FirstNet Session 5A April 15, 2014 Speakers: Brandon Abley, Statewide Interoperability Program...
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Transcript of FirstNet Session 5A April 15, 2014 Speakers: Brandon Abley, Statewide Interoperability Program...
FirstNetSession 5AApril 15, 2014
Speakers:
Brandon Abley, Statewide Interoperability Program [email protected]
Mark Navolio, Televate LLCProject Manager MnFCPFirstNet Consultation Project
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Agenda• Quick Introductions• Act establishing FirstNet• FirstNet Organization & Duties• State Duties– Minnesota/FirstNet Consultation (MnFCP)
• Stakeholder Responsibilities.
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About ECN
Our Expertise
• Broadband Networks (700 MHz, 4.9 GHz, LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Fiber)• Land Mobile Radio (P25 Voice & Data, Narrowbanding, RF Testing)• Network Planning and Project Management• Business Modeling and Development• Interoperable Communications• Strategy and Planning
Emergency Communication Networks is a division of the Minnesota Department of Public Safety
• The statewide 9-1-1 program• Allied Radio Matrix for Emergency
Response (ARMER)• Communications Interoperability• Statewide Emergency Communications
Board standards and projects• Minnesota/FirstNet Consultation
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About Televate
Our Expertise
• Broadband Networks (700 MHz, 4.9 GHz, LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Fiber)• Land Mobile Radio (P25 Voice & Data, Narrowbanding, RF Testing)• Network Planning and Project Management• Business Modeling and Development• Interoperable Communications• Strategy and Planning
Company Overview
Founded in 2001, Televate is a leading engineering consultancy delivering innovative communications and IT services and solutions for public safety and critical infrastructure industries. Our technology and program management experts design sustainable, interoperable land mobile radio, wireless broadband networks and applications, and advanced information technology solutions.
Who is FirstNet?
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• Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, passed Congress on February 17, 2012, establishes:– “FirstNet” First Responder Network Authority, build & operate – “NPSBN” Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network– Requires FCC to allocate the D Block spectrum to public safety; D Block, 10
MHz; for a total of 20 MHz• The FCC tasked with Technical Advisory Board for define requirement
for interoperability – Develop minimum technical requirements– Ensure nationwide standards for use and access to the network
• FirstNet is the sole authority to build, operate & maintain the NPSBN– Issue open, transparent, and competitive request for proposals (RFP) to
private sector entities
Creation of FirstNet
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FirstNet TimelineDate Milestone
February-12 • Legislation authorizing and funding of FirstNet is signed
August-12• FirstNet Governance Board members appointed• State and Local Implementation Grant Program (SLIGP) requirements
announced
February-13 • FirstNet releases State and Local Implementation Grant Program (SLIGP) Federal Funding Opportunity (FFO)
May-13 • FirstNet Regional Workshops were held initiating their outreach with the States
To be determined • FirstNet visit to the state to determine users & coverage needs.
Q3/Q4-2014(estimated) • FirstNet issues RFP for NPSBN construction & operation
Q1-2015(estimated) • FirstNet informs the State of their deployment/funding Plan
Within 90 Days after notice of plan
• States inform FirstNet whether they will participate in NPSBN deployment or build their own Radio Access Network (RAN);
• Opt-In / Opt-Out
180 Days after Opting-Out
• Opt-Out Scenario: States must develop & complete RFPs for constructing, maintaining, and operating the state RAN
• Approval by the FCC
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Why FirstNet?• Carrier networks are often overwhelmed with
commercial traffic during emergency events• For obvious reasons public safety does not
want to preempt this communication
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FirstNet Advantages• LMR does a great job of providing mission critical voice, however…• Public safety agencies have been relying more and more on wireless
data services (Verizon, AT&T, etc.), but there have been problems:– Lack of Availability: commercial network tend to become busiest during
emergency events– Lack of Reliability: most commercial networks are not built with the level
of redundancy as public safety– Lack of Coverage: commercial networks prioritize populated areas first;
whereas public safety strives for ubiquitous coverage• Benefits
– Better Price & Choice: adopting a commercial standard (LTE) provides a much greater marketplace (2 billion vs. 25 million public safety worldwide)
– Keeps Pace with Technology; with a great emphasis on backward compatibility
