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A Roman URAroK

FIRST

YEAR LATINBY

WILLI AxM

C.

COLLAR,

A.M.

Head-Master Roxblry Latin School

M.

GRANT DANIELL,

A.M.Bostoi.

Formerly Princu'al Chauncy-Hall School,

BOSTON,

U.S.A.

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERSCbc3[tbcn.Tnm prcfifi

1902

C7/"?/

Copyright,

1901,

by

William

C.

Collar and M. Grant Daniellall rights reserved

PREFACEWhatgrasp of the Latin languagerecitations

may befor

reasonably

expected of an intelligent and industrious pupil of fourteen

who has hadthirty-eight1.

five

a

week

a school year of

weeks?

He

should

should have had sufficient practicehis teacher to

and and imitating read Latin that he knows the meaning of withtheprinciples of pronunciationin following

know

out gross errors in accent or in the quantity of final syllables,

and with some ideaindicate the sense.2.

of grouping

words and phrases so as to

He

should have acquired such familiarity with inflected

forms as to recognize unerringly the place of a form.

Half a

hundred fundamental principles of syntax should have become a permanent part of his mental furnishing, chiefly through manifold illustrations in the exercises and reading lessons,subordinately through practical application in turning Englishinto Latin.3.

Ten

of his thirty-eight

weeks may well have been devoted

to practice in

metaphrasing and translating selections of easy

Latin into idiomatic English, and to acquiring as large andvaried a working vocabulary as the reading and re-reading oftwenty-five or thirty pages could be expected to give.

moderate appreciation of Latin order and of words in Latin and in English, and a very moderate degree of facility in applying the principles of syntax in the translation of4.

Einally, a

the difference in the arrangement of corresponding

English into Latin

may

fairlyiii

be demanded.

iv

PRE FA CESo much may beset

down

as a reasonable achievement for

an intelligent pupil

in a year's

time under good teaching.in detail, to the best

This book has been written to exhibitof the authors' ability, the

work roughly sketched The first few lessons have purposely been made someabove. what easier than is usual, and the progression in difficultyof

scheme

gradual for the benefit of pupils unfamiliar with English

grammar.

Some

classes

may be

able

to

compass twoof time

of

these easier lessons at a time.

To

insure approximate evenness in the

amount

work demanded

of learners for the several lessons,

and no lessonsystem

has been permitted to exceed two pages in length.

The importance

of the verb in the Latin inflectional

and the great amount of practice required to master its forms thoroughly have seemed a good reason for introducing it at the outset. The development of- the tenses of the indicative has been continuous with only such interruptions as seemed necessary to enable the learner to digest and assimilate what he has acquired. It will be seen that the method of comparisonsideis

freely used in the treatment of the verb, as, for example,

tenses similarly formed in different conjugations are placed

of which would sufficiently justify it: to ease the dead pull upon the memory, and to foster the habit of observation and comparison. It is often easier to learn two things or several that have some

by side to be learned together. This plan has been adopted for two reasons, either

relation of likeness or contrast, than to learn either

by itself, and the discerning of likenesses and differences is itself largely Only when the learner has the process and sum of education. studied and practised the verb in parts is he required, through review lessons, to survey and master it as a whole. Several features that need only be mentioned will, it ishoped,

commend

themselves to teachers:

PRE FA CE(i)

V

The compression

that will certainly

make

it

possible

for high school classes to go through the seventy-five lessons

twice in from twenty-five to twenty-eight weeks.(2)

The

relative shortening of the exercises for translationIf

into Latin.ticeit

any class seems to need more of such praca translation of the interval retranslittle

may be supplemented by having

Latin exercises written out and after alated into Latin during the recitation.(3)

The

frequent interspersion of reviews and of readingreference and

lessons that anticipate no following principle of syntax.(4)

The summary

of rules

for

the

index.

Thebut

latter is strangelyis

omitted from most books of this kind,

certainly convenient

and

useful." prefixed to the lessons,

(5)

The "Essentials

of

Grammar

which should help to adapt the book to learners who come to the study of Latin with little or no knowledge of English grammar.(6)

The copiousin

selections for reading at the

end of the

book, which will be found upon examination to be carefully

graded

point of difficulty and altogether interesting in

character.

As an

aid to teachers

have prepared a

2'caclier''s

who may use this book, the authors Manual containing eight pages ofexpresstheir grateful111.,

general suggestions followed by notes on each lesson.

The authors wishmentsto

to

acknowledgfor several

Miss

Ada Townsend

of Evanston,

valuable suggestions, and particularly to Mr. George F. Fiske,Principal of the Wadleigh School, Winchester, Mass.,

who has

read

all

the proof sheets with a scholar's conscientious carein perfecting the

and aided materially

work.

William C. Collar M. Grant DaniellBoston, May6,

1901

NOTE TO TEACHERSItis

recommended

that

of

the

Selections

for Reading

(pp. 171-202) the Anecdotes, the Stories of Herctdes^Stories of Ulysses

and the

be read from time to time, as pupils advance

through the Lessons.little

These selections are easy and with atill

preliminary help from the teacher can be read by pupilsthe Lessons are

with interest and profit, without waitingfinished.

Pupils are early referred

to

the general

Vocabulary

for

new wordsdonein

that occur in the reading lessons.

This has been

order that

they

may become

familiar by degrees

with the use of a general vocabulary, before the continuous

reading of the selections at the end of the bookupon.

is

entered

They should readit

the explanatory notes that precede

the Latin-English Vocabulary,

and from the beginning

of their

use of

become accustomed

to observe the formation

and

derivation of words, the synonyms, and the English derivatives

and cognates As many pupils

that are given.will

pass from this book to the Gateit

to

Caesar or to Caesar's Gallic War,

is

recommended

that in

conjunction with the selections from Caesar the Stories of Ulysses be reviewed, since in these the vocabulary and construction of Caesar are

somewhat

closely imitated.

CONTENTSLbsson

.Essentials of

GrammarAlphabet,Pronunciation,Syllables,

Page 1-1315-19

Introductory:

Quantity, Accent, Cases, Gender

Nominative Case. Dfxlension. Subject, Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs Accusative Case Direct Object II. First Declension. Active Indicative Present. AgreeIII. First Conjugation Conversation ment of Vei-bs. Limiting Genitive. Genitive Case IV. First Declension.I.

First

:

.

20, 21

22,23

V.VI.VII.

