Flight Power. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 5.

Flight PowerFlight Power

Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions

CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Lesson OverviewLesson Overview

The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s LawLaw, and Gay-Lussac’s Law

The characteristics of internal The characteristics of internal combustion enginescombustion engines

The mechanical, cooling, and ignition The mechanical, cooling, and ignition systems of reciprocating enginessystems of reciprocating engines

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Lesson Overview, cont.Lesson Overview, cont.

How the different types of jet engines How the different types of jet engines workwork

The role of reversers and suppressors The role of reversers and suppressors used in jet aircraftused in jet aircraft

Reaction enginesReaction engines The development of new engine The development of new engine

technologytechnology

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Quick WriteQuick Write

Which is the more significant achievement – Which is the more significant achievement – being the first to invent something, or the being the first to invent something, or the

first to make it practical? Or are both first to make it practical? Or are both equally important? equally important?

(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 © Laser143/Dreamstime.com

Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law Relationship between pressure and volume of a Relationship between pressure and volume of a

confined gas at a constant temperatureconfined gas at a constant temperature When pressure increased, the volume decreased, When pressure increased, the volume decreased,

when pressure decreased, the volume increasedwhen pressure decreased, the volume increased

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

Charles’s LawCharles’s Law

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperatureits temperature

If temperature of a gas rises, its volume If temperature of a gas rises, its volume increases; if temperature falls, the volume increases; if temperature falls, the volume decreasesdecreases

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

Gay Lussac’s LawGay Lussac’s Law Relationship between pressure of a gas, and Relationship between pressure of a gas, and

temperature, when the volume is constanttemperature, when the volume is constant Pressure rises when temperature rises, and Pressure rises when temperature rises, and

pressure falls when temperature fallspressure falls when temperature falls


Activity 1: Activity 1: Animated Gas LabAnimated Gas Lab

View the Animated Gas Lab at the NASA View the Animated Gas Lab at the NASA websitewebsite

Use the lab to work through the questionsUse the lab to work through the questions

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

The Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines

Internal combustion engines Internal combustion engines turn propellers which turn propellers which generate thrustgenerate thrust

Combustion processCombustion process— chemical energy converts to chemical energy converts to mechanical energymechanical energy

The piston compresses fuel The piston compresses fuel and air before combustion; and air before combustion; then is forced back down the then is forced back down the cylinder following combustioncylinder following combustion


Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Activity 2: Activity 2: Internal Combustion Engine PartsInternal Combustion Engine Parts

Observe the four-stroke internal Observe the four-stroke internal combustion engine animation combustion engine animation

Label the engine parts and provide a Label the engine parts and provide a short descriptionshort description

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Activity 2Activity 2—Four Stroke Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine


Reciprocating EnginesReciprocating Engines

Internal combustion engine is a Internal combustion engine is a reciprocating engine reciprocating engine

Back-and-forth movement of the pistons Back-and-forth movement of the pistons produces mechanical energyproduces mechanical energy

Most small aircraft have reciprocating Most small aircraft have reciprocating enginesengines

Parts include cylinders, pistons, Parts include cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, a crankshaft, crankcase, connecting rods, a crankshaft, crankcase, intake and exhaust valves, and spark intake and exhaust valves, and spark plugsplugs

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Intake Stroke—First Stroke Intake Stroke—First Stroke

Piston moves down, intake Piston moves down, intake valve opens, drawing air and valve opens, drawing air and fuel in at constant pressurefuel in at constant pressure

Provides great deal of surface Provides great deal of surface area that reacts quickly with area that reacts quickly with the oxygen in the airthe oxygen in the air

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

Compression Stroke—Compression Stroke—Second Stroke Second Stroke

The piston reaches the bottom, The piston reaches the bottom, the intake valve closes, sealing the the intake valve closes, sealing the cylindercylinder

Volume decreases, the piston Volume decreases, the piston compresses the fuel-air mixture, compresses the fuel-air mixture, raising temperature and raising temperature and increasing pressure increasing pressure

Gas particles are close together, Gas particles are close together, can react quickly when ignitedcan react quickly when ignited


Power or Ignition Stroke—Power or Ignition Stroke—Third Stroke Third Stroke

As the piston nears the top, a surge of As the piston nears the top, a surge of current is sent to spark plugcurrent is sent to spark plug