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Why LTE? Throughput
High Data Throughput• Comparable with Wi-Fi data
throughput speeds
Supports multiple data services simultaneously• Unlike radio, which is
dedicated to providing mission critical voice over a single frequency channel, LTE can support multiple data streams (bearers) at the same time and even on the same device
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Dedicated Frequencies
793
A B C
MediaFlo
D
MediaFlo
E A B C
Guard
AD
- BLO
CK
D
Public SafetyB
roadband
Public SafetyN
arrowband
Guard
B
D - B
LOC
K
D
Public SafetyB
roadband
805
Guard
Public SafetyN
arrowband
Guard
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A
788776 787775768
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763758 769798
799757746740734728722698 704 710 716
C C
LTE Band 17LTE Band 17 LTE Band 13 LTE Band 13LTE Band 14 LTE Band 14
LTE Band 12LTE Band 12
• Dedicated Frequencies: the FirstNet NPSBN will utilize dedicated frequency channels, Band Class 14.– Two (2) paired 700MHz channels of 10MHz each for total of
20 MHz– Do not compete with commercial users during emergencies
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Ability to Support High Bandwidth Applications
Applications Capacity Impact
Text Based NCIC look-ups, RMS entries, text messages
Low
Geographical Information Systems
Automatic vehicle location, CAD location display
Low to Medium
Preplans, Building Utilities Layers High
Video Traffic, Helicopter, School, Dashboard, Security, Helmet/Lapel cams, etc. (varies in resolution)
High to Very High*
Telemetry Patient and responder biometrics, offender bracelets
Low
Common Apps Email: varies depending on content of messages; web browsing: plug-ins, images, animation affects throughput needs
Medium to High
Applications made possible by 4G Wireless Broadband Capacity
Text BasedDatabase Lookups
NCIC look-ups, RMS entries, text messages
Low
Geographical Information Systems
Automatic vehicle location, CAD location display
Low to Medium
Preplans, Building Utilities Layers High
Video Traffic, Helicopter, School, Dashboard, Security, Helmet/Lapel cams, etc. (varies in resolution)
High to Very High*
Telemetry, AVL Patient and responder biometrics, offender bracelets
Low
Common Apps & Desktop Extension
Email: varies depending on content of messages; web browsing: plug-ins, images, animation affects throughput needs
Medium to High
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
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LTE Overview
RAN
3GPP• GSM, HSPA
3GPP2• CDMA, EVDO
UE
UE
UE
EPC
LTE = Long Term Evolution
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) standard to achieve broadband data 4G speeds and features
Evolution of current technologies: GSM/GPRS (T-Mobile), WCDMA/HSPA (AT&T), CDMA/EVDO (Verizon and Sprint)
Globally adopted by dozens of major commercial carriers – nearly all US carriers have adopted LTE
Centralized portion of the network is called Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Radio Access Network (RAN) provides wireless coverage to User Equipment (UE)
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Key LTE Attributes
Peak data rates (for 20 MHz)• 86 Mbps downlink• 36 Mbps uplink
Improved spectral efficiency (in bits/s/Hz)• 3 to 4 times higher than 3G
Reduced latency (5 to 100 mS)
Spectrum and bandwidth flexibility for deployment• Multiple bandwidths• TDD and FDD
Improved Mobility
Improved Coverage• Capacity: 200 users per cell• Cell edge throughput 3-4x DL/2-3x UL
Key Aspects of the EPC• All-IP flat network architecture• Separation of control and data planes• End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS)• No circuit-switched core• Support for multiple access networks
OFDM (DL) and SC-FDMA (UL) Air Interface
Use of Multi Inputs Multi Output (MIMO) antennas
Tens of megabits throughput and sub 50 mS latency
10 band classes (incl. Band Class 14 for PS) and in seven bandwidths
Cost efficiency with reduced CAPEX & OPEX• Simpler all-IP flat architectures • Self-Organizing Network (SON)
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PSBN Reference Model
Source: NPSTC: Public Safety Broadband High-Level Statement of Requirements for FirstNet Consideration
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PSBN Reference Model
Source: NPSTC: Public Safety Broadband High-Level Statement of Requirements for FirstNet Consideration
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• May 2010: FCC requires all 700MHz waiver recipients to use LTE release 8. Objective is to ensure consistency and interoperability in the Public Safety Community
• May 2012: FirstNet Technical Advisory Board requires release 9• LTE Advanced (Release 10) was approved as a 4G technology by ITU• Release 12 will provide Public Safety Enhancements (Proximity Based
Services, Group communications, High Power User Equipment). • Planned for Q2 2014, Commercially available by Q2 2015
Standards Timeline
Dec 19983GPP is
established from GSM
Q1 2009Rel 8 LTE
Q1 2010 Rel 9 LTE
Q2 2012 Rel10 LTE Adv.
