STATE OF FLORIDA, Plaintiff,vs.

GRADY NELSON, Defendant. /

IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE11TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

CRIMINAL DIVISIONCASE NO.: F05-846

JUDGE: COLODNY

MOTION TO DECLARE SECTION 921.141(5)(h), FLA. STAT., UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED

The Defendant, through his undersigned attorney, moves for an order declaring Section

921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, (the AHAC@ factor@) unconstitutional based on violations of

article I, sections 2, 9, 16, 17 and 22 of the Florida Constitution, article II, section 3 of the

Florida Constitution and the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United

States Constitution, based on the following:

1. The Defendant is charged with a Capital Homicide in which the State is seeking the

Death Penalty.

2. Grady Nelson was married to the victim, Angelina Martinez. Grady and Angelina had

one child from their marriage, Grady Jr. Angela Martinez also had two children, “RM” and

“MM”, who were Mr. Nelson’s stepchildren. Both stepchildren are borderline retarded and RM

may be autistic.

3. In early December 2004, Mr. Nelson was charged with the sexual battery of his

stepdaughter Sexual Battery C/N 640940-C. Mr. Nelson was released from the Dade County

Jail, Metro West on January 6, 2005. Mr. Nelson apparently had an on-going dispute with his

wife who had a restraining order and had changed her telephone numbers, as Mr. Nelson was

contacting her from jail.

4. After his release, Mr. Nelson went to his house. He was angry and upset because she had

changed the locks. He also was angry because she had received a letter from the State

Attorney’s Office that made it appear she was cooperating with them. That day he had sexual

relations with both his stepchildren as well as his wife.

1

5. On January 7, 2008, police say Mr. Nelson had sexual relations again with his wife and

stepdaughter, and then killed his wife and stabbed his stepchildren.

6. The Defendant entered a plea of not guilty.

7. Because the statute is unconstitutionally vague as written, Florida juries, trial courts and

the Supreme Court of Florida have applied Section 921.141(5)(h), Fla. Stat., in arbitrary,

capricious, unreasonable, inconsistent and frivolous ways. Use of this statutory aggravating

factor in this manner violates article I, sections 2, 9, 16, 17 and 22 of the Florida Constitution,

article II, section 3 of the Florida Constitution, and the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United Stated Constitution. The evidence needed to support the foregoing

claim exists in the case law documenting use of the HAC factor in Florida. This Court is asked

pursuant to §§ 90.202(2) & (11), Florida Statutes, and is therefore compelled pursuant to §

90.203, Florida Statutes, to take judicial notice of the reported decisions of the Florida courts

which have applied, discussed or analyzed § 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, including but not

limited to the following: Rimmer v. State, 825 So.2d 304 (Fla. 2002); Ocha v. State, 27 FLW

S617 (Fla. 2002); Reaves v. State, 27 FLW S601 (Fla. 2002); Chavez v. State, 27 FLW S517

(Fla. 2002); Cox v. State, 819 So.2d 705 (Fla. 2002); Smithers v. State, 27 FLW S477 (Fla.

2002); Butler v. State, 27 FLW S477 (Fla. 2002); Hurst v. State, 819 So.2d 689 (Fla. 2002);

Gorby v. State, 819 So.2d 664 (Fla. 2002); Schwab v. State, 814 So.2d 402 (Fla. 2002); Gudinas

v. State, 816 So.2d 1095 (Fla. 2002); Morrison v. State, 818 So.2d 432 (Fla. 2002); Carroll v.

State, 815 So.2d 601 (Fla. 2002); Crook v. State, 813 So.2d 68 (Fla. 68 (Fla. 2002); Morris v.

State, 811 So.2d 661 (Fla. 2002); Foster v. State, 810 So.2d 910 (Fla. 2002); Dennis v. State,

817 So.2d 741 (Fla. 2002); Woodel v. State, 804 So.2d 316 (Fla. 2001); Francis v. State, 808

So.2d 110 (Fla. 2001); Hertz v. State, 803 So.2d 629 (Fla. 2001); Looney v. State, 803 So.2d

656 (Fla. 2001); Perry v. State, 801 So.2d 78 (Fla. 2001); Card v. State, 803 So.2d 613 (Fla.

2001); Evans v. State, 800 So.2d 182 (Fla. 2001); Ford v. State, 802 So.2d 1121 (Fla. 2001);

Jeffries v. State, 797 So.2d 573 (Fla. 2001); Slawson v. State, 796 So.2d 491 (Fla. 2001); Cook

v. State, 792 So.2d 1197 (Fla. 2001); Morton v. State, 789 So.2d 324 (Fla. 2001); Happ v.

Moore, 784 So.2d 1091 (Fla. 2001); Porter v. State, 788 So.2d 917 (Fla. 2001); Mills v. Moore,

786 So.2d 532 (Fla. 2001); Rose v. State, 787 So.2d 786 (Fla. 2001); Carpenter v. State, 785

So.2d 1182 (Fla. 2001); Rogers v. State, 783 So.2d 980 (Fla. 2001); Bradley v. State, 787 So.2d

2

732 (Fla. 2001); Singleton v. State, 783 So.2d 970 (Fla. 2001); Beasely v. State, 774 So.2d 649

(Fla. 2000); Booker v. State, 773 So.2d 1079 (Fla. 2000); Keen v. State, 775 So.2d 263 (Fla.

2000); Cherry v. State, 781 So.2d 1040 (Fla. 2000); Sireci v. State, 773 So.2d 34 (Fla. 2000);

Merck v. State, 763 So.2d 295 (Fla. 2000); Thompson v. State, 759 So.2d 650 (Fla. 2000);

Mansfield v. State, 758 So.2d 636 (Fla. 2000); Hitchcock v. State, 755 So.2d 638 (Fla. 2000);

Zack v. State, 753 So.2d 9 (Fla. 2000);Bates v. State, 750 So.2d 6 (Fla. 1999); Nelson v. State,

748 So.2d 237 (Fla. 1999); Thomas v. State, 748 So.2d 970 (Fla. 1999); Bryan v. State, 748

So.2d 1003 (Fla. 1999); Jones v. State, 748 So.2d 1012 (Fla. 1999); Knight v. State, 746 So.2d

423 (Fla. 1998); McDonald v. State, 743 So.2d 501 (Fla. 1999); Shere v. State, 742 So.2d 215

(Fla. 1999); Davis v. State, 742 So.2d 233 (Fla. 1999); Lightbourne v. State, 742 So.2d 238 (Fla.

1999); Larkins v. State, 739 So.2d 90 (Fla. 1999); Gaskin v. State, 737 So.2d 509 (Fla. 1999);

Bolin v. State, 736 So.2d 1160 (Fla. 1999); Hildwin v. State, 727 So.2d 193 (Fla. 1998);

Rutherford v. State, 727 So.2d 216 (Fla. 1998); Cave v. State, 727 So.2d 227 (Fla. 1998); Alston

v. State, 723 So.2d 148 (Fla. 1998); Donaldson v. State, 722 So.2d 177 (Fla. 1998); Brown v.

State, 721 So.2d 274 (Fla. 1998); Knight v. State, 721 So.2d 287 (Fla. 1998); State v. Parker,

721 So.2d 1147 (Fla. 1987); Guzman v. State, 721 So.2d 1155 (Fla. 1998); Ragsdale v. State,

720 So.2d 203 (Fla. 1998); Kokal v. Dugger, 718 So.2d 138 (Fla. 1998); Hawk v. State, 718

So.2d 159 (Fla. 1998); Zakrzewski v. State, 717 So.2d 488 (Fla. 1998); Green v. State, 715

So.2d 940 (Fla. 1998); Buckner v. State, 714 So.2d 384 (Fla. 1998); Mahn v. State, 714 So.2d

391 (Fla. 1998); State v. Matute-Chirinos, 713 So.2d 1998); Mordenti v. State, 711 So.2d 30

(Fla. 1998); Grossman v. Dugger, 708 So.2d 249 (Fla. 1997); Hudson v. State, 708 So.2d 256

(Fla. 1998); Buenoano v. State, 708 So.2d 941 (Fla. 1998); Walker v. State, 707 So.2d 300 (Fla.

1997); Whitfield v. State, 706 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1997); Blanco v. State, 706 So.2d 7 (Fla. 1997);

Gore v. State, 706 So.2d 1328 (Fla. 1997); Elledge v. State, 706 So.2d 1340 (Fla. 1997); Gordon

v. State, 704 So.2d 107 (Fla. 1997); Puccio v. State, 701 So.2d 858 (Fla. 1997); Wainwright v.

