SunMaxx Solar’s CEO Adam Farrell to Present at 2011 American Solar Energy Society Conference
Flexible Solar Power: Unlocking Solar’s Full Potential · Generation Dispatch on a Spring Day ....
Transcript of Flexible Solar Power: Unlocking Solar’s Full Potential · Generation Dispatch on a Spring Day ....
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Leading the World’s Sustainable Energy Future
Mahesh Morjaria, Ph.D. VP, PV Systems Development
Flexible Solar Power: Unlocking Solar’s Full Potential
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• Utility-scale PV Plants provides Essential Reliability Services & Grid Flexibility
• Combined with Storage, Solar provides Clean & Competitive Firm Capacity
• Utility-scale PV Solar contributes to Grid Stability & Reliability
Solar Power Provides Energy, Flexibility and Capacity
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Solar Provides Essential Reliability Services
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Solar Can Provide Reliability Services
http://www.caiso.com/Documents/TestsShowRenewablePlantsCanBalanceLow-CarbonGrid.pdf
• NERC identified essential reliability services to integrate higher levels of renewable resources, including: — Frequency Control — Ramping capability or flexible capacity
2018 Intersolar Outstanding Project
Winner
2017 NARUC Award Winner
Utility Industry Innovative Pilots or
Demonstration Projects
• Reduces need for conventional generation — Goes beyond simple PV energy value
— Enables additional solar
— Reduces need for expensive storage
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170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
RELATIVE TIME (sec)
Available MW Min allowed MW Commanded MW Measured MW
Solar Plant Follows Grid Operator Commands (AGC) Very Accurately
• Source: http://www.caiso.com/Documents/TestsShowRenewablePlantsCanBalanceLow-CarbonGrid.pdf. AGC: Automated Generator Control
POW
ER (M
W)
MORNING
30MW Headroom
Available MW
Measured Power
Commanded
Power (4 s)
Regulation is ~27 %pts more accurate than best
conventional generation
10 min
20 min
300 MW PV Plant
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Solar Contributes to System Flexibility
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Sola
r Cur
tailm
ent
(% o
f Pro
duct
ion
Pote
ntia
l)
Annual Solar Penetration Potential (%)
Solar Curtailment Increases with Solar Penetration
2000 MW Solar
17% Curtailed
1200 MW Solar
~1% Curtailed
2400 MW Solar 31%
Curtailed
1600 MW Solar
6% Curtailed
Source: E3,TECO, First Solar Report “Investigating the Economic Value of Flexible Solar Power Plant Operation”, https://www.ethree.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Investigating-the-Economic-Value-of-Flexible-Solar-Power-Plant-Operation.pdf .
~5 GW Peak Load
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As real time approaches…
Operational Flexibility Needed to Balance System While Managing Variability & Forecast Uncertainty
Load (MW)
Load Forecast
X Time Ahead
Headroom: Resources increase output
Actual Load could increase...
Footroom: Resources decrease output
Actual Load could decrease...
Time = 0
Lower solar generation...
Headroom Required
Higher Solar Generation
Footroom Required
Solar Forecast
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Head and Foot Room are Needed to Ensure Operational Control
Forecast accuracy increases
Operational flexibility decreases
Week Ahead Day Ahead Hours
Ahead 5 Min Ahead
5-min Load
Up
war
d
(MW
of
inc)
D
own
war
d
(MW
of
dec
)
Forecast Load
Headroom
Footroom
Forecast Error
Forecast Load
Regulation
Forecast Error
Regulation
Headroom
Footroom
Forecast Error
Regulation
Headroom
Footroom
Forecast Load
Real Time (AGC)
Actual Load
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
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Generation Dispatch For Thermal Generation Only
Thermal Generation Only
Oper
able
th
erm
al ra
nge
PMin Thermal
Gen
Avai
labl
e Ra
nge
Unav
aila
ble
Rang
e
M W
0
Footroom
Headroom
Required headroom & footroom fit within operating range of generation fleet
Generation Dispatch on a Spring Day
Load
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
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Load
Generation Dispatch with Must-Take Solar – Infeasible Under Higher Penetration
Must -Take Solar Thermal Generation
Only Op
erab
le th
erm
al
rang
e
PMin Thermal
Gen
Avai
labl
e Ra
nge
Unav
aila
ble
Rang
e
MW
0
Footroom
Headroom
Required headroom & footroom fit within operating range of
generation fleet
Solar
Thermal Gen
PMin Load
Solar increases balancing needs
Footroom
Headroom
Ope
rabl
e th
erm
al ra
nge
Infeasible: Minimum thermal dispatch (PMin) above footroom --
no feasible range available
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
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Generation Dispatch with Curtailable Solar — Feasible but Higher Curtailment
Must -Take Solar
Solar
Thermal Gen
PMin Load
Ope
rabl
e th
erm
al ra
nge
Infeasible: Minimum thermal dispatch (PMin) above footroom --
no feasible range available
