First Thesis

We cannot stop climate change without changing our mobility.

Second Thesis

Mobility is too cheap in Europe –

environmentally-friendly transport modes

are too expensive.

This is due to political will.

Third Thesis

The EU is part of the solution:

Fair competition across transport modes

would enable sustainable transport modes

to exploit their competitiveness.

The EU' Targets for 2020

• 20% reduction of greenhouse gas missions

• 20% of EU’s energy from renewable resources

• 20% improvement of energy efficiency

Where We Stand Now

• Increase of CO2 -emissions

• Weak connection between economy and ecology

• Modal shift in the wrong direction: share of air and road

transport increases, share of rail and waterway decreases

• Unfair competition between different transport modes

• Transport planning with wrong priorities („think big“)

CO2 Emissions by Sector (2008)

Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

2%

Other Fuel Combustion

0%Industrial

processes and other6%Residential

10%

Commercial/Institutional

4%Manufacturing Industries and Construction

14%

Transport29%

Energy Industries35%

Navigation (domestic)

2%

Other transportation

1%

Railways 1%

Civil Aviation (domestic)

2%

International Bunkers -

Aviation 11%

International Bunkers - Maritime

transport 13%

Road Transport

71%

Development CO2 Emissions Since 1990

600

800

480

260

470

300

200

40

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

China

Romania

Russia

Berlin

EU

Spain

Germany

USA

Initial Situation

Cars per 1,000 inhabitants

Mandatory Rail Charge in Europe

Cars per 1,000 inhabitantsEspecially member states without a highway toll system charge railway toll

Non-Mandatory Road Charge for Lorries

• In Switserland: road

charge for lorries is 4

times higher than in

Germany

• It applies to all streets

and to all trucks

above 3.5t

• Increase of

consumers' costs:

merely 0.5%

Tax Disadvantages

International train traffic is taxed, international flights are not

• No kerosene tax (14bn EUR subsidies per year)

• No Value Added Tax on international flights (16bn EUR/year)

• Weak integration in EU Emissions Trading Scheme (85% for free) and only since 2012

• No charges on air corridors (with the exception of Siberia)

• In case of delays: reimbursement after 3 hours

Distorted Competition in the Air

Inland navigation• No fuel taxation• Mostly no charges on waterways• Heavy investments despite existing excess capacities

Maritime transport• Using heavy oil (hazardous waste incinerator without filters)• Weak emission limits by International Maritime Organization

As of 2015: 0,1% in control zones (Baltic and North sea, English Channel) As of 2020: 0,5% for all EU bodies of water

• Not integrated into emission trading system

Priviliges for Maritime Transport

EU CommissionCommission 2011 White Paper on transport:

Until 2030: -20% CO2 emmissions compared to 2008

Until 2050: -60% compared to 1990

EU Parliament Resolution on White Paper: -20% compared to 1990 by 2020!

“The Future of our Mobility”

How does this relate to urban mobility?

• By 2050, 84% of the EU population will live in cities

• In cities, transport is responsible for: 40% of all CO2 emissions 70% of all emissions which are harmful to the climate

• Most trips start or end in cities

• By 2060, 30% of all EU citizens will be older than 60 years (today: 17%)

Facts on Urban Mobility

Atlanta – Barcelona

Less inhabitants, 26 times larger surface

30 km/h Speed Limit as a Rule!

Report of the European Parliament on European road safety 2011-2020 (Rapporteur: Dieter-Lebrecht Koch)

The European Parliament

“54. Strongly recommends the responsible authorities to introduce speed limits of 30 km/h in residential areas and on all one-lane roads in urban areas which have no separate cycle lane, with a view to protecting vulnerable road users more effectively;”

Accepted by a large majority!

30km/h Speed Limit: Clear Benefits

More safety…

• Breaking distance: 14m instead of 28m

• 42% less accidents

• Fatality risk: 10% instead of 80%

• Higher acceptance

Enviroment and costs….

• Emissions: -12%

• Noise: -3db(A) = halving noise

• Less road signs, more clarity

Almost no loss of time…

• Only 10-20 sec. More per km

• Berlin: average speed of cars at

19 km/h!

More life quality…

• More space for children, pedestrians,

cyclists and public transport

• Less stress

30km/h Speed Limit: Progresses

•European citizens' initiative: European Citizen's Initiative. Goal = 1 Million signatures by 14.11.2013•Others led the way: Graz (AT), Pontevedra (ES), the French city network “Ville 30,” and Liverpool (UK)•New York City becomes “New Walk City”

Bicycles as an Alternative

90% of car journeys in cities are shorter than 6km 30% are shorter than 3km10% are shorter than 1km!

Source: Cramer, M. (2006): Fahrradnutzung in Europa, page 2

More Cyclists – More Safety

Sustainable Use of Financial Resources?

60

20

0,7

19,1

RoadRailBikeOther

Hungary is leading the way: it uses 2% of EU funding for cycling!

The Greens' Position on the Use of EU Transport Funding

• 40% (at least) for rail

• 20% (maximum) for road

• 15% (at least) for hiking & biking

Only the 40% goal found a majority in the European Parliament

• Brenner-Base-Tunnel

• Lyon-Turin-Tunnel

• Fehmarnbelt-Tunnel

• Koralm-Tunnel

• Semmering-Tunnel

• Stuttgart 21

Big Projects: Costly, Lengthy, and Useless

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Soft Mobility2nd edition

Measures for a climate-friendlytransport policy in Europe

48 pages, 7 tablesund 15 images.

You can obtain the brochure @ www.michael-cramer.eu