State, 704 So.2d 511 (Fla. 1997); Raleigh v. State, 705 So.2d 1324 (Fla. 1997); Davis v. State,

703 So.2d 1055 (Fla. 1997); Pooler v. State, 704 So.2d 1375 (Fla. 1997); Jiminez v. State, 703

So.2d 437 (Fla. 1997); Hamilton v. State, 703 So.2d 1038 (Fla. 1997); Sanchez-Velasco v.

State, 702 So.2d 224 (Fla. 1997); Chandler v. State, 702 So.2d 186 (Fla. 1997); Hoskins v.

State, 702 So.2d 202 (Fla. 1997); Jones v. State, 705 So.2d 1364 (Fla. 1998) Monlyn v. State,

3

705 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1997); Pope v. State, 702 So.2d 221 (Fla. 1997); Shellito v. State, 701 So.2d

837 (Fla. 1997); Hauser v. State, 701 So.2d 329 (Fla. 1997); Cole v. State, 701 So.2d 845 (Fla.

1997); Banks v. State, 700 So.2d 363 (Fla. 1997); Kimbrough v. State, 700 So.2d 634 (Fla.

1997); Sliney v. State, 699 So.2d 662 (Fla. 1997); Robertson v. State, 699 So.2d 1343 (Fla.

1997); Sager v. State, 699 So.2d 619 (Fla. 1997); Voorhees v. State, 699 So.2d 602 (Fla. 1997);

Smith v. State, 699 So.2d 629 (Fla. 1997); Burns v. State, 699 So.2d 646 (Fla. 1997); Davis v.

State, 698 So.2d 1182 (Fla. 1997); Wike v. State, 698 So.2d 817 (Fla. 1997); Lawrence v. State,

698 So.2d 1218 (Fla. 1997); Consalvo v. State, 697 So.2d 805 (Fla. 1996); Sexton v. State, 697

So.2d 833 (Fla. 1997); Willacy v. State, 696 So.2d 693 (Fla. 1997); Damren v. State, 696 So.2d

709 (Fla. 1997); Valentine v. State, 22 FLW S10 (Fla. Dec. 19, 1996); James v. State, 695

So.2d 1229 (Fla. 1997); Lott v. State, 695 So.2d 1239 (Fla. 1997); Gudinas v. State, 693 So.2d

953 (Fla. 1997); Rolling v. State, 695 So.2d 278 (Fla. 1997); Thomas v. State, 693 So.2d 951

(Fla. 1997); Murray v. State, 692 So.2d 157 (Fla. 1997); Breedlove v. State, 692 So.2d 874 (Fla.

1997); Spencer v. State, 691 So.2d 1062 (Fla. 1996); Clark v. State, 690 So.2d 1280 (Fla. 1997);

Medina v. State, 690 So.2d 1241 (Fla. 1996); Henyard v. State, 689 So.2d 239 (Fla. 1996);

James v. State, 695 So.2d 1229 (Fla. 1997); Gudinas v. State, 693 So.2d 953 (Fla. 1997); Reese

v. State, 694 So.2d 678 (Fla. 1997); Alvord v. State, 694 So.2d 704 (Fla. 1997); Jordan v. State,

694 So.2d 708 (Fla. 1997); Trotter v. State, 690 So.2d 1234 (Fla. 1996); Medina v. State, 690

So.2d 1241 (Fla. 1996); Henyard v. State, 689 So.2d 239 (Fla. 1996); Hill v. State, 688 So.2d

901 (Fla. 1996); Branch v. State, 685 So.2d 1250 (Fla. 1996); Cummings-El v. State, 684 So.2d

729 (Fla. 1996); Strausser v. State, 682 So.2d 539 (Fla. 1996); Williamson v. State, 681 So.2d

688 (Fla. 1996); Roberts v. State, 678 So.2d 1232 (Fla. 1996); Geralds v. State, 674 So.2d 96

(Fla. 1996); Wilding v. State, 674 So.2d 114 (Fla. 1996); Hitchcock v. State, 673 So.2d 859 (Fla.

1996); Merck v. State, 664 So.2d 939 (Fla. 1995); Allen v. State, 662 So.2d 323 (Fla. 1995);

Kearse v. State, 662 So.2d 677 (Fla. 1995); Hayes v. State, 660 So.2d 257 (Fla. 1995); Finney v.

State, 660 So.2d 674 (Fla. 1995); Barwick v. State, 660 So.2d 685 (Fla. 1995); Cave v. State,

660 So.2d 705 (Fla. 1995); Dailey v. State, 659 (Fla. 246); Harvey v. Dugger, 656 So.2d 1253

(Fla. 1995); Lockhart v. State, 655 So.2d 69 (Fla. 1995); State v. Breedlove, 655 So.2d 74 (Fla.

1995); Hildwin v. Dugger, 654 So.2d 107 (Fla. 1995); Foster v. State, 654 So.2d 112 (Fla.

1995); Coney v. State, 653 So.2d 1009 (Fla. 1995); Harvey v.Dugger, 650 So.2d 982 (Fla.

4

1995); Whitton v. State, 649 So.2d 861 (Fla. 1994); Fennie v. State, 648 So.2d 95 (Fla. 1994);

Henry v. State, 649 So.2d 1366 (Fla. 1994); Davis v. State, 648 So.2d 107 (Fla. 1994); Heath v.

State, 648 So.2d 660 (Fla. 1994); Jones v. State, 648 So.2d 669 (Fla. 1994); Thompson v. State,

648 So.2d 692 (Fla. 1994); Perez v. State, 648 So.2d 715 (Fla. 1995); Pittman v. State, 646

So.2d 167 (Fla. 1994); Spencer v. State, 645 So.2d 377 (Fla. 1994); Caruso v. State, 645 So.2d

389 (Fla. 1994); Brown v. State, 644 So.2d 52 (Fla. 1994); Garcia v. State, 644 So.2d 59 (Fla.

1994); Suggs v. State, 644 So.2d 64 (Fla. 1994); Dougan v. Singletary, 644 So.2d 484 (Fla.

1994); Castro v. State, 644 So.2d 987 (Fla. 1994); Dillbeck v. State, 643 So.2d 1027 (Fla. 1994);

Parker v. State, 643 So.2d 1032 (Fla. 1994); Esty v. State, 642 So.2d 1074 (Fla. 1994);

Marquard v. State, 641 So.2d 54 (Fla. 1994); Wyatt v. State, 641 So.2d 355 (Fla. 1994);

Cardona v. State, 641 So. 2d 361 (Fla. 1994); Derrick v. State, 641 So.2d 378 (Fla. 1994);

Green v. State, 641 So.2d 391 (Fla. 1994); Wyatt v. State, 641 So.2d 1336 (Fla. 1994); Willacy

v. State, 640 So.2d 1079 (Fla. 1994); Johnston v. Singletary, 640 So.2d 1102 (Fla. 1994);

Reaves v. State, 639 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1994); Eaddy v. State, 638 So.2d 22 (Fla. 1994); Taylor v.

State, 638 So.2d 30 (Fla. 1994); Hendrix v. State, 637 So.2d 916 (Fla. 1994); State v. Salmon,

636 So.2d 16 (Fla. 1994); Street v. State, 636 So.2d 1297 (Fla. 1994); Elam v. State, 636 So.2d

1312 (Fla. 1994); Carroll v. State, 636 So.2d 1316 (Fla. 1994); Colina v. State, 634 So.2d 1077

(Fla. 1994); Christmas v. State, 632 So.2d 1368 (Fla. 1994); Gorby v. State, 630 So.2d 544 (Fla.

1993); Taylor v. State, 630 So.2d 1038 (Fla. 1993); Rivera v. Dugger, 629 So.2d 105 (Fla.

1993); Beltran-Lopez v. State, 626 So.2d 163 (Fla. 1993); Espinosa v. State, 626 So.2d 165 (Fla.

1993); Arbelaez v. State, 626 So.2d 169 (Fla. 1993); Atwater v. State, 626 So.2d 1325 (Fla.

1993); Garcia v. State, 622 So.2d 1325 (Fla. 1993); Farr v. State, 621 So.2d 1368 (Fla. 1993);

Cannady v. State, 620 So.2d 165 (Fla. 1993); McWilliams v. State, 620 So.2d 222 (Fla. 1st DCA

1993); Koon v. Dugger, 619 So.2d 246 (Fla. 1993); Slawson v. State, 619 So.2d 255 (Fla. 1993);

Thompson v. State, 619 So.2d 261 (Fla. 1993); Sochor v. State, 619 So.2d 285 (Fla. 1993);

Ponticelli v. State, 618 So.2d 154 (Fla. 1993); Happ v. State, 618 So.2d 205 (Fla. 1993); Rose v.

