FISH PRODUCTS - WUR

FISH PRODUCTS

A SURVEY OF THE NETHERLANDS AND OTHER MAJOR MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Market survey prepared for CBI by: The Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI) Jos Smit

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

A REPORT SUMMARY 8

- major characteristics of Dutch market 8

- key features of EC markets 8

B THE NETHERLANDS 10

1 Introduction 10

2 The Netherlands in brief 11

2.1 Population 11 2.2 Economy 11 2.3 Infrastructure 11

3 Product characteristics 13 3.1 Product groups 13 3.2 Customs/statistical product classification 13 3.3 Quality standards 13 3.4 Register for exporters of shrimp and prawns 14 3.5 Packaging and labelling 14

4 Demand 16 4.1 Market size 16 4.2 Market segmentation 16 4.3 Influences on purchasing (consumer) behaviour 17 4.4 Demand by species 17

5 Supply 19 5.1 Production in the Netherlands 19 5.2 Foreign trade 19 5.3 Imports from developing countries by species 22

6 Trade structure 26 6.1 Fish processing and wholesaling 26 6.2 Retail structure 26

7 Prices and margins 27 7.1 Prices and margins 27 7.2 Sources of price information 27

8 Market access 28 8.1 Tariffs and quotas 28 8.2 Doing business in the Netherlands 28

9 Promotion 29 9.1 Trade Fairs 29 9.2 Trade Press 29

C THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MARKET 30

1 Introduction 30 1.1 History of the EC 30 1.2 The EC today 30 1.3 Comment on the statistical data 30

2 The EC in brief 31 2.1 Population and level offish consumption 31 2.2 Economy 31

3 EC market summary 33 3.1 Production offish by EC-countries 33 3.2 Food balance for fish products by EC-country 33 3.3 Total imports of the EC 35 3.4 Imported products 36 3.5 Countries of origin 37

4 Profile of major EC markets 39 4.1 France 40 4.2 Spain 42 4.3 Italy 44 4.4 United Kingdom 46 4.5 Germany 48

5 Imports by major species 50 5.1 Canned and frozen tuna 50 5.2 Shrimp 53 5.3 Sardines 56 5.4 Squid and octopus 57 5.5 Lobster, crab, etc. 58 5.6 Hake 60 5.7 Other white fish 61

6 Imports by major countries of origin 62 6.1 Thailand 62 6.2 Morocco 63 6.3 Argentina 64 6.4 Chile 64 6.5 Senegal 65 6.6 Ivory Coast 66 6.7 India 66

6.8 Ecuador 67

6.9 Indonesia 68

7 Fish meal and fish oil 69

8 Market access 70 8.1 Tariffs and quotas 70 8.2 Technical standards 70

9 Promotion 71 9.1 Trade Fairs 71 9.2 Trade Press 71

D APPENDICES 72

1 Netherlands 72 1.1 HS-coding system 72 1.2 Register for exporters of shrimps and prawns 73 1.3 Useful addresses 74

2 EC 76 2.1 EC import tariffs 76 2.2 Trade associations 80 2.3 Trade fair organizers 82 2.4 Trade Press 84

List of tables

NETHERLANDS 5.1 Trade balance for fish products of the Netherlands (million ECU) 19 5.2 Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU) 20 5.3 Imports by species (mln ECU) 21 5.4 Exports by species (mln ECU) 21 5.5 Imports from developing countries by species 22 5.6 Imports into the Netherlands of Tropical shrimp - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 22 5.7 Imports into the Netherlands of Peeled Shrimp - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 23 5.8 Imports into the Netherlands of Canned Sardines - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 23 5.9 Imports into the Netherlands of Crab/Lobster - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 24 5.10 Imports into the Netherlands of Hake - Countries of origin (mln ECU) 24 5.11 Imports into the Netherlands of Other white fish - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 25 5.12 Imports into the Netherlands of Fish meal/oil - Countries of origin

(mln ECU) 25

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 2.1 Population (1000 inhabitants) and level offish consumption (kg/caput/year) 31 2.2 Gross domestic product at current market prices (billion ECU) and index

of GDP per head of population in 1992 (EC12 = 100) 31 2.3 Exchange rates (national currency units to 1 ECU in 1991) and price

deflator Gross Domestic Product (annul percentage change in 1992) 32

3.1 Landings by EC country (1000 tonnes live weight) 33 3.2 Food Balance for fish products - EC12 (1000 tonnes live weight) 34 3.3 Trade Balance for fish products by EC country (mln ECU) 35 3.4 Total imports of EC member countries, 1986 - 1990 35 3.5 Total imports by EC member countries (mln ECU) 36 3.6 Imports by EC member countries from developing countries 36 3.7 Imports by major EC member countries from ACP countries 37 3.8 EC imports from developing countries by species 3.9 Main countries of origin 38 4.1 France - Imports by countries of origin 40 4.2 France - Imports by species 41 4.3 Spain - Imports by countries of origin 42 4.4 Spain - Imports by species 43 4.5 Italy - Imports by countries of origin 44 4.6 Italy - Imports by species 45 4.7 United Kingdom - Imports by countries of origin 47

4.8 United Kingdom - Imports by species 47 4.9 Germany - Imports by countries of origin 48 4.10 Germany - Imports by species 50 5.1 Frozen tuna - Countries of origin 51 5.2 Frozen tuna - Countries of destination 51 5.3 Imports of frozen tuna in 1988 by species 51 5.4 Canned tuna - Countries of origin 52 5.5 Canned tuna - Countries of destination 52 5.6 Composition of shrimp imports according to species and processing in 1990 53 5.7 Pandalus and crangon - Countries of origin 53 5.8 Pandalus and crangon - Countries of destination 54 5.9 Other shrimp (fresh and frozen) - Countries of origin 54 5.10 Other shrimp (fresh and frozen) - Countries of destination 55 5.11 Processed shrimp - Countries of origin 55 5.12 Processed shrimp - Countries of destination 56 5.13 Canned sardines - Countries of origin 56 5.14 Canned sardines - Countries of destination 57 5.15 Import of frozen cephalopods according to species in 1990 57 5.16 Squid and octopus - Countries of origin 58 5.17 Squid and octopus - Countries of destination 58 5.18 Crab, lobster, etc. - Countries of origin 59 5.19 Crab, lobster, etc. - Countries of destination 59 5.20 Hake - Countries of origin 60 5.21 Hake - Countries of destination 60 5.22 Other white fish - Countries of origin 61 5.23 Other white fish - Countries of destination 61 6.1 Thailand - Exports by species 62 6.2 Thailand - Major EC partners 62 6.3 Morocco - Exports by species 63 6.4 Morocco - Major EC partners 63 6.5 Argentina - Exports by species 64 6.6 Argentina - Major EC partners 64 6.7 Chile - Exports by species 65 6.8 Chile - Major EC partners 65 6.9 Senegal - Exports by species 65 6.10 Senegal - Major EC partners 66 6.11 Ivory Coast - Exports by species 66 6.12 Ivory Coast - Major EC partners 66 6.13 India - Exports by species 67 6.14 India - Major EC partners 67 6.15 Ecuador - Exports by species 67 6.16 Ecuador - Major EC partners 68 6.17 Indonesia - Exports by species 68 6.18 Indonesia - Major EC partners 68 7.1 Fish meal and fish oil - Countries of origin 69 7.2 Fish meal and fish oil - Countries of destination 69

A REPORT SUMMARY

Main characteristics of the market for fish in the Netherlands

The role of the Netherlands in fish imports from developing countries is increasing rapidly. The domestic demand for fish products from developing countries is limited but nearly all Dutch importers operate on all European markets. The Netherlands is a major exporter of fish to other EC countries. Besides, many Dutch companies play an important role in the trade between free ports all over the world which is not covered by international trades statistics. In general, the importers are not interested to participate in joint ventures to set up new plants or production lines.

Currently, the Dutch production of fish products is stable at a level of 500.000 Mt. However the increasing gap between the European demand and supplies offers good possibilities for imports from developing countries. The Netherlands imported in 1991 fish products for human consumption with a value of 712 million ECU. The import value of imported fish meal and oil amounted to 85 million ECU. The share of developing countries of the imports for human consumption is nearly 20 percent and for fish meal over 50 percent. Together with Spain and Portugal the Netherlands achieved the largest growth of imports from developing countries.

The most promising market segments in the domestic market for products from developing countries are valuable species for restaurants, substitutes of local species for institutional catering and the markets for ethnic minorities. Introduction of added value products in retail packaging may be very difficult due to competition from EC producers.

The major species imported from developing countries are shrimp and canned tuna. However, the Netherlands have substantial exports of these products as well. Small peeled shrimp and frozen fish are probably the most relevant product groups for the domestic market. Recently, the imports of hake fillet and Nile perch increased markedly.

Indonesia (23 million ECU), Argentina (21 million ECU), Thailand (17 million ECU) and Malaysia (14 million ECU) are the leading developing countries that export to the Netherlands. At present the Netherlands applies its own quality standards and testing procedures. It is expected that EC legislation and harmonisation will be more important in the future. Potential exporters of shrimp have to request for registration on a list of certified companies.

Key features of EC markets

Currently, the EC production of fish products is about stable though the landings of basic species, namely cod are very low. However, due to the marked growth of the

demand the gap between the value of the imports and exports offish increased to 5.5 billion ECU in 1990.

The twelve members of the European Community imported in 1990 a total of 11.8 billion ECU worth of fish and fishery products, which was over 50 percent more than the value of 1986. About 11.2 million ECU consisted of products for direct human consumption and the rest was fish meal and fish oil. The intra-EC trade amounts to some 40 percent of the total value.

The share of developing countries has increased between 1986 and 1990 from 20 to 25 percent. The major EC importers are France, Italy and Spain, which accounted for more than 50 percent of the 11.2 billion in 1990.

The most important traded species are cod and shrimp and to a lesser extent salmon and tuna. The respective import values for these four were in 1990 1.6, 1.8, 1.1 and 0.8 billion ECU so that together they account for almost 45 percent of the total imports.

Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands have been the three largest exporters of fish products to EC Countries throughout the whole period under consideration, but their relative share in the total value decreased slightly from 30 percent in 1986 to 28 percent four years later. Among the developing countries Thailand, Morocco and Argentina are the leading exporters to the EC, their total relative share being 6-7 percent. The developing countries exported to the EC in 1990 826 mln ECU worth of shrimp, almost all of which was frozen. The second most important species was tuna which amounted to 590 mln ECU of which 450 mln ECU was canned.

B THE NETHERLANDS

1 INTRODUCTION

This report aims to give a view on the market for fish products in the Netherlands and is intended for producers and exporters of these products in developing countries.

The information used in this report has been obtained from data banks available at LEI (Dutch Agricultural Economics Research Institute) from other statistical resources and from interviews with importers. The conclusions are given in part A.

Part B provides a description of the Netherlands market. The essential elements e.g. the demand, the supply and the share of developing countries in the total supply, the market structure and market access will be explored in detail.

Part C covers the European Community (EC) markets. In particular the Netherlands fishery industry has always relied strongly on exports to other European markets. This international oriented market policy existed already long before negotiations to establish a common European market were started.

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2 THE NETHERLANDS IN BRIEF

2.1 Population

The Netherlands is a densely populated country with a total of 15.2 million inhabitants as of January 1992. The rate of population growth is low. By the year 2000 it is estimated to number 15.7 million. Immigration accounts for quite a large percentage of population growth. Currently, the number of people with a non-Dutch background amounts to some 5.5 percent of the inhabitants. Their origin is mainly Turkey, Morocco, Surinam and other European nations. The immigrants have a more than proportional influence on the consumption of fish, namely fish from (sub)tropical areas.

2.2 Economy The Netherlands is probably the most easily accessible market in Europe. This is reflected in the 1991 over all import figures of nearly 240 billion guilders. Not only imports play an important role, also exports and re-exports are of major concern for The Netherlands. More than 50 per cent of the national production is for export. This volume of international trade is seemingly out of proportion with regard to the size of the Netherlands. It implies that the Dutch economy depends heavily on foreign countries, with the neighbouring countries as major trading partners. In 1991, the European Community was responsible for 77 percent of Dutch exports and 65 of the imports.

The major economic sector in The Netherlands is services, such as trade and transport. It accounts for nearly 50 percent of the national product. Trade has always been the backbone of the Dutch economy, as history shows.

2.3 Infrastructure The favorable geographical location of the Netherlands, its highly organized commerce and international trading tradition, with its excellent infrastructure, make it merit the description "Gateway of Europe".

The major centers of European population and industry are directly accessible: 160 million people or 40 percent of the EC population live within 500 kilometers from the Netherlands.