Conversation Active Second Conjugation Conversatk)n Review.:

24,2526, 27

Indicative

Present.

First Declension.Ablative -with in.

indirect Object Dative Conversation:

28,2930> 3^

Case.

Second

Declension Words Conversation Review.

in

-us

and

-um.

VIII.

First and Second Declensions.tives

Agreement of Adjec Predicate Noun

32. 33

34, 35

IX.

The Verh sum:andAdjective.

Indicative

Present.

ReviewWordsin -er, -eri.

X. Second Declension:XI.XII.

Review. .

36, 37

XIII.

XIV.

XV.XVI.

Conversation 38. 39 Apposition Second Declension: Words in -er, -ri. 40,41 Uses of the Dative: Z>a//z'^ of Possessor, Dative with Adjectives. Review 42.43 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Imperfect. Ablative of Means 44, 45 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Ablative of Manner Future. 46,47 ReadFirst Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect. ... 48, 49 ing Lesson: The Romans and the Sabines Second Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect ... 50, 51

:

:

XLesson

CONTENTSPage

XVII. The Demonstrative is Review XVIII. The Interrogative quis. Active Indicative Present, XIX. Third Conjugation Imperfect, Future, and Perfect Reading Lesson: Icarus XX. Review. XXI. Third Declension: Mute Stems XXII. Third Conjugation Verbs in -io; Active Indicative

5-. 53

54-5556, 57 5S,

:

59

60,61

:

Place Future, and Perfect. Whence and Whither Ablative of XXIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems.Present,

Imperfect,

62,

63

Review Cause. 64, 65 XXIV. Third Declension Stems in -i 66, 67 XXV. Third Declension: Gender 68,69 XXVI. Review. Reading Lesson: Horatius at the:

Bridge. Conversation

XXVII. Adjectives of the Third Declension.ing Lesson: Caesar in Gaul XXVIII. Fourth Conjugation: ActiveImperfect, Future, and Perfect.

ReadTime

70,71

72,73Indicative Present,

Ablative of

74, 75

XXIX. All Conjugations:and Futurerus

Perfect. Review

Active

Indicative

Pluperfect

76,77

XXX. Syntax of Names of Towns, and:

of domus andille.

Locative Casehie

XXXI. The DemonstrativesLesson:

and

ReadingIndicative

78.7980, 81

Britain InvadedActive

XXXII. PassivePresent.

Voice:

and

Passive

XXXIII.

'Y-AY.

V.Y.\.K1\VY.

Ablative of Agent c^. Agreemetit of RelativeIndicativePresent,

82,83..

.

84,8586, 87

XXXIV. Active andfect,

Passive: and Future of rego and capioPassive:Indicative

Imper-

XXXV. Personal and Reflexive PRONoqNSXXXVI. Active andfect,

88,89Imper-

and Future of Coriolanus and his Mother

audio. Reading

Present,

Lesson:90, 91..

Ablative of Separation XXXVII. 92,93 XXXVIII. Passive Voice All Conjugations: Indicative

Possessive Adjectives.Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future Perfect

XXXIX. Review. Readingbal

94. 95

Lesson:

Scipio

and Hanni96, 97 98.

XL. Fourth Declension

99

CONTENTSLesson

XI

Page

XLI. Comparisonparison

of

Adjectives.

Ablative

of

ComlOO, lOI

Partitive Genitive XLII. Comparison of Adjectives. Ablative of Degree of XLIII. Comparison of Adjectives.

102,103104, 105

DifferenceXI.I\'.

Conversation Comparison of Adverbs. XLV. Reading Lesson: A Letter from Pompeii. Review Conversation. Accusative of Extent XLVI. Fifth Declension. XLVIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses with ut and ne XLVIIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses. Result Clauses with xA and VLt non XLLX. Indirect Question. Sequence of Tenses Review L. Reading Lesson Caesar WINS A Victory. LL Numerals. Descriptive Ablative and Genitive LIL Numerals Reading Lesson: Lin. Ten Irregular Adjectives. Caesar and Vergil LIV. The Infinitive used as in English LV. Accusative and Infinitive Indirect Statement... .

106, 107

108, 109

.

.

.

110,111

1

12,

113

114,115116,117

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

118,119 120,121122, 123

124, 125 126, 127

:

Tenses of the Infinitive

128, 129130, 131

LVI. The Demonstratives idem, ipse, iste Reading Lesson: Africa. LVII. Indefinite Pronouns.

Review

132. i33

LVIII. Imperative Appealsship

and

Subjunctive:

Conunands and134, 135

LIX. Compounds of sum.

LX. Participles.

Dative with Compounds Dative of Service Reading Lesson: Fabricius andthe;.

Reading

Lesson: Friend136, 137

Physician Ablative Absolute LXI. Participles. LXII. Participles: The Gerundive LXIII. The Gerund LXIV. The Supine. Reading Ablative of Specif cation. Review Lesson: Roman Consuls. LXV. Review of Verb-Forms: First and Second Conju-

138, 139 140,141

142,143144, 145

146, 147

gations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus LXVI. Review of Verb-Forms: Third and Fourth Conjugations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus:

14S, 149

:

150,151

'

XULbsson

CONTENTSPage

LXVII. Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Certain Deponents LXVIII. The Irregular Verbs volo, nolo, mal5. Dative

.

152,153154, 155

with Intransitive Verbs

LXIX. Cum Temporal, Causal, and Concessive.ing Lesson: Quintus Fabius Maximus

Read. . .

156, 157

LXX. Conditional Sentences LXXI. Review. Reading Lesson

158, 159:

Rivalry of two Cen160, 161fio.

turions

LXXIL The Irregular Verbsafter Verbs of Fearing.

Reading Lesson

eo, fero,

Subjunctive:

Rivalry

OF

Two Centurions:

LXXIII. Impersonal Use of Verbs. Relative of Purpose. Reading Lesson Rivalry of Two Centurions

.

162, 163

LXXIV. Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent LXXV. Expressions of Purpose. Review. ReadingLesson Victory:

164, 165

166,167

The Romans win their First Naval168, 169

Selections for Reading:

AnecdotesStories of Hercules Stories of Ulysses

1

71-173

173-180 180-186 186-190190-198199-202.

FablesStories from

Roman History.