State, 617 So.2d 291 (Fla. 1993); DeAngelo v. State, 616 So.2d 440 (Fla. 1993); Gaskin v. State,

615 So.2d 679 (Fla. 1993); Foster v. State, 614 So.2d 455 (Fla. 1992); Hall v. State, 614 So.2d

473 (Fla. 1993); Hitchcock v. State, 614 So.2d 483 (Fla. 1993); Elledge v. State, 613 So.2d 434

(Fla. 1993); Robertson v. State, 611 So.2d 1228 (Fla. 1993); Long v. State, 610 So.2d 1268

5

(Fla. 1992); Rodriguez v. State, 609 So.2d 493 (Fla. 1992); Clark v. State, 609 So.2d 513 (Fla.

1992); Burns v. State, 609 So.2d 600 (Fla. 1992); Phillips v. State, 608 So.2d 778 (Fla. 1992);

Preston v. State, 607 So.2d 404 (Fla. 1992); Mills v. Singletary, 606 So.2d 622 (Fla. 1992);

Power v. State, 605 So.2d 856 (Fla. 1992); Davis v. State, 604 So.2d 794 (Fla. 1992); Marshall

v. State, 604 So.2d 799 (Fla. 1992); Mann v. State, 603 So.2d 1141 (Fla. 1992); Scott v. State,

603 So.2d 1275 (Fla. 1992); Corbett v. State, 602 So.2d 1240 (Fla. 1992); Bryant v. State, 601

So.2d 529 (Fla. 1992); Geralds v. State, 601 So.2d 1157 (Fla. 1992); Jackson v. State, 599 So.2d

103 (Fla. 1992); Martin v. Singletary, 599 So.2d 119 (Fla. 1992); Castro v. State, 597 So.2d 259

(Fla. 1992); Maharaj v. State, 597 So.2d 786 (Fla. 1992)l; Owen v. State, 596 So.2d 985 (Fla.

1992); Happ v. State, 596 So.2d 991 (Fla. 1992); Waterhouse v. State, 596 So.2d 1008 (Fla.

1992); Wike v. State, 596 So.2d 1020 (Fla. 1992); Dailey v. State, 594 So.2d 254 (Fla. 1991);

Watts v. State, 593 So.2d 198 (Fla. 1992); Ponticelli v. State, 593 So.2d 483 (Fla. 1991);

Ferguson v. State, 593 So.2d 508 (Fla. 1992); Gaskin v. State, 591 So.2d 917 (Fla. 1991);

Routly v. State, 590 So.2d 397 (Fla. 1991); Bedford v. State, 589 So.2d 245 (Fla. 1991);

Espinosa v. State, 589 So.2d 887 (Fla. 1991); Maqueira v. State, 588 So.2d 221 (Fla. 1991);

Bowden v. State, 588 So.2d 225 (Fla. 1991); Sireci v. State, 587 So.2d 450 (Fla. 1991); Davis v.

State, 586 So.2d 1038 (Fla. 1991); Wright v State, 586 So.2d 1024 (Fla. 1991); Craig v. State,

585 So.2d 278 (Fla. 1991); Omelus v. State, 584 So.2d 563 (Fla. 1991); Christopher v. State,

583 So.2d 642 (Fla. 1991); Green v. State, 583 So.2d 647 (Fla. 1991); Capeheart v. State, 583

So.2d 1009 (Fla. 1991); Beltran-Lopez v. State, 583 So.2d 1030 (Fla. 1991); Gilliam v. State,

582 So.2d 610 (Fla. 1991); McCrae v. State, 582 So.2d 613 (Fla. 1991); Derrick v. State, 581

So.2d 31 (Fla. 1991); Scott v. State, 581 So.2d 887 (Fla. 1991); Zeigler v. State, 580 So.2d 127

(Fla. 1991); Sochor v. State, 580 So.2d 595 (Fla. 1991); McKinney v. State, 579 So.2d 80 (Fla.

1991); Shere v. State, 579 So.2d 86 (Fla. 1991); Hitchcock v. State, 578 So.2d 685 (Fla. 1991);

Engle v. Dugger, 576 So.2d 696 (Fla. 1991); Meeks v. Dugger, 576 So.2d 713 (Fla. 1991);

Douglas v. State, 575 So.2d 165 (Fla. 1991); Hegwood v. State, 575 So.2d 170 (Fla. 1991);

Bruno v. State, 574 So.2d 76 (Fla. 1991); Robinson v. State, 574 So.2d 108 (Fla. 1991); Nibert

v. State, 574 So.2d 1059 (Fla. 1990); Kight v. Dugger, 574 So.2d 1066 (Fla. 1990); Downs v.

State, 574 So.2d 1095 (Fla. 1991); Holton v. State, 573 So.2d 284 (Fla. 1990); Nixon v. State,

572 So.2d 1336 (Fla. 1990); Sanchez-Velasco v. State, 570 So.2d 908 (Fla. 1990); Buford v.

6

State, 570 So.2d 923 (Fla. 1990); Colina v. State, 570 So.2d 929 (Fla. 1990); Farinas v. State,

569 So.2d 425 (Fla. 1990); Floyd v. State, 569 So.2d 1225 (Fla. 19909); Jones v. State, 569

So.2d 1234 (Fla. 1990); Hall v. State, 568 So.2d 882 (Fla. 1990); Duckett v. State, 568 So.2d

891 (Fla. 1990); Smith v. State, 568 So.2d 965 (Fla. 1990); Roberts v. State, 568 So.2d 1255

(Fla. 1990); Preston v. State, 564 So.2d 120 (Fla. 1990); Porter v. State, 564 So.2d 1060 (Fla.

1990); Freeman v. State, 563 So.2d 73 (Fla. 1990); Randolph v. State, 562 So.2d 331 (Fla.

1990); Rivera v. State, 561 So.2d 536 (Fla. 1990); Blakely v. State, 561 So.2d 560 (Fla. 1990);

Reed v. State, 560 So.2d 203 (Fla. 1990); Hallman v. State, 560 So.2d 223 (Fla. 1990);

Buenoano v. Dugger, 559 So.2d 1116 (Fla. 1990) ; Correll v. Dugger, 558 So.2d 422 (Fla.

1990); Duest v. Dugger, 555 So.2d 849 (Fla. 1990); Thompson v. State, 553 So.2d 153 (Fla.

1989); Stevens v. State, 552 So.2d 1082 (Fla. 1989); Hill v. State, 549 So.2d 179 (Fla. 1989);

Lightbourne v. Dugger, 549 So.2d 1364 (Fla. 1989); Tompkins v. Dugger, 549 So.2d 1370 (Fla.

1989); Castro v. State, 547 So.2d 111 (Fla. 1989); Walton v. State, 547 So.2d 622 (Fla. 1989);

Cochran v. State, 547 So.2d 928 (Fla. 1989); Rhodes v. State, 547 So.2d 1201 (Fla. 1989);

Smalley v. State, 546 So.2d 720 (Fla. 1989); Mendyk v. State, 545 So.2d 846 (Fla. 1989);

Rutherford v. State, 545 So.2d 853 (Fla. 1989); Dudley v. State, 545 So.2d 857 (Fla. 1989);

Rivera v. State, 545 So.2d 864 (Fla. 1989); Cherry v. State, 544 So.2d 184 (Fla. 1989); Ramirez

v. State, 542 So.2d 352 (Fla. 1989); Cook v. State, 542 So.2d 964 (Fla. 1989); Alvord v. Dugger,

541 So.2d 598 (Fla. 1989); Bertolotti v. State, 534 So.2d 386 (Fla. 1988); Lambrix v. State, 534

So.2d 1151 (Fla. 1988); Swafford v. State, 533 So.2d 270 (Fla. 1988); Daughtery v. State, 533

So.2d 287 (Fla. 1988); Bryan v. State, 533 So.2d 744 (Fla. 1988); Scull v. State, 533 So.2d 1137

(Fla. 1988); Hildwin v. State, 531 So.2d 124 (Fla. 1988); Pridgen v. State, 531 So.2d 951 (Fla.

1988); Amoros v. State, 531 So.2d 1256 (Fla. 1988); Turner v. State, 530 So.2d 45 (Fla. 1988);

Cave v. State, 529 So.2d 293 (Fla. 1988); Harvey v. State, 529 So.2d 1083 (Fla. 1988); Garron

v. State, 528 So.2d 353 (Fla. 1988); Harris v. State, 528 So.2d 361 (Fla. 1988); Mitchell v. State,

527 So.2d 179 (Fla. 1988); Buenoano v. State, 527 So.2d 194 (Fla. 1988); Brown v. State, 526

So.2d 903 (Fla. 1988); Grossman v. State, 525 So.2d 833 (Fla. 1988); Lloyd v. State, 524 So.2d

396 (Fla. 1988); Tillman v. State, 522 So.2d 14 (Fla. 1988); Holsworth v. State, 522 So.2d 348

(Fla. 1988); Jackson v. State, 522 So.2d 802 (Fla. 1988); Perry v. State, 522 So.2d 817 (Fla.