Rotterdam is one of the world's largest and busiest ports. The infrastructure and the quality of labour force in the harbour are major contributory factors. Rotterdam and Amsterdam (the other major harbour in The Netherlands) offer a full range of cargo-handling facilities and have excellent and prospective connections with European consumer centers.

A highly developed motorway system and good railway connections give fast and reliable land transport from the Netherlands to all of Europe. There are very

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advanced warehousing and distribution facilities, bonded storage throughout the country and efficient customs procedures. The Dutch road cargo organizations also maintain a dominant position in the road cargo network in the European Community, mainly because of the quality of the transportation. The market share of the Dutch transport organizations is one third of the total market of road cargo.

Dutch people are excellent linguists and most businessmen speak English, German and French. In many fish companies Italian and Spanish is spoken as well.

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3 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Product groups The way of distribution and the marketing possibilities of fish products depend strongly on the type of preservation and processing. From this marketing point of view, it is relevant to divide the total supply offish into:

- fresh fish. - frozen fish.

- in retail packaging - in catering packaging

- shrimps and prawns. - other crustaceans, namely crab and lobster. - cephalopods, namely squid, cuttlefish (sepia), octopus and bivalve molluscs. - value added products like surimi, prepared meals, fish burgers. - smoked and dried products. - canned products.

The bulk of the fish products processed and traded in the Netherlands are cold water species from the Eastern Atlantic, namely the North Sea. Fishing and processing of the flatfish species plaice and sole, the pelagic species herring, mackerel and horsemackerel and cultivation and processing of European blue mussels and cockles are Dutch specialties.

The fish products from developing countries are in general not directly competing with European supplies but merely a supplement to the local assortment. The developing countries provide mostly warm water species from tropical areas. Though, it can be stated that products from abroad will have an easier introduction on the market in the Netherlands if they can serve as substitute to local species.

3.2 Customs/Statistical product classification The Netherlands apply a Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) that includes over 400 fish products. Appendix 1.1 gives details of the relevant HS codes.

3.3 Quality standards At present the Netherlands enforces its own technical standards with regard to fish and shellfish imports. The enforcement is currently in the hands of R W (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment) and RKVW (Ministry of Public Health). The full addresses are given in Appendix 1.3. More influence of EC legislation and harmonisation of the norms and testing procedures of the EC countries is expected in the near future. In 1991, the European Commission issued two Guidelines concerning the production, processing and distribution offish and shellfish (EC Guidelines 91/492 and 91/493).

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National authorities will be responsible to application and enforcement of these Guidelines. Details are not yet available. The new system may include a register of qualified export companies in developing or other countries. Only companies that meet the EC standards on processing conditions and that can submit an acceptable Company Quality Program will be registered.

Information on standards and testing procedures is available from the Fish Commodity Board, R W (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment), HIGB and the Food Inspection Service RKVW (both Ministry of Public Health) (see Appendix 1.3).

3.4 Register for exporters of shrimp and prawns Due to cases of food poisoning by Shigella bacteria a special shrimp decree has been issued, which is applied for all imports into the Benelux countries (Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg) from other countries. The decree requires that the shrimps have been produced and/or processed in a plant approved and registered by the Benelux (see Appendix 1.2).

3.5 Packaging and labelling Packaging and labelling are important factors when the product is to be retailed by supermarkets or other retail outlets, but for use in the catering industry it plays a less important role. As most fish products from developing countries are destined for catering outlets or will be re-packed or re-exported, packaging and labelling do not cause problems that can not in general easily be solved between exporter and importer. For many products the problem is limited to an appropriate transport packaging. Frozen shrimp is generally packed in 2-kg carton boxes with 6 to 10 cartons placed in an outer box of corrugated fiberboard, as usual in world trade of these products. The retail pack is usually a white, fresh looking folding carton, in one or two pieces (bottom and cover), with an inner bag of polyethylene PE around the frozen block. The packaging of frozen fish is various and depends much on the type of product, frozen unprocessed fish, fillets or value added products. However, the basic principle is identical to the packaging of frozen shrimp, a carton containing a polyethylene bag around the frozen block, or around interleaved fillets or other products.

According to European legislation, certain requirements have to be fulfilled regarding the use of packaging materials.The latter is for reasons of environmental policy, anti waste programmes, and the 'old rules' concerning toxicity. The plastic bag inside the carton should be of the quality 'food grade'. This means that the plastic is allowed to come into contact with food. The EC elaborated a so-called positive list, concerning the use of plastic materials in contact with food.

In view of present and future legislation in the field of waste policy for Europe as a whole and for each member state, exporters should be carefully examine their packaging materials for possibilities of recycling. This goes in particular for waxed carton and some coated cartons that can not be recycled.

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The user of frozen fish and shrimps exported to the EC is often a restaurant, a catering service or a processing industry. The graphic design can therefore be kept simply. According to the European law, the retail pack should contain the net weight on arrival at final destination. Furthermore, each individual pack should fulfil this requirement. The net weight should be expressed in kg and not in lbs, character size 6 mm.

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4 DEMAND

4.1 Market size The domestic annual Dutch consumption is about 14.5 kg per capita which means about 200.000 Mt. However, the Dutch fish trade does play often a mediating role importing and re-exporting again inside and outside of the European Community. Finally, it is known that a substantial part of Dutch trade activities is not covered by official statistics. Many products leave the free ports again to other destinations inside or outside Europe without entering the Netherlands territories.

4.2 Market segmentation In the Netherlands, the market for fish from developing countries consists basically of the following market segments:

A. Products for restaurant catering An increasing number of middle class and top restaurants look for special and exotic fish and shellfish species. Species demanded: The importers of this market segment prefer in general to import frozen products of e.g. red fish like mullet and red snapper, seabass, dover sole substitutes, lobster tails and prawns. All products in bulk or catering packaging. There is a small but increasing market for fresh high value species imported by airfreight, the same products as mentioned before and live lobster.

B. Substitutes of European species for the traditional Dutch market Species demanded: double skinned Nile perch fillets, skin-on hake fillets and substitutes for dover sole.

C. The market for Dutch immigrants, in particular people with a Surinam or South-European background Species demanded: e.g. squid, octopus, red snapper, grouper, seabass. Immigrants from Surinam demand special freshwater species which are common in the Surinam/ Brazil area and sea fishes from the Caribbean sea.

D. The supplying of merchant vessels The companies operating in this market segment are specialized in the supply of crews of merchant vessels. The Rotterdam companies achieved an international importance due to the prominent position of Rotterdam as a seaport. Close ties exist with other sea ports in Europe and abroad like Antwerp, Marseille, Hamburg and Singapore. Species demanded: according to the nationality of the crew the species common in the far east like: milkfish, red snapper, grey and black pomfret.

E. Trading companies importing bulk products from and exporting to several countries Species demanded: shrimps and prawns, bulk products like frozen tuna, octopus, squid, shrimps, canned fish.

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4.3 Influences on purchasing (consumer) behaviour Nearly the complete assortment of the Dutch domestic consumption consists of North Sea species landed by the Dutch fleet or imported similar species. The consumer market is in fact rather conservative. There is a strong preference for fresh or frozen fish of well known species. Fish in general is by many people considered as a relatively cheap foodstuff.

It is rather difficult to introduce new species or new value added products. Only with the introduction of clear substitutes of well known species quick results were achieved so far. E.g. Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and hake which are well accepted now in the catering market were nearly completely unknown in this market ten years ago.

4.4 Demand by species Fresh products Currently the imports of fresh or live products by air from developing countries is limited to a small number of valuable species like fresh seabass; eel and live crayfish and lobster or spiny lobster. Eel is imported for processing, the other species for the European restaurant market.

Frozen fish products / value added products Frozen fish is apart from fish meal, obviously the most important product group from developing countries for the Dutch domestic market. The species demanded have already been summarized in the market segmentation in 4.2.

There is general interest for whole fish and fillets in wholesale and bulk packaging. Introduction of value added products in retail packaging should not be taken lightly. These products are almost exclusively sold by supermarkets who sell in general a very narrow assortment of frozen fish from local species and brands. The market position of the major brand Iglo (Unilever) is very strong.

Shrimp products The retail market for shrimps faces the similar rather conservative features of the demand for fish in general. There is a constant demand for peeled small size cold water shrimp (Crangon crangon and Pandalus borealis) and its substitutes in the form of freshwater shrimp originating from Asia. The latter may well represent some 75% of the total volume of this products sold in Holland.

The market for larger size shrimp is very limited in the Netherlands. Although larger frozen tropical shrimp may be found in some retail shops, as they wish to present a complete assortment. But the turnover of this product in retail outlets as well as in restaurants is limited. There are no indications that demand is increasing.

Despite the rather negative conclusions regarding the Dutch market for shrimp it is very important to realize that the Dutch importers are very active in other European

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countries like Belgium, Germany, the UK and France and there the shrimp market is growing. Some Dutch importers have even their own distribution network in those countries or are closely allied to one.

The imported gradings are from 8/12 to 31/40. For the Dutch wholesalers light coloured uncooked meat is important. Although the traders recognize the quality of black tiger shrimp, for many of their European customers this species is unacceptable. Pink shrimp is well in demand. Shrimp is mostly imported whole or head-off/shell-on. The preference for IQF or block frozen products depends on the final destination in the European market. As most of the larger shrimp is destined for restaurants its appearance, including unbroken tentacles, is an important factor. Therefore freezing and packing at sea is also preferred.

The Dutch market for battered shrimp is at the moment basically non-existent. Nuggets and other battered shrimp products will also be difficult to sell in Holland because of the unfamiliar look of battered large shrimp, which by itself is not much appreciated in the Dutch market.

Cephalopods Due to re-exports, there is interest for a very wide variety of species and qualities of whole or processed squid, cuttlefish and octopus. In the Dutch domestic market whole squid and octopus is mainly retailed at fish stalls on street markets to be purchased there by ethnic minorities.

There is interest for IQF tubes and rings in whole sale packaging, e.g. shatter bags. At present the snack industry, fast food restaurants and also fish shops are beginning to sell battered squid rings. Especially in coastal areas, supermarkets have included them in their assortment.

The Dutch processing industry is interested in bivalve molluscs that can serve as a substitute to European cockles (Cardium edule).

Smoked and dried products The demand for smoked products from developing countries is basically non-existent due to a strong preference for local species and types of processing.

There is a substantial market for shrimp crackers in connection with Chinese and Indonesian restaurants. Only a minority with a Surinam background is interested in dried shrimp.

Canned products Developing countries supply mainly canned tuna and sardines. Canned tuna is second to fish meal and shrimp a major product for importers from developing countries.

Also the import demand for canned tuna is to a large extent for re-export purposes. Both retail and larger (over 1 kg) catering cans are distributed. The Dutch and the European markets require in general a high rate of chunk meat.

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5 SUPPLY

5.1 Production in the Netherlands

The Dutch fleet lands about 500.000 Mt of fresh and frozen fish per year with a value of nearly 450 million ECU.

The production possibilities of the Dutch and other EC fleets within EC's 200 miles limits are annually determined by the European Commission which sets the total allowable catches (TAC). These are subsequently divided in fixed proportions among the member countries. This system has been initiated in 1983 and will be followed at least until 1992 and probably beyond. All commercially interesting species are being intensively exploited and as such subject to TAC restrictions. The biologic expectation for 1992 and beyond are at the moment satisfying as far as Dutch specialties - sole, plaice, herring and mackerel - are concerned. However the outlook for the stocks and landings of cod, haddock and saithe are rather alarming. The supply of cod has a dominant influence on the overall European fish supply and price level. If these expectations come true there will be serious shortage of raw material on the European market forcing the traders and the processing industry to look for further substitutes from abroad.

5.2 Foreign trade The Netherlands fish processing and trading industry depends strongly on foreign supplies and export markets. The value of both imports and exports exceeds the value of national landings as well as the wholesale value of the domestic consumption.

Table 5.1 Trade balance for fish products of the Netherlands (million ECU)

Species

Fish for human consumption: Landings value Consumption (wholesale value) Import value Export value Export surplus Fish meal and oil Import value Export value Export deficit

1986

470 375 320 770 450

85 30 55

1988

410 375 435 800 365

95 30 65

1991

460 375 712

1065 353

80 35 45

Index 86/91

98 100 223 138 78

94 117 82

Source: Eurostat, LEI

Between 1986 and 1991 the total value of imports offish products has increased from 320 to 712 million ECU, i.e. by 123 percent. The imports from developing countries showed a more than average growth and their relative share in the total imports

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increased from 15 to nearly 20 percent. Indonesia, Thailand, Argentina, Malaysia and P.R. China are the dominant suppliers of the group of developing countries.

