Fishmeal and Fish Oil

Replacements in

Aquaculture Feeds

Peter R. Ferket North Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC 27695-7608

Peter_Ferket@ncsu.edu

The Growing Demand For Aquaculture

Time Magazine (July 2011)

Who Grows the Fish?

Total Seafood Production (FAO 2010) M

illio

n M

T

Difference Supplied

by Aquaculture

Aquaculture Depends on Fishmeal?

Feed is one of the most

costly resources in fish

farming

65-80% of total cost of

production

Fishmeal is a major

constituent in production

of fish feed

Up to 45%

Yilmaz et al., (2004)

Fish Meal and Oil Production 2010 Estimates by IFFO

Aquaculture has become the Dominant

User of Fishmeal among Food Animals

Aquaculture has become the

Dominant User of Fish Oil

Omega-3 Demand Now Exceeds

Sustainable Production of Anchovy Oil

Global Fishmeal and Fish Oil Production

1964-2010 (Tonnes X 1,000)

www.iffo.net

Source: World Bank

World Fishmeal Price at All-Time High

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

2300

2500

Feb-0

5

Aug

-05

Feb-0

6

Aug

-06

Feb-0

7

Aug

-07

Feb-0

8

Aug

-08

Feb-0

9

Aug

-09

Feb-1

0

Aug

-10

Feb-1

1

Aug

-11

Feb-1

2

Aug

-12

Feb-1

3

Aug

-13

Feb-1

4

Aug

-14

US

Do

lla

rs/T

on

ne

El Niňo

Feeding the Future

Aquaculture production

industries must consider

non-traditional feed

ingredients

Protein meals

Oil sources

Options for reducing

feed costs must focus on

formulation strategies to

optimize nutrient

utilization

Fishmeal Alternatives

Prime Considerations

• Fish spp – Herbivores or Carnivore

• Availability of Alternative protein

• Nutrient Composition and Density

• Protein and Amino Acids Digestibility

• Digestible Energy Value

• Anti-nutritional Factors

• Life Stage of the Fish

• Cost Effectiveness

Tacon, 1994

Rendered Animal Protein Meals

Mechanically deboned

meat Meat and bone meal

Yeast extract

Poultry by-product meal

Poultry By-Product Meal (PBM)

Typically contain 66% CP, 13% CF

and 10-18% ash

Proposed optimum replacement

rates of fishmeal by PBM is red

tilapia 30% (66% FM replacement)

Deficient in lysine, methionine and

histidine

Fasakin et al., (2005), Laporte et al.(2009)

Meat and Bone Meal

28% (40% FM replacement) in

Gilthead Seabream feed

Histological liver alterations

Reduced protein and lipid

digestibility

Feather Meal

9.9% (66% FM replacement) in

Nile Tilapia feed

Poor amino acid profile, poor

amino acid digestibility

Robaina et al. (1997), Bishop, et al., (1995)

Hydrolyzed Feather Meal

Either steam or enzyme treated

Proposed optimum replacement rates of

fishmeal by enzyme treated Hydrolized

Feather meal for red Tilapia is <66%

Steam treated is less digestible compared

with enzyme treated;

Deficient in lysine and methionine

(Laporte et al.,2007)

Blood Meal < 21.7% (66% FM replacement) for hybrid Tilapia

Rich in lysine

Deficient in methionine

High digestibility

Reduction of visible faeces

Highly sensitive to heat damage and drying

conditions with profound effect on protein

digestibility

(Fasakin et al., 2005 and Bureau et al., 2008)

Co-products Alternatives as a

Source of High Quality Nutrients

Rendered animal protein meals and

plant proteins meals can be effectively

combined supply the ideal amino acid

profile for farmed fish

Replacing fishmeal in Nile tilapia feed with

alternative protein by-product meals is feasible.

NCSU Study: Hypothesis

Yeast Extract Fermented MDM

Poultry Meal

Experimental Diet

Ingredients Fishmeal Yeast

Extract1

Poultry by-

product

meal

Mechanically

deboned

poultry meal

(fermented)

------------------ (% of Diet as is basis) ----------------

Soybean Meal 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.60

Corn 12.20 12.20 12.20 11.50

Wheat 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00

Fishmeal 6.00 -- -- --

Yeast Extract1 -- 6.00 -- --

PBM -- -- 6.00 --

MDM -- -- -- 6.00

Poultry fat 4.43 4.43 4.43 3.94

Experimental Diets

1NuProTM Yeast Extract, Alltech Biotechnology, Inc.

