plants are such plants that possess specializedconducting tissues, particularly xylem and phloem toinclude all flowering plants and conifers such as trees and

Permanent biodiversity monitoring plots

Vegetation Sampling

Methodology:

other arborescent species, palms, herbaceous plants, vinesto include woody and non-woody, as well as ferns. SpeciesIdentif icationand Nomenclature: identif icationof specieswas done on the f ield with the help of available literature.Some publications referring to the Philippine floraincluded Merrill (1912), Santos et al. (1986), Zamora and Co(1986), Madulid (2002), Primavera (2009) and online planti d e n t i f i c a t i o n w e b s i t e P h y t o I m a g e s

were also utilized to comparephotographed species. Some unfamiliar species wereposted online through a social media group Co’s DigitalFlora of the Philippines (a public group of botanists,foresters, biologists and other plant enthusiasts) toconf irm species identif ication. The scientif icnomenclature and conservation status of species werecrosschecked in the databases of The Plant List(www.theplantlist.org) and The IUCN Redlist ofThreatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org), respectively.

it was encoded on a spreadsheet andanalyzed using thevegetational analysis formulaof density,relative density, frequency, relative frequency, dominance,relative dominance and the species importance value(SIV). The SIV was computed as the sum of the relativefrequency, relative density and relative dominance of aspecies in a community or forest (SIV = RFreq + RDom +RDen). An SIV provides a better index than density aloneregarding the importanceor functionof aspecies in habitatand also gives rank or order for a particular species withinthe community (Odum & Barret, 2005). Ecologicalparameters such as Simpson?s Index of Diversity (1-D),Shannon-Wiener (H?) diversity index, and speciesrichness, on theotherhand, werecomputed using the PASTStatistical Software. Fernando scale was used to know thelevelsof biodiversity.

the general groundformation inside active mining sites ranges from gentlyrolling to undulating to steep slopes alongside highergrounds. Dominant ground vegetation usually composedof dense formations of Bracken ferns (

), Pako ( spp.), Nito (), Cogon grass ( ) and other

associated ground species. The f irst plot (Plot-1) wasestablished on a small valley between two very steep slopesin Python Creek. The valley was made up of loose soilmaterials formed through deposition and sedimentationresulted from land conversion and massive miningoperations on the upper elevations. The area waspredominantly covered by ground vegetations whilst largetrees were also found forming sparse tree patches alonghabitually moist portions of the intermittent creek. Somelarge treesobserved includeAntipolo ( ),Mango ( ), Dita ( ) andNarra ( ). However, the general

(www.phytoimages.siu.edu/)

Data analysis:

General description of the area:

Pteridiumaquilinium Nephrolepis Lygodiumflexuosum Imperata cylindrica

Artocarpus blancoiMangifera indica Alstonia scholarisPterocarpus indicus

Resultsand Discussion:

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Ambient Science (2020) Vol.-07(1): p. 12

vegetation canopy was composed of young growthstypically still under the pole and sapling stage with <30cmdbh and reaching only 6-8 ft in height. Plots-2 & 3 weresimilarlycovered with dense ground vegetation of ferns andassociated species. Plot-2 was located alongcreek alongside the sloping terrain where the company’ssettling pond was constructed. Unlike the f irst plot, only afew tree species were found and mostly were planted forreforestation purposes. Accordingly, Mangium (

) were planted to start initial rehabilitationprograms of the company, however, closer examination ofthe trees shows noticeably inferior growth in height andgirth compared to its age. Plot-3, on the other hand, waspurely dominated by ferns and only a single Kakaag( ) tree was found. The terrain wasrelatively flat and wide. Adjacent to it was active excavationand hauling activities, wherein expansion could possiblyreach theestablished plot location in the nearfuture.

Plot-4 can be described as a secondary growth forestwhere large diameter trees are still found naturally. It islocated along Sua creek and can be considered adequatelystocked and intact by simply looking on its canopy. Severalhardwood species such as Ipil ( ) and Tindalo( ) were encountered along the waytogether with natural fruit-bearing forest trees such asBankoro ( ), Antipolo ( ), andMarangbanguhan ( ) which can be a goodfood sourceof birdsand otherwildlife.

