Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Atemoya and Sugar · PDF fileFlorida Crop/Pest...
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CIR 1417 Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Atemoya and Sugar Apple 1 Mark A. Mossler and Jonathan Crane 2 1. This document is CIR 1417 one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date, September 2002. Original authors included O. Norman Nesheim, professor, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department. This publication was revised August 2009. Reviewed August 2012. For additional Information, contact the Pesticide Information Office, University of Florida, P. O. Box 110710, Gainesville, Fl 32611-0710, (352) 392-4721. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas. ufl.edu. 2. Mark A. Mossler, pest management information specialist, Department of Agronomy, Pesticide Information Office; and Jonathan Crane, professor, Horticultural Sciences Department, Tropical Research and Education Center--Homestead, FL, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer’s label. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Thomas A. Obreza, Interim Dean Production Facts • Atemoya (Annona squamosa x Annona cherimola) and sugar apple (Annona squamosa) are both deciduous trees of the Annonaceae family. e plants are of tropical American origin and the two species produce similar fruits. In addition to their similar fruit, these two crops are alike in other ways, such as environmental require- ments and pest spectrum (1). • e annual production of saleable atemoya is an estimated 50,000 pounds. At an average seasonal price of $4.00 per pound, the crop would be worth approximately $200,000. e annual production of sugar apple is approximately 20,000 pounds. At an average seasonal price of $3.00 per pound, the crop would be worth an estimated $60,000 (2). • e acreage of atemoya and sugar apple peaked in 1989 and 1990 at 120 and 75 acres, respectively (3). Current acreage is less than 25 acres for either crop (2,3). Production Regions Atemoya and sugar apple are grown exclusively in south Florida. Approximately three-quarters of the atemoya production is located in Miami-Dade County. For sugar apple, all of the production is in this same county (2). e remaining atemoya acreage is primarily located in counties next to Miami-Dade County. Production Practices e atemoya tree is relatively small (10 m), with an open canopy. Leaves are elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, and oſten variable in shape on the same tree. Leaf length is ten to 20 cm and width ranges from four to eight cm. Flowers are three to four cm in diameter with three fleshy, pale, yellowish-green petals. ey are borne singly or in clusters of two to three in axils of leaves on year-old wood or on new shoots. e main bloom period in Florida is May through June, with a minor bloom in August through September. e flowers are protogyrous, functioning first as female, then as male. Atemoya bears an aggregate fruit from five to six months aſter bloom that may weigh up to one pound. It is at first green, but becomes more light green or yellowish green upon maturity. e pulp is white with a custard-like consistency and a sweet, pleasant flavor. ere are typically ten to 40 seeds per fruit (1).
Transcript of Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Atemoya and Sugar · PDF fileFlorida Crop/Pest...
CIR 1417
Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Atemoya and Sugar Apple1
Mark A. Mossler and Jonathan Crane2
1. This document is CIR 1417 one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date, September 2002. Original authors included O. Norman Nesheim, professor, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department. This publication was revised August 2009. Reviewed August 2012. For additional Information, contact the Pesticide Information Office, University of Florida, P. O. Box 110710, Gainesville, Fl 32611-0710, (352) 392-4721. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. Mark A. Mossler, pest management information specialist, Department of Agronomy, Pesticide Information Office; and Jonathan Crane, professor, Horticultural Sciences Department, Tropical Research and Education Center--Homestead, FL, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer’s label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Thomas A. Obreza, Interim Dean
Production Facts• Atemoya(Annona squamosa x Annona cherimola)andsugarapple(Annona squamosa)arebothdeciduoustreesoftheAnnonaceaefamily.TheplantsareoftropicalAmericanoriginandthetwospeciesproducesimilarfruits.Inadditiontotheirsimilarfruit,thesetwocropsarealikeinotherways,suchasenvironmentalrequire-mentsandpestspectrum(1).
•Theannualproductionofsaleableatemoyaisanestimated50,000pounds.Atanaverageseasonalpriceof$4.00perpound,thecropwouldbeworthapproximately$200,000.Theannualproductionofsugarappleisapproximately20,000pounds.Atanaverageseasonalpriceof$3.00perpound,thecropwouldbeworthanestimated$60,000(2).