The Spark ignites the compressed fuel-air The Spark ignites the compressed fuel-air mixturemixture

Fuel rapidly combines with oxygen and Fuel rapidly combines with oxygen and produces carbon dioxide gas and water produces carbon dioxide gas and water vaporvapor

Hot gases force the piston down turning Hot gases force the piston down turning the crankshaftthe crankshaft

The crankshaft turns the aircraft propeller


Exhaust Stroke—Exhaust Stroke—Fourth Stroke Fourth Stroke

Piston reaches the bottom and Piston reaches the bottom and starts back up the cylinder, the starts back up the cylinder, the exhaust stroke beginsexhaust stroke begins

The exhaust valve opens, The exhaust valve opens, residual heat is released, and residual heat is released, and pressure returns to pressure returns to atmospheric conditionsatmospheric conditions

The piston pushes waste gas The piston pushes waste gas out of the cylinderout of the cylinder


CoolingCooling Air cooled systemAir cooled system—air flows through openings at the front of air flows through openings at the front of the engine cowling into the engine compartment the engine cowling into the engine compartment Hot air leaves the engine through openings in lower, aft portionHot air leaves the engine through openings in lower, aft portion

of the cowlingof the cowlingLiquid-cooled Liquid-cooled —requires the additional weight of a radiator and requires the additional weight of a radiator and liquidliquidRadiators pump air-cooled liquid in pipes around hot parts of an Radiators pump air-cooled liquid in pipes around hot parts of an engineengine


Ignition SystemIgnition System

Provides the spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in Provides the spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in cylinderscylinders

Firing of two spark plugs improves combustion and Firing of two spark plugs improves combustion and results in more power; if one magneto fails, other can results in more power; if one magneto fails, other can still work on its ownstill work on its own

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5



TurbojetsTurbojets

Engine is an open tube that burns fuel Engine is an open tube that burns fuel continuouslycontinuously

Main parts: compressor, combustion chamber, Main parts: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, inlet, shaft, and nozzleturbine, inlet, shaft, and nozzle

Large air mass enters the inlet and is drawn Large air mass enters the inlet and is drawn into a rotating compressorinto a rotating compressor


Turbojets, cont.Turbojets, cont. Compressor raises air pressure and forces the gas into Compressor raises air pressure and forces the gas into

smaller volumes, gas pressure increases and heats upsmaller volumes, gas pressure increases and heats up Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, where it Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, where it

ignitesignites Heated gas passes over turbine blades causing them to Heated gas passes over turbine blades causing them to

rotate shaft connected to compressorrotate shaft connected to compressor Nozzle’s purpose is to convert chemical energy into Nozzle’s purpose is to convert chemical energy into

mechanical energy, thus producing thrustmechanical energy, thus producing thrust

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Turbofans Turbofans Modified turbojet engine - has additional turbine to turn a fan at Modified turbojet engine - has additional turbine to turn a fan at

front of the enginefront of the engine Two-spool engine; one powers compressor, other turns the large Two-spool engine; one powers compressor, other turns the large

fanfan Air from large fan enters the engine core, where fuel burns to Air from large fan enters the engine core, where fuel burns to

provide some thrustprovide some thrust 90 percent of the air bypasses the engine core; as much as 75 90 percent of the air bypasses the engine core; as much as 75

percent of the total thrust is from bypass airpercent of the total thrust is from bypass air


Turboprops Turboprops

Hybrid of a turbojet and a propeller engineHybrid of a turbojet and a propeller engine Has a turbojet core to produce power but with Has a turbojet core to produce power but with

two turbinestwo turbines First turbine powers the compressor; the second First turbine powers the compressor; the second

turbine powers the propellerturbine powers the propeller


RamjetsRamjets Ramjets work with another power source for Ramjets work with another power source for

initial thrust, such as a rocketinitial thrust, such as a rocket Operates by combusting fuel in a stream of air Operates by combusting fuel in a stream of air

compressed by aircraft’s forward motion compressed by aircraft’s forward motion Airflow is subsonic, less than the speed of soundAirflow is subsonic, less than the speed of sound

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

ScramjetsScramjets

Scramjets overcome Scramjets overcome the speed limitationthe speed limitation

It is a supersonic-It is a supersonic-combustion ramjetcombustion ramjet

Needs another engine Needs another engine or vehicle to accelerate or vehicle to accelerate it to operating speedit to operating speed