The other eight (8) PBMPs were established along thecoastal zones. These plots were classif ied as secondarygrowth forest however; recent survey revealed that most ofthe areaswere alreadyconverted intoagricultural purposes.Plot-5 located in Barangay Lawigan was cleared forgrowingFalcata ( ) along with Coconut (

). Ground cover is clear and soil was so shallow,looseand rolling.

Plots-6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 12 were similarly utilized ascoconutgrooves. Though several saplings of forest tree species canbe observed along transect walks and walk troughs, theywere intentionally cleared and burnt to favor the growth ofcoconut. Plot-11, on the other hand, is unique among theothercoastal plotsestablished. Itwas located onarockycliffbeside a small waterfall overlooking the seafront ofSitioTagpangahoy. The area was relatively small yet has anumber of different species that have been recorded,mostly fruit-bearing species. species such as Balete( ) and Tangisangbayawak ( ) wereprolif ic food providers for bats, birds and other wildlifespecies.

a total of 37species belonging to 28 generaand 16 familieswere found inthe permanent plots. Of the 37 identif ied species, 34 werefound to be indigenous to the Philippines and of which 9were endemic or exclusively found only in the country.

E.morgado

Acaciamangium

Commersonia bartramia

Intsia bijugaAfzelia rhoimboidea

Morinda citrifolia A.blancoiA.odoratissimus

Falcataria moluccana Cocosnucifera

FicusF.balete F.variegata

Diversity of tree species inside PBMPs:

Three exotic species were also found inside the permanentplots and these were Mangium ( ), Coffe (

), and Falcata ( ). The genera of Ficusand Neonauclea have the most number of species presenteach having twospecies.

The study area was evidenced to fulf ill the compositeShannon Weiner diversity index (H’) of 3.10 which can beconsidered “High” based on the relative diversity scaledeveloped by Fernando (2009). Of all plots, Plot-1 hasthe highest index value of 2.31 followed by Plot 12 with anindex value of 2.21 (Table-1). This can be attributed to thenumber of different species equally present within a plotwith no single species being dominant. Plot-3, on the otherhand, has no diversity value because only one singleindividual was found presenton theplot.

3.10

The mostabundantspecies recorded was Coconutwith24 individuals followed by Falcata with 16. As classif iedbeforehand, mostof the established plotsoutside the activemine sites were located on agriculture converted areaswhere Coconut and Falcatawere primary planted as acommodity.

a total of 123 individuals witha diameter at breast height of 5 cm or more were recordedfrom the 12 permanent plots. This account to a plot densityof 256 stems per hectare or about 10 stems per 20m x 20mplot only. The stocking is considered very low or“understocked” and therefore needs immediate attentionby doing enrichment planting to enhance the number oftreesespeciallyalong waterways.

The forest is generally classif ied as a stand of “smalltrees” with an average diameter of only 16.2±1.5 cm for all

A.mangium Coffeaarabica F.moluccana

et al.

PBMP 1 11 16 0.89 2.31PBMP 2 3 6 0.50 0.87PBMP 3 1 1 0.00 0.00PBMP 4 9 12 0.83 2.02PBMP 5 2 17 0.11 0.22PBMP 6 2 6 0.44 0.64PBMP 7 2 8 0.22 0.38PBMP 8 2 5 0.32 0.50PBMP 9 4 9 0.62 1.15PBMP 10 3 6 0.67 1.10PBMP 11 9 19 0.84 1.98PBMP 12 11 18 0.86 2.21

Cumulative 37 123 0.93

Poles and Saplings <10cm 37Small trees 10cm to <30cm 78Medium-size trees 30cm to <60cm 8Larger trees >60cm 0

Stand and forest structure:

Table-1. Diversity Indices: Shannon's (H') and Simpson's (1-D)Index of diversity

PBMP No./ Species Numberof Simpson’s Shannon’sParameters Richness Individuals Index (1-D) Index (H’)

Table-1: Numberof individualsperdiameterclass inside PBMP’s.