Table 5.2 Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

1986 1988

437 267 77 5

72 94

1991

712 386 163 14

149 163

Major ten exporters 71 63 53 46 2

12 15 15 15 19

112 75 94 65 27 31 19 18 23 18

Other developing countries 16 0 7 6

48

17 21 14 10

101

Index 86/91

222 178 347 350 347 281

224 134 254 151

1350 388 950 129 575 120

243 -

233 167 361

Total EC Developing c. - ACP countries - Other dev. c. Other countries

Germany Denmark United Kingdom Belgium/Lux Poland Norway Faeroer France Indonesia USA

Thailand Argentina Malaysia P.R. China Other dev. countries

Source: Eurostat

321 217 47 4

43 58

50 56 37 43 2 8 2

14 4

15

7 0 6 6

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Coldwater species from neighbouring countries are dominant in the imports of the Netherlands. The developing countries supply mainly shrimp and canned tuna. Their share in the total imported value of these products amounts to 55-90 percent. The imports of hake as a cod substitute increased rapidly after 1988.

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Table 5.3 Imports by species (min ECU)

Species 1988 1990 1991

From the whole world 111 15 9

19 4

45 64

309 576

From developin 61 13 5 1 5 6

20 110

140 18 11 23

412 46 59

411 712

g countries 97 15 7

11 16 6

21 163

Index 88/91

159 138 275 128 124 112 164 176 163

220 136 700

-1600 150 131 212

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Cephalopods Salmon Cod Other Total

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Cephalopods Hake Crab, lobster Other Total

Source: Eurostat

13 4

18 3

41 36

234 437

44 11 1 0 1 4

16 77

Re-exports are very relevant for tropical fish products imported. Unfortunately it is not possible to distinguish between Netherlands products and re-exports in the export statistics. However, a break down of the export value shows substantial exports of products that are not produced in the Netherlands, namely tropical shrimp, canned tuna and sardines.

Table 5.4 Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Cephalopods Hake Whitefish n.e.i. Fish meal and oil

Source: Eurostat

988

90 9 3

16 7 1

179 31

1990

133 11 6

19 9 1

573 40

1991

120 8 3

17 4 2

637 40

Index 88/91

133 93

113 105 60

160 138 100

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88

12 1

11 0 4 3 2 1

1990

15 2

12 0 5 4 3 2

1991

17 2

15 0 4 5 3 1

Index 88/91

142 2

136 -

100 167 150 100

5.3 Imports from developing countries by species This section presents the origin of most relevant product groups imported from developing countries, i.e. canned tuna, tropical shrimps, canned sardines, crab/lobster, hake, other white fish and fish meal.

Canned tuna Developing countries supply 80 percent of the imports of canned tuna into the Netherlands. The remainder consists of re-exports from Germany. Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines are the major directly exporting developing countries.

Table 5.5 Imports into Netherlands of Canned tuna - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Indonesia Thailand Philippines Germany

Source: Eurostat

Shrimp and prawns Some 75 percent of the import value of large tropical shrimps and prawns is directly imported from developing countries and 25 percent is imported via Belgium. The P.R. China remains the major supplying country. The market share of Bangladesh and Indonesia decreased and Ecuador achieved a marked growth.

Table 5.6 Imports into the Netherlands of Tropical shrimp - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries 1988 1990 1991 Index of origin 88/91

Total EC Developing c. Other countries P.R. China Belg/Lux Bangladesh Kuwait Ecuador Indonesia

Source : Eurostat

22

31 7

24 0 6 3 5 -0 4

32 8

24 0 7 5 2 2 2 2

51 7

44 0 8 5 5 -5 2

165 100 183

-133 167 100

-450 50

Peeled shrimp The statistics of the trade of peeled shrimp is rather confusing. Firstly, they include both products from tropical origin and the coldwater Crangon and Pandalus shrimp. Secondly, due to new legislation on shrimp peeling in the Netherlands which used to be home work was only allowed in central production units. As these peeling plants were thought to be too expensive, the capacity for peeling of Crangon has been moved from the Netherlands and Germany to Poland. The imports from developing countries increased more than 100 percent between 1988 and 1991. Indonesia and Malaysia remained to be the major suppliers of the group of developing countries.

Table 5.7 Imports into the Netherlands of Peeled Shrimp - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Poland Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Faer Oer Germany Vietnam

Source: Eurostat

Canned sardines The share of developing countries of the total import value of canned sardines increased markedly from 30 percent to 75 percent in 1991. Morocco is the major supplier now.

Table 5.8 Imports into the Netherlands of Canned Sardines - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries 1988 of origin

»88

35 15 18 1 0 7 7 3 0

12 0

1990

56 5

28 23 21 11 10 4 2 2 0

1991

58 5

39 14 14 15 12 5 0 3 4

Index 88/91

166 33

217 1400

-214 171 167

-108

-

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Morocco Italy

Source: Eurostat

18

3 2 1 0 1 1

1990

7 2 5 0 5 1

1991

9 2 7 0 6 1

Index 88/91

300 100 700

-600 100

23

88

18 6 4 7 5 2 2 2 2

1990

19 5 6 8 7 2 2 2 1

1991

23 6 6

11 8 3 2 2 2

Index 88/91

128 100 150 157 160 150 100 100 100

Crab and Lobster In 1991, some 25 percent of the import value of crab/lobster was imported from developing countries. This share increased between 1988 and 1990, Chili and Thailand being the major supplying developing countries.

Table 5.9 Imports into the Netherlands of Crab/Lobster - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Canada Chile Thailand Belg./Lux. United Kingdom

Source: Eurostat

Hake The imports of hake increased very quickly between 1988 and 1991. All imports are supplied by developing countries, though some quantity is imported via Germany.

Table 5.10 Imports into the Netherlands of Hake - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries 1988 of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Argentina Germany

Source: Eurostat

Other white fish Various freshwater and saltwater species other than hake are imported from a large number of different countries. The total import value increased with some 50 percent between 1988 and 1991. The role of developing countries is relatively limited with a stable 4.5 percent of the total imports.

24

18

2 1 1 0 0 0

1990

6 1 5 0 5 1

1991

19 2

16 1

15 1

Index 88/91

950 200

1600 ---

988

245 161 11 73

3

1990

324 214 15 96

Developing 5

1991

372 252 14

106 countries

3

Index 88/91

152 157 127 145

100

Table 5.11 Imports into the Netherlands of Other white fish - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries

Thailand

Source: Eurostat

Fish meal and oil Developing countries supply some 45 percent of the import value of fish meal and fish oil into the Netherlands. This share increased slightly between 1988 and 1991 at the expense of imports from Japan. Chili and Peru are the major supplying developing countries.

Table 5.12 Imports into the Netherlands of Fish meal/oil - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries Chile USA Japan Peru Denmark Source: Eurostat

»88

93 18 38 38 34 8

23 2 9

1990

87 14 47 26 37 10 10 9 6

1991

77 13 35 29 23 17 9

11 8

Index 88/91

83 72 92 76

108 213 39

550 89

25

6 TRADE STRUCTURE

6.1 Fish processing and wholesaling

The fish processing and wholesaling industry includes about 380 small and medium sized companies. However, 80 percent of the sector output is supplied by 20 percent of the companies. The total sales of the industry amounts to nearly 1.5 billion ECU. Over 70 percent of the sales is for export markets.

Some 30-40 companies are involved in importing fish from developing companies. Nearly all of these companies work on European level. Most of them are specialized in one or some of the market segments as mentioned in section 4.2. Their position in the Dutch market structure is presented in figure 1.

6.2 Retail structure In the Netherlands fish and fishery products are retailed through 2.000 retail outlets and a small number of large supermarket chains. The retail fish shops carry mostly fresh, smoked and fried fish while the assortment of frozen specialties is limited.

As mentioned above, the supermarkets on the other hand sell almost exclusively a rather narrow assortment of frozen, local products.

Fig. 1 Distribution network and the position of the various participants of the Market for fish in the Netherlands.

EXPORTERS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

importers wholesalers

Other Europ. countries

Wholesale

other EC-cntr.

importers wholesalers

Specialists fish from other countries

Wholesale T

Wholesale E

Restaur.

2.000 institutional outlets

fish processing industry wholesalers

Specialists local species

ï I

Wholesale fish retail market

Wholesale

food market

26

7 PRICE AND PRICE INFORMATION

7.1 Prices and margins Prices and wholesale margins vary greatly according to the type of product and the market segment. It is impossible to draw up a schedule of actual margins for each and every product/market combination.

It is estimated that the importers need a trade margin of some 10 percent to cover normal business costs and risks. The open competition in the European market prevents excessive trade margins, though it may in some cases exceed the minimum of 10 percent substantially up to a limit of 25 percent.

Also the retail margins vary substantially from less than 10 percent for canned fish in supermarkets to some 50 percent for the fresh products fish retailers. The value added tax rate in fish products is 6 percent.

As a result the consumer prices may be up to two times the CIF price.

7.2 Sources of price information Only auction prices of local species are published in the Netherlands. Exporters and importers of products from developing countries have to rely mainly on their own sources and experience for price information. Some importers of shrimp use seafood letters provided by US editors.

The FAO market reviews Infofish and Globefish will be very helpful, in particular to starting exporters (Address and telephone, see appendix 2.4)

27

8 MARKET ACCESS

8.1 Tariffs and quotas Imports into the Netherlands are subjected to the tariffs and quotas set by the European Community (see 8.1 Part C).

8.2 Doing business in the Netherlands Importers of fish from developing countries reported that it is from their point of view very difficult to find reliable suppliers. More even than solving technical or technological shortcomings the selection of capable exporting companies proves to be the most time consuming and costly element of doing business with developing countries.

As a result nearly all serious importers from the Netherlands are in the first place interested in long-term business partners. To initiate contacts, the exporting firm is expected to quote prices and product descriptions. It is very important for starting exporters to communicate clearly the qualities and possibilities of the company like the species available, the production capacity, processing facilities and the hygienic conditions. Many importers use to visit the producers and exporters before orders are placed.

It may be useful to point out that importers will usually not participate in joint-ventures to develop and push a new product or to set up a new processing line.

28

9 PROMOTION

Fish consumption is promoted in the Netherlands through "Nationaal Vis Bureau" (NVB) which is a non-profit organization funded by the various segments of the fishing industry. NVB is closely linked to the fish trade and it organises various promotion activities, develops and prints promotion material, disburses information on preparation of fish, etc. However, the interest of the members of NVB lies especially with fish species caught in the EC waters. Consequently it may be questioned whether NVB would be able and willing to play any active role in promotion of imported tropical fish products.

If promotion activities are to be undertaken, they should be directed at the catering industry rather than at the consumer market. Advertising in journals and presentation at professional fairs may be considered.

9.1 Trade fairs Three fairs in the Netherlands are relevant for fish products: VIS 92, HORECAVA, and ROKA.

'VIS' is a special fair for fish products. It is organised in september, only in even years. The visitors are mainly fish retailers and buyers for the catering market. The majority is from the Netherlands but there are also many visitors from neighbouring countries, namely Belgium. In 1990 and 1992, CBI assisted exporters from developing countries to present their products at this fair.

HORECAVA is a special fair for the catering market. The fair is held in January, every year. Fish products are a small item. The fair may be interesting for fish in catering packaging or for other products of interest for restaurants or institutional catering.

ROKA is a processed food fair. ROKA is in May, every year. Fish products is a minor item, though the fair is very important for canned and frozen products in retail packaging.

9.2 Trade press There are two reviews which deal exclusively with fish trade, fishery products and fish consumption:

1. "Vismagazine" - official monthly of the union offish retail traders; 4060 issues; 30-50 pages.

2. "Visculinair" - 3-monthly distributed free of charge to consumers through fish retail outlets, contains information about fish, recipes, etc.; 272.000 issues, 15-25 pages.

Both journals are published by: Ton Borghouts BV. (See appendix 1.3).

29

C THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of the European Community

1957 Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and The Netherlands (the Six) signed the Treaty of Rome setting up the European Community.

1973 Britain, Denmark and Ireland joined the Community on January 1st. 1981 On January 1st Greece entered the Community 1986 Spain and Portugal entered the Community (the Twelve).

1.2 The European Community today The EC will complete the Single Market by December 1992. This means free movement of goods, people and capital without any barriers. By taking down trade barriers in the EC the aim is to create a single market of 345 million people, including the recently added former East Germany (the USA market is 255 million people).

More countries are expected to join the European Community in the next years. Scandinavian countries and Austria and other central European have expressed their wish to enter the EC after the political changes in Eastern Europe. The EC and the countries of the European Free Trade Association have already agreed on a substantial reduction of mutual tariffs. A free access of Scandinavian fish products may have quite an impact on the European supply.