Q4 2012 Rel 11
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• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA for downlink) and SC-Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA for uplink)
• Resource Block (RB) = 180 kHz for 0.5 milliseconds
• Each RB delivers capacity• Speed per resource blocks depends
on signal conditions– Higher signal to noise ratio uses
more bits per second• LTE scheduler allocates different RB
depending on user needs, radio conditions, priority
LTE Air Interface Basics
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Frequency Reuse• LMR = site
separation• LTE = frequencies
reused at all sites
• Sites reuse frequencies but are separated so that interference is not harmful• Capacity is reduced by partial spectrum use
F1
F1
F3
F2
F1
F1
F1
F1
• Sites reuse and are not separated• Full spectrum capacity usable at each site• Inter-site interference degrades performance between sites
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Category LTE PerformanceChannel Bandwidth 10 MHzPeak Downlink Data Rate Theoretical peak 86 MbpsPeak Uplink Data Rate Theoretical peak 36 MbpsEstimated Avg DL Throughput 16 MbpsEst. Cell-Edge DL Throughput 0.5 Mbps per userEst. Avg UL Throughput 9.0 MbpsEst. Cell-Edge UL Throughput 0.3 MbpsVoIP Capacity 400 Users per sector
Source: NPSTC BBTF
• Total 10 MHz in each direction
• Estimated >3x more spectral efficiency than 3G
• Varies based on antenna configuration– 2x2 MIMO– 4x4 MIMO
• Highly variable based on signal-to-noise ratio
• Quality of Service (QoS) provides dynamic application type, user and throughput management capabilities
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LTE Performance Considerations
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Air Interface Details
• The maximum bit rate greatly depends on the modulation scheme, antenna transmission scheme (MIMO), and number of RB’s allocated (PSBN will have 50 RB).
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding in Uplink and Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM.
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)– Multiple users transmit data at the same time over the same
bandwidth with relatively minimal interference
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5 10 15 20
Subcarrier bandwidth (KHz) 15
Resource Block bandwidth (KHz) 180
Number of available Resource Blocks 6 12 25 50 75 100
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Modulation & Coding Schemes
• LTE changes the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) based on the channel quality– The better the signal quality, the higher the throughput
• Only the modulation and coding scheme with the best throughput is selected.– QPSK: 2 bits/symbol– 16 QAM 4 bits/symbol– 64 QAM (Optional Uplink) 6 bits/symbol
0
1
2
3
4
5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25SNIR, dB
Thro
ughp
ut, b
ps/H
z
ShannonDLUL
0.8 MB; low # of RBs; QPSK
8 MB; High # of RBs; 64QAM
2 MB; Med # of RBs; 16QAM
LTE Architecture
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Data Multiplexing• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
– Spatial data multiplexing of several data streams– Uses 2 or more antennas to transmit and receive over air interface. This increases throughput.
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Potential Peak Rates (Single user consuming all radio resources and close to site)
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• Other performance enhancing techniques– Frequency Selective Scheduling
• Improves spectral efficiency and cell edge throughput• Scheduler uses CQI values sent by UEs and their
throughputs to set the priority of every resource of every UE
• Best resources, based on average channel quality, are selected for UE use
• Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)– Similar to old systems with frequency planning– Small portion of sector resources are either never
used by eNodeB or are used with reduced power– Provides performance increase for users at cell
edge
LTE Performance Considerations
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• Users close to sites have high signal compared to noise
• Users between sites or with poor coverage have low signal to noise
• LTE automatically chooses speeds based on signal quality
• Design impacts coverage and capacity
• More capacity possible with cell splitting
Interference vs. Speed
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2
3
4
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-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25SNIR, dB
Thro
ughp
ut, b
ps/H
z ShannonDLUL
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LTE Design Assumptions
End User Requirements
Coverage Environments
• In-Building• On Street• In Vehicle
Throughput Requirements
Site Selection (Government and
Commercial Assets)
Radio Parameters (eNodeB)
Backhaul Parameters
Network Priority and Quality of Service (QoS)
Interoperability Requirements
Operational Requirements
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Typical LTE Architecture
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Design for Coverage
Region ARMER Sites
New Sites Total % New
Central 63 20 83 24%
Metro 70 36 106 34%
Northeast 97 35 132 27%
Northwest 59 18 77 23%
South Central 20 3 23 13%
Southeast 39 18 57 32%