1988); Darden v. State, 521 So.2d 1103 (Fla. 1988); Robinson v. State, 520 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1988);

7

Booker v. Dugger, 520 So.2d 246 (Fla. 1988); DuBoise v. State, 520 So.2d 260 (Fla. 1988);

Smith v. State, 515 So.2d 182 (Fla. 1987); Phillips v. Dugger, 515 So.2d 227 (Fla. 1987); v.

DeLap v. Dugger, 513 So.2d 659 (Fla. 1987); Koon v. State, 513 So.2d 1253 (Fla. 1987);

Patterson v. State, 513 So.2d 1257 (Fla. 1987); Jennings v. State, 512 So.2d 169 (Fla. 1987);

Kight v. State, 512 So.2d 922 (Fla. 1987); Craig v. State, 510 So.2d 857 (Fla. 1987); Engle v.

State, 510 So.2d 881 (Fla. 1987); Roberts v. State, 510 So.2d 885 (Fla. 1987); Nibert v. State,

508 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1987); Bates v. State, 506 So.2d 1033 (Fla. 1987); Muehlman v. State, 503

So.2d 310 (Fla. 1987); Jackson v. State, 502 So.2d 409 (Fla. 1986); Tompkins v. State, 502

So.2d 415 (Fla. 1986); Jackson v. State, 498 So.2d 906 (Fla. 1986); Melendez v. State, 498

So.2d 1258 (Fla. 1986); Johnston v. State, 497 So.2d 863 (Fla. 1986); Atkins v. State, 497 So.2d

1200 (Fla. 1986); Floyd v. State, 497 So.2d 1211 (Fla. 1986); Way v. State, 496 So.2d 126 (Fla.

1986); Pope v. Wainwright, 496 So.2d 798 (Fla. 1986); Irizarry v. State, 496 So.2d 822 (Fla.

1986); Huff v. State, 495 So.2d 145 (Fla. 1986); Scott v. State, 494 So.2d 1134 (Fla. 1986);

Lambrix v. State, 494 So.2d 1143 (Fla. 1986); Wilson v. State, 493 So.2d 1019 (Fla. 1986);

Garcia v. State, 492 So.2d 360 (Fla. 1986); Cooper v. State, 492 So.2d 1059 (Fla. 1986); Kokal

v. State, 492 So.2d 1317 (Fla. 1986); Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So.2d 927 (Fla. 1986);

Amazon v. State, 487 So.2d 8 (Fla. 1986); Byrd v. State, 481 So.2d 468 (Fla. 1985); Deaton v.

State, 480 So.2d 1279 (Fla. 1985); Bertolotti v. State, 476 So.2d 130 (Fla. 1985); Mills v. State,

476 So.2d 172 (Fla. 1985); Cave v. State, 476 So.2d 180 (Fla. 1985); Phillips v. State, 476 So.2d

194 (Fla. 1985); Hooper v. State, 476 So.2d 1253 (Fla. 1985); Roman v. State, 475 So.2d 1228

(Fla. 1985); Valle v. State, 474 So.2d 796 (Fla. 1985); Ross v. State, 474 So.2d 1170 (Fla. 1985);

Hoffman v. State, 474 So.2d 1178 (Fla. 1985); Trawick v. State, 473 So.2d 1235 (Fla. 1985);

Brown v. State, 473 So.2d 1260 (Fla. 1985); Wright v. State, 473 So.2d 1277 (Fla. 1985); Bundy

v. State, 471 So.2d 9 (Fla. 1985); Barclay v. State, 470 So.2d 691 (Fla. 1985); Bates v. State,

465 So.2d 490 (Fla. 1985); Johnson v. State, 465 So.2d 499 (Fla. 1985); Randolph v. State, 463

So.2d 186 (Fla. 1984); Henderson v. State, 463 So.2d 196 (Fla. 1985); Troedel v. State, 462

So.2d 392 (Fla. 1984); Duest v. State, 462 So.2d 446 (Fla. 1985); Mills v. State, 462 So.2d 1075

(Fla. 1985); Doyle v. State, 460 So.2d 353 (Fla. 1984); Groover v. State, 458 So.2d 226 (Fla.

1984); Parker v. State, 458 So.2d 750 (Fla. 1984); Eutzy v. State, 458 So.2d 755 (Fla. 1984);

Copeland v. State, 457 So.2d 1012 (Fla. 1984); Thomas v. State, 456 So.2d 454 (Fla. 1984);

8

Lemon v. State, 456 So.2d 885 (Fla. 1984); Bundy v. State, 455 So.2d 330 (Fla. 1984); Kennedy

v. State, 455 So.2d 351 (Fla. 1984); Gorham v. State, 454 So.2d 556 (Fla. 1984); Card v. State,

453 So.2d 17 (Fla. 1984); Mann v. State, 453 So.2d 784 (Fla. 1984); James v. State, 453 So.2d

786 (Fla. 1984); Blanco v. State, 452 So.2d 520 (Fla. 1984); Jackson v. State, 451 So.2d 458

(Fla. 1984); Squires v. State, 450 So.2d 208 (Fla. 1984); Bassett v. State, 449 So.2d 803 (Fla.

1984); Funchess v. State, 449 So.2d 1283 (Fla. 1984); Oats v. State, 446 So.2d 90 (Fla. 1984);

Lusk v. State, 446 So.2d 1038 (Fla. 1984); Rembert v. State, 445 So.2d 337 (Fla. 1984); Sims v.

State, 444 So.2d 922 (Fla. 1983); Preston v. State, 444 So2d 939 (Fla. 1984); Bottoson v. State,

443 So.2d 962 (Fla. 1983); Maxwell v. State, 443 So.2d 967 (Fla. 1983); Clark v. State, 443

So.2d 973 (Fla. 1983); Booker v. State, 441 So.2d 148 (Fla. 1983); Pope v. State, 441 So.2d

1073 (Fla. 1983); Livingston v. State, 441 So.2d 1083 (Fla. 1983); Routly v. State, 440 So.2d

1257 (Fla. 1983); Teffeteller v. State, 439 So.2d 840 (Fla. 1983); Herzog v. State, 439 So.2d

1372 (Fla. 1983); Mason v. State, 438 So.2d 374 (Fla. 1983); Lightbourne v. State, 438 So.2d

380 (Fla. 1983); Harris v. State, 438 So.2d 787 (Fla. 1983); Engle v. State, 438 So.2d 803 (Fla.

1983); Harich v. State, 437 So.2d 1082 (Fla. 1983); Arango v. State, 437 So.2d 1099 (Fla.

1983); Hawkins v. State, 436 So.2d 44 (Fla. 1983); King v. State, 436 So.2d 50 (Fla. 1983);

Wilson v. State, 436 So.2d 908 (Fla. 1983); Porter v. State, 429 So.2d 293 (Fla. 1983);

Waterhouse v. State, 429 So.2d 301 (Fla. 1983); O'Callaghan v. State, 429 So.2d 691 (Fla.

1983); Magill v. State, 428 So.2d 649 (Fla. 1983); Middleton v. State, 426 So.2d 548 (Fla.

1982); Smith v. State, 424 So.2d 726 (Fla. 1982); Francois v. State, 423 So.2d 357 (Fla. 1982);

Hill v. State, 422 So.2d 816 (Fla. 1982); Bolender v. State, 422 So.2d 833 (Fla. 1982); Thomas

v. State, 421 So.2d 160 (Fla. 1982); Raulerson v. State, 420 So.2d 567 (Fla. 1982); Mann v.

State, 420 So.2d 578 (Fla. 1982); Martin v. State, 420 So.2d 583 (Fla. 1982); Simmons v. State,

419 So.2d 316 (Fla. 1982); Stevens v. State, 419 So.2d 1058 (Fla. 1982); Coler v. State, 418

So.2d 238 (Fla. 1982); Moody v. State, 418 So.2d 989 (Fla. 1982); Gilvin v. State, 418 So.2d

996 (Fla. 1982); Lucas v. State, 417 So.2d 250 (Fla. 1982); Ferguson v. State, 417 So.2d 631

(Fla. 1982); Ferguson v. State, 417 So.2d 639 (Fla. 1982); McCray v. State, 416 So.2d 804 (Fla.

1982); Morgan v. State, 415 So.2d 6 (Fla. 1982); Griffin v. State, 414 So.2d 1025 (Fla. 1982);

Harvard v. State, 414 So.2d 1032 (Fla. 1982); Hitchcock v. State, 413 So.2d 741 (Fla. 1982);

Steinhorst v. State, 412 So.2d 332 (Fla. 1982); Adams v. State, 412 So.2d 850 (Fla. 1982);

9

Jones v. State, 411 So.2d 165 (Fla. 1982); Arango v. State, 411 So.2d 172 (Fla. 1982); Vaught

v. State, 410 So.2d 147 (Fla. 1982); Dobbert v. State, 409 So.2d 1053 (Fla. 1982); Elledge v.