•Theacreageofatemoyaandsugarapplepeakedin1989and1990at120and75acres,respectively(3).Currentacreageislessthan25acresforeithercrop(2,3).
Production RegionsAtemoyaandsugarapplearegrownexclusivelyinsouthFlorida.Approximatelythree-quartersoftheatemoya
productionislocatedinMiami-DadeCounty.Forsugarapple,alloftheproductionisinthissamecounty(2).TheremainingatemoyaacreageisprimarilylocatedincountiesnexttoMiami-DadeCounty.
Production PracticesTheatemoyatreeisrelativelysmall(10m),withanopencanopy.Leavesareelliptic,ovate,orlanceolate,andoftenvariableinshapeonthesametree.Leaflengthistento20cmandwidthrangesfromfourtoeightcm.Flowersarethreetofourcmindiameterwiththreefleshy,pale,yellowish-greenpetals.Theyarebornesinglyorinclustersoftwotothreeinaxilsofleavesonyear-oldwoodoronnewshoots.ThemainbloomperiodinFloridaisMaythroughJune,withaminorbloominAugustthroughSeptember.Theflowersareprotogyrous,functioningfirstasfemale,thenasmale.Atemoyabearsanaggregatefruitfromfivetosixmonthsafterbloomthatmayweighuptoonepound.Itisatfirstgreen,butbecomesmorelightgreenoryellowishgreenuponmaturity.Thepulpiswhitewithacustard-likeconsistencyandasweet,pleasantflavor.Therearetypicallytento40seedsperfruit(1).
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Thesugarappletreeisalsosmall(5m),witharoundedcanopyandslenderbranches.Thin,lanceolateleavesrangeinlengthfromsixtotencm.Theleavesareadull,palegreenwithsparsehairsatflush,butbecomesmoothatmaturity.Flowersareaboutthreecminlengthandareproducedsinglyorinclustersoftwotofourinlatespring.Theaggregatefruitproducedisround,conical,orheart-shaped.Theskinisthickandyellowishgreen.Thepulpiscreamywhiteandfilledwithnumeroussmall,darkseeds(4).
MostsugarappletreesgrowninFloridaareseedlingssincethereislittlevariabilityamongthemandtheygrowtruetotype.Whengraftingisdone,veneergraftingoncustardapple(Anonna reticulata)isthepreferredmethod.Shieldbuddingalsoproducesacceptabletrees.Anumberofselectionshavebeenmadefromatemoyaseedlingpopulations.‘Gefner’producessatisfactoryfruitwithouthandpollination.Othervarietieseithersplituponmaturityorproducefewfruitwithouthandpollination.Atemoyagrownfromseedareextremelyvariable.Superiortreescanbepropagatedbybuddingorgraftingsugarapple,custardapple,orpondapple(Annona glabra).Chipbuddingorveneergraftingarethetwomostsuccessfulmethods(4).
Bothatemoyaandsugarappleareintolerantofsaltyorfreezingconditions,althoughmaturetreesmaybeabletowithstandafewhoursatsub-freezingtemperatures.Thetreesbecomeleaflessduringperiodsofcold.Bothplantsareadaptedtomoderate,evenlydistributedrainfall.Leafsheddingisamechanismusedbybothspeciestowithstandperiodsofdrought.Thetreesgrowandbearbestonneutral,fertilesoils.Treesshouldbespacedfivetosixmapartbetweenandwithinrows.Pruningforsugarappleisneededtoremovedeadwoodandbrokenbranches.However,atemoyaisprunedjustbeforethegrowingperiodtopromoteanopen-centeredformwithfewmainbranches(1,4).
Atemoyaisself-fertilebutindividualflowersusuallyarenotself-pollinatedbecausestigmasarenolongerreceptivewhenthepollenisshed.Poorfruitsetisaseriousprobleminsomeareas,evidentlybecauseofpoorpollinationIncompletepollinationwillalsoresultinmisshapenfruit.Thoseflowersthatopenduringwarm,humidweatheraremorelikelytosetfruitthanthosebornewhenconditionsaredryand/orcold.Handpollinatingwhenthefemaleflowerfirstopensincreasesfruitsetintheseproblemareas(1).