1.3 Comment on the statistical data This survey presents a brief review of the trends regarding the production, demand and trade of fish products. In particular the exports from developing countries into the European Community between 1986 and 1990 have been highlighted. The survey presents aggregate data regarding trade values in ECU, which may be of some use to market analysts. The analysis of the international trade is basically a statistical one. It does not pretend to be in any way an in-depth market analysis. The presented data are reliable as such but, as always, their interpretation should be made with care. For example only values have been included, which means that the composition as to volumes and prices of specific products may have changed but the necessary background information is not readily available. In most of the tables an index has been presented of the changes between 1986 and 1990. In some cases, this index figure does not correspond exactly to the other data in the tables that have been rounded off. All presented data on international trade are based on EXMIS, a data bank on international trade in agricultural and fishery commodities, which was set up and is being maintained by the Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI). EUROSTAT is the original source of the data.

30

2 THE EC IN BRIEF

'opulation

56940 9958

15175 80800 57974 57734

3570 5171

10106 9828

39122 346756 255045

Fish consumption

29.0 18.3 14.5 10.6 19.7 19.2 17.7 19.6 18.0 60.1 38.0 22.3 20.5

2.1 Population and fish consumption rate Table 2.1 Population (1000 inhabitants) and fish consumption (kg/caput/year) in 1992

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain EC Total USA

Source: Commission of the European Communities

2.2 Economy Table 2.2 Gross domestic product at current market prices (billion ECU) and index

of GDP per head of population in 1992 (EC12 = 100)

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain

EC Total USA

Source: Commission of the European Communities Note: Former GDR excluded

31

GDP

1016 169 242

1361 990 889 37

112 59 64

462

5408 4918

GDP/head

109 103 103 114 103 102 69

110 52 56 80

100 147

Table 2.3 Exchange rates (national currency units to 1 ECU in 1991) and Price deflator Gross Domestic Product (annual percentage change by 1992)

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy

National currency

United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain

Franc Bfr/Lfr Guilder DMark Lire Pound Ir.Pound D. Krone Drachme Escudo Peseta

Price deflator

2.90 3.60 2.70 4.50 5.20 4.80 3.10 2.20

13.30 11.40 5.80

Exchange rate

6.98 42.25 2.31 2.05

1531.90 0.70 0.77 7.90

225.01 178.10 128.38

USA US $ 4.00

Source: Commission of the European Communities

1.23

32

3 EC MARKET SUMMARY

3.1 Production of fish by EC-countries The major part of the European supply of fish is provided by the production of EC and foreign fisheries. Aquaculture is becoming very important for species like salmon, trout and eel but in general terms its role is limited yet.

Table 3.1 Landings by EC country (1000 tonnes live weight)


EC Total USA

Source: FAO Note: Former GDR excluded

1986

870 40

455 202 568 851 232

1849 124 402

1434

7026 5167

1988

884 42

399 209 577 938 256

1972 128 347

1430

7181 5937

1989

876 40

500 234 551 823 245

1927 129 332

1370

6949 574

Index 86/89

101 101 93

116 97 97

106 104 104 83 96

99 111

Since 1983, the landings of many important species have been influenced by the Common Fishery Policy of the EC that aims to conserve or rebuild the fish stocks and to allocate fishing rights to the member states. Several rules on e.g. the catches allowed, the type of gear used and the admittance to fishing grounds have been enforced. Currently, the level of the total landings has been slightly decreasing, namely the catches of some main species like cod and haddock have been extremely low.

3.2 Food balance for fish products by EC-country The decrease of landings came obviously together with a marked growth of the demand for fish in the Community. This caused a rapid increase of imports, a sharp decline of the rate of self-sufficiency and also an unusual high general price level for fish in the EC market.

33

Table 3.2 Food balance for fish products - EC12 (100 tonnes live weight)

Catches - non-food use - for hum. consumption

Imports Exports

Supply human consumption Consumption/caput (kg/year)

1986

7022 1868 5104

2562 1296

6420 20

1988

7176 2269 4907

3380 1271

7016 22

1990

6533 1659 4874

4109 1432

7551 23

Index 86/90

93 89 95

160 110

118 115

Self-sufficiency (%) 80 70 65 81

Source: UN, FAO, Eurostat, BML; estimations AIPCEE Note: former GDR excluded

The gap between the values of exports and imports of fish increased more than 80 percent between 1986 and 1990 to a level of 5.5 billion ECU. All member countries except Denmark, the Netherlands and Ireland had to import more fish products than could be exported to meet the domestic demand.

Table 3.3 Trade balance fish products by EC country (mln ECU)

1986

-998 -281 448

-658 1083 -622

84 690 -49

-114 -413

1988

-1249 -323 365

-723 -1420 -619 125 640 -56

-237 -895

1990

-1458 -392 438

-987 -1704 -640 129 732 -72

-260 -1247

Index 86/90

146 140 98

150 157 103 154 106 147 228 302


EC Total

Source: FAO

-2996 -4392 -5461 182

34

3.3 Total imports of the EC Between 1986 and 1990 the total value of imports of fish products has increased from 7.2 to 11.2 billion ECU, i.e. by 57 percent. This implies that the trade of the 12 member countries increased on the average by over 10 percent per year.

Table 3.4 Total imports of EC member countries (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total Intra EC trade Other Developed countries Developing c. - ACP countries - Other developing c.

Source: Eurostat

1986

7182 3180 2465 1537 378

1159

1988

9159 3794 3058 2307 622

1685

1990

11248 4833 3715 2700 600

2100

Index 86/90

157 152 151 176 159 181

The developing countries have significantly contributed to this growth and their relative share in the total imports has increased from 20 to nearly 25 percent. The value of the imports amounted to 2.7 billion ECU in 1990. It should be noted that the exports from the ACP countries have grown slightly slower than those of the non-ACP countries, which shows that the preferential tariffs given to the first group are not always of a decisive importance. France, Italy and Spain accounted in 1990 for some 52 percent of the total import value and for 70 percent of these imports. Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands show a more then average growth.

Table 3.5 Total imports by EC member countries (mln ECU)

Country of destination

France Belgium/Lux Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain

1986

1513 406 321 927

1242 1101

45 599 96

256 676

1988

1872 469 437

1023 1568 1194

51 712 106 384

1343

1990

2204 568 576

1352 1881 1343

69 876 137 475

1768

Index 86/90

146 140 179 146 151 122 153 146 143 186 261

Total

Source: Eurostat

7182 9159 11248 157

35

986

437 55 47

131 368 216

0 12 23 14

234

1988

565 67 77

164 475 277

1 17 44 36

584

1990

631 91

109 204 537 289

2 18 52 58

710

Index 86/90

144 165 233 156 146 134

-146 228 416 303

Table 3.6 Total imports by EC member countries from developing countries (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain Total 1537 2307 2700 176

Source: Eurostat

The EC import value from ACP countries was 600 mln ECU in 1990. France, Italy and Spain are the main importers.

Table 3.7 Total imports by major EC member countries from ACP countries (mln ECU)


France Italy United Kingdom Spain Other EC countries Total EC

Source: Eurostat

3.4 Imported products In general, the most important internationally traded species are salmon, cod, shrimp and tuna. These four species, in various product forms, accounted in 1990 for some 45 percent of the total value of EC imports.

Over 60 percent of the exports of the developing countries consists of shrimp, tuna and squid. For these species the share of the developing countries in the EC imports is considerable and for some specific products even dominant at more than 75 percent. The EC statistics do not contain much details of products from other

36

986

211 77 38 26 26

378

1988

280 105 37

171 29

622

1990

286 115 37

102 60

600

Index 86/90

135 150 97

392 232 159

continents. This implies a rather large group of 'other' species. The imports of hake show a marked growth.

Table 3.8 EC imports by species (mln ECU)

Species 1986 1988 1990 Index 86/90

Cod Salmon Tuna Shrimp Cephalopods Hake Sardines Crab, Lobster, etc. Other white fish Other

Total

Tuna Shrimp Cephalopods Hake Sardines Crab, Lobster, etc. Other


1253 359 160 na

347 na

3160

7183

335 517 210 64 na 77

335

1253 903 741

1541 436 319 206 528

2037 1194

9158

1594 1056 807

1820 481 376 233 596

2817 1468

11248 From developing countries

566 660 254 145 65

154 462

590 826 276 192 76

139 602

202 169 166 145 134 235

-172

--

157

176 160 131 300

-181 180

Total

Source: Eurostat

1538 2306 2700 176

3.5 Countries of origin The five largest exporting countries account for about 40 percent of the total EC imports. Their exports consist almost exclusively of cold water species of fish and shrimp.

The major exporters among developing countries are Thailand, Morocco, Argentina, Chili, Senegal and Ivory Coast. Their share within this group of countries amounted in 1990 to about 45 percent. The rather low market share of these leading export countries show that there is a demand in the EC for fish products from all continents as is proved by the long list of relevant supplying countries in table 3.9. Chile, Ivory Coast, Ecuador, Indonesia, PR China, Seychelles and Venezuela could achieve the largest growth rates.

37

Table 3.9 Main countries of origin (min ECU)

Country of origin

986

909 616 607 462 406 372 207 273 206 191

213 143 122 51

142 63 59

-23 58 25 49 48 78 24 21 11 24 33 43

-20

230

1988

Developed 1028 835 674 522 570 479 251 317 246 270

Developing 305 175 147 129 168 116 75

-50 84 40 54 53 73 37 98 25 33 39 32

-36

443

1990

countries 1334 994 863 718 664 604 334 325 324 322

countries 329 239 179 167 154 154 109 102 77 74 59 58 56 53 49 48 47 43 40 38 36 35

451

Index 86/90

147 161 142 155 163 162 161 119 157 169

155 167 147 327 108 245 185

-337 128 234 119 118 68

202 228 424 180 122 88

-176 196

Denmark Norway Netherlands Iceland United Kingdom France Germany Canada Spain USA

Thailand Morocco Argentina Chile Senegal Ivory Coast India Ecuador Indonesia Tunisia P.R. China Bangladesh Panama Cuba Turkey Seychelles Venezuela Philippines Singapore Mauritania Malaysia Mexico Other developing c.

Total developing c.

Source: Eurostat

1538 2306 2700 176

38

4 PROFILE OF MAJOR EC MARKETS

Each European country has its own characteristic demand for fish and shell fish, and it will be impossible to talk about "the European market for fish" even after realization of the Common Market by 1993. With respect to fish consumption and fishery and fish processing activities, one can divide Europe into two parts: Mediterranean countries on one side and Northern European countries on the other, with France combining features of both areas.

In Mediterranean countries fish and shell fish have a long tradition of fish consumption in the full range between low price basic food to most valuable delicacies. Popular species are e.g.: tuna, sardines, hake, sole, pink or white warmwater shrimp, squid, sepia, octopus and a large variety of bivalves.

In Northern European countries fish has long been regarded as a meat substitute. For geographical reasons coldwater species have always been preferred. Popular species are cod, saithe, haddock, plaice, small pelagic species, salmon. There are some marked differences between countries. In the past, coldwater shrimp was also preferred but the shortage of supply and the price level prompted the food industry to import substitutes from tropical countries. The consumption of bivalves squid and octopus is rather low in the Northern countries.

In this chapter only the five major EC fish importing countries will be discussed. These five represented in 1990 90 percent of the total value of the imported fishery products from developing countries. France, Italy and Spain are the largest importers of fish in the EC in general as well as from the developing countries. The United Kingdom and Germany are considerably less important. Still their imports from developing countries have been growing faster than their total imports so that the share of the (sub)tropical species has been rising.

For each country two tables are presented. The first one shows the composition of the imports according to major species, independent of their product form. It specifies the value for the two most important cold water species cod and salmon and those for tuna, shrimp, cephalopods, crab/lobster and when relevant also sardines. Giving total imports per species and those of the developing countries alone shows which share these countries hold and what the major trend has been. Throughout this study the trend has been presented as the index between 1986 and 1990. Due to the transmission to the Harmonized Product Classification by 1988 the results by species of 1990 have been compared with those of 1988 to avoid biases.

The second table divides the imports according to the countries of origin. Firstly, a number of groups of countries is distinguished. Secondly, the values are given for the 10 major individual countries, which usually represent a large proportion of the total imports. Finally, a number of developing countries, whose share within the total imports has been at least 1.5 percent is given.