State, 408 So.2d 1021 (Fla. 1981); Jent v. State, 408 So.2d 1024 (Fla. 1981); Francois v. State,

407 So.2d 885 (Fla. 1981); Smith v. State, 407 So.2d 894 (Fla. 1981); White v. State, 403 So.2d

331 (Fla. 1981); Odom v. State, 403 So.2d 936 (Fla. 1981); Buford v. State, 403 So.2d 943 (Fla.

1981); Hall v. State, 403 So.2d 1321 (Fla. 1981); Zeigler v. State, 402 So.2d 365 (Fla. 1981);

Welty v. State, 402 So.2d 1159 (Fla. 1981); Armstrong v. State, 399 So.2d 953 (Fla. 1981);

Sireci v. State, 399 So.2d 964 (Fla. 1981); Maggard v. State, 399 So.2d 973 (Fla. 1981);

Enmund v. State, 399 So.2d 1362 (Fla. 1981); Lewis v. State, 398 So.2d 432 (Fla. 1981); Ruffin

v. State, 397 So.2d 277 (Fla. 1981); Palmes v. State, 397 So.2d 648 (Fla. 1981); Straight v.

State, 397 So.2d 903 (Fla. 1981); Booker v. State, 397 So.2d 910 (Fla. 1981); Jacobs v. State,

396 So.2d 1113 (Fla. 1981); Peek v. State, 395 So.2d 492 (Fla. 1980); Demps v. State, 395 So.2d

501 (Fla. 1981); McCrae v. State, 395 So.2d 1145 (Fla. 1980); Spaziano v. State, 393 So.2d

1119 (Fla. 1981); King v. State, 390 So.2d 315 (Fla. 1980); Mines v. State, 390 So.2d 332 (Fla.

1980); Phippen v. State, 389 So.2d 991 (Fla. 1980); Gafford v. State, 387 So.2d 333 (Fla.

1980); Williams v. State, 386 So.2d 538 (Fla. 1980); Downs v. State, 386 So.2d 788 (Fla. 1980);

Ross v. State, 386 So.2d 1191 (Fla. 1980); Neary v. State, 384 So.2d 881 (Fla. 1980); Antone v.

State, 382 So.2d 1205 (Fla. 1980); Hall v. State, 381 So.2d 683 (Fla. 1980); Brown v. State, 381

So.2d 690 (Fla. 1980); Clark v. State, 379 So.2d 97 (Fla. 1979); Stone v. State, 378 So.2d 765

(Fla. 1979); Lewis v. State, 377 So.2d 640 (Fla. 1979); Lucas v. State, 376 So.2d 1149 (Fla.

1979); Dobbert v. State, 375 So.2d 1069 (Fla. 1979); Ford v. State, 374 So.2d 496 (Fla. 1979);

Thomas v. State, 374 So.2d 508 (Fla. 1979); Fleming v. State, 374 So.2d 954 (Fla. 1979);

Rutledge v. State, 374 So.2d 975 (Fla. 1979); Miller v. State, 373 So.2d 882 (Fla. 1979);

Spenkelink v. State, 372 So.2d 65 (Fla. 1979); Kampff v. State, 371 So.2d 1007 (Fla. 1979);

Foster v. State, 369 So.2d 928 (Fla. 1979); Menendez v. State, 368 So.2d 1278 (Fla. 1979);

Brown v. State, 367 So.2d 616 (Fla. 1979); Hargrave v. State, 366 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1978); Riley v.

State, 366 So.2d 19 (Fla. 1978); Shue v. State, 366 So.2d 387 (Fla. 1978); Salvatore v. State,

366 So.2d 745 (Fla. 1978); Jackson v. State, 366 So.2d 752 (Fla. 1978); LeDuc v. State, 365

So.2d 149 (Fla. 1978); Washington v. State, 362 So.2d 658 (Fla. 1978); Raulerson v. State, 358

So.2d 826 (Fla. 1978); Hoy v. State, 353 So.2d 826 (Fla. 1977); Gibson v. State, 351 So.2d 948

10

(Fla. 1977); Elledge v. State, 346 So.2d 998 (Fla. 1977); Purdy v. State, 343 So.2d 4 (Fla. 1977);

Burch v. State, 343 So.2d 831 (Fla. 1977); Adams v. State, 341 So.2d 765 (Fla. 1976);

Chambers v. State, 339 So.2d 204 (Fla. 1976); Knight v. State, 338 So.2d 201 (Fla. 1976);

Cooper v. State, 336 So.2d 1133 (Fla. 1976); Douglas v. State, 328 So.2d 18 (Fla. 1976);

Dobbert v. State, 328 So.2d 433 (Fla. 1976); Halliwell v. State, 323 So.2d 557 (Fla. 1975); Swan

v. State, 322 So.2d 485 (Fla. 1975); Alvord v. State, 322 So.2d 533 (Fla. 1975); Tedder v. State,

322 So.2d 908 (Fla. 1975); Slater v. State, 316 So.2d 539 (Fla. 1975); Proffitt v. State, 315

So.2d 461 (Fla. 1975); Spinkellink v. State, 313 So.2d 666 (Fla. 1975); Gardner v. State, 313

So.2d 675 (Fla. 1975); Alford v. State, 307 So.2d 433 (Fla. 1975); Hallman v. State, 305 So.2d

180 (Fla. 1974); State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1973).

Memorandum of Law and Argument

AArbitrary@ is defined as Adepending on choice or discretion: determined by decision

of a judge or tribunal rather than defined by statute.@ Webster = s Third New International

Dictionary (1981). ACapricious@ is defined as Amarked or guided by caprice: given to changes

of interest or attitude according to whims or passing fancies: not guided by steady judgment,

intent or purpose.@ Websters Third New International Dictionary (1981). Terms identical to

those in § 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, were found to be unconstitutionally vague in 1988 by

the United States Supreme Court when Oklahoma=s HAC factor was rejected:

First, the language of the Oklahoma aggravating circumstance at issue -- Aespecially heinous, atrocious or cruel@ -- gave no more guidance than the Aoutrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman@ language that the jury returned in its verdict in Godfrey. The State=s contention that the addition of the word Aespecially@ somehow guides the jury=s discretion, even if the term Aheinous@ does not, is untenable. To say that something is Aespecially heinous@ merely suggests that the individual jurors should determine that the murder is more than just Aheinous,@ whatever that means, and an ordinary person could honestly believe that every unjustifiable, intentional taking of human life is Aespecially heinous.@

Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 364, 108 S.Ct. 1853, 1859, 100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988). Florida=s statute is

identical to Oklahoma=s, and it is therefore facially unconstitutional as written.

The Florida Supreme Court sidestepped the Aunconstitutional as written@ issue in Smalley v. State,

11

546 So.2d 720 (Fla. 1989) by holding that application, during direct appeal, of its own limiting construction

announced in State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1, 9 (Fla. 1973), somehow cures the vagueness:

. . . there are substantial differences between Florida's capital sentencing scheme and Oklahoma's. In Oklahoma the jury is the sentencer, while in Florida the jury gives an advisory opinion to the trial judge, who then passes sentence. The trial judge must make findings that support the determination of all aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Thus, it is possible to discern upon what facts the sentencer relied in deciding that a certain killing was heinous, atrocious, or cruel.

This Court has narrowly construed the phrase Aespecially heinous, atrocious, or cruel@ so that it has a more precise meaning than the same phrase has in Oklahoma... It was because of this narrowing construction that the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the aggravating circumstance of heinous, atrocious, or cruel against a specific Eighth Amendment vagueness challenge in Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 96 S.Ct. 2960, 49 L.Ed.2d 913 (1976). Indeed, this Court has continued to limit the finding of heinous, atrocious, or cruel to those conscienceless or pitiless crimes which are unnecessarily torturous to the victim.

546 So.2d at 722.

To the extent that the United States Supreme Court once Aupheld@ Florida=s death penalty

Aagainst a specific Eighth Amendment challenge,@ the Court had likewise previously upheld

Georgia=s death penalty statute. See Gregg v. Georgia,428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2903, 49 L.Ed.2d 859

(1976), only to declare its Aoutrageously vile@ aggravating circumstance unconstitutional when that

issue was squarely framed and presented. Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 64

L.Ed.2d 358 (1980).

