Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable ...called Biofumigation Mathieu Ngouajio,...
Transcript of Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable ...called Biofumigation Mathieu Ngouajio,...
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Mathieu Mathieu NgouajioNgouajioDept. HorticultureDept. Horticulture
Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable production
systems for integrated crop management
© Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Attract beneficial
insectsReduce soil compaction
Add organic matter
Enhance mycorrhiza
Add N(legume)
Enhance Microbialactivity
Suppressweeds
Suppressdiseases
Suppressnematodes
Reduceerosion
Increase waterinfiltration
Recyclenutrients
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Synthetic chemicalsSynthetic chemicalsMethyl bromideMethyl bromideMethyl iodideMethyl iodideTeloneTeloneVapamVapamVorlexVorlex
Plant residuePlant residueMainly plants that Mainly plants that produce produce glucosinolatesglucosinolates
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Secondary plant Secondary plant metabolitesmetabolitesProduced by 15 plant Produced by 15 plant familiesfamiliesMainly the Mainly the BrassicaBrassica (or (or mustard) family. mustard) family. >100 >100 glucosinolatesglucosinolateshave been identified have been identified ((≠≠R)R)
GlucoseSulfur
R=Side chain
R—CN—OSO3
-
S—C6H11O5
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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MyrosinaseMyrosinase enzymes are enzymes are responsible for the responsible for the degradation of degradation of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesBut But MyrosinasesMyrosinases and and glucosinolatesglucosinolates are are located in different located in different compartments in the cellcompartments in the cellTissue Damage triggers Tissue Damage triggers the reaction the reaction
Tissue Damage
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IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate is is the most the most important important breakdown breakdown product of product of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesUsed in Used in Commercial Commercial fumigantsfumigants
R—CN—OSO3
-
S—C6H11O5
R NSThiocyanate
Thiocyanate
C R SN
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanateITCITC
C
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
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IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanatehas shown has shown activity on many activity on many plant pestsplant pests
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate
DiseasesDiseases
InsectsInsects
Nematodes
NematodesWeedsWeeds
R SN
C
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Brassica Species are called Biofumigantsbecause they release isothiocyanate upon damage of their tissues
The process of incorporating fresh residues of BrassicaSpecies in the soil is called Biofumigation
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Species selectionSpecies selectionAppropriate seeding Appropriate seeding raterateSeeding time (tolerate Seeding time (tolerate freezing temperature freezing temperature down to 28 F)down to 28 F)Initial fertilizer if soil is Initial fertilizer if soil is poorpoorAllow the cover crop Allow the cover crop to grow up to to grow up to flowering stage (do flowering stage (do not allow seed set)not allow seed set) Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University
Department of Horticulture
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OthersOthers••TurnipTurnip••RapeRape••BroccoliBroccoli••EtcEtc
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Cover CropCover Crop Range Rate UsedOilseed radishOilseed radish 10 to 2510 to 25 1515Oriental mustardOriental mustard 4 to 64 to 6 66Yellow mustardYellow mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88Brown mustardBrown mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88SudangrassSudangrass 40 to 8040 to 80 6060
Rate: Lbs/A
• Broadcast and incorporated• Large scale: Drilled
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Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003
Mini tillerMini tiller
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gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
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Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003
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gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
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Cover crops incorporated at flowering stageJune 23, 2006
About 45 Days after planting
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Use multiple Use multiple passes of a passes of a disc or a disc or a rototillerrototiller
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Simultaneous flail mowing and incorporation
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Flail mowing + incorporationFlail mowing + incorporation
RototillerRototiller
DiscDisc
No killing no incorporationNo killing no incorporation
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Snap bean
Onions
Onions
Carrots
The cover crop should be scheduled in the rotation system and planted in fall of the year before onions
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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0
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Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
Brownmustard
Sudangrass Control
# pe
r 10
0 cm
3 so
il
MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab
Muck research farm 2005: OnionMuck research farm 2005: OnionMore beneficial microorganisms More beneficial microorganisms in the cover crop plotsin the cover crop plots
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400
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480
500
520
Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
Brownmustard
Sudangrass Control
Plan
ts/ 2
5 ft
a abc ab ab bc c
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Celery
Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Celery
Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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The Brassica species improved celery yield in 2004 & 2005
2005 Hamilton yield
0
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10
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BT AT
Yiel
d (k
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ot)
Cereal ryeOilseed radishOriental mustardYellow mustardControl
b a a ab b b a a a b
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Plant Parasitic Nematodes
0
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Control OrientalMustard
OilseedRadish
Rye Yellowmustard
Cover Crop
Nem
atod
es/1
00 c
m3
Hamilton 2004Hamilton 2004CeleryCelery
Fewer nematodes Fewer nematodes in the oilseed in the oilseed radish and yellow radish and yellow mustard plotsmustard plots
MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab
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DecaturDecatur•• 5 Cover Crops5 Cover Crops•• ControlControl••Seeding April 14 Seeding April 14 & 28 & 28
HamiltonHamilton•• 7 Cover Crops7 Cover Crops•• ControlControl•• seeding April 5 seeding April 5 Collaborationwith Dr. Bird Lab
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
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Hamilton siteAbout 3 acres
Decatur siteAbout 7 acres
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Control plots have lowest yield
Marketable Yield: Hamilton
15171921232527293133
Brownmustard
Orientalmustard
Oilseedradish
Yellowmustard
Control
Brassica cover crop
Yiel
d (L
b/20
plts
)
a a aa b
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Control plots have lowest yield
Marketable Yield: Decatur
15
17
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Brownmustard
Orientalmustard
Oilseedradish
Yellowmustard
Defenderradish
Mustard mix Control
Brassica cover crop
Yiel
d (L
b/20
plts
)
ab ab aa bab ab
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EXPO. Dec 2007
33
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Eggplant
Eggplant growing seasonEggplant growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Methylbromide
Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
SoilBuilder® Control
Treatment
Yiel
d (b
ushe
ls/A
)2007
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The The biofumigantsbiofumigants improved various improved various vegetable production systemsvegetable production systems
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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They should be used in combination with They should be used in combination with other management tools.other management tools.They should be considered as a cover They should be considered as a cover crops first and any crops first and any biofumigationbiofumigation effect effect should be a plus. should be a plus.
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
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Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture