Fishbone analysis (edited)

FAH 0033APPROACHES TO PROBLEM-

SOLVING TECHNIQUES:FISHBONE ANALYSIS

Fishbone Diagram – Problem Analysis Tool

What is a Fishbone diagram? Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control

statistician, invented the fishbone diagram. Therefore, it may be referred to as the Ishikawa diagram.

The fishbone diagram is an analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking at effects and the causes that create or contribute to those effects.


Because of the function of the fishbone diagram, it may be referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram. The design of the diagram looks much like the skeleton of a fish. Therefore, it is often referred to as the fishbone diagram.


The value of the fishbone diagram is to assist teams in categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues in an orderly way and in identifying root causes.

Usefulness of Fishbone Analysis

it can be used when the team... - needs to study a problem/issue to determine the root

cause- wants to study all the possible reasons why a process is

beginning to have difficulties, problems, or breakdowns- needs to identify areas for data collection- wants to study why a process is not performing properly

or producing the desired results

Tools on Fishbone diagrams

The 4 W's of the Fishbone diagram should be considered. The 4 W's are:

1. What - refers to questions concerning objects such as machines and materials,

2. Why - which is concerned with questions on the conditions such as motivation,

3. When - refers to problems concerning the time sequence in the process such as the time of day or sequence in production,

4. Where - is concerned with the effects associated with place, such as a production line, branch office, or loading dock.

Tools on Fishbone diagrams For manufacturing problems, the 5 M's are a

useful tool in finding possible causes to a problem.

The 5 M's are characterized as - manpower,- materials, - methods,- machines, and- measurements.

Tools on Fishbone diagrams

For problems that are being examined in the service industry, the 5 P's can be used to develop the Cause Effect (CE)/Fishbone diagram:

- People (employees)- Provisions (supplies)- Procedures (processes)- Place (environment)- Patrons (customers)

How does it look like? An example…

Situation: The goal of not meeting a deadline is influenced by a number of factors.

The diagram (that follows) depicts 4 broad categories under which are grouped causes that we have identified as driving forces or obstacles.

Rules/Techniques of Fishbone Analysis

Basic Steps:1. Draw the fishbone diagram.... 2. List the problem/issue/goal to be studied in the

"head of the fish". (1st level – main line)3. Label each "bone" of the "fish". (2nd level).

List each 2nd level cause to the 1st level.4. The major categories for the 2nd level are

typically utilized as:

An example of a fishbone diagram

An example: Problem - Not meeting deadline

Fishbone diagram in Manufacturing environments

FISHBONE DIAGRAM

Goal

Measurement Materials Methods

Environment People Machines

Broad category


5. Use an idea-generating technique (e.g., brainstorming) to identify the factors within each category that may be affecting the problem/issue and/or effect being studied.This is known as the 3rd level. The team should ask... "What are the machine issues affecting/causing..."


6. Repeat this procedure with each factor under the category to produce sub-factors. Continue asking, "Why is this happening?“ (4th level) and put additional segments in each factor and subsequently under each sub-factor.

7. Continue until you no longer get useful information as you ask, "Why is that happening?"


8. Analyze the results of the fishbone after team members agree that an adequate amount of detail has been provided under each major category. Do this by looking for those items that appear in more than one category. These become the 'most likely causes".


9. For those items identified as the "most likely causes", the team should reach consensus on listing those items in priority order with the first item being the most “probable” cause.

Two examples of fish diagrams follow which includes an analysis of a company’s performance.

Decrease cost

Overhead

Distribution

Product

Financing

Increase Margin

Increase Price

Add ValueIncrease Demand

Increase Gross RevenueIncrease ExistingProduct Volume

DifferentiateProduct

IncreasedFeature/Function

RealFeature/Function

Product

Distribution

QualityFeatures

OptionsWarranties

SizesChannels

Locations

InventoryTransport

GovernmentCompliance

DecisionSupport

Communications

Increase HumanProductivity

ImproveProcess

ReduceWaste

IncreaseQuality

IncreaseSpeed

IncreaseSpeedIncrease

Quality

ReduceWaste

ChannelLengthStorage

Scheduling

Info

PurchasingPower

CostEngineering

ScaleEconomics

Sales

IncreaseNeed

TerritoryManagement

ProductLines

SegmentMarket

IncreasePresent Use

IncreasePerceived

Need

InventNew Uses

Promotion

IncreaseCompanion

Products Use

InventNew Uses

Demographic

EliminateCompetition

Geographic

PerceivedFeature/Function

ReduceSupply

DecreasePrice

PerceivedPrice

BrandPromotion

Packaging

JointVenture

Style

FranchisingAcquisition

Merge Acquire

ProductPrice

IntroduceNew Product

IncreaseMarketShare

NewIndustry Current

IndustryCompliment

SubstituteNew

Product

NewProduct

Substitute

Compliment

ImpairCompetition

ExistingPotentialentry/exitbarriers

MarketPower

ScaleEconomics

Volumes LearningCurves

VerticalSupplierPower

BuyerPower

Horizontal

Pre-emptiveStrike

BuyoutCompetition

Increase Net Revenue

Figure 1 - Strategic Fishbone

Adapted from Nolan,Norton & Company

(Bold Type indicates significance)

FISHBONE ANALYSIS1. Identifying the Problem

CAUSEEFFECT

Reports not printed within timeframe

PROBLEM

2. Determine the Main Causes

Reports not printed within timeframe

Materials

Machinery

Manpower

Methodology

3. Determine the Minor Causes

Reports not printed within time-frame

Materials

Machinery

Manpower

Methodology

Insufficient supplies

Not enough funds

Manpower shortage

No training

Poor proof-reading

Bad attitude

Power supply interruptions

Insufficient machines

Frequent breakdowns

Report received late

Late proof-reading/setting

Changes during processing

4. Determine the Actual Causes


Materials

Machinery

Manpower

Methodology

Insufficient supplies

NOT ENOUGH FUNDS

Manpower shortage

No trainingPOOR PROOF-READING

Bad attitude

Power supply interruptions

Insufficient machines

FREQUENT BREAKDOWNS

Report received late

LATE PROOF-READING/SETTING

Changes during processing

5. Arrange Causes According to Priority


Materials

Machinery

Manpower

Methodology

Poor proof-reading

Frequent breakdowns

Late proof-reading/ setting

Not enough funds

Fishbone analysis (edited)

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