First record of Eˆ ˚˘ ˜# #˛ - , 1790), from the island of dugi Otok ... · PDF...

MARTiNS, M. & OlivEiRA, M. E. (1998): Natural his-tory of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, CentralAmazonia, Brazil.- Herpetological Natural History,Riverside; 6 (2):78-150. MiCHAud, E. J. & dixON, J. R.(1989): Prey items of 20 species of the neotropical col-ubrid snake genus Liophis.- Herpetological Review,Saint louis; 20: 39-41. MERlEN, G. & THOMAS, R. A.(2013): A Galápagos ectothermic terrestrial snake gam-bles a potential chilly bath for a protein-rich dish offish.- Herpetological Review, Saint louis; 44: 415-417.MEZA-RAMOS, P. & AlMENdáRiZ, A. & YáNEZ-MuñOZ,M. H. (2010): datos sobre la dieta de Bothriechisschlegelii (BERTHOld, 1846) (Serpentes - viperidae) enel Occidente del Ecuador.- Boletín Técnico 9, Sangol -quí; (Serie Zoológica) 6: 15-18. MOCiñO-dElOYA, E. &SETSER, K. & PéREZ-RAMOS, E. (2014): Observationson the diet of Crotalus triseriatus (Mexican dusky rat-tlesnake).- Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Ciudadde México; 85: 1289-1291. RAMíREZ-JARAMillO, S.(2015): Observaciones sobre la historia natural de Ery -throlamprus epinephelus albiventris en el valle deQuito, Ecuador.- Avances en Ciencias e ingenierías;Quito; 7 (1): B5-B7. PRudENTE, A. l. C. & MAS CHiO,G. F. & YAMASHiNA, C. E. & SANTOS-COSTA, M. C.(2007): Morphology, reproductive biology and diet ofDendrophidion dendrophis (SCHlEGEl, 1837) (Serpen -tes, Colubridae) in Brazilian Amazon.- South AmericanJournal of Herpetology, São Paulo; 2 (1): 53-58. SASA,M. & WASKO, d. K., & lAMAR, W. W. (2009): Naturalhistory of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes:viperidae) in Costa Rica.- Toxicon, Oxford; 54: 904-922. SilvA, E. T. & RiBEiRO-FilHO, O. P. (2009):Predation on juveniles of the invasive AmericanBullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura, Ranidae) bynative frog and snake species in South-eastern Brazil.-Herpetology Notes, leiden; 2: 215-218. TiRiRA, d.(2007): Guía de campo de los mamíferos del Ecuador.Quito (Ediciones Murciélago Blanco), pp. 576.TORRES-CARvAJAl, O. & SAlAZAR-vAlENZuElA, d. &MERiNO-viTERi, A. & NiCOlAldE, d. A. (2016).ReptiliaWebEcuador (versión 2015.0.). Quito: Museode Zoología QCAZ, Pontificia universi dad Católicadel Ecuador. WWW document available at < http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/vertebrados/reptiles/reptilesEcuador > [last accessed on March 1, 2016].

KEY WORdS: Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes:viperidae: Bothrops asper; Colubridae: Dendrophidiondendrophis, Erythrolamprus epinephelus albiventris,Erythrolamprus miliaris crysostomus, Leptodeira an -nulata, Pseudalsophis sp., Bothrops asper; diet, prey,feeding ecology; Ecuador, Pichincha, Galapagosislands

SuBMiTTEd: March 04, 2016AuTHORS: Héctor CAdENA-ORTiZ (correspon-

ding author < [email protected] >) 1), AlexisBARAHONA-v. 2), daniela BAHAMONdE-viNuEZA 1, 3) &Jorge BRiTO M. 1)

1) Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales delinstituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Calle Rumipamba341 y Av. de los Shyris. Casilla: 17-07-8976. Quito,Ecuador.

2) Walsh Environmental Scientists and Engi -neers, Miravalle 242 y Julio Zaldumbe, Quito, Ecuador.

3) Ministerio de Salud Pública, Av. Repúblicadel Salvador 36-64 y Suecia. Código Postal: 170515.Quito, Ecuador.