39

4.1 France Seafood is very popular in France. Table 1.1 indicates that the French market is the largest of the European Community with an annual consumption of over 1.5 million tonnes. Consumer surveys show that most French households, perhaps as high as 90 percent, consume fish. Popular species are e.g. saithe, cod, sole, salmon, but also a large variety of other species including fish from tropical areas. France is also one of the major markets for shrimp and molluscs. European coldwater as well as warmwater species are demanded. The presentation of shrimp depends on the size. Large shrimp (black tiger and white shrimp) is mainly head-on, semi IQF, medium size is mainly headless, IQF and smaller shrimp is generally traded in cooked and peeled form. Tuna is mainly imported by the canning industry.

France imported in 1990 2200 mln ECU worth offish and fishery products, of which some 30 percent from developing countries. Between 1986 and 1990 these imports have risen by about 45 percent, which is below the EC average. Traditionally the main supplying region for shrimp used to be West-Africa, due to the common language, the fixed exchange rate and the French interests in Senegal and other West African countries. However, in recent years Senegalese exporters have lost ground to other countries, which have been able to offer shrimp and other products at a much lower price.

Table 4.1 France - Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

1986 1988 1990 Index 86/90


513 652 437 211 226 424

1872 782 565 280 285 525

2204 967 631 286 346 607

146 148 144 135 153 143

Ten major exporters t o \*-t-ùcc United Kingdom Denmark Norway Netherlands Iceland Senegal Ivory Coast Germany USA Belgium/Lux

173 161 120 105 105 112 45 44 63 43

216 185 192 123 123 113 81 75 80 53

274 242 235 156 107 104 100 94 77 57

158 150 196 149 102 93

223 214 123 133

40

Countries of origin

Thailand Morocco Cuba Source: Eurostat

»86

42 37 34

1988 1990

Other developing countries 50 52 34 45 33 20

Index 86/90

126 120 59

France is the most important market for products originating from the ACP countries, absorbing in the beginning of the eighties some 60 percent of their exports to the EC. This share has dropped by 1990 to about 45 percent as a result of the accession of Spain to the EC in 1986. Senegal and Ivory Coast account for 50 percent of the exports of the group of developing countries. The French fishing enterprises which operate in these countries play certainly an important role.

Within the total French imports, salmon, shrimp, crab/lobster, tuna and cod are the most important species, which together account for some 55 percent of the total annual value. France is next to Spain the second largest importer of shrimp. Developing countries supply 86 percent of the tuna and 62 percent these shrimps imports. Cephalopods, which are of lesser importance, were in 1990 mostly imported from developing countries. France is the largest EC importer of canned tuna. The imports of frozen tuna consists nearly completely of yellow fin tuna.

Table 4.2 France - Imports by species (mln ECU)

Species 1988

248 186 44

227 32

296 148 692

1872

154 164 24

1989 1990


231 39

293 160 781

1986

295 190 50

235 32

353 198 852


167 145 27

184 164 27

Index 88/90

119 102 113 103 99

119 134 123 118

119 100 112


Shrimp Tuna Sardine

41

988

83 23

117 565

1989

68 29

132 568

1990

72 25

160 631

Index 88/90

87 106 137 112

Species

Crab, lobster Cephalopods Other Total

Source: Eurostat Note: Sardine includes also small values for anchovy.

4.2 Spain Spain has a smaller population than the four other large EC members, but the high fish consumption makes it to one of the major markets for fish. The national consumption amounts to some 1,5 million tons, about equal to France. Hake is the dominant species, but a remarkable diversity of species is being consumed. Also tuna, sardines, squid, octopus, shrimp and molluscs are important. European coldwater shrimp do not play any significant role. The Spanish consumer prefers warmwater shrimp of which several types are distributed. Head-on white shrimp is very popular.

The Spanish market is unquestionably one of major future markets for foreign exporters as the internal production falls considerably short of the demand. The performance between 1986 and 1990 shows a spectacular growth that is much to the benefit of developing countries.

Of all EC countries, Spain shows the highest share of imports originating from the developing countries, 40 percent in 1990. Contrary to the other discussed EC member countries, Thailand does not play a prominent role while Chile, Ecuador and Argentina do. The marked growth of the imports from the Canary Isles may partially be a result of the Spanish processing plants there. The market shares by country changed substantially in some cases due to adaption of Spain to the common EC tariff system during the period in consideration. It may be expected to stabilize in the next years.

Table 4.3 Spain - Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin


986

676 305 234 26

208 137

1988

1343 479 584 171 413 280

1990

1768 663 710 102 608 395

Index 86/90

261 217 303 392 292 288

42

Countries of origin

France United Kingdom Chile Canary Islands Denmark Netherlands Morocco Norway Ecuador Argentina

India Ivory Coast Panama Cuba

Source: Eurostat

1986

74 81 28

32 33 32 25 5

46

0 6

15

1988

Ten 140 149 93 78 48 44 52 47 20 66

1990

major exporters ^o 203 149 118 101 90 86 83 75 73 71

Other developing countries 17 20 10 17

29 27 27 18

Index 86/90

Of .û t l 274 183 419

-284 260 255 297

1437 154

373 -

477 121

Shrimp, tuna, cephalopods and hake were in 1990 the major imported species. The share of developing countries in these four species amounted on the average to 63 percent. As the local supply of these species is heavily dependent on the catches of the Spanish distant water fleets and as the access to foreign resources becomes increasingly difficult, it can be expected that the exports of developing countries will continue to grow. Similarly to France this may be partially a result of the Spanish joint-ventures. The Spanish imports vary extremely. As the largest EC importer of shrimp it imports various species from several countries. The imports of frozen tuna include mainly yellow fin but also bonito, albacore and other tunas.

Table 4.4 Spain - Imports by species (mln ECU)

Species 1988

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Cephalopods Hake Salmon Cod

248 118 46 79

143 175 41

103

From the whole world 300 330 104 139 52 52 89 102

199 173 165 200 60 78

104 127

88/90

133 118 114 130 121 114 189 123

43

Species

Other Total

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Cephalopods Hake Other Total

Source: Eurostat

1988

390 1343

188 92 15 14 81 77

118 584

1989

477 1550

From developin 218 86 19 13 94 72

126 629

1990

567 1768

g countries 230 115 17 14 86 98

150 710

Index 88/90

145 132

122 125 114 102 107 128 127 122

4.3 Italy The large population and the on average consumption rate make Italy one of the major markets of the EC. The annual consumption amounts to about 1 million tons. Due to the lacking landings from the Mediterranean, a major share of the supply has to be provided by imports. The consumption of groundfish is low, hake being the most important species. Very important are tuna, squid and octopus. Italy is also one of the major European shrimp markets. The Italian market for shrimp expanded quickly towards the end of the eighties. The expanding demand has to be satisfied by imports as the domestic production is rather limited. The most interesting development was the success of East Asian black tiger exporters who were able to supply the market at moderate prices. Tuna and cephalopods are both imported for direct consumption and for processing purposes.

The Italian import market shows an average growth rate compared with the other EC members. The role of other EC countries remains very important.

Table 4.5 Italy - Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

1986

1242 647 368 77

291 227

161 145

1988

1568 824 475 105 370 269

1990

1881 1035 537 115 422 309

Ten major exporters tt> 208 176

257 209

Index 86/90

151 160 146 150 145 136

LbJty 160 144


Denmark France

44

Countries of origin

Netherlands Spain Norway Morocco Thailand Germany Portugal Argentina

Tunisia Senegal Seychelles Mexico Mauritania Panama Cuba

Source: Eurostat

1986

147 91 94 45 44 46 24 50

30 14 21 12 34 36 25

1988

156 130 101 52 68 43 35 38

Other developing 49 13 53 21 17 31 21

1990

199 150 135 73 66 59 53 49

; countries 44 28 27 26 20 19 13

Index 86/90

135 165 144 162 149 128 221 97

149 197 129 207 59 53 52

Between 1986 and 1990, unspecified fish, shrimp crab/lobster played a prominent role in the growth of imports from developing countries. Contrary to France, in Italy cephalopods also belong to the major imported species. Within the imports of shrimp, tuna and cephalopods the developing countries have a share of 50-60 percent. The Italian imports of frozen tuna contain mainly yellow fin tuna.

Table 4.6 Italy - Imports by species (mln ECU)

Species 1988

165 202 101 196 82

155 666

1568

87 119 36

122

1989 1990

From the whole world 182 194 113 245 75

164 778

1750

197 198 119 208 89

157 914


100 106 36

148

114 104 30

133

Index 88/90

119 98

118 106 108 101 137 120

132 87 83

109

Shrimp Tuna Crab, lobster Cephalopods Salmon Cod Other Total

Shrimp Tuna Crab, lobster Cephalopods

45

Species 1988 1989 1990 Index 88/90

Other 112 133 157 141 Total 475 522 537 113

Source: Eurostat

The role of ACP countries on the Italian market is less pronounced than in France, but in absolute terms still considerable. Their relative share is stable now. The imports from ACP countries increased slightly more than those from other developing countries.

It is interesting to note that the order of the exporting developing countries has changed substantially. In particular Mexico, Senegal and Morocco realized a marked growth.

4.4 The United Kingdom The annual consumption of fish in the United Kingdom is estimated to be at a level of 1 million tonnes. British consumers demonstrate a strong preference for cod and haddock. Substitutes of these species like hake have not been received enthusiastically so far. The British shrimp market is dominated by the European coldwater shrimp Pandalus borealis and its substitute imports from Asian countries. Nearly half of the shrimps are imported cooked and peeled. Tiger and banana shrimp are generally not well liked because of the thick shell. About 60 percent of shrimp consumptions takes place in restaurants.

The total UK imports have grown somewhat slower than the EC average. This applies to nearly all species. However, the growth was to the benefit of the developing countries.

The role of developing countries, and especially the non-ACP ones, within the UK imports has grown slightly. While about 50 percent of the import value originated from other developed countries, the developing countries have increased their share from 20 to 22 percent at the expense of non-EC developed countries. Still, the British importers are traditionally oriented towards four major exporting countries - Iceland, Denmark, Norway and Canada - whose share amounted in 1990 to some 50 percent of the total imported value. From the developing countries only Thailand could clearly improve its position and is now nearly as important as Canada.

The three major developing countries accounted for only 10 percent of the exports of this group, which indicates that a large number of developing countries exports to the UK only limited values.

46

Table 4.7 United Kingdom - Imports by countries of origin (min ECU)

countries of origin

1986

1101 312 216 38

178 573

182 169 138 94 62 78 44 26 27 8

30 17

1988

1194 333 277 37

240 584

1990

1343 381 289 37

252 673

Ten major exporters \ a

198 181 139 82

101 89 44 27 35 10

269 199 111 96 89 88 47 46 30 26

Other developing countries 24 18

25 22

Index 86/90

122 122 134 97

142 117

tW u..*. 148 118 80

102 142 114 106 180 114 318

82 130


Iceland Denmark Norway Canada Thailand USA Netherlands Faeroer Ireland Portugal

India Bangladesh

Source: Eurostat

Shrimp and tuna are the most important products from developing countries. Shrimp is mainly imported from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, a large number of other countries supply to the UK market. The UK market for canned tuna is next to France the second largest in the EC.

Table 4.8 United Kingdom - Imports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Salmon Cod Other Total

1988

281 119 23 27

167 277 300

1194

1989 1990

From the whole world 301 269 150 110 30 28 31 30

175 165 288 360 336 381

1310 1343

Index 88/90

95 93

119 113 99

130 127 113

47

Species

Shrimp Tuna Sardine Crab, lobster Other Total

Source: Eurostat

1988

101 115

46 277

1989 1990

From developing countries 110 146

9 10 56

330

103 107

9 8

61 289

Index 88/90

103 93

118 106 132 104

4.5 Germany Germany is now the most populace EC country. Despite this large population, low fish consumption rates make Germany the smallest (some 0,85 million tons a year) market among the major EC countries. The most popular species are saithe, cod, redfish, hake and cured herring. Currently, the demand for valuable species and new seafood products is increasing. The German consumer preference for cold water species is reflected in the composition of the imports and their origin. The total German imports have grown somewhat slower than the EC average. The German shrimp market is traditionally oriented towards the native Crangon crangon. Currently, the demand for large-sized shrimp is increasing markedly, in particular in first class restaurants. Some 70 percent of German shrimp consumption is in the catering sector.

The preference for the traditional species is particularly illustrated by the trends as far as the countries of origin are concerned. While Thailand has made a considerable progress, the growth of imports from European countries like Iceland, Poland and the Netherlands increased significantly as well. The 1990 performance of the two major exporters (Denmark and the Netherlands) shows that the nematodes-affaire faire of 1987 has been overcome so that their position has not been structurally weakened.