Caesar: Gallic War Appendix. Tables of Inflection, Conjugation, etc. Rules of Syntax

203-239 241-244245-290291-301303-31

Latin-English Vocabulary English-Latin Vocabulary Index

ILLUSTRATIONSA RomanOrator (Statue of Cato)Frontispiece

Page

A Roman LadyPriest, Altar (ara),

'4

and Suppliant (supplex)(gladius)

21

Javelin (pilum)

and Sword

27

Trumpet

(tuba)

35

Spear (hasta)

435'

RomanWriting

IIe;iddresses

Materials,

representingink);

an inkstandletter

(atramentarium,

for

black

and red

a

papyrus

sealed

and addressedto 57

(M LvcREiio Flam[ini] Martis Decvrioni Pompei[s])Marcus Lucretius,priest of Mars, decurion,

Pompeii

....

The

Fall of Icarus.

Icarus, following his father, in flight has fallen

unseen and been washed ashore.lifeless

body.

A nymphObverse Obverse:

sits

near Icarus.

Daedalus now discovers his On the left is a Greek59

temple

A Roman A Roman A Roman

Coin.

head of Venus.head of Venus.

Reverse

:

Aeneas

carry-

ing Anchises and the Palladium.

CaesarReverse:

61

Coin.

:

trophy and

captives.

CaesarHoratius Codes(galeae)at the Bridge

6971

Coin.

Ancient Plough (aratrum)

87

Roman HelmetsCoriolanus

8991

Temple (templum).Scipio.

Restoration of the Temple of Vesta at

Rome

.

9597

Ancient Statue

Hannibal.

Ancient bust

in

Naples

MuseumReverse:

View

of

A Roman Coin.arms.

Naples and Vesuvius Obverse head of Venus.:

97 108

trophy of Gallic 119

CaesarShowingshields, helmets, swords, javelins, sandals,

RomanCaesar.

Soldiers.

breast armor, sling,

pack carried on a polexiii

123 125

Bust

in the

Louvre, Paris

xi\^

ILL US TRA TIONSPageBust at Caproni's, Boston125[43

Vergil.

Roman Sandals A Roman Coin.s[vl]ter.used

Obverse: veiled head of Pietas.

Caesar Co[n].

Reverse: lituus (augur's crooV), praefericulum (dish

in sacrifices),

and

axe.

A[vLVs] Hirtivs Pr[aefectvs]

145

The Twins

discovered by Faustulus

149151

RomanVinea

Coins, representing militarj- s'.andards

155

Shields (scuta)

163(aries)

Battering

Ram

202

FIRST YEAR LATINESSENTIALS OF GRAMMARNote.

These

essentials apply in the

main

to

both English and

Latin grammar.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS1.

A Noun:

is

a

word usedis

as the

nameof

of a person, place,

or thinga.

boy,

London,

ship, book, star.

A

Proper Noun:

the

name name:

a particular person,

place, or thingb.

George, Boston, September,is

Monday.applied to

AA

Common NounCollective

a

that

may be

any one of a class of objectsc.

boy, city, 7nonth, day.

Noun

is

a

name

that in the singular form:

may bed.

applied to a group of objects

croivd, family, herd,

committee.

A

Verbal

Noun

is

the

name

of an action

:

seeing, read-

ing, writing, to see, to read, to write.e.

An Abstract

Noun

is

the

name

of a quality or condition

:

goodness, truth, weakness, poverty.

PRONOUNS2. /,

A Pronoun

is

a

word used

to take the place of a

noun

:

yon, liim,

this,

who.

2I^pvz. --

J^'.-l'iST

YEAR LATIN

,

antecedent.

Xhe ncun for, which a pronoun stands is called its Thus, in John goes to sc/iool, but he does not study,:

the

noun John

is

the antecedent of theis

pronoun

he.

a.

A

Personal Pronounit

a pronoun that shows/,

by

its

form whetheris,

stands for the speaker,;

we,to,

etc.,

that

the First Personis,

for the person;

spoken

thou, yon,

etc., tliat

the Second Personit,

or for the person or thingis,

spoken

of, he, she,

they, etc., that

the Third Person.

Note.b.

Nouns

are almost always in the third person.is

A

Relative (or Conjunctive) Pronoun

a pronoun thatit

connects a subordinate clause (20), in whichthe antecedent:

stands, with

**

The

evil thatzvho,is

men doivJiicJi,

lives after theviy

Thec.

relative

pronouns are

ivJiat,

and

that.

An

Interrogative Pronoun:

a

pronoun that

is

used to

ask a question

Who

is

there ?

What

shall zve do ?

The

interrogative pronouns are 7uho, zvhich,d.

and

wJiat.

A

Demonstrative Pronoun:

is

a pronoun that points out

an object definitelye.

this, that, these, those.is

An

Indefinite

Pronoun:

a pronoun that points out anall, etc.

object indefinitely

some, one, any, othci,is

/ A

Reflexive Pronoun:

a

pronoun that refers back to

the subject

He

hurt himself.

ADJECTIVES3.

An

Adjective

meaninga.

of a

word used to qualify or limit the noun or pronoun good lesson, beautiful moon,is

a

:

the boy, five girls.

A, an, and

the,

really limiting adjectives, are

some-

times called

Articles.

The

is

the

Definite Article,

a or an the

Indefinite Article.

;

THE PARTS OF SPEECH/;.

3

Numeral Adjectives are adjectives of number.

They

arc cither Cardinal, denotingor Ordinal, denoting which

how many:in

one, two, three, fourfirst,

order

:

second, third,

fourth.c.

The demonstrative pronouns,theinterrogative

the indefinite pronouns,zvJiich

and

pronounsbook,

and zvhat mayrespectively;

be used as adjectives, and are thenDemonstrativeAdjectives:

called

Adjectives

:

this

that

house

Indefinite:

some

boys,

any pencil ; and

Interrogative Adjectivesis

Uliichd.

way

shall zue

go

?

What manthe brave."

that /:

Adjectives are often used as nouns

"

The land of

the free a>id the

home of

VERBS4.

AA

Verb

is

a word used to declare or assert somethingthe leaf

about a person or thing: / ride; you laugh;falls.a.

Transitive Verb is a

verb that

in

the active voiceto

(28)

commonly:

requires anstrikes

object (14)the

completecatcatche'?

its

meaningmouse.b.

The boy

ball

;

the

a

An

Intransitive Verb is a \-erb that:

does not commonly

admit an objectNote.