First record of Elaphe quatuor-lineata (BONNATERRE, 1790), fromthe island of dugi Otok (Croatia)

dugi Otok is the largest and western-most island of the Archipelago of Zadar innorthern dalmatia (Croatia); it is 45 kmlong, 1-5 km wide and separates the otherislands of the archipelago from the openAdriatic Sea. The vegetation consists ofdense Mediterranean maquis (most com-mon), open garrigue (central and south),pine forest (north) and small cultivated areasaround the settlements (e. g., olive groves).A nature conservation area (Telašćica NaturePark) is located in the southern portion ofthe island and another one (Kornati NationalPark) covers various adjacent islands south-east of dugi Otok.

The following snake species were re -ported from the island so far: Xerotyphlopsvermicularis (MERREM, 1820), Hierophis ge -monensis (lAuRENTi, 1768), Zamenis situla(liNNAEuS, 1758), Telescopus fallax fallax(FlEiSCHMANN, 1831), Natrix natrix (liN -NAEuS, 1758) ssp., Malpolon insignitus fus -cus (FlEiSCHMANN, 1831) and Vipera ammo-dytes ammodytes (liNNAEuS, 1758) (HiRTZ1930; GRilliTSCH et al. 1999; diECKMANN2006; KRYšTuFEK & KlETEčKi 2007; ŽAGARet al. 2013). The status of X. vermicularis isuncertain, only a single specimen of V. a.ammodytes was ever observed (by MarioSchweiger, pers. comm., quoted by diECK -MANN 2006).

in the present note the author reportson the occurrence of Elaphe quatuorlineataquatuorlineata (BONNATERRE, 1790), on thatisland from where it was not known before.The following records were made:

* Juvenile individual, roadkill, villageof luka beside the sea, May 28, 2016 (Fig.1, site 3; Fig. 2).

* Adult male, roadkill, on the mainroad of the island 1.5 km northwest ofluka, interior, more mountainous part ofthe island, May 31, 2016 (Fig. 1, site 1; Fig.3).

* Adult female showing partial mela -nism, observed close to the previous site onJune 1, 2016 (Fig. 1, site 2). The base colorand the black longitudinal stripes were stillsomewhat visible, especially in the anterior

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part of the body (Fig. 4). The habitat con-sisted of dense maquis and pastures withsingle stones or stone walls (Fig. 5).

* Subadult female, observed in theyard of an abandoned house in the periphery ofluka, June 6, 2016 (Fig. 1, site 4; Fig. 6).The site was found by support of Jure Picić,a local resident, who confirmed the occur-rence of E. quatuorlineata (called ‘kravo -sas’ in Croatian) around luka. The area ischaracterized by partly overgrown veg-etable gardens, bushes, small meadows andstone structures (Fig. 7).

* Adult specimen of undeterminedsex, side of the main road between Žmanand Zaglav, 3 km southeast of luka, June 6,2016 (Fig. 1, site 5).

Although dugi Otok is not as well in -vestigated by herpetologists as, e.g., thenorth Adriatic islands of the Kvarner Bay (e.g., TóTH et al. 2006; SCHWEiGER 2012), thediscovery of E. quatuorlineata is surprising.

There is only one unconfirmed remark inthe literature (PlANiNC 2002), which waslater rejected (ŽAGAR et al. 2013). Sightingsof reptile species in areas from where theywere never reported before should alwaysbe considered with caution due to the possi-bility of having been introduced (comp.SCHWEiGER 2008). However, the observa-tion of five specimens of different age andsex at different sites separated from eachother by distances of several kilometers(Fig. 1) indicates that there is a reproducingpopulation of E. quatuorlineata on dugiOtok. From a zoogeographical point of viewthere is no reason why the occurrence on theisland should not be autochthonous. Thespecies is known from the Croatian coastalmainland and the islands – from north tosouth – Cres, lošinj, Krk, Rab, Pag, Olib,Silba, Premuda, Žut, Kornat, vis, Brač,Hvar, Korčula and Mljet (BöHME & ščER-BAK 1993; ĆEvid 2005; SCHWEiGER 2005;

SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 30 (1/2) Wien, 30. Juli 2017 SHORT NOTE 97

Fig. 1: Spotting sites of E. quatuorlineata (BONNATERRE, 1790), on dugi Otok, Croatia (compare to Figs. 2-7).



Fig. 2: Juvenile Elaphe quatuorlineata(BONNATERRE, 1790), from luka, dugi Otok, Croatia (May 28, 2016; length about 30 cm; site 3 in Fig. 1).