Table 4.9 Germany - Imports by countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

1986 1988 1990 Index 86/90


Denmark Netherlands

927 528 131

5 126 268

267 109

1023 539 164

8 156 320

1352 706 204

7 197 441

Ten major exporters 275 112

356 154

146 134 156 148 156 165

^ 133' 141

48

Species

Norway Iceland France Poland Thailand USA Belgium/Lux Faeroer

Philippines

Source: Eurostat

1988

97 65 55 29 40

8 13 13

14

1989

113 67 58 39 40 12 15 19

1990

131 115 63 62 60 36 28 28

Other developing countries 19 22

Index 88/90

135 176 115 212 149 449 208 209

157

Shrimp tuna, and unspecified fish dominate the German imports from developing countries. This reflects the growing demand for more expensive and 'exotic' products.

Table 4.10 Germany - Imports by species (mln ECU)

Species 1988

118 59 26 21 16

117 67

600 1023

39 48 12 7

59

1989 1990

From the whole world 129 72 26 22 19

120 64

673 1123

From developin 45 58 9 8

62

141 79 31 28 19

138 77

839 1352

g countries 57 59 10 7

70

Index 88/90

119 134 120 136 119 118 115 140 132

147 124 88

109 119


Shrimp Tuna Sardine Cephalopods Other

Total

Source: Eurostat

164 182 204 124

49

5 IMPORTS BY MAJOR SPECIES

In this chapter the EC imports are presented from the point of view of species or products. For every distinguished item two tables are presented, first by countries of origin and second by EC member countries. The listed countries of origin have been selected according to their relative importance and their sum represents at least 70-80 percent of the total value.

5.1 Canned and frozen tuna Besides Spain, all major exporters of tuna products are developing countries. At the same time, Spain is also a large importer of this species so that by accession of Spain to the EC the total imports increased significantly. The origin of tuna products changes rapidly between the traditional exporters Ivory Coast and Senegal and the relatively newcomers Thailand and Seychelles. These four countries supplied in 1988 some 50 percent of all EC imports, but lost some ground between 1988 en 1990 as several other countries from Asia and South-America realized a remarkable growth.

Frozen tuna Ivory Coast has developed into a major source of frozen tuna, which seems to be at the expense of the Seychelles. These two countries together supplied 27 percent of the EC imports. The exports of Mexico and Venezuela have also achieved fast growth. A number of Far Eastern countries, especially Philippines and Japan, which were important in the beginning of the eighties, have lost their EC market.

Table 5.1 Frozen tuna - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. - ACP countries - Other dev. c. Other countries Ivory Coast Seychelles etc. Spain Mexico Venezuela Panama Ecuador USA Colombia

Source: Eurostat

988

291 48

218 118 100 25 25 70 25 26 22 24 13 7 3

1989

273 51

202 99

102 20 36 43 36 34 25 13 13 2 -

1990

339 51

245 108 136 44 50 40 37 31 29 22 14 12 10

Index 88/90

116 106 112 92

137 172 200 57

150 122 130 93

105 182 384

50

Italy is traditionally the largest importer of frozen tuna, but in 1990 Spain and France have also imported considerable quantities as raw material for their canning industry. About 80 percent of the value (225 mln ECU) concerned yellowfin, 15 percent bonito (50 mln ECU) and the rest albacore and other tunas.

Table 5.2 Frozen tuna - Countries of destination (mln ECU)

Countries of destination

France Germany Italy United Kingdom Portugal Spain

Source: Eurostat

France imported in 1990 mainly yellowfin, while for Italy and Spain this species represented 60-70 percent of their imports of frozen tuna. Spain imported also bonito and other tunas, Italy only yellow fin and other tunas.

Table 5.3 Imports of frozen tuna in 1990 by species (mln ECU)

Species Italy France Spain Others Total

988

46 0

123 1

11 109

1989

31 0

136 1

10 94

1990

38 1

148 1

18 133

Index 88/90

84 150 120 75

154 122

Yellow fin Bonito Albacore Other tunas Total

Source: Eurostat

110 --

38 148

29 4 4 1

37

82 34 13 3

133

4 12

-3

19

225 50 17 45

337

Canned tuna Also on the market for canned tuna the positions seem to change rapidly. Ivory Coast and Thailand have become the absolute top suppliers, increasing their share within the EC imports to 43 percent in 1990. Also the share of the other two main exporters, Senegal and the Philippines changes quickly from year to year.

51

Table 5.4 Canned tuna - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

1988

392 67

315 168 147 10

79 98 48 27 15 12 8 8

16 14

1989

445 86

351 166 185

8

82 16 42 39 22 16 15 12 16 17

1990

449 103 342 178 164

4

98 96 42 36 24 19 16 16 13 13

Index 88/90

114 152 109 106 112 38

124 98 88

135 155 149 210 188 80 91


Ivory Coast Thailand Senegal Philippines Spain Portugal Indonesia Italy France Fiji Islands

Source: Eurostat

Despite its own canning industry France is, together with the United Kingdom, a major importer of canned tuna in the EC. These two countries account for more than 60 percent of the total EC imports of this product.

Table 5.5 Canned tuna - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Spain

Source: Eurostat

988

133 19 12 57 34

118 3 2 7 6

1989

126 23 15 69 44

148 4 1 9 6

1990

144 35 15 75 47

109 3 6

10 3

Index 88/90

109 187 119 133 137 92

100 278 153 42

52

5.2 Shrimp Two major groups of species can be distinguished within the imports of shrimp. On one hand the two cold water species pandalus and crangon and on the other hand tropical shrimp. The first group is supplied especially by Greenland, while the second comes mostly from developing countries.

Table 5.6 Composition of shrimp imports according to species and processing in 1990 (mln ECU)

Species Fresh Frozen Processed Total

Pandalus Crangon Other Total

19 31 10 60

342 5

848 1195

na na na

565

na na na

1820

Source: Eurostat Note: Processed shrimp includes peeled product

Pandalus and crangon Greenland is by far the most important supplier of pandalus shrimp. Most of this shrimp is destined for Denmark so that the exports showed for Denmark are in fact largely re-exports of the shrimp from Greenland. The import of cold water shrimp is otherwise spread throughout the whole of Europe, except few countries whose own production satisfies the local market.

Table 5.7 Pandalus and crangon - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin


Greenland Denmark Netherlands Faeroer Argentina United Kingdom Canary Islands Canada

Source: Eurostat

1988

371 127 39 11 29

205

122 62 28 31 8 8

11 14

1989

426 147 58 6

52 221

134 70 34 39 29 11 9

19

1990

397 144 60 6

55 193

124 70 35 23 19 17 13 12

Index 88/90

107 113 153 54

189 94

101 113 125 73

241 221 120 85

53

988

54 7

21 13 39 33 2

169 32

1989

52 9

26 16 57 31 3

196 33

1990

59 10 24 10 48 25 6

169 46

Index 88/90

109 136 112 71

122 76

254 100 145

Table 5.8 Pandalus and crangon - Countries of destination (min ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Spain

Source: Eurostat

Other shrimp Of the other species of shrimp at least 80 percent is imported from the developing countries. Evidently, a part of the intra-EC trade in these species concerns re-export. Another part is the production of the distant fleets. A number of developing countries has succeeded in expanding considerably their exports to the EC, especially Ecuador, Thailand, and India. The value of EC imports of tropical shrimp increased 20 percent between 1988 and 1990 after a spectacular growth of more than 25 percent per year earlier in the eighties.

Table 5.9 Other shrimp (not peeled, fresh or frozen) - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. - ACP countries - Other dev. c. Other countries Ecuador Thailand India Bangladesh Indonesia Argentina France China Senegal French Guyana

Source: Eurostat

54

988

707 116 553 172 381 38 25 37 31 49 30 42 33 25 44 14

1989

795 123 628 152 476 44 50 44 45 47 35 49 34 30 43 19

1990

858 135 679 130 550 44 85 68 57 49 40 35 34 33 29 26

Index 88/90

121 116 123 75

144 115 333 184 185 102 134 84

104 132 66

189

988

155 52 31 48 92

100 2 2 1

10

1989

173 60 36 52 86

103 2 2 2

17

1990

186 59 32 60

107 95 2 1 3

35

Index 88/90

120 112 101 126 117 95

100 57

429 346

In 1988 more than 50 percent of the total value was imported by Spain and France. It is interesting to note that Germany, though yet one of the smaller importers, showed a high growth rate.

Table 5.10 Other shrimp (not peeled, fresh or frozen) - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain 214 262 278 130

Source: Eurostat

Processed shrimp In the field of processed shrimp, the developing countries play only a minor role. Their share has decreased from 28 percent in 1982 to some 15 percent in 1988, and is stable now. Unfortunately, the statistics regarding processed shrimp are very unsatisfactory as they include shrimp which is only peeled as well as canned products.

It may be mentioned that only one mln ECU worth of dried shrimp has been imported to EC in 1990, which illustrates that this commodity does not have any market in EC.

Table 5.11 Processed shrimp - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin


1988

464 203 68 1

67 192

1989

551 241 73 1

72 238

1990

565 237 86 1

85 242

Index 88/90

122 116 127 93

128 126

55

Countries of origin

Denmark Greenland Netherlands Norway Iceland Thailand Belgium/Lux. Poland Malaysia United Kingdom

Source: Eurostat

988

107 78 47 42 54 36 19 -

16 11

1989

115 80 69 73 51 32 23 10 20 16

1990

115 94 73 56 49 40 23 22 19 15

Index 88/90

107 120 156 133 92

111 118

-125 131

Table 5.12 Processed shrimp - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Denmark Spain

Source: Eurostat

988

39 38 35 57 34

149 106

3

1989

41 53 51 61 38

167 134

5

1990

50 50 56 71 42

149 139

6

Index 88/90

129 130 159 124 123 100 132 170

5.3 Canned sardines The market for sardines increased more than average between 1988 en 1990, mainly due to the growth of the intra-EC trade. There are only three exporters to the EC market, of which Morocco represents almost the entire exports of the developing countries. The import of sardine has been increasing throughout the whole EC.

Table 5.13 Canned sardines - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin


»88

93 43 44

44 6

1989

119 60 51

51 8

1990

125 63 55

55 7

Index 88/90

134 146 124

124 125

56

Countries of origin

Morocco Portugal Italy Spain Netherlands Canary Is.

Source: Eurostat

Table 5.14 Canned sardines - Countries of destination (mln ECU)

»88

43 21 13 2 1 2

1989

50 34 14 4 3 3

1990

54 32 17 4 4 3

Index 88/90

125 151 132 210 373 126


1988 1989 1990 Index 88/90

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Greece Spain Source: Eurostat

32 5 3

21 6

18 3 3

42 7 5

21 9

24 4 5

40 8 7

26 9

24 4 5

126 141 235 123 161 131 124 177

5.4 Squid and octopus The total EC imports of squid and octopus amounted in 1990 to 481 mln ECU of which 34 mln ECU were fresh products and 440 mln ECU were frozen ones. About one half of the total value were various species of loligo, 25 percent sepia and almost 25 percent octopus.

Table 5.15 Imports of frozen cephalopods in 1990 by species (mln ECU)

Species Sepia Loligo Octopus Others Total

Total - Developing c. - EC countries - Other countries

149 98 36 15

86 32 22 32

124 93 10 21

82 19 16 47

441 270 84 87

Source: Eurostat

The developing countries supply 50 to 60 percent of the EC imports of cephalopods, but only a relatively small part comes from the ACP countries. About 75 percent of this value has been in the past years exported by four countries - Thailand, Morocco, the Canary Is. and India.

57

988

436 95

255 31

224 86

47 63 41 24 34 26 24 17 8

28

1989

562 117 308 54

255 137

56 74 55 38 55 31 18 20 27 45

1990

481 115 276 52

224 90

65 56 55 45 43 26 24 23 19 15

Index 88/90

110 121 108 169 100 104

140 90

134 190 126 101 100 139 227 53

Table 5.16 Sepia, squid and octopus - Countries of origin (min ECU)

Countries of origin


Morocco Thailand France Canary Is. India Tunisia Spain Mauritania Senegal USA

Source: Eurostat

By far the greatest importers of cephalopods are Italy and Spain. Italy alone accounts for about one half of the EC imports.

Table 5.17 Sepia, squid and octopus - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Greece Portugal Spain

Source: Eurostat

5.5 Crab, lobster and other Crustacea Crab and lobster are imported from a large number of different countries, but the intra-EC trade accounted in recent years for about 50 percent of the total import

58

988

32 4 3

16 196

4 27 10

143

1989

39 6 4

19 245

4 35 11

199

1990

32 5 4

19 208

3 23 13

173

Index 88/90

101 129 112 119 106 72 84

124 121

value and its growth has been considerable. On the other hand the role of developing countries has been relatively limited and their share has dropped from 29 percent in 1988 to 23 percent in 1990.