Birdsverbs:

fly

;

I walk.at

Certain

may

one time be transitive and

at

another intransitive

The wind

bk-iu the

snow

into ok r faces ; the

wind blewc.

furiously.is

At,

Regular Verb

a verb

that

forms

its

imperfect

(past) tense (33)

and past

participle (34, a):

by the additionpast loved,

of d,

or ed to the present

present

loz'e,

past participle loved.

;:

4d.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

An:

Irregular Verb

is

a verb that does not formt,

its

imperfect (past) tense by the addition of d,presente.

or ed to the

present give, past gave, past participle given.Auxiliary Verbis:

An

a verb that

is

used

in

the con-

jugation of other verbs

/ am loved ; do yonis

love ? he has

given.f.

An

-Impersonal Verb

one that

is

used only

in

the

third person singular, having no personal subject: // rainsit snozvs.

Note.

In

Latin there are

many more impersonal

verbs and

impersonal uses of other verbs than in English.

ADVERBS5.

An

Adverb

is

a

word used

to modify the

meaning

of a

verb, an adjective, or another adverb:the orange is very largea.;

He walks

swiftly;

he talks too fast.

AnAn

Adverb

of Place

answers the question where

?

he7'e, belozv, there, Jiejice.b.

Adverb

of

Time answers the question when ?

so,

theti,c.

now,

often, seldom.of

AnAn

Adverbill.

Manner answers the question

Jiozv ?

thus, well,

d.

Adverb

of

Degree answers the question hozu viuch ?

little,e.

almost, much, very, enough.

A

Modal Adverb expresses affirmation or negation, oris

the degree of confidence with which a statementyes, no, certainly, perhaps.f.

made

A Relative (or Conjunctive)the

Adverb connects a subordinate:

clause (20)

with that on which

advanced whenthee!'

The army it depends day daivned ; " Go where glory waits

;

THE PARTS OF SPEECHPREPOSITIONS6.

5

A Prepositionits

is

a

to

show

relation to another

word used before a noun or pronoun word in the sentence: "/

stood on the bridge at midnight.''

CONJUNCTIONS7.

A Conjunction

is

a

word used

to connect words, phrases(9):

(i6), clauses (20),

and sentences

black

was a man of you may stay.a.

Jionor, but

of a bad temper ; you

and white ; he may go or

A

Coordinate Conjunction

is

a conjunction that connects

words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of equal order or

rank (20,

c).

The

conjunctions

in

the examples above are

Coordinate./;.

A

Subordinate Conjunction

is

one that connects a subb):

ordinate clause (20) with a principal clause (20,

I shall

go

to toivn if it is

pleasant

;

he failed because he zuas not

industrious.

INTERJECTIONS8.

Anis

Interjection is

a word used to express strong feeling,

and

not grammatically related to any other word in the

sentence: oh! ah! alas! hurrah!

Note.

The following couplets have often proved useful:

to

younj

persons in identifying the parts of speechThreelittle

words we often see

Are

Articles, a, an,'s

and

the.

A NounAs

the

name

of anything

school or garden, hoop or swing.tell

Adjectives

the kind of noun

;

As great,

small, pretty, white, or brown.

;

;

!;

;

FIRST YEAR LATINInstead of nouns the Pronouns stand;

His head, herVerbstell of

hat,

your arm, my hand.;

something being done

As

read, write, spell, sing, jump, or run.are done the Adverbsill,

How thingsAs

tell

slowly, quickly,

or well.

They also tell us where and when As here and there a.nd?iow and ihen.

A A

Preposition stands before

noun

;

as in or through a door.joii

Conjunctions

the words together

;

As

rain

and

sunshine, wind or weather.;

Conjunctions sentences unite

As

kittens scratch a7td puppies bite.Interjection

An

shows surprise!

As Oh ! how

pretty

Ah

.'

how

wise

THE SENTENCE9.

A:

Sentence

is

a

group;

of

words expressing a completea sentence that declares or Watei' runs

thought10.

Sta7-s sJiine Declarative

he zvalks.is:

A

sentence

asserts something as a factInterrogative

down

hill.

An:

sentence

is

a sentence that asks a question

Who was

the second president of the United States ?is

An

Imperative sentence

a sentence that expresses a request, a

command, or an entreaty: " Drink, pretty creature, drink'' " Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once."

An

Exclamatory sentence

is

a sentence, whether declarative,

interrogative, or imperative, that expresses strong feeling

or emotion

:

"

Howis

siveet the

moonlight sleeps upon this

bank11.

"!

A

Sentence

made up

of

two

parts,

one called the

Subject,

and the other the

Predicate.

;

THE SENTENCEa.is

7

Tlie Subject

represents that about which something:

said or assertedb.

Birds si)ig ; you read.

The

Predicate

says or asserts something about that:

which the subject representsNote.

Birds sing ; you

read.

Either

the

subject or the

predicate or both

may beand

enlarged to any extent by theexpressions called modifiersintlie:

addition of qualifying wordssister's

Myis

small birds

\

sing sweetly

morning.

12.

The

Simple Subject

the noun or pronoun whichis

signifies

that

about which the assertionis

made.

TheBirds

Simple Predicateis

the verb that makes the assertion.

the simple subject, and sing the simple predicate in the

preceding note.13.its

Theall its

Complete Subject

is

the simple subject withis

all

modifiers.

The

Complete Predicate

the simple predicate

with

modifiers.

Thus

in

the example of the notethat precedes the verall

under

1 1

the complete subject

is all

tical line,14.

and the complete predicateObject of a

that follows

it.

The

verb

completes the meaning ofreceives the action:

word or expression that the verb, and signifies that whichis

a

I fold

tJic

paper.

Note. The Direct Object represents that which is immediately affected by the action of the verb the Indirect Object that to or for which the action is performed. Thus in he gave nte the hook, book;

is

the direct object, and tne the indirect.15.

A

Predicate

Noun or a

Predicate Adjective is a

noun or

an adjective used after certain intransitive or passive verbsto complete their

meaning, and to describe or define thea farmer; Lincoln

subjectthe

:

George

is

was

elected president

workmen

are busy; those nioi are reputed wise.

FIRST YEAR LATINa.

The

predicate noun or adjective

is

called the Complement

of the verb.

Intransitive verbs that require a

complement

are called Copulative Verbs.

The verbis

be in

its

various forms

{am, tvas, lias been, etc.)b.

often called the Copula.

The

predicate noun has the

same case

as the subject;

hence the term16.