Diameter class Diameter range Number of plants


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trees inside plots. Moreover, there is a big difference in theproportion of the different diameter classes of the trees.More than 63% (78/123) of the individual trees fall underthe category small trees while the medium-size treesaccount for only 6.5% (8/123) with no large trees recordedinside the plots. The rest were classif ied as poles andsamplings at 30.1% (37/123) as shown in Table-2. Thisvariance can be attributed to the relatively young stand asolder trees were cleared out due to mining activities if notconverted into agricultural purposes. Trees with the largestdiameter include

, and mostly found on beach forestpatch in SitioTagpangahoy. A visual representation of thePBMPs was created using Stand Visualization Software(SVS) and image rendering was enhanced by employingvector tree images in the Microsoft PowerPointenvironment (Fig.-1). The generated representations of allplotscan be found inTable-2.

with transect walks andwalkthroughs, a total of 251 vascular plants belonging to203genera and 80families were encountered andidentif ied. Thedominant familieswith the most numberofspecies enumerated were Fabaceae with 26 species,followed by Moraceae (16), Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae(both 13), and Malvaceae (12), while for the genera wereFicus (with 9 species), Artocarpus (6) and Cyperus (5). Thetop ten families with the most number of speciesencountered and identif ied were presented in Fig.-1 whilethe full listof encountered speciescan be found inTable-5.

Based on growth habit, more than 54% of theidentif ied species were classif ied as trees and otherarborescent species, 24% were accounted as herbaceousspecies (annuals and perennials), 9% were shrubs, 5% forvines both woody and non-woody, while palms and palm-like species (4%), as well as ferns and fern allies (4%),compriseonlyasmall portionof theentire floraFig.-1.

F.variegata, A.rhomboidea, Diplodiscuspaniculatus A.blancoi

Floristic diversity of the MPSA:

Table-3: Distributionof speciesasper IUCN ConservationStatus.

IUCN Category Numberof Species Percent

Table-4: Notable changes observed in the monitoring plots

PBMP No. Changesobserved

NotAssessed 199 79%Least Concern 26 10%Vulnerable 12 5%LowerRisk 7 3%Data Def icient 3 1%Endangered 2 1%NearThreatened 2 1%Totals 251 100%

1 Tagged trees were still present; however, the ground elevationwas slightly altered by the accumulation of sediments from therecently constructed roadway in the upper elevation North sideof the plot. Ground vegetations such as Bracken fern and Cogonhavegrowndenserthan thepreviousvisit.

2 Tagged trees were still present and no signif icant change wasobserved except for the rapid growth of Bracken ferns on theground.

3 Theentire plotwasalready mined outand thesolitary tagged treewasalreadygone.

4 About 2 tagged trees were felled and ground vegetations werecleared due to expansion of rubber plantation from the upperelevation.

5 All tagged trees were still present and no signif icant change wasobserved. The ground cover is still open since the area wasutilized forgrowing F. moluccana.

6 All tagged trees were still present and no signif icant change wasobserved except for the continuous growth of ground vegetationsuchasTalahiband Cogon.

7 All tagged trees still present and new emergent species wererecorded such as F. gigantifolia and Musa sppwhich were notfound on the previous visit. The ground vegetation has grownmuch thicker; however, the threat of being cleared is high sincequarrying operation for limestonewasactive in theadjacentarea.

8 All tagged treesstill presentand nosignif icantchangewas noted.Ground was cleared as the previous visit since the area wasutilized forgrowing C. nucifera.

9 Two of the tagged trees were cut, however new trees have grownas coppice. The stand has grown denser and access trails werealreadycovered.

10 Tagged trees were still present and new trees were recorded. Thestand was composed of thick juvenile trees during the previousvisitand nowthe trees havegrown largerthan before.