In Proffitt, the United States Supreme Court noted that the death penalty had been

overturned in 1/3 of the cases reviewed by the Court and that there was no indication that the

Florida Supreme Court would and could not fulfill its promise of Aconsistent application@ of

the statutory aggravating circumstances made in State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1, 9 (Fla. 1973), cert.

denied, 416 U.S. 943 (1973). In Dixon, the Florida Supreme Court established its own working

definition of the unconstitutionally vague terms contained in Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida

12

Statutes (1973), as follows:

The crime for which the defendant is to be sentenced was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. Heinous means extremely wicked or shockingly evil. Atrocious means outrageously wicked and vile. Cruel means that designed to inflict a high degree of pain with utter indifference to, or even enjoyment of the suffering of others. The kind of crime intended to be included as heinous, atrocious, or cruel is one that is accompanied by additional acts that show that the crime was conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim.

In conducting approximately 30 years of appellate review of death sentences since Dixon, this

standard has proved to be unconstitutionally vague and malleable. In that regard, the now

standard jury instruction that states the same Alimiting construction@ is likewise

unconstitutionally vague.

The supplemental definitions authored by the Florida Supreme Court violate the

separation of powers doctrine. Imposition of the death penalty contrary to the provision in the

state constitution establishing the separation of powers doctrine denies Due Process and thus

violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution:

The Court has held that the doctrine of separation of powers embodied in the Federal Constitution is not mandatory on the States. (Citations omitted). It is possible, therefore, that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not, through the Fourteenth Amendment, circumscribe the penal authority of state courts in the same manner that it limits the power of federal courts. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, however, would presumably prohibit state courts from depriving persons of liberty or property as punishment for criminal conduct except to the extent authorized by state law.

Whalen v. United States, 445 U.S. 684, 689, 100 S.Ct. 1432, 1436, 63 L.Ed.2d 315 fn. 4 (1980)

(emphasis added). The judicial constructions of the aggravating circumstances otherwise allow

vague, capricious and wholly inconsistent application of the death penalty because they are as

vague and unconstitutional as are the bare terms of the statute condemned in Maynard, supra,

and Espinosa v. Florida, 505 U.S. 1079 (1992). For example, in Raulerson v. State, 358 So.2d

826 (Fla. 1978), the Florida Supreme Court approved the trial court's application of the HAC

factor. After re-sentencing was ordered by the Middle District of Florida, Raulerson v.

13

Wainwright, 408 F.Supp. 381 (M.D. Fla. 1980), the HAC factor was again used by the trial

judge - the same facts were present and the Florida Supreme Court had already approved it based

on those facts. However, in the next appeal, the HAC factor was rejected by the Florida

Supreme Court. The Court explained, AWe have held that killings similar to this one were not

heinous, atrocious, and cruel.@ Raulerson v. State, 420 So.2d 567, 571 (Fla. 1982).

Use of the HAC factor varies arbitrarily because the standard used to apply the factor

changes even though the statutory language has never been modified. For instance, in Hitchcock

v. State, 578 So.2d 685 (Fla. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 912, 112 S.Ct. 311, 116 L.Ed.2d 254

(1991), the Florida Supreme Court explained that the focus for use of this factor is on the

victim=s perception of the circumstances and not on the perpetrator=s perception of the

circumstances:

That Hitchcock might not have meant the killing to be unnecessarily torturous does not mean that it actually was not unnecessarily torturous and, therefore, not heinous, atrocious or cruel. This aggravator pertains more to the victim=s perception of the circumstances than to the perpetrator=s. See, Stano v. State, 460 So.2d 890 (Fla. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1111, 105 S.Ct. 2347, 85 L.Ed.2d 863 (1985).

Hitchcock, 578 So.2d at 692. Thus, the victim=s perception controls. Sometimes.

In Omelus v. State, 584 So.2d 563, 566 (Fla. 1991), the Supreme Court of Florida applied

a different standard and held that the vicious, prolonged knifing and beating of a victim and the

victim=s perception of what occurred was not relevant. The torturous murder in Omelus did not

support the HAC factor because the defendant did not intend that the victim suffer. Similarly, in

Teffeteller v. State, 439 So.2d 840, 847 (Fla. 1983), the Florida Supreme Court rejected

application of this factor where a victim languished for hours in terrible pain after being shot

with a shotgun. The Florida Supreme Court explained, AThe fact that the victim lived for a

couple of hours in undoubted pain and knew that he was facing imminent death, horrible as this

14

prospect may have been, does not set this senseless murder apart from the norm.@ The

rejection of this factor was based solely on the conclusion that neither Omelus nor Teffeteller

intended that a torturous murder occur. In (John) Mills v. State, 462 So.2d 1075, 1081 (Fla.

1985), the Court upheld use of this factor where the trial court=s Afindings of fact set out the

proof necessary to establish the victim's mental anguish for the aggravating circumstance of

heinous, atrocious, or cruel[.]@ In (Gregory) Mills v. State, 476 So.2d 172, 178 (Fla. 1985),

decided the same year as the other Mills decision, the Court rejected the factor and explained,

AWhether the death is immediate or whether the victim lingers and suffers is pure fortuity. The

intent and method employed by the wrongdoers is what needs to be examined.@ (emphasis

added).

In Francois v. State, 407 So.2d 889 (Fla. 1981), where death was instantaneously caused

by a shotgun blast to the head, the Court approved use of the factor and held Athat the finding

can be sustained on the basis of the mental anguish inflicted on the victims as they waited for

their >executions= to be carried out.@ But in Porter v. State, 564 So.2d 1060, 1063 (Fla. 1990)

the factor was rejected because the crime Awas not meant to be deliberately and extraordinarily

painful.@ See Donaldson v. State, 722 So.2d 177, 186-187 (Fla. 1998) (AWe have rejected

application of the HAC aggravator when the evidence indicated that the defendant had not

intended to cause the victim any prolonged suffering and, in fact, had assured the victims they

would not be killed.@). In Amoros v. State, 531 So.2d 1256, 1260 (Fla. 1988), this factor was

rejected because the defendant did not intend to cause the mental anguish suffered by the victim,

who was shot three times after making Aa futile attempt to save his life by running to the rear of

the apartment, only to find himself trapped at the back door.@ These results are patently at odds

with each other. They are arbitrary. The results are arbitrary because the Dixon definitions are

15

vague, as malleable and elusive as are the bare statutory terms Aheinous, atrocious or cruel.@

In short, arbitrary results are occurring.

The concluding portion of the Dixon standard states, AThe kind of crime intended to be

included as heinous, atrocious, or cruel is one that is accompanied by additional acts that show

that the crime was conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim.@

The Aaccompanied by additional acts@ language is a nebulous catch-all that permits

unconstitutional considerations to invade the sentencing equation. It has been widely used to

justify use of this factor, even where the additional acts have nothing to do with showing that

Athe crime was conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim.@

The instruction that, in deciding the appropriate sentence, the jury and sentencer may

consider whether the murder is Aaccompanied by additional acts that show that the crime was

conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim@ further injects

arbitrariness and indefiniteness into the sentencing determination. This is so because the

Aadditional acts@ language encompasses virtually everything and anything that subjectively

makes a death sentence more heinous, atrocious or cruel to anyone, based on characteristics of

ether the defendant, the victim or both. Those nebulous considerations include bias, race, gender

and/or nationality. Virtually anything can be, and often is, an Aadditional@ act to be

considered.

For instance, where (geographically) a person is killed is irrelevant to whether the killing

itself was Aconscienceless, pitiless or unnecessarily torturous to the victim.@ Apparently for

that reason, the Supreme Court of Florida expressly disapproved use of this factor when it was

based on the fact that a victim was at home when killed. Simmons v. State, 419 So.2d 316, 319

(Fla. 1982) (AThe finding that the victim was murdered in his own home offers no support for

16

the finding.@). Two years later, in Troedel v. State, 462 So.2d 392, 398 (Fla. 1984), the Court

wrote, Athe fact that the victims were killed in their home sets the crime apart from the norm.@

See Perry v. State, 522 So.2d 817, 821 (Fla. 1988) (AWe note also that this vicious attack was

within the supposed safety of Mrs. Miller=s own home, a factor we have previously held adds to

the atrocity of the crime.@). This inexplicable vacillation is an arbitrary result made possible

by loose definition of what is meant by a murder Aaccompanied by additional acts that show that

the crime was conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim.@

Succinctly stated, in one case the court says that being killed in one=s own home is an additional

act showing that the crime was conscienceless or pitiless and unnecessarily torturous to the

victim - in another case being killed in one=s own home is not an aggravating consideration.

Under the standard of the Supreme Court of Florida, this factor can be found whenever a person

is home when killed.

But the Court does not consistently apply its own standard. For example, in Proffitt v.

