Flip book

Protein Synthesis Flip Book

By: Nick Constant

Cytoplasm

NucleusRibosomes

T A GC C T G T A C G T A TT

A T GG A CC A TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusThe synthesis of messenger RNA is called transcription. This process begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the double stranded DNA molecule.



Cytoplasm

Nucleus

RNA polymerase

The synthesis of messenger RNA is called transcription. This process begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the double stranded DNA molecule.



Cytoplasm

Nucleus

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA as it breaks the hydrogen bonds and synthesizes the complementary single-stranded messenger RNA. As this is happening, the mRNA is formed, which later goes to the cytoplasm.

TA GC C T G T A C G T A TT


Cytoplasm

NucleusA


T AGC C T G T A C G T A TT

A TGG A CC A TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusAU


T AG

CC T G T A C G T A TT

A TG

GA CC A TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusAUG


T AG

C CT G T A C G T A TT

A T GGA CC A TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusAUGG


T AG

C C TG T A C G T A TT

A T GG ACC A TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusAUGGA


T AG

C C T GT A C G T A TT

A T GG AC

CA TT G C A AA

Cytoplasm

NucleusAUGGAC


T A GC C T GT A C G T A TT

A T GG A CCA TT G C A AA

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGACC


T A GC C T G TA C G T A TT

A T GG A CC ATT G C A AA

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGACCA


T A GC C T G T AC G T A TT

A T GG A CC AT

TG C A AA

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGACCAU


T A GC C T G T A CG T A TT

A T GG A CC AT

T GC A AA

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGACCAUG


T A GC C T G T A C GT A TT

A T GG A CC AT

T G CA AA

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGA

CC

AUGC


T A GC C T G T A C G TA TT

A T GG A CC AT

T G CA A

A

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGA

CC

AUGCA


T A GC C T G T A C G T ATT

A T GG A CC A TT G CA A

A

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGA

CC

AUGCA

U


T A GC C T G T A C G T AT

T

A T GG A CC A TT G C AA

A

CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGA

CC

AUGCA

UAA




CytoplasmNucleus

AUGGA

CC

AUGCA

UAA




CytoplasmNucleus

AU C

C

GG A

A U G C A UA

A Ribosome

The mRNA leaves out of the nuclear pore and meets up with a ribosome



Cytoplasm

AU C

C

GG A

A U G C A UA

A

Nuclear Pore

Ribosome




Cytoplasm

AU

C CGG A

A UG

CA U

AA

Nuclear Pore

Ribosome




Cytoplasm

AU

C CGG

A AU

GC

AU A A

Nuclear Pore

Ribosome




Cytoplasm

Nuclear Pore

NucleusA

UC

C

GG

A

AU

GC

AU

AA

Ribosome

mRNA


A T GG A CC A TT G C A AAT A GC C T G T A C G T A TT

Cytoplasm

Nuclear Pore

NucleusA

UC

C

GG

A

AU

GC

AU

AA

Ribosome

mRNA


mRNA

GUA CG A C A U G C A U AA

Key:

- Adenine - Cytosine

- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

U A C

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

U A C

UC G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

U A C UC G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U GU A C

UC G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

U A C

UC G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UC G

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UC G

UG A

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UC G UG A

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UC G

UG A

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UG A

mRNA


Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Ribosome

A C

U G

UGC

mRNA


UGC

Key:


- Uracil - Guanine

- Large Unit - Small Unit

- Ribosome

A C

U G

mRNA


Peptide Bonds

This is the polypeptide chain that is formed. It folded into its final conformation, was completed and then released.

Protein Synthesis Summary

• The first step in the production of proteins is called transcription. This occurs on the inside of the nucleus inside of the cell. DNA is stored as a double helix inside of the nucleus. What transcription does, is that it copies the DNA sequence of a gene and then takes it to the cytoplasm of a cell. To start transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the start of the gene. From there on, the complementary RNA strand is synthesized. RNA polymerase unravels and copies one side of the double helix, and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases as it moves along. The strand of DNA acts as a template for the second generation of a second identical strand. This copy is made of RNA.


• After transcription happens, translation occurs. It is the process of converting the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule. It does this so a protein-making machinery can understand it. After the mRNA copy leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and into the cytoplasm, it comes into contact with ribosomes. Ribosomes are made up into a large subunit and a small subunit. Ribosomes translate the mRNA code from the DNA template into an amino acid sequence that makes up a protein. During translation, a small ribosomal subunit attaches to a mRNA molecule. While this is happening, an initial tRNA molecule binds to a specific codon sequence on the same mRNA molecule.


• After that, a large ribosomal subunit joins the complex. When a new tRNA molecule recognizes the next sequence in the mRNA, it attaches itself. This forms a peptide bond between the two amino acids. This continues until the final polypeptide chain is formed.

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