11 All tagged trees were present and no signif icant change wasobserved. The plot location was hard to accessible thus no sign ofdisturbancewas noted.

12 Three of the tagged trees were cut and 2 coppiced. Stand hasgrown thickerasgroundvegetation becomesdenser.

Ecologically important species: about sixteen (16) speciesrecorded from theareaare listed threatened underthe IUCNRed List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017). Noteworthyamong the list, Kamagong (D ) andGapas-gapas ( ) were thecritically endangered species. Other threatened speciescategorized as “Vulnerable” include Molave (

iospyros philippenensisCamptostemon philippinense

Vitex

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Fabaceae

Moraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Poaceae

Malvaceae

Arecaceae

Apocynaceae

Asteraceae

Lamiaceae

Fabaceae

Moraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Poaceae

Malvaceae

Arecaceae

Apocynaceae

Asteraceae

Lamiaceae

Figure-1: Top ten families with the most number of speciesencountered and identif ied in the MPSA

Figure-2: Percentage distributionof vascular plants foundwithin the MPSA accordingtotheirgrowth habit.

Trees

Shrubs

Fe

rns

Palms

Herbs

Vines


Number of Species

parviflora A.rhomboidea I.bijugaSecurinega flexuosa Diplodis cuspaniculatus

Macaranga bicolor A.blancoi

et al

), Tindalo ( ), Ipil ( ), Anislag( ), Balobo ( ),Hamindang ( ) and Antipolo ( )among others.

Species are classif ied by the IUCN Red List into ninegroups, specif ied through criteria such as rate of decline,population size, area of geographic distribution, and degreeof population and distribution fragmentation. Table-3shows the distribution of identif ied species according toIUCN groups where largely are categorized under “NOTASSESSED” category. Only 6% of the identif ied species(Vulnerableand Endangered) areclassif ied as threatened.

the 12 PBMPs were revisited on March 2018 to reassess theconditions of the stand and the existing flora speciestherein. The tagged treeswerechecked (presence/absence)as well as emerging species were noted on the data tally.Changes in the general form of the stand whether cleared,disturbed or mined out were likewise noted. After a 9-month elapsed period from the f irst survey, itwasobservedthat the majority of the PBMPs experienced signif icantchanges either naturally or artif icially. The following notesillustrate theobserved changeson thestands.

The effort of management on biodiversity has become amajor consideration for resource managers (Burton .,1992) especially in mining industries where subsequentoperations likely cause adverse impacts on the ecosystem.

General observation of PBMPs during reassessment:

Conclusion:

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DOI:10.21276/ambi.2020.07.1.aa01

Figure-3: Observed changes in the PBMPs inside AMVI-MPSA area. A) Emergent speciesin Plot-7; B) Cleared ground vegetation in Plot-4 for Rubber farm expansion; C)

Plot-3 taken June 2017, D) Plot-3 taken March 2018.F.gigantifolia


Biodiversity is necessary to make ecosystem healthy(Naidu, 2016) and which is diff icult to measure directly(Davis, 1981). With the establishment of PBMPs in themineral land of AMVI, biodiversity resources can bemonitored effectively on time. The results of the recentsurveyshowed that the MPSA of AMVI holdsa remarkablediversity of trees and other vascular species in contrast tomostserpentineareas (Weerasinghe ., 2016).

The monitoring plots in coastal areas of MPSA werealready converted into agriculture purposes and thereforeprone to physical and anthropological disturbances,whilst those inside active mining sites were affected bymanagement developmental activities. After a 9-monthelapsed period, most of the plots were noted withsignif icant changes structurally and physically. Thedocumentation of these patterns such as tree diversityandtheir distribution provides a good database, useful formanagement measureson theremaining resources.

et al

The author would like to express gratitude to the managementand staff of Agata Mining Ventures, Inc. for funding and logisticsof thisresearch.