Table 5.18 Crab, lobster, etc. - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

988

528 246 154 21

133 128

111 65 45 28 43 20 19 34 15 15

1989

563 281 144 18

126 138

130 65 41 31 45 26 24 22 17 18

1990

596 310 139 23

117 147

137 66 51 37 34 31 30 23 16 15

Index 88/90

113 126 90

107 88

115

123 102 114 135 78

155 163 68

107 98


United Kingdom Canada Denmark France Cuba Ireland USA Thailand Netherlands Soviet Union

Source: Eurostat

France alone accounted in 1990 for nearly 40 percent of all EC imports, Italy and Spain for another 36 percent.

Table 5.19 Crab, lobster, etc. - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


988

227 37 18 21

101 27 14 4

79

1989

231 40 19 22

113 31 14 5

89

1990

235 37 19 28

119 30 16 9

102

Index 88/90

104 98

106 136 118 113 113 226 130

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Denmark Portugal Spain

Source: Eurostat

59

5.6 Hake Hake has become an important species only with the accession of Spain to the EC, as in this country hake is very popular. Also in other EC countries is hake becoming more popular as a cod substitute, namely in the UK and the Netherlands. But these markets are still limited. The major suppliers of hake are the South American countries and South Africa. However, similar to tuna, large quantities of hake are caught by Spanish distant fleets. As these fleets may have to be brought under the flag of the country where they are operating a further rise of the imports may be expected.

Table 5.20 Hake - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

988

319 111 145

7 138 63

68 51 27

-22 42 21 9 3 4

1989

313 125 141

0 140 48

86 28 39

-31 25 18 11 6 6

1990

376 126 192

0 192 58

97 66 41 33 30 25 19 12 9 9

Index 88/90

118 113 132

-139 92

142 130 152

-135 60 87

130 276 207

Total EC Developing c. - ACP countries Other dev. c. Other countries

Chile Argentina France S. Africa Spain United Kingdom Poland Uruguay Peru Denmark

Source: Eurostat

Table 5.21 Hake - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


«8

38 2 2

35 22 6 2

1989

37 2 2

33 27 7 2

1990

43 2 6

38 24 11 2

Index 88/90

113 94

371 109 108 202 120

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Denmark

60


988

3 35

175

1989

5 33

165

1990

6 45

200

Index 88/90

178 127 114

Greece Portugal Spain

Source: Eurostat

5.7 Other white fish The EC market for white fish relies mainly on cold water species. The share of developing countries in the EC imports of white fish other than hake is below 10 percent. But the imports from developing countries showed a more than average growth. Morocco is the main supplier of this group of countries.

Table 5.22 Other white fish - Countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin


Morocco

Source: Eurostat

1988

4551 2071 345 68

278 2135

1989

4973 2362 410 81

329 2200

Developing countries 51 57

1990

5919 2759 481 99

382 2679

70

Index 88/90

130 133 139 147 138 125

135

Table 5.23 Other white fish - Countries of destination (mln ECU)


1988 1989 1990 Index 88/90


Source: Eurostat

903 223 245 599 747 684 31

373 52

305 389

979 241 285 672 842 734 33

397 64

268 459

1149 271 324 821 995 833 44

493 68

343 579

127 121 132 137 133 122 142 132 132 112 149

61

988

98 74 63 34 7

29 305

1989

117 79 74 22 16 31

338

1990

98 111 56 23 16 27

329

Index 88/90

99 149 90 68

215 92

108

6 MAJOR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

This chapter gives the basic figures related to the ten most important developing countries which export fish and fishery products to the EC. As most figures speak for themselves the comments have been kept brief.

6.1 Thailand Among the developing countries, Thailand is the most important exporter of fish and fishery products to the EC. Between 1986 and 1990 it has achieved an annual growth of some 14 percent. Nearly 40 percent of this growth was realized with shrimp, followed by white fish.

Table 6.1 Thailand - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Tuna Shrimp Cephalopods Lobster/crab etc. Other white fish Other Total

Source: Eurostat

The United Kingdom was in recent years the major trading partner, taking 25 percent of the Thai exports to the EC. It is interesting to note that also Spain is now becoming an important market for Thai products.

Table 6.2 Thailand - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Denmark Greece Spain Total 213 305 329 155

Source: Eurostat

62

186

42 6 7

40 44 62 7 2 3

1988

50 10 16 40 68

101 8 3 9

1990

52 10 17 60 66 89 7 4

23

Index 86/90

126 175 227 149 149 142 103 267 679

6.2 Morocco Within the bilateral fishery agreement between EC and Morocco, this country is given access to the EC market in exchange for fishing rights, especially for the Spanish fishing fleet. Fish caught in Moroccan waters therefore reaches the EC market either as EC (Spanish) catches or as imports. Thanks to the close distance, Morocco is also able to export various species of fresh and frozen fish, which has developed into a major commodity - about 65 mln ECU in 1990. The exports of the other Moroccan product groups, sardines and cephalopods increased as well.

Table 6.3 Morocco - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species 988

1 49 10 47 4

48 16

175

1989

2 57 15 56 5

54 19

209

1990

5 60 19 65 5

65 20

239

Index 88/90

329 122 193 140 125 136 126 137

Tuna Sardines Shrimp Cephalopods Lobster/crab etc. Other white fish Other Total

Source: Eurostat

In the period under consideration, France's position as the leading importer from Morocco has been overtaken by Italy and Spain, which may be partly attributed to their demand for cephalopods.

Table 6.4 Morocco - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


1986 1988 1990 Index 86/90

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Greece Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

37 4 2

11 45 6 5

32 2

143

34 4 2

13 52 9 8

52 1

175

45 5 5

12 73 10 6

83 1

239

120 133 319 114 162 172 113 255 60

167

63

6.3 Argentina The Argentine exports to the EC have been boosted by the accession of Spain, which imported in 1990 27 mln ECU worth of shrimp and 15 mln ECU worth of hake. Germany and France imported hake for over 10 mln ECU each. Overall, Spain and Italy are the two most important trading partners for Argentina in the EC.

Table 6.5 Argentina - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Sardines Shrimp Hake Other white fish Other Total

988

12 49 51 24 11

147

1989

17 79 28 29 15

168

1990

13 54 66 33 13

179

Index 88/90

102 109 130 139 128 122

Source: Eurostat

Table 6.6 Argentina - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


986

12 0 9

50 5 1

46 1

122

1988

14 0

12 38 5 8

66 3

147

1990

13 11 16 49 8 8

71 4

179

Index 86/90

109 -

178 97

184 -

154 550 146

France Netherlands Germany Italy Greece Portugal Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.4 Chile The Chilean exports to the EC are based on its relations to Spain, which took over 70 percent in 1990, squid and hake being the major products.

64

Table 6.7 Chile - Exports by species (min ECU)

Species 988

4 3 8

68 21 26

129

1989

5 4

10 86 26 28

158

1990

5 4 8

97 27 26

167

Index 88/90

130 132 109 142 129 99

129

Shrimp Cephalopods Lobster/crab etc. Hake Other white fish Other Total

Source: Eurostat

Table 6.8 Chile - Major EC partners (min ECU)


»86

5 2 2 1 8 3

28 2

51

1988

9 3 4 3 6 9

93 2

129

1990

9 5 7 3

10 13

118 3

167

Index 86/90

183 271 325 254 121 382 419 169 327

France Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Portugal Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.5 Senegal Senegal has especially expanded its exports of cephalopods and frozen fish. France is historically the buyer of the Senegalese fishery products, taking full two thirds in 1988.

Table 6.9 Senegal - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Tuna Shrimp Cephalopods Other white fish Other Total

Source: Eurostat

988

68 49 8

37 5

168

1989

57 47 27 42 4

176

1990

46 32 19 54 4

154

Index 88/90

67 65

227 146 76 92

65

Table 6.10 Senegal - Major EC partners (min ECU)


986

112 14 9 8

143

1988

113 13 36 5

168

1990

104 28 14 8

154

Index 86/90

93 197 162 100 108

France Italy Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.6 Ivory Coast The exports of Ivory Coast to the EC consist almost entirely of tuna. Of the total of 154 mln ECU in 1990, some 95 mln ECU regarded canned tuna and bonito. Two third of the total trade value is realized with France.

Table 6.11 Ivory Coast - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Tuna Shrimp Total

Source: Eurostat

988

109 6

116

1989

119 6

126

1990

148 6

154

Index 88/90

135 86

133

Table 6.12 Ivory Coast - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


•86

45 2 6 8 0 2

63

1988

81 1

10 4

20 1

116

1990

100 8

18 2

27 0

154

Index 86/90

223 343 281 26

-6

244

France Belgium/Lux. Italy United Kingdom Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.7 India In case of India, the exports of shrimps contributed for 75 percent to the growth of exports to the EC. 80 percent of the growth can be attributed to the trade with Spain and Italy. In 1990 Spain was a more important trading partner then the United Kingdom, the traditional buyer of fish products from India.

66

Table 6.13 India - Exports by species (min ECU)

Species »88

36 34 3 2

75

1989

49 55 5 2

110

1990

62 43 2 2

109

Index 88/90

169 126 92

138 146

Shrimp Cephalopods Lobster/crab etc. Other Total

Source: Eurostat

Table 6.14 India - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


»86

14 1

30 3 0 8 4

59

1988

11 9

24 6 1

17 6

75

1990

17 20 25 7 4

29 7

109

Index 86/90

125 2267

82 239

-373 178 184

France Italy United Kingdom Greece Portugal Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.8 Ecuador The export of Ecuador has increased markedly and amounted to over 100 mln ECU in 1990. About 85 percent of this value consisted of shrimp. Spain is the dominant trading partner.

Table 6.15 Ecuador - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species

Tuna Shrimp Other Total

Source: Eurostat

188

14 27 1

42

1989

14 52 1

66

1990

14 87 2

102

Index 88/90

103 316 229 245

67

Table 6.16 Ecuador - Major EC partners (min ECU)


86

6 0 5 0

11

1988

8 10 20 4

42

1990

17 8

73 5

102

Index 86/90

275 -

1437 -

898

France Italy Spain Other Total

Source: Eurostat

6.9 Indonesia Indonesia achieved a significant growth with tuna and shrimp. The most important countries of destination are France, The Netherlands and Belgium.

Table 6.17 Indonesia - Exports by species (mln ECU)

Species »88

8 38 1 3

50

1989

15 46 2 4

67

1990

17 54 2 5

77

Index 88/90

210 142 244 159 155

Tuna Shrimp Lobster/crab etc. Other Total

Source: Eurostat

Table 6.18 Indonesia - Major EC partners (mln ECU)


186

4 8 4 3 3 1

23

1988

13 10 15 5 5 2

50

1990

25 14 19 7 9 4

77

Index 86/90

590 184 435 226 303 364 334

France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany United Kingdom Other Total

Source: Eurostat

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7 FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL

Between 1986 and 1990 the EC imports of fish meal and fish oil have been fluctuating between 550 and 700 mln ECU. Of this amount about 70 percent has been fish meal. Small quantities offish offal are also being imported. The rest is fish oil. Chile alone supplies about 30 percent of the EC imports.

Table 7.1 Fish meal and fish oil - countries of origin (mln ECU)

Countries of origin

Total EC Developing c. Other countries

Chile Peru Denmark Iceland Japan Germany

Source: Eurostat

986

581 120 306 155

202 81 55 55 42 22

1988

653 149 306 198

217 45 62 47 58 38

1990

557 125 288 144

167 104 46 48 19 23

Index 86/90

96 104 94 93

83 128 84 87 45

105

The largest importers of fish meal and fish oil are Germany and United Kingdom. Their share of the total EC imports decreased from 60 to 50 percent mainly due to lower imports into Germany.

Table 7.2 Fish meal and fish oil - countries of destination (mln ECU)


France Belgium/Lux. Netherlands Germany Italy United Kingdom Ireland Denmark Greece Portugal Spain Total

Source: Eurostat

1986

34 29 84

204 43

133 7

21 13 4 9

581

1988

44 26 93

188 50

137 7

26 12 1

25 653

1990

39 26 87

139 51

146 10 26 12 2

20 557

Index 86/90

115 90

104 68

119 110 143 123 92 50

222 96

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8 MARKET ACCESS

8.1 Tariffs and quotas The EC applies common customs tariffs to imports from outside the Community. Information on tariffs relevant to fish products is presented in Annex 1. The tariffs between the newest members Portugal and Spain and the former EC-10 will be dismantled completely by 1993. However, trade agreements exist that enable certain countries to export specific fish products duty-free or with a lower tariff into EC-countries. Important agreements are: - The Lorn Convention, an agreement between the EC and SO-called ACP countries

in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. - Currently, the EC and EFTA agreed on a gradual dismantling of mutual tariffs to 30

percent of the current level by 1997.