Predicate Nominative.is

A

Phrase

a combination of words

(not:

subject

and predicate) used as a single part of speechof honor, of honorthe nounis

in

a

manis

an Adjective Phrase becausetJieit

it

modifies

man ;

in

sun shines by day, by daylimits theis

an

Adverbial Phrase17.

because

verb

sJiines.

A

Simple Sentenceis,

a sentence containing but:

one

statement, thatbats the ball.18.

one subject and one predicate

The boy

A

Compound Sentence

is

a sentence containing two or:

more independent statementsnever weary."

'*

It

rains a?id the

wind

is

Note.it

An

independent statement

is

one that can stand alone

;

does not depend upon (qualify or limit) another statement.19.

A

Complex

Sentence

is

a

sentence

containing

one

independent (principal) and one or more dependent (subordinate) statements:

IVe hastened

home

\

when

the elonds

began

to gatJier.

Note.fies

A dependentto

or subordinate statement

is

one that quali-

or limits another in

some way

;

thus the dependent statementtelling

when the clouds began we hastened.20.

gather limits the verb hastened,

when

The

separate statements in aclauses,

compound

or complex

sentence are called

and as has already been seen,

they

may be

either independent (principal) or dependent (sub-

ordinate).

INFLECTIONa.

9

Dependent or subordinate clauses are named fromuseAdjective

their

Clauses

:

A

7nanin

ivho

is

honorable

is

respected; Adverbial Clauses:stantive Clausestrue.b.:

We gohas

when H

rains ; or Subis

That

my friend

lost his

watch

certainly

The independentit

clause of a complex

sentence

is

called the Principal Clause.

Any

clause that

has another

dependent uponc.

may be

called a principal clause.of the

Connected clauses that are

same rank, both

independent, or both dependent, are said to be Coordinate.

INFLECTION21.

Inflection is

a change in the form of a:

a

change

in its

meaning or use

dog, dogs

;

word man,

to indicatenieti ; love,

loves, loved.

DECLENSIONDeclension.

of a noun or pronoun is called its Nouns and pronouns are declined to show number and case, and a few nouns to show gender.22.

The

inflection

Note.and case,

In Latin, adjectivesto agree with the

also are declined in gender,

number,

nouns which they modify.

Numberis in the Singular Number when it means one Jiat, ox, I ; in the Plural Number when it means more than one Jiats, oxen, we.

23.

A

noun or pronoun:

:

Case24.I.

There are three cases

in

English

:

The:

Nominative, primarily used as the subject of a

sentence

He throws

the ball.

; :

lO2.

FIRST YEAR LATINThePossessive (Genitive),

used to denote possessionhis

or ownership:

John throws

ball;

see the queen's

crown.3.

The

Objective,

used as the object of a transitive verb:

or of a prepositiona.

JoJui throws the ball to him.

Only personal pronouns and the relative pronoun tvho Nouns have the nominative and objective alike, with a separate form for the poshave, in English, three case-forms.sessive (genitive).b.

\n Latin there are seven casesdifferent.

;

bui':

the forms of the cases are

not

all

Gender25.

The gender

of English

nounslittleis

is

what

is

called Natural

Gender,

and hence has veryboy,

toin

do with grammar.

Thus, a noun denoting a male

the Masculine Gender

noun denoting a female is in the Feminine Gender ivoman, girl, moiJicr ; one denoting either male or female is in the Common Gender cat, dog, parentman,father ;:

a

:

one denoting a sexless objectriver,

is

in

the

Neuter Gender

wind, mountain.

a. In Latin only nouns that denote persons and some animals have natural gender: nauta, sailor (masc), mater, mother (fem.). All others have an arbitrary gender, called Grammatical Gender, deter-

mined

chiefly

by the

endint^.

COMPARISON26.

The

inflection of

adjectivesis

and adverbs

degree (higher or lower)

called Comparison.

to show There are

three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative,

and

the

Superlative

:

positive

wise,

comparative

wiser,

1

INFLECTIONsuperlative wisestlali\e bestoftenest.a.; ;

1

positive ^^^^/, comparative better, super-

i^ositive often,

comparative oftener, superlative

Adjectives and adverbs are also compared in English

by prefixing the adverbs more and 7nost, less and least: beaut ifnl, more beaittiftil, most beautiful ; wisely, lessivisely, least wisely.

Note.

Comparison

in Latin is indicated

by change of form, and

sometimes by the use of adverbs.

CONJUGATION27.

The

inflection of a verb

is

called Conjugation.

Verbs

are conjugated to

show

voice,

mood, and tense, and the

number and person of the subject. a. The English ^erb has but few changes of form. Thus the verb love has in common use only the formslove, loves, loving,

and loved ; the verbrisen.

rise

has

rise, rises,

rising,

rose,

and

Most

of the conjugation of the

verb

is

auxiliaries

made up / tun:

of

verb phrases formed by the use of

loved,

I shall

love,

I shall have been

loved, etc.

Note.

The statement

in

27, however,will

is

true of the Latin verb,

which has many changes of form, as

be seen.

Voice28.

A

verb

is

in

the Active Voice:

subject as acting (or being)Passive Voice

when it represents the James struck John ; in the:

when

it

represents the subject as acted upon

John wasa.

struck by

James.

Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice.

12

FIRST YEAR LATINMood29.

Ais

verb

is

in

the Indicative Mood:

when

it

states

a

fact or

usedverb

in

a question

Roses bloom ; why do yotc

smile ?30.

A

is

in

the Subjunctive MoodIt

whenis

it

assertsin sub-

something doubtfully or conditionally.ordinate clauses, andis

usedif,

usually introduced by

though,

and thehe slay

like

:

If heivill

-were here,

I should

be

glad ; " Though

vie,

yet

I

trust in him.''

Note. The subjunctive mood as a separate form is very little used in modern English, its place being taken by the indicative. InLatin,

on the other hand, the subjunctive has a great variety of

uses.

31.

AThe

verb

is

in

the Imperative Mood

when

it

expresses a

commanda.

or an entreaty:

Draw your swords ; "Give meis

of tJiy bark,expressed.

O

birch

tree.''

subject of the imperative {thou or you)

seldom

The32.

Infinitive

TheIt

Infinitive {to love, to

have loved,

etc.) isis

a verbal

noun.in

has neither person nor number, and

not used

or the

making assertions. Like a noun it may be the subject complement of a verb To see is to believe. Like a:

verb

it

may have anour workinfinitive

object and adverbial modifiersearly.

:

We

like to begina.

The

may

also be used in other

noun

relations,

and sometimes as an adjective or adverb.b.