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Reproduced from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center

Thrust ReversersThrust Reversers

Diverts thrust to the opposite Diverts thrust to the opposite direction of the aircraft’s motiondirection of the aircraft’s motion

Clamshell reverser forms a shield Clamshell reverser forms a shield at the back of the nozzle, at the back of the nozzle, deflects exhaust so it no longer deflects exhaust so it no longer produces forward thrustproduces forward thrust

Cascade reverser is a series of Cascade reverser is a series of airfoils with a high degree of airfoils with a high degree of camber that opens, to change camber that opens, to change the airflow’s directionthe airflow’s direction

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Courtesy of Dan Brownlee

Noise SuppressorsNoise Suppressors Laws regulate how much noise an aircraft can Laws regulate how much noise an aircraft can

makemake Flow of exhaust creates much of the racketFlow of exhaust creates much of the racket Chevron noise suppressor has teeth cut in Chevron noise suppressor has teeth cut in

nozzle’s edge to reduce noisenozzle’s edge to reduce noise Corrugated noise suppressor has ridged Corrugated noise suppressor has ridged

nozzles; breaks noise in a large exhaust flownozzles; breaks noise in a large exhaust flow Ejector-type noise suppressor directs Ejector-type noise suppressor directs

surrounding air so it mixes with the high-surrounding air so it mixes with the high-velocity exhaust to reduce noisevelocity exhaust to reduce noise

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 1, Lesson 5



Activity 3: Activity 3: Jet Engine CharacteristicsJet Engine Characteristics

View the various animations of a jet engine View the various animations of a jet engine to observe the parts and their functionsto observe the parts and their functions

Label the parts and provide a short Label the parts and provide a short description of characteristicdescription of characteristic

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Activity 3: EngineActivity 3: Engine


Activity 3: CompressorActivity 3: Compressor


Activity 3: TurbineActivity 3: Turbine


Reaction EnginesReaction Engines

Reaction engine develops Reaction engine develops thrust by its reaction to a thrust by its reaction to a substance ejected from itsubstance ejected from it

Operates according to Operates according to Newton’s third law of Newton’s third law of motion motion

Rocket engines are also Rocket engines are also reaction enginesreaction engines

Chapter 1, Lesson 5Courtesy of NASA

The Development of The Development of New Engine TechnologyNew Engine Technology

Aerospace engineers are working on new engine Aerospace engineers are working on new engine technologies that cut fuel use and reduce emissionstechnologies that cut fuel use and reduce emissions

Geared turbofan engine reduces fuel consumption, Geared turbofan engine reduces fuel consumption, emissions, engine noise, and operating costsemissions, engine noise, and operating costs

Open rotor jet engine focuses on fuel efficiency, Open rotor jet engine focuses on fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and noise reductionreduced emissions, and noise reduction

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center

Thrust VectoringThrust Vectoring

Thrust vector engine has nozzles that turn to Thrust vector engine has nozzles that turn to redirect thrust; lets aircraft maneuver with redirect thrust; lets aircraft maneuver with greater precisiongreater precision

The aim of this technology is maneuverability, The aim of this technology is maneuverability, not fuel efficiencynot fuel efficiency

Chapter 1, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 5



Activity 4: Flight PowerActivity 4: Flight Power

Create a presentation on a jet engine (current Create a presentation on a jet engine (current model or one under development)model or one under development)

Research sources and describe how the Research sources and describe how the engine works, and why the engine is suited for engine works, and why the engine is suited for the aircraft’s purposethe aircraft’s purpose

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

SummarySummary

The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s LawLaw, and Gay-Lussac’s Law

The characteristics of internal The characteristics of internal combustion enginescombustion engines

The mechanical, cooling, and ignition The mechanical, cooling, and ignition systems of reciprocating enginessystems of reciprocating engines

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Summary, cont.Summary, cont.

How the different types of jet engines How the different types of jet engines workwork

The role of reversers and suppressors The role of reversers and suppressors used in jet aircraftused in jet aircraft

Reaction enginesReaction engines The development of new engine The development of new engine

technologytechnology

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Chapter 1, Lesson 5

Review QuestionsReview Questions


Flight Power. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 1, Lesson 5.

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