Nutrient

Analysis

Fishmeal

Yeast

Extract1

Poultry by-

product meal

Mechanically

deboned meal

----------------------- % Composition ------------------------

Dry matter 86.92 87.73 87.37 86.72

Crude Protein 28.9 28.29 30.67 27.03

Crude Fat 6.18 6.31 6.05 7.28

Starch 37.41 38.65 35.22 38.84

ADF 6.57 5.04 6.77 5.32

NDF 8.72 9.33 9.89 9.52

Ash 5.72 5.15 5.55 5.54

Experimental Diets

1NuProTM Yeast Extract, Alltech Biotechnology, Inc.

Methodology and Design

Four dietary treatments - Fishmeal (FM, $US1,375/ton);

NuPro yeast extract (YE, $US1,375/ton); fermented

mechanically deboned poultry meal (MDM; $700/ton);

Poultry meal (PM, $318/ton) (Feedstuff, 2010)

2 replicates tanks @ 37 fish per tank for each diet

Pelleted Sinking diets

Fed 3% body weight

Sampling day 15, 34, 72 and 105

------------ Days of Experimental Treatment ------------

Dietary

Treatment

1 15 34 72 105

--------------------------------- (g/fish) ---------------------------------

Fishmeal

92.25±0.84

133.15±8.34

194.54±6.78

305.28±3.67

448.35±1.32a

Mechanically

deboned

meat

92.82±2.64

136.18±11.5

181.76±7.79

282.69±7.58

411.18±11.29b

Yeast

extract

91.09±2.43

128.44±3.44

175.14±3.57

286.30±2.73

421.62±1.43ab

Poultry by-

product

meal

91.75±0.49

137.66±1.79

184.05±4.19

299.34±0.03

437.02±1.27ab

P-Value 0.9206 0.8215 0.2714 0.061 0.0355

SEM(5) 1.8564 7.3644 5.8489 4.4244 5.7627

Effect of Dietary Replacement on Body

Weight Gain of Juvenile Nile Tilapia1

1Values are means ± SEM; N= 2 tanks/treatment; 37 fish/tank

1 . 4 5

1 . 5

1 . 5 5

1 . 6

1 . 6 5

1 . 7

1 . 7 5

1 . 8

1 . 8 5

1 . 9

Effect of the Dietary Replacements on Feed

Conversion Ratio of Juvenile Nile Tilapia F

ee

d C

on

ve

rsio

n R

ati

o

(fe

ed

co

ns

um

ed

/bo

dy w

eig

ht

ga

in)

Dietary Treatments

a

b ab

ab

FM MDM YE PM

Effect of the Dietary Replacement on Protein

Efficiency Ratio of Juvenile Nile Tilapia

Dietary Treatments

Plant Protein Meals

Peanut meal

Canola meal

Cotton seed meal

Soybean meal

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

% o

f R

equ

irem

ent

AR

G

LY

S

TS

AA

TH

R

TR

P

Amino Acid

Soybean Meal

Advantages

Protein is well digested by monogastrics when properly processed

Fair amino acid balance

Complements corn

Common Problems

Trypsin inhibitor in under heat-processed SBM

Carbohydrate fraction not well digested

Raffinose, stachyose, galactomannans

Over heat processing reduces amino acid (esp. LYS) availability

Soybean Meal Could be used to replaced

fishmeal up to 100% in

Tilapia and Cat fish feed

43–47% (100% FM

replacement) (extruded

soybean meal/extruded full-fat

soybean) in Tilapia Feed

Limiting in DL-methionine

Limiting in L-lysine

Webster et al., (1992), McGoogan and

Gatlin (1995), Goda et al. (2007)