Worker ActivitiesAtemoyaandsugarappleareharvestedabout25timesayear.HarvestisgenerallyeverythirddayforthefirstpeakinAugustandSeptember,andthenweekly
forthesecondpeakinOctoberandNovember(2).Sincematurefruittendtosplit,theyareharvestedafewdaysbeforetheyreachfullmaturity.Treesarepickedbyhandorbyusingalongpickingpolewithacanvasornylonbagattheendattachedtoametalringwithacuttingblade.Laddersandhydraulicliftsallowpickerstoreachfruithighinthetreecanopy.Aworkercangenerallypickuptothreeacresaday.Workersmayalsospendseveralweeksayearpruningtreelimbs(2).Sugarapplefruitarequitefragile,sotheyaresoldlocally.Atemoyacanbeheldattemperaturesaslowas13°Ctofacilitateshipmenttomarket(1,4).
Insect/Mite ManagementInsect/Mite Pests
TheprincipalpestonatemoyaandsugarappleinFloridaisannonaseedborer,whileotherpestssuchasambrosiabeetles,scales,mealybugs,aphids,andlepidopteranlarvaeareminor(5,6).
Annona Seed Borer (Bephratelloides cubensis)
ThischalcidoidwaspwasintroducedintoFloridainthe1920s.Thefemalewaspslayeggssinglyinsmall,immaturefruit.Thelarvaefeedonseedendospermandpupatewithintheseed.Adultwaspsemergebyburrowingtothefruit’sexterior,whichoftenleadstofungalinfectionandmum-mificationofthefruit.Thegenerationtimeforthewaspisaboutthreemonths,andtheadultslivenomorethantwoweeks(5).
Bothatemoyaandsugarappleareattackedbythiswasp.However,sinceatemoyabloomsandfruitsslightlyearlierinthespringthansugarapple,itisgenerallyinfectedatahigherratethanissugarapple.PeakinfestationratesforatemoyaandsugarappleinsouthernFloridainlatesum-merwereapproximately80and20percent,respectively.Thewaspoverwintersinbullock’sheart(Annona reticulata)andthenattacksearly-seasonfruit,whilelate-seasonfruitisattackedbynewlyemergentwasps(5).
Chemical Control
Twenty-fivepercentofatemoyaandsugarapplegrowerswhorespondedtoasurveyreportedthattheyusedinsecticide.Thosesurveyrespondentswhoprovidedinsectdamageestimatesindicatedthatfrom5to100percentofthecropwouldbelosttoinsectdamage(n=5,meanof62percent)(7).InsecticidesandmiticidesregisteredforuseonFloridaatemoyaandsugarapplein2008includeazadirachtin,Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana,buprofezin,imidacloprid,insecticidaloil,insecticidalsoap,methidathion,pyrethrin+/-rotenone,pyriproxyfen,
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spinetoram,spinosad,andsulfur.Pyriproxyfenandmetho-preneareavailableforfireantcontrol(8).
Innon-bearingatemoyaandsugarapple,bifenazateandbifenthrinareregisteredwhilepymetrozine,fenpropathrin,andhexythiazoxarelabeledfornon-bearingnurserytrees.Hydramethylnonandfenoxycarbareavailableforfireantcontrolinnon-bearingatemoyaandsugarapple(8).
Crop OilsCropoilsworkbysmotheringpoorlymobileinsectssuchasscales,aphids,andmites.Theoilsareusuallymadeupas1.5to3percentsolutions,whichareappliedthoroughlytoeachtree.Thepriceofcropoilsvariesbasedontheamountandtheformulationused,butanaverageapplicationcostis$6/acre(9).Therestrictedentryinterval(REI)forcropoilsis4hours,andthereisnopre-harvestinterval(10).Thir-teenpercentofsurveyedatemoyaandsugarapplegrowersinFloridaappliedcropoiltwiceperseason(7).
AzadirachtinAzadirachtinisanaturalcompoundderivedfromtheneemtree(Azadirachta indica)thatactsasaninsectgrowthregulatorandadeterrent.Thecompoundisusedtomanagelacewingbugsandmealybugs.Thepriceofazadirachtinis$2100perpoundofactiveingredientandtheapproximatecostperapplicationis$90peracre(9,11).TheREIis4hours(11).Thirteenpercentofatemoyaandsugarapplegrowersappliedazadirachtintotheiracreagetwiceaseason.
Cultural ControlSurveyresultsofallrespondentswhogrewtropicalfruitshowthat44percentreportedkeepingrecordsofpestproblems,50percentadjustedapplications(timingorrate)toprotectbeneficialinsectsandmites,and52percentalternatedpesticidestoreduceresistance.Sixty-twopercentreportedselectingthepesticidethatisleasttoxictoben-eficialinsectsandmites,and63percentspotsprayedonlyinfestedplantsorareas.Seventypercentreportedselectingpesticidesthatareleasttoxictotheenvironmenttomakethisthedominantformofculturalpestcontrol(7).
Biological ControlSevenpercentoftherespondingtropicalfruitgrowersreportedreleaseofpredatorywaspsforcontroloflepi-dopteranpests.Additionally,30percentreportedtheuseofbiologicallyderivedpesticideslikeB.t(7).
Weed ManagementWeed Pests
Weedscanreduceyieldsbycompetingprimarilyforwaterandnutrients.Althoughindividualweedspeciesmayvary
regionally,predominantweedspeciesingrovesaregrasses,sedges,andpigweeds(12).
Chemical ControlTherearefewherbicideslabeledforuseonbearingatemoyaandsugarapple(glyphosate,oxyfluorfen,carfentrazone,andpelargonicacid).Flumioxazincanbeusedonnon-bearingtrees(8).Eighty-eightpercentofgrowerssurveyedreportedherbicideuse(7).
GlyphosateGlyphosateisaphosphorylatedaminoacidherbicideusedfortotalvegetationcontrol.Glyphosateisappliedasadirectedspraysothatfoliageisnotinjured.Themedianpriceofglyphosateis$10perpoundofactiveingredient,andtheapproximatecostperapplicationis$20peracreforannualweedsand$50peracreforperennialweeds(9,13).TheREIforglyphosateis4hoursandthePHIis14days(14).Eighty-eightpercentofsurveyedgrowersinFloridaappliedglyphosateeitherthree(14percent),four(43percent),five(14percent),orsix(29percent)times,foranaverageuseof4.6times(7).
Disease ManagementDisease Pathogens
TheprincipaldiseasesaffectingatemoyaandsugarappleproductioninFloridaincludeanthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)andrust(Phakopsora cherimoliae).Fungaldiseasesthatarenon-manageableandrequireremovalanddestructionincludemushroomrootrot(Armillaria tabescens)andpythiumrootrot(15,16).
Anthracnose(causedbyColletotrichum gloeosporioides)
Thisfungusinfectsflowers,leaves,andfruit.Infectedflowersdevelopdarklesionsonthepetalsthatenlargeandfinallyblackenandthenkillthewholeflower.Infectedyoungfruitrotandmummifyonthetree,butwithmaturefruit,thedamageismostlycosmetic:asmall,shallowareaofhardenedtissue.Infectedleavesdeveloplightgreenlesionsthatenlargeintoirregularbrownareas,givingtheleavesascorchedappearance.Itcanalsocauseprematureleafdrop(15).
Rust(causedbyPhakopsora cherimoliae)Thisfungusinfectsleavesduringthesummerthroughfall.Slightlyyellowspotsdevelopinresponsetotheinfection.Thefungusreproducesrapidlyintheformofaslightlyraisedpustuleorblister.Severelevelsofinfectioncancausedefoliation(15).
Chemical ControlSixty-threepercentofsurveyedatemoyaandsugarapplegrowersreportedfungicideuse.Thosesurveyrespondents
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thatprovideddamageestimatesindicatedthatfrom10to100percentofthecropwouldbelosttodisease(n=4,meanof55percent)(7).Fungicidesregisteredforuseonatemoyaandsugarappleincludeazoxystrobin,copperhydroxide/sulfate,mefenoxam,hydrogendioxide,Bacillus subtilis,phosphoricacid,sulfur,andTrichoderma harzianum.