Acknowledgments:


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41 Poaceae Tambo42 Kawayangkilig43 Amorseco44 Tanglad45 Bayog46 Crabgrass47 Cogon48 Rice49 Kulape50 Buntot-pusa51 Sugarcane52 Talahib53 Mais54 Pontederiaceae Waterhyacith55 Solanaceae Talong-talongan56 Sphaenocleaceae Mais-mais57 Zingiberaceae Red ginger58 Spiral ginger59 Torchginger60 Camia

1 Arecaceae Bunga2 Kaong3 spp. Rattan4 Pugahan5 Niog6 Palmera7 Saguisi8 Sago9 Nipa

1 Apocynaceae Pandakaki2 Asclepiadaceae Kapal-kapal3 Euphorbiaceae Malatinta4 Fabaceae Caballero5 Balatongaso6 Payang-payang7 Mani-mani8 Aroma9 Makahiya10 Kudzu11 Walis-walisan12 Malvaceae Gumamela13 Kollo-kollot14 Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea15 Ochnaceae Bird's Eye Bush16 Rubiaceae Santan17 Kahoidalaga18 Solanaceae Sili19 Thymelaeaceae Salagongliitan20 Verbenaceae

Bagauaknapula21 Duranta22 Coronitas

1 Anacardiaceae Balinghasai2 Anitap3 Pahutan4 Mango5 Bino

Arundo donaxBambusa vulgarisChyrosopogon aciculatusCymbopogon citratusDendrocalam usmerrilianusDigitariaciliarisImperata cylindricaOryza sativaPaspalum conjugatumPennisetum polystachyonSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumZea maysEicchomia crassipesSolanum torvum

Sphaenoclea zyelanicaAlpinia zerumbetCostus speciosusEtlingeri aelatiorHedychium coronarium

Areca catechuArenga pinnataCalamusCaryota cumingiiCocos nucifera*Dypsis lutescensHeterospathe elataMetroxylon saguNypa fruticans

Ervatami adivaricataCalotropis giganteaPhyllanthus reticulatusCaesalpinia pulcherrimaCassia occidentalisDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium umbellatumMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaPuerariapha seoloidesSidarhom bifoliaHibiscus rosa-sinensisUrenalobataBougainvillea spectabilisOchnaserrulataIxorachinensisMussaendaphilippicaCapsicum frutescensWikstroemia indicaClerodendrum qudriloculare

Duranta repensLantana camara

Buchanania arborescensBuchanania nitidaMangifera altissimaMangifera indicaRhusta itensis

Palms

Shrubs

Trees and Arborescent species


Table-5: List of encountered vascularspecies in the MPSA of AgataMining Ventures, Inc.

No.Family Name Scientif ic Name Common Name

Ferns and Fern allies

Herbs and other herbaceous species

Adiantum capillus-v

Asplenium nitidumDrynaria quercifoliaStenochlaena palustrisCyathea contaminansCycas rumphiiDicranopteris linearisAcrostichum aureumPteridium aquilinumLygodium flexuosumSelaginel laplana

Pseuderanthemum reticulatum

Cordyline fruticosaCordyline terminalisDracaena fragransDracaena reflexaAmaranthus spinosusAmaranthus viridisCentella asiaticaAlocasia macrorrhizosCaladium bicolorColocasia esculentaCyrtosperma merkusiiDieffenbachia amoenaSyngonium hoffmanniiSansevieriar oxburghianaAgeratum conyzoidesBlumea balsamiferaChromolaena odorataCosmos caudatusEclipta albaGerbera jamesoniiPseudelephantopus spicatusWedelia bifloraImpatiens balsaminaAnanas comosusCleome viscosaCarica papayaCyperus digitatusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus rotundusJatropha curcasManihot esculentaPhyllanthus niruriRicinus communisScaevolat accadaHyptis suaveolensMusa acuminataMusa paradisiacaMusa sapientum

1 Adiantaceae C o m m o nMaidenhair

2 Aspleniaceae Pakpak Lawin3 Kabkab4 Blechnaceae Diliman5 Cyatheaceae Pakongbuwaya6 Pitogo7 Gleicheniaceae Agsam8 Polypodiaceae Lagolo9 Pteridaceae Bracken fern10 Schizaeaceae Nito11 Selaginellaceae Kamariang Gubat