Fig. 3: Adult male Elaphe quatuorlineata(BONNATERRE, 1790), from the main road (May 31,

2016; length about 140 cm; site 1 in Fig. 1).Fig. 4: Adult female Elaphe quatuorlineata

(BONNATERRE, 1790), with partial melanism foundnear the main road (June 1, 2016; estimated length

at least 150 cm; site 2 in Fig. 1).Fig. 5: Habitat of Elaphe quatuorlineata

(BONNATERRE, 1790), beside the main road, 1.5 kmnorthwest of luka (site 2 in Fig. 1).

Fig. 6: Subadult female Elaphe quatuorlineata(BONNATERRE, 1790), from the periphery of luka (June 6, 2016; estimated length at least 100 cm;

site 4 in Fig. 1).Fig. 7: Habitat of Elaphe quatuorlineata (BONNA -

TERRE, 1790), in the periphery of luka (site 4 in Fig. 1).

KOREN et al. 2011), so also from neighbor-ing islands. The habitats in which E.quatuorlineata was found on dugi Otok aretypical for the species (STROHMAiER 1986;KREiNER 2007; ORTH 2013). As these habi-tat types are widespread throughout theisland, its range could comprise larger partsof the island than reported here. Thisassumption is confirmed by Jure Picić (pers.comm.), who is familiar with the speciesand knows it not only from luka (at leastsince the 1990’s, more frequent observationsin recent years) and Žman but also fromSavar, 10 km northwest of luka.

The occurrence of a partially melanis-tic specimen (Fig. 4) is worth mentioning.Presumably, the dark color developed withincreasing age of the individual (comp.EdEl STAM 1976). Pictures or data from theliterature about melanism of E. quatuorline -ata are rare. TRAPP (2007) mentions the ex -istence of melanistic E. quatuorlineata

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without giving further details, while WiRTH(2009) specifies that specimens from dal -matia are darker than those from italy andsometimes tend to melanism. vEiTH (1991)gives a report of a “deep black” specimenfrom Metković, southern Croatian main-land, and two “dark black-brown” speci-mens from Metković and Zara (today’sZadar), respectively, that showed traces ofthe pattern, maybe comparable to the pres-ent specimen. vEiTH (1991) supposed thatE. quatuorlineata tends to melanism inmarsh areas. Consistent with this assump-tion, david HEGNER shows pictures of avery dark specimen from the Bacina lakes,about 20 km to the west of Metković(SCHWEiGER 2016). Nevertheless, in mostwetland areas only normal-colored individ-uals are found, and there is lack of surfacewater on dugi Otok.

Melanism of reptiles is discussed inthe literature as a benefit for thermoregula-tion, a factor for selection by increased riskof predation and a phenotype being frequentin habitats close to the species’ limits ofexistence (EdElSTAM 1976; TANAKA 2005).There are examples of islands in the Medi -terranean, which contain melanistic reptilepopulations (e. g., MüllER 1934), also ex -plained as a result of genetic drift (EdEl -STAM 1976). The single dark specimen ondugi Otok reported here could refer to anindividual variation within a population ofnormally colored E. quatuorlineata. Butsightings of dark brown specimens by JurePicić (pers. comm.), including a nearlyblack individual similar to the one (mostlikely not the same) shown here, suggestthat those phenotypes are more frequentwithin the population on the island. in thiscontext the observation of an unidentifiedblack snake in the vicinity of Sali in thesouth of the island in September 2014 byJörn-Peter Schröder (pers. comm.) is ofinterest. Of the known snake species ofdugi Otok, M. insignitus fuscus and N. na -trix can express melanism as well (TóTH etal. 2006; KREiNER 2007). And in fact, amelanistic M. insignitus fuscus was reportedfrom the island by HiRTZ (1930).

ACKNOWlEdGMENTS: The author is verygrateful to Sebastian Klaus (Frankfurt/M.) for com-ments on the manuscript and creating the map; JurePicić (luka) for support in the field and providing in -

formation; Martin dieckmann (Hamm), Guido Kreiner(Pfungstadt), Griša Planinc (Piran) and Jörn-PeterSchröder (Raeren) for correspondence; ivanka Jurcevic(Frankfurt/M.) for translations and – last but not least –Christiane Krüger (Frankfurt/M.) for accepting hisfieldwork during a family trip.