Species

% Maximum soy protein from

Heat Processed Full-

Fat Soybean meal

Solvent

Extracted

Soybean meal

Common carp 12 25

Blue tilapia 9.5 20

Channel catfish 9.5 25

Rainbow Trout 17 12

Coho Salmon 9.5 9.5

Atlantic salmon 5 5

Red Drum 6 9.5

Stripped bass 9.5 12

Red sea bream 6 12

Marine shrimp 4 14.5

Maximum Inclusion Rates of Soy Protein

in Feeds for Aquaculture Species

O’Keefe, http://www.soyaqua.org/pdf2/OKeefeFeedIngredientPaper.pdf)

Peanut Meal/ Concentrate

14.8% (30% FM replacement) in Tilapia feed

Up to 35% replacement

• The palatability needs to be improved

Protease inhibitors, lectins, tannins

Poor amino acid profile

Cyanogens, phytic acid, saponins amy limit

use

Schultz et al., (2007), lim et al., (1997)

Cotton Seed Meal

Up to 100% in Tilapia feed as fishmeal

alternative

Gossypol reduces growth and result in

mortality

Phytic acid, Phytoestrogens, Antivitamins,

Cyclopropenoic acid may limit use

Canola Meal

42.5% (60% FM replacement) in Gilthead

Seabream feed

Relatively low protein and high fibre content

Glucosinate, Protease inhibitors, Phytic acid,

tannins may limit use El Sayed et al., (1990), Kissil et al. (2000)

Wheat Gluten

Can be up to 16.7%

(36% FM replacement)

in Salmon feed

High protein content and

highly digestible

Improve water quality

Usually too costly

Storebakken et al., (2000)

Corn Gluten Meal

Can be use ≤ 30% (100%

dietary CP) in Tilapia feed

Poor arginine, histidine and

threonine content

Lower protein than SBM

Water instability

Presence of cartenoids can

turn the flesh of fish to a

yellowish color

Goda et al., (2007)

Potential Alternatives to Fish Oil Krill

Antarctic Krill est. 200-400 million MT

Current TAC 200,000 MT of of 5 million limit

Aker Biomarine harvests 50% of krill

Algae

Heterotrophic fermentation

Alltech.com

Photobioreactors

OriginOil.com, Algae Biosciences Corp., AZ

GMO Oilseeds

Monsanto Soymega, high SDA

Cargill and BASF, EPA+DHA rich Canola oil?

Copyright, ©, 2011, Alltech. All rights reserved

Alltech Algae SP1 (All-G-Rich)

• 60 % fat

• 14% protein

• 28% DHA by weight

• 36% unsaturated fatty acids by weight

• 66% triglycerides

• Schizochytrium limacinum

Fatty acid profile of major oils in aquafeeds (as % of total FA)

Fis

h O

ils

Oil Profiles HUFA SAFA MUFA PUFA

AVG Atlantic Oil

36 34 23 3

Menhaden Oil

32 35 26 3

Salmon Oil 31 22 37 6

Palm Oil 0 49 41 10

Rapeseed Oil

0 5 72 22

Soybean Oil

0 15 22 63

Alltech SP1

32 63 3 2

Veg

eta

ble

Oil

s

Alg

ae

Fatty acid profile of major oils in aquafeeds (as % of total FA)

Fis

h O

ils

But what are you REALLY getting…

HUFA EPA DHA Difference

AVG Atlantic Oil

36 15 10 11

Menhaden Oil

32 13 6 13

Salmon Oil 31 9.5 9 12.5

Palm Oil 0 0 0 0

Rapeseed Oil

0 0 0 0

Soybean Oil

0 0 0 0

Alltech SP1

32 0.5 28.5 3

Veg

eta

ble

Oil

s

Alg

ae

Enhancing DHA in Nile tilapia

• Nile tilapia has an ω-6 requirement

• Research is unclear on an ω-3 requirement

• ω-6:ω-3 ratio in fillet has led to questions about the health benefits of eating tilapia

Fillet comparison

Source: Colorado State University Extension Fact Sheet #9.382

Effect of SP1 on growth performance

and DHA levels of Nile tilapia

Orechromis niloticus

• 240 fish (10 grams) were divided into four treatment groups with 4 reps per treatment

• 37% protein, 5% fat

• 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% SP1

• 100 gallon RAS

• 13 week feeding trial

• Weight gain, FCR, fillet DHA levels

Effect of Alltech SP1 on Tilapia

Treatment Avg

Weight (g) Weight Gain (g)

FCR DHA (mg/g)

No Algae 33.1 224 2.23 1.76c

0.2% 36.7 237 2.01 1.78c

0.4% 34.3 230 2.18 2.27b

0.8% 35.9 240 2.10 2.93a

Four Diets (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8% Alltech SP1)

Fish oil replacement • Hybrid striped bass have an ω-3 requirement.