The

verbal

gerund,believing

is

noun in -ing, corresponding to the Latin by some regarded as an infinitive Seeing is:

=

to see is to believe.

;

INFLECTIONTense33.

A

verb

is

init

the Present, Imperfect

(Past),

or Future

Tense according asin

represents an action as taking place:

present, past, or future time

/

love,

I loved, I shallan action

love.a.

The

Perfect (Present Perfect) Tense represents:

as completed in the present(Past Perfect), as

I

Jiave loved ; the Pluperfect:

completed

in

the pastin

the Futureloved.

Perfect, as

completed

the future

/ had loved ; and I shall have:

The Participle34.it

Ait

Participle is a

verbal adjective.

Like an adjective

may

qualify a

noun

:

a living death, a driven well.object

Like:

a verb

may have an

and adverbial modifiers

Knoivingvotea.

the candidate intimately,

we

shall

7iot

hesitate to

for Jiivi. There are:

in

English three participles

in

the active

voice

present loving, past loved, perfect having lovedin

and three

the passive voice

:

present {being) loved, past

loved, perfectb.

having been

loved.is

to

he

The participle in -ing make the Progressive Form was loving.

used with the:

au.xiliary be

of the verb

Yott are loving,

Note.35.

The Latin has no special tensesFinite Verb is a

for the progressive form.

A

verb

in

the indicative, subjunctive,

or imperative

mood.

A Roman Lady

.

P RON UNCIA riON

I

5

INTRODUCTORYThesections on pronunciation

may

be most profitably used for

reference.

Pupils catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of theif

teacher, and,to rules.It

they

make

mistakes, are interested in being referred

is

therefore advised that the teacher begin with thei8,

poem on pagesuccessively,

pronouncing slowly each

line,

the pupils following

and then together.

ALPHABET36.

The Latin

alphabet has

noy

or

zv.

Otherwise

it

is

the

same as the Enghsh. 37. /does service both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the force of ais

consonant, and38.

called i-consonant

Of the consonantsThe mutes are The liquids are The sibilant is The double consonantsp, b,1,

t,

d, c, k, g, q.

ni, n, r.

s.

are

.

.

s.

=

cs ox gs^ z

=

ds.

SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD39.

Vowelslike the lastin they.

ai

a in aha'.

a

like the first

a in

aJia'.

e as

6 as in met.i

as in machine.in note.

as in pin.in obey.

6 as

6 asfl^

u^

like oo in boot.gji,is

like oo \r\foot.

In qu,

and sometimes

in sn, before a vowel,

h

is

a semivowel or

consonant,letter;

pronounced

like w,

and joined:

in

utterance with the preceding

so likewise in cui

and huic

quis, qui,

who, an'-guis, snake, con-

8ue'-tus, accustomed.

6

.

:

1

FIRST YEAR LATIN40.

Diphthongslike

ae

ai in aisle.

auoe

like oti in our.like 0/ in boil.

ei (rare) like ei in eight.

eu41.

(rare) like

eti

xnfeicd.

Consonantsin

Consonants generally have the same sounds asobserve the followingc asin:

English.

But

come.like

g as

in get.sicii.

i-consonantt as in ii/ne.

j

\nyet.

s as in

ch

like

k

in kite.

v like w in wine. ph like /"in /";-.

SYLLABLES42.I.

A

syllable consists of a vowel or

diphthong withas

or without one or

more consonants.it

Hence a word has:

many2.

syllables as

has vowels and diphthongs

ae-gri-tu'-do,

sickness.

Whenis

a word

is

divided into syllables, a single con-

sonantamiable.3.

joined

with

the

vowel

following

:

a-ma'-bi-lis,

If

there are two or

more consonants between two

vowels, as

manybad ;in

are joined with the second vowel as canat

be pronouncedim'-pro-bus,4.

the beginning of a word or syllableguest.

ho'-spes,

compound words the division must show the component parts: ab'-est (ab, away; est, /le is), lie isBut

away.5

The

last syllable oflast,

a word

is

called the ultima

;

the

one next to thethe antepenult.

iht pejiult ; the one before the penult,

7 ;:

PRONUNCIATIONQUANTITYVowels are long (-) o\ short ("). long vowels are marked, except in some vowels must be regarded as short.43.I.

1

In thistitles;

book the

unmarked

2.

A vowel

is;

short before a vowel orni'-hil,

//

:

pb-e'-ma,

poem

;

gra'-ti-ae,3.

tJianks

nothing.;//, 7is,

Vowels are long beforeDiphthongs,resulting

and gn

:

in-fans,

infant

i-gnis, fire.

4.

vowels

representingare

diphthongs,

and

vowels

fromlong

contraction

long

:

in-cau'-tus,

heedless; in-i'-quus (inaequus),5:

?/;/r^//rt/,it

co'-go {(M%q), collect.

A

syllable

is

whenif it

contains a long vow^el or atemple.b)-

diphthong:6.

vo'-ces,is

voices;

ae'-des,

A

syllable

long

has a short vowel followed

two or more consonants (except a mute followed by / or r), or by ^ or c' but the short vowel is still pronounced short;

sunt, they

are

;

tem'-plam, temple; dux, leader.

ACCENT44.first:

I.

Words

of

two

syllables

have the accent on the

tu'-ba,

trumpet.

2.

the penultprae-di'-co,

Words of more than two syllables have the accent on when it is long, otherwise on the antepenultforetell;prae'-di-c6,

:

declare;

il-le'-ce-brae,

snares

;

pa-ter'-nus,3.

paternal.calledenclitics,

Several words,-ne,

of

which the com-que,

monest are

the sign of a question, and

and, are

appended

to other words,

and such words are then accented:

on the syllable preceding the encliticlove? dona'-que,

amat'-ne,

does he

and gifts.

8

;

!

1

FIRST YEAR LATIN45.

The

following Latin version of " Twinkle, twinkle, Little Star,"in pronunciation,

from Arundines Cami, may be used for practice and for illustration of the preceding statements.note, p. 15.

See introductory

MICA, MICA

Mica/ mica, parva Miror quaenam sis,Splendens eminus

stella

!

tarn bella

in illo.

Alba velut gemma,

caelo.

Quando fervens S5l discessit. Nee calore prata pascit,

Mox

ostendis lumen purum,

Micans, micans per obscurum.Tibi, noctu qui vagatur,

Ob

scintillulam grataturtij,

Ni micares

non

sciretiret.