REFERENCES: BöHME, W. & ščERBAK, N.(1993): Elaphe quatuorlineata (lACéPèdE, 1789) –vierstreifennatter; pp. 373-396. in: BöHME, W. (Ed.):Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas; vol.3, Schlangen i; Wiesbaden (Akademische verlags -gesellschaft). ĆEvid, J. (2005): Habitat fragmentationand endangerment of snakes in Croatia. Term paper,department of Biology, university of Zagreb, Zagreb,pp. 25. diECKMANN, M. (2006): die lacertiden dernorddalmatinischen insel dugi Otok.- die Eidechse,Bonn; 17 (2): 52-56. EdElSTAM, C. (1976): Functionalund taxonomic aspects of melanism in reptiles.-Zoologica Scripta, Oslo; 5: 185. GRilliTSCH, H. &WEiSH, P. & TiEdEMANN, F. (1999): Typhlops vermicu-laris MERREM, 1820 in the dalmatian island of dugiOtok (Croatia).- Herpetozoa, Wien; 12 (3/4): 161-162.HiRTZ, M. (1930): Prirodoslovna istraživanja sjeverno-dalmatinskog otočja. i. dugi i Kornati.- Prirodoslovnaistraživanja Kraljevine Jugoslavije, Zagreb; 16: 94-118. KOREN, T. & lAuš, B. & BuRiĆ, i. & KulJERiĆ,M. (2011): Contribution to the herpetofauna (amphib-ians & reptiles) of the Kornati Archipelago, Croatia.-Natura Croatica, Zagreb; 20 (2): 387-396. KREiNER, G.(2007): Schlangen Europas, Alle Arten westlich desKaukasus; Frankfurt a. M. (Edition Chimaira), pp. 317.KRYšTuFEK, B. & KlETEčKi, E. (2007): Biogeo graphyof small terrestrial vertebrates on the Adriatic land-bridge islands.- Folia Zoologica, Praha; 56 (3): 225-234. MüllER, l. (1934): Neigung zum Melanis musbei Reptilien von der insel Milos.- Blätter fürAquarien- und Terrarienkunde, Stuttgart; 25 (14): 271-273. ORTH, K. (2013): die vierstreifennatter Elaphequatuorlineata, Wissenswertes über die „europäischeRiesenschlange“ mit Berücksichtigung verwandterArten: östliche vierstreifennatter (Elaphe sauromates)und Äskulapnatter (Zamenis longissimus); Bieberthal(Kleintierverlag Thorsten Geier), pp. 71. PlANiNC, G.(2002): Skupina za dvoživke in plazilce; pp. 25-33. in:čEHOviN, A. (Ed.): Ekosistemi dalmacije, dugi otok2002. Poročila s tabora študentov biologije na dugemotoku. ljubljana (društvo študentov biologije).SCHWEiGER, M. (2005): ile of Walls, herpetologischeBeobachtungen auf der kroatischen insel Pag, 3. Teil(Schluss): Echsen und Schlangen.- öGH-Aktuell,Wien; 16: 5-7. SCHWEiGER, M. (2008): Faunenverfäl -schung an Hand mehrerer Beispiele von der kroati-schen insel Krk.- öGH-Aktuell, Wien; 20: 1-3.SCHWEiGER, M. (2012): die Schlangenfauna der kroati-schen insel Krk.- Ophidia, Mannheim; 6 (2): 2-18.SCHWEiGER, M. (2016): vipersgarden.at. Amphibiansand reptiles database. Elaphe quatuorlineata (BONNA -TERRE, 1790). WWW internet document available at < http://vipersgarden.at/ARdb/species.php?cat=2&subcat=55&subcat3=Elaphe+quatuorlineata > (lastaccessed: 13.07.2016). STROHMAiER, H. (1986):Beobachtungen an vierstreifennattern, Elaphe q. qua-tuorlineata (lACEPEdE, 1789), in Nordwestjugo -slawien.- Herpetofauna, ludwigsburg-Oßweil; 8 (41):34. TANAKA, K. (2005): Thermal aspects of melanisticand striped morphs of the snake Elaphe quadrivirgata.-Zoological Science, Tokyo; 22: 1173-1179. TóTH, T. &