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
Footroom
Headroom
MW
0 Generation Dispatch
on a Spring Day
Curtailable Solar Feasible:
Solar is curtailed until thermal dispatch is within
operable range
Thermal Gen
PMin
Solar Curtailed Solar
Ope
rabl
e th
erm
al ra
nge
Footroom
Headroom
MW
0
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Generation Dispatch with Downward Dispatch Solar – Increases Value
Generation Dispatch on a Spring Day
Downward Dispatch Solar
Increased Value: Curtailment reduced because solar contributes to footroom
Thermal Gen
PMin Oper
able
th
erm
al
rang
e
Solar
Sola
r op
erab
le
rang
e + Sola
r op
erab
le
rang
e Curtailed
Solar
Solar
Thermal Gen
PMin
Load
Footroom
Headroom
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
MW
0
Footroom
Headroom
Curtailable Solar
Feasible: Solar is curtailed until thermal
dispatch is within operable range
Thermal Gen
PMin
Load
Oper
able
th
erm
al ra
nge
Solar
Curtailed Solar
MW
0
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Generation Dispatch with Fully Flexible Solar – Optimizes Value
Generation Dispatch on a Spring Day
Downward Dispatch Solar
Increased Value: Curtailment reduced
because solar contributes to footroom
Thermal Gen
PMin Oper
able
th
erm
al
rang
e
Solar
Sola
r op
erab
le
rang
e + Sola
r op
erab
le
rang
e
Curtailed Solar
Solar
Thermal Gen
PMin
Load
Footroom
Headroom
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
MW
0 Curtailed Solar
+
Balancing Interval (5 minutes – 1 hour)
Sola
r op
erab
le
rang
e
Solar
Thermal Gen
PMin
Load
Footroom
Headroom
Fully Flexible Solar
Optimal Value: Solar contributes to both
footroom & headroom Headroom from Curtailed Solar
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Source: E3,TECO, First Solar Report “Dispatchable Solar: The Key to Unlocking the Clean Energy Grid of the Future”, under review. Dispatchable or Grid Flexible Solar: operating solar plants at an optimal point which may be lower than available resource and providing regulation reserves. Non-dispatacbable solar refers to where solar plant is
only used to avoid oversupply and not provide any reserves.
Comparison of Dispatch Profiles Over The Year (Animated)
Non-Dispatchable Solar Fully Flexible Solar
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Flexible Solar Reduces Curtailment
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Sola
r Cur
tailm
ent
(% o
f Pro
duct
ion
Pote
ntia
l)
Annual Solar Penetration Potential (%)
Must-Take
Downward Dispatch
Fully Flexible
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-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Annu
al P
rodu
ctio
n Co
st R
educ
tion
(%)
Annual Solar Penetration Potential (%)
Flexible Solar Reduces Production Costs
Downward Dispatch
Assumes Solar $0 Variable Cost
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PV can start up in seconds (when solar resource is
available)
< 1 sec 20 min 1-4 hrs 1-2 days
PV
CT
ST
CC PV follows AGC (4-sec) signal
with high accuracy
PV CT ST CC
Regu
latio
n Er
ror
Flexibility = Key Resource Attribute of the Future Grid
Utility-scale PV is more flexible and responsive than today’s fossil fleet:
PV can operate flexibly from 0 to available power (Pavail)
PV
CT ST CC
Pmin Pmin Pmin
Pavail
Combustion Turbine
ST
CC
CT
Combined Cycle
Steam Turbine
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Solar Provides Firm Capacity
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Solar + Storage Provide Clean Dispatchable Generation
Intermittency
Grid Reliability & Stability
Dispatchable Generation Flexible
Generation
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Can Solar Provide Firm Capacity Required by Utility?
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Solar and Storage Provide Firm Capacity
Hour of the Day1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
25% NoStorage
Summer Evening Peak Period
Hour of the Day1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
48% 1 hr Storage
Summer Evening Peak Period
Hour of the Day1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
72% 2 hr Storage
Summer Evening Peak Period
Hour of the Day1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
JanuaryFebruary
MarchAprilMayJuneJuly
AugustSeptember
OctoberNovemberDecember
98% 4 hr Storage
Summer Evening Peak Period
+
Game Changer: Clean Energy Plant More Cost-effective Than Conventional Generation
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Storage Enhances Grid Capability of PV Plant Power Regulation Ramp Control
dP dt
Voltage Support
P
Q
Grid Capabilities Enhanced with Storage
• AGC • Up-Regulation • Down-Regulation • Frequency
Regulation
Flexibility Capacity Firming Energy Shifting
+
Grid Reliability Services Base Capability
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Summary
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• Utility-scale PV Plants provides Essential Reliability Services & Grid Flexibility
• Combined with Storage, Solar provides Clean & Competitive Firm Capacity
• Utility-scale PV Solar contributes to Grid Stability & Reliability
Solar Power Provides Energy, Flexibility and Capacity