Fish/Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior Action or re-action to stimuli Happens in the brain...
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Transcript of Fish/Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior Action or re-action to stimuli Happens in the brain...
Fish/Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior
• Action or re-action to stimuli• Happens in the brain (non-motor) and can be manifested
through muscular response, but often involves both• There can be a temporal component to the actual
behavior (learning, e.g. feed training)• Short-term trigger for behavior, or effect on the organism• Long-term evolutionary significance/adaptation:
behavior is selected for. • Animals behave in ways that maximize their fitness
Genetic vs. environmental factors• Nature/nurture? On-going debate, but tipping
towards nature• Behaviors have phenotypic variation: studies on
problem solving• Due in part to genetic propensity: ‘ability’ to
learn (epigenetics)• Due in part to environmental pressures and
variability• The two: genes and environment, work in concert• Innate behavior: less subject to environmental
variation. Developmentally fixed
Fixed Action Patterns
Fixed Action Patterns: stereotypical innate behavior. The organism will carry it out almost no matter what, even if it doesn’t seem appropriate. These are all part of a category of behaviors very important to survival and/or fitness.
Fixed Action Patterns
Male three spined stickleback: attacks other males with red bellies – attacks anything red
Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus
Innate behavior• Innate Behavior – a behavior that is hard-wired into the
nervous system of an individual. – Salamanders & swimming
– Baby birds & flying
– Baby Turtles & returning to the ocean
• Brood parasitism (cuckoldry) is a classical example (Cichlid/catfish)
• Ability to confront novel stimuli, learn about them and adjust behavior is indicative of intelligence and self awareness. Intelligence is costly: brain development, parental investment etc.
Innate behavior
• Brood parasitism:
Haplochromis nubilus
Synodontis punctatus
Learning• Change in behavior based on experience
– Maturation is behavior change based largely on ability due to development (eg. Use of tool)
Learning• Change in behavior based on experience
– Maturation is behavior change based largely on ability due to development (eg. Use of tool)
Learning• Change in behavior based on experience
– Maturation is a behavior change based largely on ability due to development (ex. Use of tool)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DoWdHOtlrk
Halichoeres garnotiYellowhead wrasse
Use of a rock as an anvil – for breaking scallops
Learning• Habituation
– Loss of responsiveness due to repetition
• Imprinting– Learning in a critical time period (tightly correlated
with innate behavior) (salmon imprint on stream)
Learning• Conditioning: Pavlov
– Associating a stimulus with punishment or reward (can also be trial and error) (visual experiments)
Cognition (a mental process)
• Problem solving studies
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8631486.stm
Bellwork: 1/10/2013
1. What is “imprinting?” Why is it so important for the development of an organism?
2. What are some biological downsides of intelligence?
Cognition
• Problem solving studies• Consciousness and awareness (mirror studies)• The connection between nervous system function
and behavior (hormones, fight/flight, hunger, attraction, pain)
• Spatial orientation and mapping– Migration: genes, sun,
magneto-reception/geometric pull, olfactory clues.
– The role of learning in migration
Fish Migration
• Fish migrations are usually round-trip • Reasons for migration – Food gathering – Temperature adjustment – Breeding
Timing of migrations
– Annual – Daily – generational
Classification of Fish Migration
• Diadromous – Travel between sea & fresh water
– Anadromous – most of life at sea, breed in fresh water
– Catadromous – most of life in fresh water, breed at sea
Reasons for Migrations
• Take advantage of different habitats – Feeding – Protection • Avoid adverse conditions • Meet requirements for reproduction
Orientation During Migration
• Orientation to gradients of temperature, salinity, and chemicals • Orientation by the sun • Orientation to geomagnetic and geoelectric fields
Disadvantages of Migrations
• Expenditure of energy – Most must store energy before migration • Risk from predation
Adjustments Required Due to Migrations
• Adjusting physiologically to new water conditions – Temperature – Light – Water chemistry • Many migratory species are now rapidly declining due to changes caused by man
Migration
Migration
10,000 Golden Rays migrating from Florida to Mexico
Stop for today
• Sign in for a quiz
Bellwork – 01/18/2012
• Change 10 – 25% of your water
• Scrub all algae from the inside of the glass!
• Once you have taken the pH & the temperature, report those points of data to Mr. Young
• Windex the outside of your tank to clean off any salt, smudges, and debris
Reproductive behavior
• Sexual selection– Courtship/Dominance – hooded seal, bird
of paradise– Female choice– Male aggression
• Leks – a gathering of males for the purpose of competitive mating displays.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGIQxBbYm10
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3-Q3x3j6zw&feature=related
Mating strategies
• Why are females, biologically, more important than males?
• Human Examples:– Mrs. Feodor Vassilyev – 27 births, 69 children (16
pairs of twins, 7 triplets, 4 quadruplets) [1707-1782]
– Ismail Ibn Sharif – 867 children (525 sons, 342 daughters) [1672-1727]
Mating strategies
• Promiscuous• Monogamous• Polygamous:
– Polygynous – many females (anything with an alpha male, lions, hippos, many primates)
– polyandrous – many males (pipefish, honeybees, blue whales)
• Certainty of paternity matters!
Multiple paternity – broods of half brothers & sisters
Kelp Greenling
Symbiosis
Hippocampus barbiganti Pigmy seahorse
Trumpetfish / herbivores
Symbiosis
Clownfishes / Anemones
Vendellia cirrhosa (The dreaded Candiru)
Urinophilus diabolicus (leach-like)
1) What are some reasons for male aggression?
2) How is imprinting different than conditioning?
3) What is biological fitness? What is the ultimate biological goal of an individual within a population?
Behavioral ecology
• Animals behave in ways that maximize their fitness– Reproductive behavior = more successful offspring– Feeding behavior = maximum energy gain
• Research examples:– Sparrows and cuckoldry– Cheetahs and prey selection– Elephant seals and polygyny– Humpback whale songs
Feeding Behavior
• Example - Sunfish, provide predator with prey of different sizes and different densities, fish respond by foraging optimally (taking the most energetically rich prey under the appropriate conditions)