Southwest 32 11 43 26%
Total 380 141 521 27%
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Assess Development
County SitesSites to
Redevelop New
GeneratorsExisting
FiberUpgrade
MWNew
LeasedNew
BackhaulCounty 1 25 6 0 8 0 0 17County 2 40 20 32 16 4 2 18County 3 9 1 6 5 0 0 4County 4 18 5 14 1 4 1 12County 5 40 16 32 32 0 0 8County 6 15 8 10 1 6 0 8County 7 13 3 8 0 0 0 13County 8 9 3 7 0 3 4 2County 9 23 13 22 2 4 0 17County 10 13 6 12 4 0 0 9
205 81 143 69 21 7 108
• Redevelopment:– 62% of the sites will utilize existing structures– 38% New towers, monopoles or rooftop towers
• Backhaul:– 46% of the sites have sufficient backhaul
• Half the sites will need new microwave– 7 sites will require leased connectivity
• Generators:– more than 80% of the sites will require new
generators• Supplemental Sites
– 15 additional sites are budgeted as supplemental sites
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Assess Cost: CAPEX
eNodeB Electronics; $18,304,000
Tower including construction; $7,500,000
Microwave Radio; $5,535,000Deployment Services -RAN specific; $5,441,300
LTE Core Enhancements; $5,100,000
Deployment Services -Core and RAN; $3,293,310
MPLS Router; $2,293,500
eNodeB Cable; $2,283,600
eNodeB Antenna; $2,080,980Power Generator; $2,054,000
Microwave Antennas; $1,718,310
Site Remediation /Im-provement; $1,395,000
Power Supply System, $1,260,750
Core Spares; $1,005,000 RAN Spares; $840,440 Access Road For Mountain Sites; $750,000
Backhaul Engineering; $375,150
NOC ; $375,000Dehydrator; $362,850 Backhaul Spares; $302,317Solar Batteries for Mountain Sites; $300,000Microwave Cables; $295,200LTE Core Enhancements
10%
Upgrade Existing MW ; $71,925
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Assess Cost: OPEX
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• Many cell phones are made to support global frequencies and global technologies
• One billion annual cell phone sales vs. < 17 million US government workers total
• Even as BC 14 chipsets become available, handset vendors may not be willing to support them due to low quantities
• The BC 14 market may not be large enough to support iPhones, iPads, Blackberries, etc. by itself
• If public safety cannot leverage commercial economies, device choices will be limited
Device Economies of Scale
Global Commerci
al
US Commerci
al
US Firs
t Resp
onder
US All G
overnment
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
10,000,000,000Total Users
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• Priority / Pre-emption– Carriers unwilling to provide special government
priority access or preemption of non-public safety users on their networks
– Continued commercial data growth is expected to pose increased risks of network congestion* (*AT&T data growth 8,000% 2007-2010)
• Coverage– Little commercial benefit to meet similar to LMR
county-by-county coverage requirements• Handover between Commercial and FirstNet
– Unclear whether carriers will support seamless two-way handovers between public-private networks
• Network Availability– Carrier networks estimated at 99.5% available. Limited
redundant backhaul.• Potential Device Issues
– Two band (not three) 700 MHz expected
Assess Carriers
LTE Design Approach
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• In the SAE is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which consists of only 2 node types now referred to as Evolved Packet System (EPS)– eNodeB (eNB) in the user plane
• The eNB comprises all radio access functions from the node B and radio network controller (RNC). Connected to each other via X2 interface.
– MME (Mobility Management Entity) in the control plane• In control plane connected to EPS gateway which
has two parts, SGW and PDN gateway
• The SGW, PGW and MME can be integrated into the same box or the MME can be integrated into the eNB
System Architecture Evolution
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• The evolved RAN for LTE is compressed into a single node; the eNodeB• The eNB hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio
Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layers that include the functionality of user-plane header-compression and encryption
• It performs many functions including radio resource management, admission control, scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.
Radio Access Network (RAN)
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• The Mobility Management Entity (MME) is the key control-node for the LTE access- network.
• It is responsible for idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions.
• The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks.
Mobile Management Entity (MME)
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• The Serving Gateway (SGW) – routes and forwards user data packets– acts as the mobility anchor for the user during inter-eNB
handovers and– anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP
technologies– Manages and stores UE contexts, e.g. parameters of the IP
bearer service, network internal routing information
Serving Gateway (SGW)
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• The Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) – Provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data
networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE.