1 AcanthaceaeMoradong Dilaw

2 Agavaceae Bastonni San Jose3 Sagilala4 Fragrantdracaena5 Song of India6 Amaranthaceae Urai7 Urai Lalaki8 Apiaceae Takip Kuhol9 Araceae Biga10 Corazonde Maria11 Gabi12 Palawan13 Bakya14 Goosefoot15 Asparagaceae Buntot ng Tigre16 Asteraceae Bulak-manok17 Sambong18 Hagonoy19 Cosmos20 Tuhod-manok21 Africandaisy22 Malatabako23 Wedelia24 Balsaminaceae Kamantigi25 Bromeliaceae Pinya26 Capparidaceae Apoy-Apoyan27 Caricaceae Papaya28 Balayang29 Umbrellaplant30 Gumi31 Tarugog32 Euphorbiaceae TubangBakod33 Cassava3435 CastorOil Plant36 Goodeniaceae Beachcabbage37 Lamiaceae Suag-kabayo38 Musaceae Sagingmatsing39 Sagingsaba40 Saging

Sampasampalukan

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61 Alagau62 Molave63 Kulipapa64 LagundingDagat65 Lauraceae Marang66 Puso-puso67 Lecythidaceae Himbabalud68 Botong69 Putat70 Loganiaceae BalatBuaya71 Lythraceae Banaba72 Malvaceae Anilao73 Kakaag74 Balobo75 Dungon-late76 Malubago77 Tan-ag78 Kamuling79 Bayok-bayokan80

Bayok81 Cacao82 Meliaceae Bagalunga83 Santol84 LL Mahogany85 Piagau86 Moraceae Antipolo87 Kamansi88 Nangka89 Marang

Banguhan90 Anubing91 Kalulot92 UplingGubat93 Balete94 Basikong95 Kapadak96 Hagimit97 Pakiling98 Niog-niogan99 Hauili100 Tangisang

bayawak101 Kalios102Moringaceae Malunggay103 Myricaceae Hindang104Myrsinaceae Saging-saging105 Tagpo106Myrtaceae Bagras107

Payuspos108 Bayabas109 Red liptree110 Macopa111 spp Sagimsim112

Mangkono113 Olacaceae

Tamayuan114 Oxalidaceae Kamias

Premna odorataVitex parvifloraVitex quinataVitex trifoliaLitse aperrottetiiNeolitse avidaliiBarringtonia acutangulaBarringtonia asiaticaBarringtonia racemosaFagraea racemosaLagerstroemia speciosaColona serratifoliaCommersoni abartramiaDiplodiscus paniculatusHeritiera littoralisHibiscus tiliaciusKleinhovia hospitaMicrocos stylocarpaPterospermum celebicumPterospermum diversifolium

Theobroma cacaoMelia dubiaSandoricum koetjapeSwieteniam acrophyllaXylocarpus moluccensisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpush eterophylla*Artocarpus odoratissimus

Artocarpus ovatusArtocarpus rubroveniusFicusam pelasFicus baleteFicus botryocarpaFicus gigantifoliaFicus minahassaeFicus odorataFicus psuedopalmaFicus septicaFicus variegata

Streblus asperMoringa oleiferaMyrica javanicaAegiceras corniculatumArdisias quamulosaEucalyptus degluptaLeptospermum amboinense

Psidium guajavaSyzygium myrtifolium*Syzygium samarangenseSyzygiumXanthostemon verdugonianus

Strombosia philippinensis

Averrho abilimbi


6 Ligas7 Annonaceae Bolon8 Guyabano9 Anonas10 Ilang-ilang11 Lapnisan12 Apocynaceae Silhigan13 Batino14 Dita15 Baraibai16 Calachuchi17 Bayag-usa18 Araliaceae Malapapaya19 Bixaceae Achuete20 Bombacaceae