Quas per

vias errans

MeumNeque Donee

saepe thalamum;

liace

Specularis curiosa

carpseris soporem

venit Sol per auram.

CASES46.

The namesdative,

of the cases in Latin are

:

nominative,locative.illus-

genitive,

accusative,

ablative,

vocative,

Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use aretrated in the paradigms and exercises which follow.1

The rhythm

of these lines

depends on accent, as

in

English poetry,

not on quantity, as in classic Latin poetry.

.

CASES AND GENDERa.

19

The Vocativein

is

always the same as the Nominative,

except

the singular of nouns and adjectives in -us of the

second declension.'

b.

In neuters the Nominative and Accusative are always

alike,c.

andin

in the plural

end

in

a.

The Accusative

singular of

all

masculines and femininesins.

endsd.

m

;

the Accusative plural

The Dative and Ablative

jjlural

are always alike.

(LENDER47.

The gender

of

Latin nouns

is

determined partly,oftener by the

as in

English, by the meaning, but

much

termination.

General Rules of Gender

and months are masculine

Nouns -denoting males and names of rivers, winds, Cicero, Cicero : : aghcolsi, /un/nr ; Padus, Po ; aquilo, nortJi xvind ; l&xvixlxiViS, January denoting females and names of countries, 2. Nouns1.

towns,Tullia,pirns,

islands,

and trees are feminineAfrica,

:

regina,Sicilia,

queen

;

Tullia

;

Africa; Roma,

Rome ;

Sicily;

pear

tree.

.

20

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

I

FIRST DECLENSION

The Subject

NominativeModels

Case

Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs

48.

NounSing,hasta, speai'.

VerbSing,volat, Jlies.^

Plur.a.

hastae, spears.

Plur.

volant, fly.

Form

the plural of the nouns in the vocabulary, then the plural

of the verbs, according to the models.

49.

VOCABULARYNounsVerbsambulat, walks.cantat, sings.

columba,hasta,f.

f.

dove.(p. 43).

spear

nauta, m. sailor.puella, f girl..

natat,

swims.

saltat, dances.

sagitta,

f.

arrow.

sonat, soitnds, resounds.volat, ^/Vj, speeds on.

tuba,

f.

trtimpet (p. 35).

Conjunctionet,

Interrogative Pronounquis,

and.

who ?

quid,

what ?

50.1

Model

Sentences

Puella cantat, the girl sings.

2.

Puellae cantant, the girls sing.

3.

Cantatne puella, does the girl sing f

4.

Cantantne puellae, do the girls sing?is

1

Also

flying, does fly.

So of other

verbs.

F/RSr DECLENSIONa.

21translated^^'/r/,

In Latin there or the girl ;is

is

no

article:

puella

may be

a

^i^irl,

and

puellae, girls or the girls.

b. is

What

the subject in each of the?

model sentences, and whatnumber.

the predicatec.

Observe that the verbs agree with Observe that -neis

their subjects inis

d.

the sign of a question, but

not separately

translated (44, 3).51.

Rule.

Tlic subject of a verb is in the nominative.EXERCISES

52.I.

2. Hastae volant. I. Hasta volat. 3. Nauta natat. Nautae natant. 5. Ambulatne puella ? 6. Puellae ambu8. Sagitta volat. lant. 9. Sonatne 7. Columbaene volant } Puella natat. 12. Quis ambulat ? tuba? 10. Quis natat 14. Nautae cantant et saltant. 13. Nauta ambulat. 2. Do the sailors dance ? II. I. The sailor dances. 3. Who

4.

is

singingis

?

4.

Girls are singing.7.

5.

Whatflies.

is?

flying8.

?

6.

The

spear

flying.9.

Are trumpets resounding

Spears and

arrows

fly.

The dove walks and

Priest, Altar, .\nd Suppliant

I

22

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

IIContinued

FIRST D-ECLENSl^mThe Stem^ ends

in

a

The Direct Object53.

Accusative

Case

ParadigmSingularTerminations-a,

Nom.Gen.

hasta, a spear (as subject).\\?i's,\.a.e,

Dai.Ace.Abl.

of a spear, -or spear's. hastae, to or for a spear. hastam, a spear (as object).hasta, with,

-ae-ae

-am-a

from, by a spear.

PluralNo7n.Gen.hastae, spears (as subject).

-ae

hastarum, of spears, or spears\ha.stis, to

-arum-is^

Dat.Ace.Ad/.a.

or for spears.

liastas,

spears (as object).

-as-is

hastis, with,

from, by spears.

The

vocative, the case of address, has the

same form

as the

nominative.b.

For the locative

case, see 195-197.final letter

Terminations consist of case-endings joined with the;

of the stem

but sometimes the

final letter of the

stem disappears,

and sometimes the case-ending.

That part of the word which remainswhich the terminations are addedis

unchangedc.

in inflection,:

and

to

called the base

hast-.

Form

the nominative plural and the accusative singular and

plural of each1

ounis

in 55.

Form

the plural of the verbs.

body of the word to which endings are added to express the relation of the word to other words. 2 Filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have the termination -abus in the dative and ablative plural.the

The stem

FIRST DECLENSION

2$

54. Rule of Gender. .Youns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males.

55.

VOCABULARYNounsagricola,

Verbsamat, loves, likes.arat,

m. farmer.water.

aqua,

f

.

ploughs.

Galba, m. Galba.Stella,f. f.

habet, has.laudat, praises.videt, sees.

star.

terra,

land, country.

Interrogative Pronoun

Nom.Ace.

quis,

who ?

^

quid,

what ?

quern,

whom ?ModelSentences

quii,wAaif

56.1.

Agricola terram arat, the farmer ploughs the land.

2.

Nautae agricolas laudant, the sailors praise the farmers.

a.

Observe that terram

is

the object of arat,

and agricolas of

laudant./;.

Point out the objects in the sentences of 58. Imitate the order of the Latin in writing Latin sentences.

57.

Rule.

The

direct object of

a transitive verb

is

in the accusative.58.I.

EXERCISESI.

2. Tubasne laudat Galba? Nauta stellam videt. 5. Nautae Stellas vident. 6. Quis Galbam videt ? 7. Quern videt Galba ? 8. Galba, quis terram arat ? Agricola terram arat. 9. Arantne agricolae terram ? 10. Quid volat ? Sagitta volat.

Galba tubam laudat.4.

3.

Puellae tubas laudant.