8.2 Technical standards At present each EC country has its own norms and testing procedure for fish products. The aim of the EC is to harmonize these into a single set of standards and a common testing procedure.

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9 PROMOTION

9.1 Trade Fairs The most important producers of fish products from Europe or from outside Europe present their products at the international food fairs ANUGA (Germany), SIAL (France) and ALIMENTARIA (Barcelona). Visits to these fairs enable perspective exporters to examine competing supply and to investigate the potential in EC markets for their own products. Several specific fish fairs are held annually in several countries but they are of national or local interest. Many of these fish fairs include fishing equipment as a major item.

FAIR LOCATION DATE

ANUGA Cologne, Germany

SIAL Paris, France

ALIMENTARIA Barcelona, Spain

SEAFOOD 92 Bremen, Germany

SIPRAL Milano, Italy

DETROP Tessaloniki, Greece

VIS Den Haag, Netherlands

October, odd years

October, even years

March, even years

June, annual

October, annual

May, odd years

September, even years

9.2 Trade Press At present each EC country has its national fish and food press due to language barriers. Some revues that have gained international interest are: Infofish (FAO), Seafood International, Fishing News International, Fisch Magazine.

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APPENDIX 1.1

HS-coding system

Relevant codes for fish and shellfish

0301 Live fish 0302 Fresh and chilled fish 0303 Frozen fish 030333000 - Frozen sole 030341 - Frozen tuna 030410 Fresh or chilled fish fillets and other fish meat 030420 Frozen fish fillets 030420570 - Frozen hake fillet 030490100 - Frozen fillets of freshwater fish 030490 Other frozen fish meat 0305 Dried, salted or smoked fish 0306 Frozen shellfish and cephalopods 030613900 - Frozen tropical shrimp 030614 - Frozen crab 036022 - Frozen lobster 0307 Fresh or live shellfish and cephalopods 030622 - live lobster 030629100 - live crayfish 1604 Prepared fish products 160413 - canned sardines 160414 - canned tuna 1605 Prepared shellfish products 160520000 - Peeled shrimp 0508 Fish meal not for human consumption 1504 Fish oil

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APPENDIX 1.2

Register of exporters of shrimp and prawns

The decree requires that the shrimps have been produced and/or processed in a plant approved and registered by the Benelux:

"Approval may be granted if the competent authorities in the country or origin certify that in the plant concerned the shrimps are treated according to the hygienic requirements of the FAO/WHO, as worded in the Recommended International Code of Practice for Shrimps or Prawns, CAC/RCP 17-1978, and that it is sufficiently supervised whether these requirements are complied with".

The requests for registration may be directed to: the Ministry of Agriculture (Directorate of Fisheries) or the Ministry of Public Health (Directorate HIGB).

The request is considered by a working group of the Benelux which is authorized to gather further information. The exporters who are not on the recognition list will not be allowed to export into Benelux.

Upon the import of shrimps, their bacteriologie condition shall be inspected by sampling. If the product does not meet the necessary quality requirements, the exporting firm may be deleted from the recognition. Each shipment must be accompanied by a quality certificate issued by the appropriate national agency.

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APPENDIX 1.3

Useful addresses

INFORMATION ON QUALITY STANDARDS AND CUSTOMS Fish Commodity Board (Produktschap voor Vis en Visprodukten) Treubstraat 17 P.O. Box 72 2280 AB RIJSWIJK Tel.: +31 70 3949383 Fax: +31 70 3999426

National Inspection Service for Livestock and Meat (RW) Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Section Fish Products Muzenstraat 30 P.O. Box 30724 2611 VW DEN HAAG

Ministry of Public Health Directorate HIGB Sir W. Churchillaan 362 2284 JN RIJSWIJK

Directorate of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 P.O. Box 20401 2500 EK DEN HAAG

Food Inspection Service (RKVW) Ministry of Public Health Prinsegracht 50 DEN HAAG

MARKET INFORMATION Agricultural Research Institute (LEI-DLO) Conradkade 175 P.O. Box 29703 2502 LS DEN HAAG FAX: +31 70 3615624 TEL: +31 70 3308330

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CBI Coolsingel 58 3001 DA ROTTERDAM FAX:+31 10 4114081 TEL: +31 10 2013434

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) P.O. Box 959 2270 AZ VOORBURG Tel.: 070-3694341

E.V.D. The Netherlands Trade Agency Bezuidenhoutseweg 151 2594 AT THE HAGUE Tel: 070-3853410

E.I.M. Economic Institute for Medium and Small Business P.O. Box 7001 2701 AA ZOETERMEER Tel.: 079-413634

PROMOTION Netherlands Fish Promotion Office (NVB) Treubstraat 17 P.O. Box 72 2280 AB RIJSWIJK Tel.: 070-3949383

TRADE PRESS Ton Borghouts BV P.O. Box 84232 2508 AE SCHEVENINGEN FAX:+31 70 3525114 TEL: +31 70 3524241

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APPENDIX 2.1

EC import tariffs All EC countries now apply common customs tariffs to imports from outside the Community. The general duty rates relevant for products from developing countries are given in table 3. However, trade agreements exist that enable many developing countries to export their fish products duty free or at a lower tariff to EC countries. The countries which have free access to the European market are the ACP-countries, the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) of EC countries and the group of Least Developed Countries as listed in table 1. The remaining group of developing countries as recorded in table 2 may have a reduced tariff for particular species but in general the full tariff is applicable.

Table 1. List of countries that can export fish products duty free to the EC

Angola Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Fiji Gabon

ACP countries Gambia Ghana Grenada Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis

St.Lucia St. Vincent The Grenadines Sao Tome & Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Suriname Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tuvalu Uganda Western Samoa Vanuatu Vanuatu Zambia Zimbabwe

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Table 1. List of countries that can export fish products duty free to the EC (Ctd.)

Afghanistan Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Birma (Myanmar) Burundi Botswana Burkina Faso Central African Republic Comoros Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia

Aruba Greenland Anguila Br. Virgin Isl. Falkland Isl. Pitcairn Isl.

Least Developed Countries Guinea Guinea Bissau Haiti Cape Verde Kiribati Laos Lesotho Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nepal Niger

Uganda Rwanda Sao Tom & Principe Sierra Leone Sudan Somalia Tanzania Togo Tonga Chad Tuvalu Western Samoa Yemen Gambia

Overseas Countries and Territories Br. Terr. Indian Ocean St.Pierre & Miquelon West Indies Cayman Isl. Nw.Caledonia Fr. Polynesia

Mayotte Bermuda Turks & Caicos Isl. Neth. Antilles Wallis & Fortuna Isl.

Table 2. List of countries having tariff preference for selected fish products

Morocco Tunisia Namibia Honduras Costa Rica US. Virgin Isl. Ecuador Chile Uruguay Lebanon Iran Saudi Arabia Qatar Pakistan Thailand Malaysia Philippines Hong Kong Nauru

Ceuta & Melilla Libya Mexico El Salvador Panama Colombia Peru Bolivia Argentina Syria Israel Kuwait United Arab Emirates India Cambodja Brunei

Macao US.Oceania

Algeria Egypt Guatemala Nicaragua Panama Canal Zone Venezuela Brasil Paraguay Cyprus Iraque Jordan Bahrain Oman Sri Lanka Indonesia Singapore

Austr.Oceania Nw.Zeal.Oceania

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Table 3. EC import tariffs for fish products 1)

Product category Rate of duty General Countries in table 2

FRESHWATER FISH alive, fresh or frozen -eel 3 - trout 12 - salmon 2 - other species 8

3) 3 2) 3) 10 2 2) 8 2)

SEAFISH fresh, frozen - Atlantic halibut, black halibut - Pacific halibut - tuna for processing - other tuna - sardines - sardinella spp. - shark - hake - red snapper for processing - other species - roe

FILLETS fresh, frozen - trout - salmon - eel - shark fresh fillets - shark frozen fillets - tuna - atlantic halibut, black halibut fresh - atlantic halibut, black halibut frozen - hake, blocks for processing - fillets of other species - frozen and battered fillets

DRIED, SMOKED or SALTED FISH - fish meal for human consumption - smoked fish - salted anchovy - hilsa dried or salted - other dried fish - other salted fish

8 8 0

22 23 15 8

15 15 15 10

12 2 9

15 15 18 15 15 15 15 15

13 14 10 12 16 12

3)

3)

3) 3)

3)

3)

3)

4 8 0

22 23 15 4

15 15 15 5

10 2 9 4

10 18 4

10 15 15 10

13 14 10 10 16 12

3)

3) 3)

3)

3)

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Table 3. EC import tariffs for fish products (Ctd.) 1)

Product category Rate of duty General Countries in table 2

CRUSTACEANS fresh, frozen - spiny lobster (Palinurus, Panulires spp.) - tropical shrimp not peeled - peeled shrimp - lobster alive or whole - other fresh lobster - other frozen lobster - crab (Paralithodes, Callinectes, Chionoecetes) - other crab fresh or frozen - crayfish CEPHALOPODS - Sepia spp. - Loligo spp. - Illex spp. - Octopus

CANNED FISH AND SHELLFISH - salmon - sardines and anchovy - tuna - bonito - crab - lobster - cephalopods

25 18 20 8

20 16 8

15 15

8 6 8 8

5.5 25 24 25 16 20 20

7 4.5 4)

6 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4

3) 4 3) 25 24 18

3) 6 3) 6 6

Note 1: the table presents only a general impression on the the tariffs applied. It is recommended to consult specialists for more details.

Note 2: basic duty applicable instead of 0-tariff for the Developing Countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

Note 3: lower or 0-tariff for specified import quota or in particular season Note 4: 0-tariff for shrimp from Andes countries

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APPENDIX 2.2

Trade associations Syndicat National des Fabricants de Produits Surgels et Congels 51-53 rue Fondary 75739 paris Cedex 15 France Tel: +33-1-45791049 Fax: +33-1-45796129

Bundesverband der Deutschen Fischindustrie und des Fischgrosshandels EV Grosse Elbe Strasse 133 2000 Hamburg 50 Germany Tel: +49-40-381811 Fax: +49-40-3898554 Germany

Associazione Nazionale Conservieri Ittici e delle Tonnare Via Baldo degli Ubaldi, 43/B 00167 Roma Italy

Visserijcentrum Treubstraat 17 Postbus 72 2280 AB Rijswijk The Netherlands Tel: +31-70-3949383 Fax: +31-70-3999426

AEPYCC Diego de Lon 44 28006 Madrid Spain

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Asociacion Nacional de Industrias de Elaboracion de Productos del Mar Calle Alcala 115-4o Dcha 28009 Madrid Spain Tel: +34-91-4352170 Fax: +34-91-5781260

UK Association of Frozen Food Producers 1 Green Street London England Tel: +44-71-6290655 Fax: +44-71-4999095

i

t

81

APPENDIX 2.3

Trade fair organizers ANUGA Messe-und Ausstellungs Gesellschaft P.O. Box 210760 D-5000 Kln 21 Germany Tel: +49-221-82111 Fax: +49-221-8212574

SIAL 27, Rue du Général-Foy 75008 Paris France Tel: +33-1-42942273 Fax: +33-1-42940445

ALIMENTARIA Prosema 1 Ronda Universidad 14 1 08007 Barcelona ' Spain Tel: +34-3-3017286 Fax: +34-3-3018998

SIPRAL Expo CT Via Serbelloni 2 20122 Milano Italy Tel: +39-2-77181 Fax: +39-2-781828

DETROP HELEXPO 154 Egnatia str. 54636 Thessaloniki Greece Tel: +30-31-239221 Fax: +30-31-229116

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VIS Organisatie bureau Delooze 'sGravenweg 44 2911 CG Nieuwerkerk a/d Ussel The Netherlands Tel: +31-1803-15588 Fax: +31-1803-16814

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APPENDIX 2.4

Trade Press Infofish International P.O. Box 10899 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: 2914466 Fax: (603)291 6804

Fisch Magazin Fachpresse-Verlag An der Alster 21, 2000 Hamburg 1 Germany Tel: +49-40-24 0852 Fax: +49-40-280 3788

Seafood International 33-39 Bowling Green Lane London EC1R OD A England Tel: +44-71-8371212 Fax: +44-71-8378187

Les Marches de la Mer 9, Rue Labié 75838 Paris Cedex 17 France

MAR Calle Genova 20 Madrid 28004 Spain Tel: +34-91-4100407 Fax: +34-91-3199134

Industrias Pesqueras Policarpo Sanz 21-22 Vigo Spain Tel: +34-966-431389

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FISH PRODUCTS - WUR

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