State, 315 So.2d 461 (Fla. 1975), affirmed, Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 96 S.Ct. 2960, 49

L.Ed.2d 913 (1976), the factor was found by the trial court and approved on appeal because a

man was stabbed and killed while asleep in his bed. The factor was not again applied by the trial

court or the Florida Supreme Court after a new penalty phase was conducted. Proffitt v. State,

510 So.2d 896, 897 (Fla. 1987). The same facts were present - the same man was stabbed and

killed while he slept in his bed in his own house. Yet, different results occurred. In fact, Proffitt

ultimately received a life sentence from the Supreme Court of Florida after stabbing a man who

slept in his bed. Other defendants whose judges relied on the first Proffit opinion received the

death penalty because they, too, had killed a person in his or her own house. This is arbitrary.

The Aadditional acts@ language is unconstitutionally vague based on its use of

17

Adefensive@ wounds to authorize a death sentence. At times, the Supreme Court of Florida

concludes that the fortuitous position of a victim=s hands when he or she was assaulted is

irrelevant to find this factor. See Menendez v. State, 368 So.2d 1278, 1282 (Fla. 1979)

(AAlthough his arms may have been in a submissive position at the time when he was shot - a

fact which is subject to other reasonable interpretations - there is nothing to set his execution

murder >apart from the norm of capital felonies.=@). At other times, the factor is based on the

infliction of Adefensive@ wounds. See Perry v. State, 522 So.2d 817, 821 (Fla. 1988)

(AEvidence that a victim was severely beaten while warding off blows before being fatally shot

has been held sufficient to support a finding that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious

and cruel.@).

By allowing Aother additional acts@ to be used to apply this statutory factor, there is no

way that the factor can genuinely limit the class of persons eligible for the death penalty because

each case has its own unique, additional facts. If Adefensive wounds@ exist, then logically the

victim struggled and more force was Anecessary@ to accomplish a premeditated killing. Hence,

the mere presence of a wound describe as a defensive wounds should not be determinative of

whether a particular killing was Aespecially heinous, atrocious or cruel.@ Yet, the very

presence of wounds that can be characterized as (but which may in fact not be) Adefensive

wounds@ has justified using this factor, irrespective of whether other evidence existed which

tended to negate prolonged Aunnecessary@ suffering:

[W]e affirm the finding that the murder was heinous, atrocious, and cruel. The victim had a defensive wound. He was struck six times in the head with a claw hammer. Even though Lamb delivered each blow with sufficient force to penetrate the skull, the victim did not die instantaneously. The evidence shows that he fell to his knees and then to the floor after Lamb pulled his feet out from under him. The victim moaned, rolling his head from side to side, until Lamb kicked him in the face. This evidence supports the court's finding that the murder was heinous, atrocious, and

18

cruel. See, e.g., Roberts v. State, 510 So.2d 885 (Fla. 1987) (defensive wounds with blows to back of head support finding that the murder was heinous, atrocious, and cruel), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 1123, 99 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988); Wilson v. State, 493 So.2d 1019 (Fla. 1986) (defensive wounds and brutal beating with blows to head supports finding that murder was heinous, atrocious, and cruel); Thomas v. State, 456 So.2d 454 (Fla. 1984) (bludgeoned skull supports finding that murder was heinous, atrocious, and cruel); Heiney v. State, 447 So.2d 210 (Fla.) (seven claw hammer blows to victim's head and defensive wounds support finding that murder was heinous, atrocious, and cruel), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 920, 105 S.Ct. 303, 83 L.Ed.2d 237 (1984).

Lamb v. State, 532 So.2d 1051, 1053 (Fla. 1988) (emphasis added).

A murder is not, logically, more heinous, atrocious or cruel simply because a victim=s

hands are extended outward rather than upward when he is killed or, fortuitously, frenetic blows

strike hands or fingers rather than vital organs. See Shere v. State, 579 So.2d 86, 96 (Fla. 1991);

McKinney v. State, 579 So.2d 80, 84 (Fla. 1991). These distinctions are illogical and cannot

stand reasoned analysis. In short, the definitions provided in Dixon by the Florida Supreme

Court have failed to genuinely narrow the discretion of when the heinous, atrocious or cruel

statutory aggravating factor is properly applied in support of a death sentence. This standard,

first articulated in Dixon , frustrates the clear import of Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356,

108 S.Ct. 1853, 100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988) and Espinosa v. Florida, 505 U.S. 1079 (1992). It

violates article I, Sections 2, 9, 16, 17 and 22 of the Florida Constitution and the Fifth, Sixth,

Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

These examples show that Florida=s HAC factor does not meet the requirements of strict

construction and due process required by the State and Federal Constitutions. Godfrey v.

Georgia, 446 U.S. 420 (1980) explains that capital sentencing discretion must be directed and

limited by considerations that are sufficiently limited in their application to provide principled,

objective bases for determining the presence of the circumstances in some cases and their

absence in others, in order to provide consistent and rational imposition of the death penalty:

. . . if the state wishes to authorize capital punishment it has a constitutional responsibility to tailor and apply its law in a manner that avoids the arbitrary and capricious infliction of the death penalty. Part of a state=s responsibility in this regard is to define the crimes for which death may be the sentence in a way that obviates Astandardless [sentencing] discretion.@ (citations omitted). It must channel the sentencer's discretion by Aclear and objective@ standards and then Amake rationally reviewable the process for imposing a sentence of death.@

19

Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 428 (1980). Section 921.141(5)(h) is unconstitutionally

vague, overly broad, and it is applied in an arbitrary and capricious manner in violation of the

Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I,

sections 2, 9 and 16 of the Florida Constitution. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976);

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972); Maynard v.Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356 (1988).

Present use of the Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, factor violates the

ASeparation of Powers@ doctrine set forth in article II, section 3 of the Florida Constitution.

Chiles v. A, B, C, D, E and F, etc., 589 So.2d 260 (Fla. 1991). The substance of the terms of

Florida Statute 921.141 are not in the legislation. They are instead established and/or defined by

the Supreme Court of Florida, on a case-by-case basis, without legislative or constitutional

authority and in a manner that avoids Due Process and constitutional requirements for the

passage of legislation. There is no consistency in this statuts=s application. There is no prior

notice of precisely what this statute means and no rational basis as determined by the legislators

of Florida for the way it is applied in any given case. The HAC factor has been and is being

modified and enforced through judicial fiat in violation of requirements of fair notice and input

by the electorate in violation of article I, sections 2, 9, 16 and 22 of the Florida Constitution,

article II, section 3 of the Florida Constitution and the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution. The requirement that a statutory aggravating

circumstance must genuinely limit the class of persons eligible for the death penalty is not met

when the Florida Supreme Court applies a harmless error analysis based on its own perception of

what qualifies as an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel murder. See State v. Salmon, 636

So.2d 16 (Fla. 1994) (Athe acts perpetrated by Stewart on his victim clearly were heinous,

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atrocious, and cruel under any definition.@); Johnson v. State, 660 So.2d 637, 648 (Fla. 1995)

(same); Slawson v. State, 619 So.2d 255, 261 (Fla. 1993) (same). It is not for the Florida

Supreme Court to opine that a particular murder falls under a statutory provision that has been

expressly held to be unconstitutionally vague in Espinosa v. Florida, 505 U.S. 1079 (1992).

Rather, the Court should declare the language unconstitutionally vague and insist that Florida's

Legislature perform its function in compliance with the State and Federal Constitutions.

The standard jury instruction is unconstitutionally vague under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth

and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, sections 2, 9, 16, 17

and 22 of the Florida Constitution. A review of the evolution of Florida=s current standard jury

instruction is appropriate and it shows the problems with judicially created definitions of

unconstitutionally vague terms of a statute. The Florida Supreme Court, before Espinosa v.

Florida, supra, discussed the standard jury instruction on HAC as follows:

The trial court, in finding the murder especially heinous atrocious or cruel commented that Athe Defendant has [not] shown any remorse, having elected to steadfastly deny his guilt.@ This proposition merits some discussion. We agree that Sireci v. State, 399 So.2d 964 (Fla.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 984, 102 S.Ct. 2257, 72 L.Ed.2d 862 (1982), as cited by the trial court, stands for the proposition that lack of remorse may be considered in finding that a murder was especially heinous, atrocious and cruel. However, in that case the trial court inferred lack of remorse which may be considered in weighing an aggravating circumstance in support of imposition of the death penalty would in effect punish the defendant for exercising his rights of due process.

Furthermore, this misapplication of this earlier case has called to our attention a basic contradiction between the consideration of lack of remorse in the context of this particular aggravating factor and all other considerations appropriate to this factor. An especially heinous, atrocious or cruel homicide is one which is Aaccompanied by such additional acts as to set the crime apart from the norm of capital felonies.@ State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 9. This definition focuses on the manner in which the crime was accomplished -- on the act itself -- rather than on the perpetrator of the act. However, the definition continues, describing an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel crime as Athe conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous of the victim.@ Id. While still focusing on the crime and experience of the victim,

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this definition also tended to focus attention on the mindset of the murderer -- his consciencelessness or pitilessness. This aspect of the aggravating factor was recognized in the jury instructions adopted by this Court in 1975.