CopperCopperhaslongbeenusedasafungicide,primarilytomanageanthracnose.Itcanbeappliedinmultipleforms(copperhydroxide,coppersulfate,etc.).Themedianpriceofcopperhydroxideis$2perpoundofactiveingredient.Foratemoya,theapproximatecostperapplicationis$5peracre.Thecostperacreforsugarappleis$20(9,17).TheREIforcopperhydroxide/coppersulfateis24hours(17).Sixty-threepercentofsurveyedatemoyaandsugarapplegrowersinFloridaappliedcopper.Thesegrowersappliedcopperonce(40percent),twice(20percent),threetimes(20percent),orfourtimes(20percent)foranaverageuseof2.2timesperseason.
Nematode ManagementNematode PestsPlant-parasiticnematodesaremicroscopicroundwormsfoundinthesoil.Theytendtoattackplantroots.Generalsignsofnematodedamageincludestunting,prematurewilting,leafyellowing,rootmalformation,andrelatedsignscharacteristicofnutrientdeficiencies.Stuntingandpoorstanddevelopmenttendtooccurinpatchesthroughoutthegroveasaresultoftheirregulardistributionofnematodeswithinthesoil.
Chemical ControlTherearenocurrentlyregisterednematicidesforuseonatemoyaorsugarapple.Noneofthesurveyedgrowersreportedtheuseofnematicides(7).
Key ContactsJonathanCraneisaprofessorofhorticulturalsciencelocatedattheTropicalResearchandEducationCenter(TREC)inHomestead,Florida.Dr.Craneisresponsibleforresearchandextensiondutiesassociatedwithtropicalfruit.Hecanbereachedat:TREC,18905SW280thSt.,POBox111569,Homestead,FL33031-3314,(305)246-7001,[email protected]
MarkMosslerisaDoctorofPlantMedicineintheAgronomyDepartment’sPesticideInformationOfficeattheUniversityofFlorida’sInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.Dr.Mosslerisresponsibleforprovidingpestmanagementandpesticideinformationtothepublicandtogovernmentalagencies.HecanbereachedatUF/IFAS
PIO,Box110710,Gainesville,FL32611,(352)3924721,[email protected]
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AtemoyaGrowingintheFloridaHomeLandscape.EDISpublicationHS64,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG332.HorticulturalSciencesDepartment,FloridaCooperativeExtensionService,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofFlorida.
2. Personalcommunication,JonathanCrane,TropicalResearchandEducationCenter,Homestead,FL.
3. Degner,R.L.,Moss,S.D.,andMulkey,W.D.1997.UniversityofFlorida,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciencesReport:EconomicImpactofAgricultureandAgribusinessinDadeCounty,Florida.FloridaAgricul-turalMarketResearchCenterIndustryReport97-1.
4. Crane,J.H.,Balerdi,C.F.,andMaguire,I.2005.SugarAppleGrowingintheFloridaHomeLandscape.EDISpublicationHS38,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG330.Hor-ticulturalSciencesDepartment,FloridaCooperativeExtensionService,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofFlorida.
5. Pena,J.E.andCrane,J.H.2006.Insect/MiteManage-mentinAnnonaspp.EDISpublicationENY-834,http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG166.DepartmentofEntomologyandNematologydocument,FloridaCooperativeExtensionService,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofFlorida.
6. Nadel,H.andPena,J.E.1991.SeasonalOvipositionandEmergenceActivityofBephratelloides cubensis(Hymenoptera:Eurytomidae),aPestofAnonnaSpeciesinFlorida.Environ. Entomol.20(4),1053-1057.
7. UF/IFASPesticideInformationOffice.2001.TropicalFruitManagementSurvey.AgronomyDepartment,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofFlorida.
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13. WeedScienceSocietyofAmerica.1994.HerbicideHandbook-7thEdition.
14. MonsantoCompanylabels,St.Louis,MO.15. Simone,G.W.1999.DiseaseControlinAtemoya(An-
nona cherimola x A. squamosa).FloridaCooperativeExtensionService,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,UniversityofFlorida.
16. Aflieri,S.A.,Langdon,K.R.,Wehlburg,C.,andKim-brough,J.W.1984.IndexofPlantDiseasesinFlorida.FloridaDepartmentofAgriculture&ConsumerServices,DivisionofPlantIndustryBulletin11.
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