– 0.5 to 1.0% of the diet.

• Industry continues to seek fish oil alternative

• Combination of algae and vegetable oil?

Replacing fish oil in hybrid

striped bass diets

Diet Fish Oil (%) Soybean Oil (%) SP1 (%)

1 5 0 0

2 0 4.3 1.4

3 0 3.6 2.8

4 0 2.2 5.6

Protein 45%

Fat 11%

6 fish per tank/ 6 reps per treatments

Fish were fed three times a day to satiation

Effect of Algae (All-G-Rich) on

Growth Performance and DHA

content of Hybrid Stripped Bass

Diet Final weight (g)

Feed Intake(g)

FCR DHA (mg/g)

Control 96b 96b 1.29 7.78

1.4% algae 97ab 101ab 1.34 6.08

2.8% algae 105a 107a 1.29 7.68

5.6% algae 99ab 103ab 1.32 6.08

Effect of SP1 on the growth

performance and DHA levels of

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

• 90 fish (6 grams) were divided into two treatment groups with 3 reps per treatment

• 44% protein, 20% fat

• 0%, 15% SP1

• 15% SP1 had no fish oil

• 100 gallon RAS

• 14 week feeding trial

• Weight gain, FCR, fillet DHA levels

Effect of 15% Algae on Rainbow Trout

Treatment Average Weight of Trout (g)

Week 0 Week 5 Week 7 Week 10 Week 14

0% algae 6.0 20 29 52 97

15% algae 6.0 21 30 53 111

P value 0.820 0.150 0.300 0.250 0.018

Treatment Average Weight Gain of Trout (g)

Week 5 Week 7 Week 10 Week 14 DHA

0% algae 14 22 45 91 17mg/g

15% algae 15 23 47 105 30mg/g

P value 0.140 0.310 0.260 0.018 .002

Two diets (0, 15% Alltech SP1) for 14 weeks

F.O.= Fish Oil; F.M.= Fish Meal Filer, 2012

All-G-Rich as a source of energy and DHA in catfish diets

Design • All-G-Rich is formulated into a catfish grower diet in

combination with soy bean oil to replace fish oil.

• Treatments: 0% alga (fish oil), 0% alga (soy bean oil), 1.4% alga, 2.8% alga, 5.6% alga

• Alga along with soy bean oil is formulated in to replace fish oil and provide an equal level of fat.

• 144 fish (avg 5 grams) were divided into 24 tanks with six fish per tank and four tanks per treatment

All-G-Rich as a source of energy and DHA in catfish diets

Results

Diet

Total fish

weight (g)

AMT-FED (g)

FINAL AVG WT

(g)

% WEIGHT

GAIN SGR FCR

DHA (mg/g)

1 (2.8 FO) 843 B 1200 B 105.42 B 463 B 3.02 B 1.77 A 4.378B

2 (2.8 VO) 1140 A 1489 A 142.6 A 685 A 3.62 A 1.5 A 2.338C

3 (1.4 SP1) 1049 AB 1498 A 131.23 AB 639 A 3.5 A 1.68 A 5.283B

4 (2.8 SP1) 1111 A 1551 A 138.91 A 624 A 3.47 A 1.63 A 6.945A

5 (5.6 SP1) 1104 A 1551 A 138.1 A 662 A 3.56 A 1.64 A 7.613A

AMean values in columns with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)

Performance and DHA level of catfish fed different levels of All-G-Rich

Replacement of Fish Oil by All-G-Rich

• All-G-Rich can be used to enhance DHA content in Nile tilapia fillet.

• All-g Rich can be used to replace fish oil in combination with soybean oil in hybrid striped bass.

• All-G-Rich can replace fish oil (and fish meal) in rainbow trout and enrich DHA content

• All-G-Rich can enrich DHA content of Catfish

Questions?