– Assigns IP addresses– Acts as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies such as 2G, 3G, WiMAX and 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X and EvDO).
PDN GW – Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
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• The Policy and Charging Rules Functions (PCRF) entity performs the following functions:– Ensures traffic mapping and treatment is in accordance with the user's subscription
profile.– Derives the QoS level and the associated Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Maximum
Bit Rate (MBR) limits for the session.– Derives the priority based on prioritization policy.
• Home Subscriber Server (HSS)– Contains user subscription data
PCRF & HSS
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• A bearer is an aggregate of one or more IP flows related to one or more services. – Each bearer is assigned a QoS Class Identifier (QCI) that decides how the data is treated. QCI is a
scalar value mapped to specific bearer level packet forwarding treatment.• Guaranteed bit rate• Priority• Packet delay budget• Packet Error Loss Rate allowed
• Bearer extends from UE to PGW– Quality of Service of bearer assigned based on subscription– All service data flows within a bearer receive same level of QoS
• Dedicated bearers established when specific treatment of data is required– They can be Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) or non-GBR– Non-GBR bearers belonging to the same UE share an Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR).
Quality Of Service
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Security Management
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Other LTE Capabilities
Self Organizing Networks (SON) improves provisioning of network elements:• Automatic site configuration• Load balancing, • Site optimization • Recovery from failures• Self healing (automatic fault detection and adjustment of parameters and algorithms in surrounding cells)
InterCell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
Relays
Multi Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)• Point-to-multipoint service, data transmitted from a single source entity to multiple
recipients.• Allows the sharing of network resources.
Summary
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Lesson 1: Coverage Is Not Equal
• LMR link budget is better than LTE at broadband speeds– 4G requires far more sites to
match coverage– E.G. Washington, DC – 12
broadband sites to cover 90% outdoors versus 10 LMR sites to cover 95% indoors
• However, LTE could scale to non-broadband speeds
LMR Coverage
4G Coverage
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Lesson 2: Not all LMR sites may be Ideal for LTE
• Throughput drops as signal to noise ratio drops
• Degraded service at cell borders – highly variable throughput over coverage area
• Overlapping service means lower signal to noise ratio
• LTE is not well suited for LMR “boomers”
• But may be able to go lower on a tower
• High overlap on LMR design will cause interference
Large overlap areawith poor SNR
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Lessons 3: Bandwidth Control is Critical
• Overloading By A Few Users– Inauguration Day 2005– Inefficient video codecs from only
six users!– Instituted rate caps to manage
bandwidth• Poor Service Quality
– Streaming content almost unusable– Other content delayed
• LMR traffic variation is high, but broadband will likely be higher due to video
• Designing networks for 95th percentile traffic is critical
System Overloading ExampleLoading (%) On Downtown Cells (1/20/05)
0102030405060708090
100
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
UL Cell 1UL Cell 2UL Cell 3DL Cell 1DL Cell 2DL Cell 3DL Cell 4
0.E+00
2.E+09
4.E+09
6.E+09
8.E+09
1.E+10
Total Bytes Transfered Per Day
Example of Pixilated Video
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Lessons 4: Application Interoperability Is Key!
• LTE = ½ of the problem!• Without interoperable applications, packets
delivered but not understandable• For Data, the network and the application
must be interoperable– Wherever the users are on the Internet– Securely and with quality of service– Independent of who serves the application
• E.G., Video:– Multiple different video solutions from
different vendors– Using “standard” codecs– Gateway style solution is extremely expensive– There are many video codecs and tradeoffs
for public safety to consider
Internet
你好 ?
Core A
eNB A
Core B
eNB B
MPEG4 versus MJPG Video
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Lesson Learned 5: The Benefits of QoS
• With circuit switched voice, every call has it’s own virtual road– Blocked Calls
• Broadband systems share a much bigger interstate– Degraded throughput
• QoS critical for streaming – Poor quality if BW suffers (e.g.,
video sample )• QoS mechanisms needed for
usable communication– Dynamic codecs– “Blocking” non-priority calls Example of Pixilated Video
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Questions?Brandon Abley, MN [email protected]
651 201 7554John Tonding, Central/Metro RIC
[email protected](763) 587-8234
Marcus Bruning, Northern [email protected]
(218) 232-3762Steve Borchardt, Southern RIC
[email protected] (507) 398-9687
Mark Navolio, Televate [email protected]
(301) 922-6691