Gapas-gapas21 American Kapok22 Boraginaceae Anonang22 Burseraceae Pagsahingin23 Casuarinaceae Agoho24

Agohodel Monte25 Celastraceae Malasangki26 Clusiaceae Bitanghol27 Bitaog28 Salinggogon29 Paguringon30 Gatasan31 Combretaceae Talisai32 Dipterocarpaceae Mindanao

Palosapis33 Ebenaceae Kamagong34 Euphorbiaceae Buta-buta35 Kayong36 Balanti37 TubangMorado38 Hamindang39 Binunga40

Alim41 Anislag42 Fabaceae Auri43 Mangium44 Malatanglin45 Tindalo46 Anagap47 Goldenshower48 Dapdap49 MoloccanSau50 Kakawate51 Ipil52 Ipil-ipil53 Bahai54 Bani55 Narra56 Sampalok57 Flacourtiaceae Talitan58 Hernandiaceae Koron-koron59 Lamiaceae Yemane60 AlagauDagat

Semecarpus cuneiformisAlphonsea arboreaAnnona muricataAnnona reticulataCananga odorataPolyalthia oblongifoliaAlstonia angustilobaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisCerbera manghasPlumeria acuminataVoacanga globosaPolyscias nodosaBixa orellanaCamptostemon philippinense

Ceiba pentandraCordia dichotomaCanarium asperumCasuarina equisetifoliaGymnostoma rumphianum

Euonymus javanicusCalophyllum blancoiCalophyllum inophyllumCratoxylum formosumCratoxylum sumatranumGarcinia venulosaTerminalia catappaAnisoptera mindanensis

Diospyros philippinensisExcoecaria agallochaGlochidionlittoraleHomalanthus populneusJatropha gossypiifoliaMacaranga bicolorMacarangatanariusMelanolepism ultiglandulosa

Securineg aflexuosaAcacia auriculiformisAcacia mangiumAdenantherap avoninaAfzeliarhom boideaArchidendrons cutiferumCassia fistulaErythrina orientalisFalcatariam oluccanaGliricidia sepiumIntsia bijugaLeucaena leucocephalaOrmosiacalavensisPongamiapinnataPterocarpus indicusTamarindus indicaCasearia fuliginosaHernandia ovigeraGmelina arboreaPremnain tegrifolia


AMBIENT APPRAISAL



115 Pandanaceae Pandandagat116 Pittosporaceae Mamalis117 Rhizophoraceae Tangal118 Bakauanlalake119 Rubiaceae Bangkoro120 Bangkal121 Lisak122 Wisak123 Rutaceae Pomelo124 Kalamansi125 Kalomata126 Bugauak127 Kamal

bugtongin128 Santalaceae Tulisan129 Sapindaceae Alahan130 Sapotaceae Kaimito131 Tiesa132 Ulmaceae Anabiong133 Urticaceae Alagasi134 Dalunot

1 Apocynaceae Lobo-lobo2 Convolvulaceae Beach morning

glory3 Camote4 Burakan5 Dioscporeaceae Ubi6 Nami7 Fabaceae

Nipay-nipay8 Centro9 Pukinggan10 Flacourtiaceae Baling-uai11 Pandanaceae Pandan-baging12 Passifloraceae Kurombot13 Piperaceae Buyo

Pandanus tectoriusPittosporum pentandrumCeriop stagalRhizophora mucronataMorinda citrifoliaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartlingiiNeonauclea mediaCitrus grandisCitrus madurensisClausena brevistylaEvodia confusaEvodia monophylla

Exocarpos latifoliusGuioakoel reuteriaChrysophyl lumcainitoPouteria rivicoaTrema orientalisLeucosyke capitellataPipturus arborescens

Dischidia majorIpomoea pes-caprae

Ipomoea batatasMerremiapeltataDioscore aalataDioscore ahispidaCalopogonium mucunoides

Centrosem apubescensClitoriat ernateaFlagellaria indicaFreycinetia maximaPassiflor afoetidaPiper betle

Vines and other scandent species

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