II.

I.

Who4.

sailors are walking.

has land.

The sailor is walking. 2. The What has the farmer ? The farmer Does Galba praise the farmers ? 5. The girlis

walking?3.

sees the water

and the

land.

6.

Do

the girls love the doves

?

24

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

III

FIRST CONJUGATION A-VERBSAm5, amare (stem ama-), love59.

Latin verbs are divided into four classes or conjuga-

tions, distinguished

from one another by the stem vowelof the active infinitive present.distinguishing vowel a. " " e." " "e.i.

before the endingI.

-re

amare,

io love,

II.

vaonexe, io advise,xe^^xe, to rule,

III.

IV.

audire, to hear,

"

60.

ParadigmActive Indicative Present

Singular1st Person,

Personal Endings-5 (or -m),-s,-t,

amo, /

love,

am

loving, do love.

/.

2d Person,

amas, yoti love, are loving, do love.amat, he loves,is loving,

thou or you.he, she,it.

jd

Person,

does love.

Plural1st Person,

2d

Person,

amatis,

amamus, we love, are loving, do love yon love, are loving, do love.they love, are loving, do love.

-mus, we.-tis,

you.

jd

Person,a.

am ant,

-nt, they.

Observe that

in

am5

the final a of the stem disappears, givingis

amob.

instead of amao.

In what forms

the a not

marked long?ending in-nt.

In the preceding lessons verbs have been used only in the third-t,

person, in the singular ending in

and

in the plural

The above paradigm showsperson as well as number.61.

that verbs

change

their

ending to denote

Rule.

A verb agrees with its subject hi

number

and

person.

FIRST CONJUGATIONa.

2$it is

When

the subject

is

in the first or theis it

second person,

not

commonlyd.

expressed.

Whyis/le,

not necessary to express

it ?

When

no subject

expressed with the third person of theshe, it in the singular,

Latin verb, translate withplural.c.

and they

in

the

Like

amo

inflect

the following verbs in the active indicative

present.

62.

Indic.vtive Present

Infinitive Presentambulare, to walk.arare, to

3mbul5, / walk.aro,

I plough. canto, / sing. \a.u^o, I praise. nato, / swim. salto, / dance. sono, / sound.void,

plough.

cantare, to sing.

lauAare, to praise.natare, to

swim.

saltare, to dance.

sonare, to sound.volare, to fly.

I fly.

63.

EXERCISESI.

L

Ambulat,?

arat,

cantat.

2.

Arantne?4. 6.

cantantne

?

laudantne

3.5.

Natas, saltas, sonas.Aratis, cantatis, amatis.

Amamus, volamus,Ambulare, amant,8.

ambulamus.natat.7.

Cantare, ambulatis, laudamus.

Amat,

volare,

sonant.2. Do we n. I. I do swim, he swims, I am swimming. They are flying, he dance? we sing, does he praise? 3. loves, you walk. 4. You are praising, they swim, he does dance. 5. He ploughs, to swim, do they love ?

64.1.

CONVERSATIONQuis columbam amat?

Puella

columbam amat,

2.

Quem

laudas

?

3.

4.5.

Quid volat ? Arantne agricolae terramNautae, quem laudatis?

Galbam laud3. Columba volat.?

Terram

arant.

Agricolas laudamus.

26

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSONFIRST DECLENSION

IV

Continued

The Genitive Case65. a. Observe in the paradigm (53) that the genitive singular has the same form as the dative singular and the nominative plural.b.

Observe carefully

in the

paradigm the English equivalents of'

the genitive.c.

FormLike

the genitive singular and plural of the nouns in the follow-

ing vocabulary.d.

amo

inflect the

verbs

in the

vocabulary.

66.

VOCABULARYNounsVerbs ^f.

femina, -ae,ifilia,- -ae, f.

woman.fortune.

delecto, delectare, delight.

dajighter..

fugo, fugare, ptit to flight, rout.libero, liberare, set free, free.

fortiina, -ae, f

poeta, -ae,regina, -ae,

m. poet.f.

orno. ornare, adorn, deck.

queen.

portp, portare, carry, bring.

Interrogative PronounGen.cuius,

of whom

?

whose ? of what ?

67.

ModelFiliae nautae cantant,

Sentencesthe daug J '^'' daughters of the sailor { or,Ii^^ei.

sing,

the sailor'' s daughters sing.

,

2.

Columbaepuellarum volant,

or,

doves of the girls are flying, ^ the girls' doves are flying.is

'

1

In the vocabularies the genitive ending

added

to

show2.

the declen-

sion.2

For peculiarity

in declension of

filia,

see p. 22, foot-notewill

2

Hereafter the general meaning of the verb

be given, not the mean-

ing of any particular form.

FIRST DECLENSIONa.

2/dau^^hters, but onlylimits

Observe that nautae

limits flliae

;

not

all

those of the sailor are meant.

In the

same way puellarum

columbae.68.

Rule.

(/rnotiui> the

A noun uned to limit another, and not same pcrsoii or filing, is in the genitive.EXERCISESOrnamus, portant,4.

69.I.

I.

Delectat,3.

fugamus,

liberas.

2.

delectas.libero,6.

Delectamus, fugatis, liberant.5.

Liberatne

?

portamus.

Delectare, ornare, portare.

Columbas agricolarum liberant. 7. Fortima poetae regi8. Laudamus filias feminae. 9. Filiane Galbae 10. Stellae filias nautarum delectant. reginam ornat

nam

delectat.

?

II.

I.

I

plough the farmer's land.

2.

I

plough the farmers'4.

land.

3.

The

poets' daughters love the land.5.

They put?

to flight the girl's dove.6.

Do

they bring Galba's spears

They adorn70.1.

the queens' daughters.

CONVERSATIONFilia reginae poetam laudat. ? Amatisne Galbam ? Galbam amamus. Galbae hastam porto. Puella, cuius hastam portas ? Feminae rosae Cuius rosae (roses) puellam ornant ?

Quis poetam laudat

2.

3.

4.

puellam ornant,5.

Quid

portatis

?

Sagittas et

tubam portamus.

'Thine,

Roman, is the pilum, Roman, the sword is thine."

I

28

F/RS7^

YEAR LATIN

LESSON VSECOND CONJUGATION E- VERBSmoneo, monere (stem mone-), advise

71.

ParadigmActive Indicative Present

Singular1st Person,

2d Person,

moneo, / advise, a/n advising, do advise. mones, _y