AHeinous@ means extremely wicked or shockingly evil.

AAtrocious@ means outrageously wicked and vile.

ACruel@ means designed to inflict a high degree of pain; utter indifference to, or enjoyment of, the suffering of others; pitiless.

Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, 78 (1975)(emphasis added). Because juries were invited to consider evidence tending to show a lack of pity, lack of remorse came to be considered relevant to the determination under this aggravating factor.

In 1981 the Supreme Court adopted a completely revised set of Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases, Aintended as a definitive statement of the law on which a trial jury is required to be instructed.@ Notes on the Scope, Organization and Use of These Instructions, Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases xxi (1981). The new jury instruction on finding a homicide to be especially heinous, atrocious or cruel now reads: AThe crime for which the defendant is to be sentenced was especially wicked, evil, atrocious or cruel.@ No further definitions of the terms are offered, nor is the defendant=s mindset ever at issue. Thus, we find any consideration of defendant=s remorse extraneous to the question of whether the murder of which he was convicted was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel.

Pope v. State, 441 So.2d 1073, 1077 (Fla.1983)(footnote omitted). Thereafter, jurors in Florida

were instructed in the bare terms of Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes. Following in

Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 108 S.Ct. 1853, 100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988), where those

bare terms were found to be unconstitutionally vague, the Florida Supreme Court approved the

proposal of the Committee on Standard Jury Instructions and adopted the same language that was

previously, expressly found in Pope to improperly invite the jury to consider the Defendant=s

exercise of fundamental Constitutional rights as evidence of an especially heinous, atrocious or

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cruel murder:

Your committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal) recommends that The Florida Bar be authorized to publish and amendment to FLORIDA STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES. The amendment changes the wording of paragraph 8 on page 79 of the jury instructions manual as follows:

8. The crime for which the defendant is to be sentenced was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel. AHeinous @ means extremely wicked or shockingly evil. A Atrocious @ means outrageously wicked and vile. A Cruel @ means designed to inflict a high degree of pain with utter indifference to, or even enjoyment of, the suffering of others. The kind of crime intended to be included as heinous, atrocious, or cruel is on accompanied by additional acts that show that the crime was conscienceless or pitiless and was unnecessarily torturous to the victim.

The committee has decided that that additional language, which is based on State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1 (Fla. 1973), improves the instruction and that it adequately addresses any problem the paragraph may present in light of Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 108 S.Ct. 1853, 100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988).

In re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases No 90-1, 579 So.2d 75 (Fla. 1990). Thus,

the present standard jury instruction contains unconstitutionally vague definitions of the

unconstitutionally vague statutory terms. The judicially created definitions of Aheinous,

atrocious, and cruel@ do not provide any principled way to determine when this statutory

aggravating factor applies and when it does not, and the instruction fails to genuinely limit the

class of person eligible for the death penalty. Further, the present standard jury instruction

mandates the jury to consider additional acts to show that the crime was pitiless or

conscienceless, which includes the exercise of fundamental constitutional rights. Penalizing a

defendant for exercising constitutional rights to a jury trial, confrontation of witnesses, effective

assistance of counsel, Due Process, presentation of evidence in his own behalf, and/or the right to

remain silent is done in an insidious way that avoids detection, meaningful appellate review and

23

application of any legitimate harmless error analysis.

Arguably, the Florida Supreme Court further requires that defendants propose a proper

instruction in order to preserve this type issue for appellate review. The Accused objects to the

Standard Jury Instruction for the reasons stated above and submits that it is as improper for a

defense lawyer to attempt to divine the rational purpose sought to be met by vague Legislative

language in the context of the death penalty as it is for the Florida Supreme Court to endeavor to

do so. As set forth above, Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, and the respective standard

jury instruction violate article I, sections 2, 9, 16, 17 and 22 of the Florida Constitution, article II,

Section 3 of the Florida Constitution, and the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to

the United States Constitution.

The bottom line in the death penalty context is fairness, reliability, consistency and

certainty, none of which can be found in the especially heinous, atrocious or cruel statutory

aggravating consideration. The present statutory scheme that includes this vague consideration

does not satisfy the minimum Due Process, fundamental fairness and specificity requirements

that attend imposition of the death penalty of the world community. A[I]nternational law is

part of our law, and must be ascertained and administered by the courts of justice of appropriate

jurisdiction.@ The Paquete Habana, 157 U.S. 677 (1900). International law consists of jus

cogens (customary international law) and treaties/agreements between countries. The

ASupremacy Clause@ of the United States Constitution elevates international law found in

treaties and agreements to the supreme law of the land. Thus, international law supersedes state

law:

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every

24

State shall be bound thereby, and Thing in the constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

U.S. Constitution, art. VI, cl.2. Courts are to enforce international law. U.S. Constitution, art. I,

§ 8, cl.10, and art. III, § 2, cl. 1.

Multilateral human rights treaties should have greater force than mere bilateral treaties

because they demonstrate international consensus on fundamental human rights:

Although treaties that are mere exchanges of obligations between States allow them to reserve inter se applications of rules of general international law, it is otherwise in human rights treaties, which are for the benefit of persons withing their jurisdiction. . . .

U.N. Hum. Rts. Ctte. General Comment 24, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.3 &8 (1997). See

Aloeboetoe et. al v. Suriname , Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., Judgment of 10 September 1993, Inter-Am.

Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 15 (1994) (holding Dutch-Surinamese slavery treaty violates jus cogens);

Soering v. United Kingdom, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1989) (European Convention on Human

Rights supercedes U.K.-U.S. Extradition Agreement of 1972). See Appendix, Amnesty

International, AInternational Standards on the Death Penalty@ (August, 1997).

1. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

2. In countries which have not abolished the death penalty, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime and not contrary to the provisions of the present Covenant and to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the crime of Genocide. This penalty can only be carried out pursuant to a final judgment rendered by a competent court.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 6.

3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:

(a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;

(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to

25

communicate with counsel of his own choosing;

(c) To be tried without undue delay;

(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

(f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;

(g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess his guilt.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 14. A death recommendation from a

jury and/or a death sentence imposed by a judge based on the especially heinous, atrocious or

cruel statutory aggravating factor over timely and specific objection denies Due Process and

fundamental fairness guaranteed by International law, jus cogens and binding treaties and

agreements, including but not limited to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty, and the

American Convention on Human Rights.

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons the defendant expressly objects to the

constitutionality of Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, and asks that the standard jury

instruction and Section 921.141(5)(h), Florida Statutes, also be declared unconstitutional under

the Constitution of Florida and the United States Constitution.

I HEREBY CERTIFY that a true and correct copy of the foregoing motion was mailed to

the Office of the State Attorney, 1350 N.W. 12th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136 this ____ day of

May, 2009.

Respectfully submitted,

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Swartz & Lenamon 100 N. Biscayne Blvd., Suite 3070 Miami, Florida 33132 (305) 579-9090

By: Terence M. Lenamon Florida Bar No.: 970476

27

THE STATE OF FLORIDA, Plaintiff,

vs.

GRADY NELSON, Defendant. _________________________/

IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE11TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN ANDFOR MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

CRIMINAL DIVISION

CASE NO: F05-000846

JUDGE: COLODNY

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DECLARE SECTION 921.141 (5) (h). FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED

THIS CAUSE having come before this Court to be heard on Defendant’s MOTION TO DECLARE SECTIONS 921.141(5)(h), FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED, and the Court being advised of the premises, it is hereby:

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the MOTION TO DECLARE SECTIONS 921.141(5)(h), FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED is GRANTED, and it is further ORDERED that section 921.141 (5)(h) Florida Statutes, is declared unconstitutional on its face and as applied.

DONE AND ORDERED in chambers in Dade County, Florida this ____, day of ______, 2009.

_____________________ Circuit Court Judge

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THE STATE OF FLORIDA, Plaintiff,

vs.

GRADY NELSON, Defendant. _________________________/

IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE11TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN ANDFOR MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

CRIMINAL DIVISION

CASE NO: F05-000846

JUDGE: COLODNY

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DECLARE SECTION 921.141 (5) (h). FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED

THIS CAUSE having come before this Court to be heard on Defendant’s MOTION TO DECLARE SECTIONS 921.141(5)(h), FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED, and the Court being advised of the premises, it is hereby:

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the MOTION TO DECLARE SECTIONS 921.141(5)(h), FLORIDA STATUTES UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON ITS FACE AND AS APPLIED is DENIED.

DONE AND ORDERED in chambers in Dade County, Florida this ____, day of ______, 2009.

_____________________ Circuit Court Judge

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