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GRilliTSCH, H. & FARKAS, B. & Gál, J. & SušiĆ, G.(2006): Herpetofaunal data from Cres island, Croatia.-Herpetozoa, Wien; 19 (1/2): 27-58. TRAPP, B. (2007):Amphibien und Reptilien des griechischen Festlandes;Münster (Natur und Tier - verlag), pp. 279. vEiTH, G.(1991): die Reptilien Bosniens und der Herzegowina,Teil ii.- Herpetozoa, Wien; 4 (1/2): 1-96. WiRTH, M.(2009): Königinnen der europäischen Schlangen:vierstreifennatter (Elaphe quatuorlineata), Äskulap-natter (Zamenis longissimus) und leopardnatter (Za -menis situla).- draco, Münster; 10 (3): 61-74. ŽAGAR,A. & CAFuTA, v. & dRAšlER, K. & JAGAR, T. & KRO -FEl, M. & luŽNiK, M. & OSTANEK, E. & PETKOvSKA, v.& PlANiNC, G. & SOPOTNiK, M. & vAMBERGER, M.(2013): A review of eleven short-term reptile surveys inthe Western Balkans.- Hyla herpetološki bilten,Zagreb; 2013 (1): 3-18.

KEY WORdS: Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes:Colubridae: Elaphe quatuorlineata, dugi Otok,Croatia, dalmatia, Balkan Peninsula, Adriatic island,new island record, melanism

SuBMiTTEd: August 10, 2016

AuTHOR: Robert MAdl < [email protected] >, Roßdorfer Straße 28, d-60385 Frankfurt a. M.,Germany.

Release and distress calls ofRhinella abei (BAldiSSERA,

CARAMASCHi & HAddAd, 2004), andRhinella icterica (SPix, 1824)

vocalization is the main form of com-munication in anurans. These animals pro-duce many different types of sounds whichhave specific meanings in the social contextthey are used in (WEllS et al. 2007; TOlEdOet al. 2014). The advertisement call is thebest known and thus, most frequentlydescribed and used call type in taxonomicstudies (WEllS et al. 2007; GAMBAlE &BASTOS 2014; BATiSTA et al. 2015). How -ever, other calls, such as release calls, playimportant roles in anuran biology. Releasecalls are emitted by males or females whenanother frog, either conspecific or not,attempts to mate with them (WEllS et al.2007; TOlEdO et al. 2014). like advertise-ment calls, release calls may vary betweenspecies and help distinguish between close-ly related taxa (BROWN & liTTlEJOHN 1972;GRENAT & MARTiNO 2013). distress call isa defensive scream call emitted by males,females, juveniles, newly metamorphosedas well as larvae of anurans when graspedby potential predators (WEllS 2007;

NATAlE et al. 2011; TO lEdO et al. 2014).loud and explosive notes characterize thedistress call, which distinguishes it fromother vocalizations (duEllMAN & TRuEB1994). distress calls can be emitted withmouth open or closed (TOlEdO & HAddAd2009). Calls are stereotyped and also helpto identify differences among species(CARvAlHO et al. 2013). in the present note,the authors describe the release and distresscalls of Rhinella abei (BAldiSSERA, CARA -MASCHi & HAddAd, 2004) (of the Rhinellacrucifer group) and Rhinella icterica (SPix,1824) (of the Rhinella marina group).

Five male individuals of R. abei andthree of R. icterica were spotted on Sep -tember 9, 2014, and September 23, 2015.Specimens were found calling from the edgeof water bodies, near an Araucaria Forestremnant in the Atlantic Rain Forest domainin the municipality of Campo largo (25°30’26.90” S, 49°22’35.88” W, 905 m above sealevel), Paraná state, southern Brazil. Thefrogs were caught, positioned sitting on theground, and squeezed in the lateral abdomi-nal region behind the forelimbs, simulatingan amplexus. This procedure caused themales to emit release calls. When the maleswere squeezed the same way lifted off theground, they emitted distress calls. Record -ings were obtained using Marantz® PMd660 and Tascam® dr-40 digital recordersconnected to a Sennheiser® ME66/K6 di -rectional microphone. Calls were recordedat 44.1 kHz with 16-bit resolution. Bio -acoustic traits were analyzed using RavenPro 64 1.5 software from the Cornell lab ofOrnithology (BiOACOuSTiCS RESEARCH PRO -GRAM 2014). Spectrograms were producedapplying a window size of 256 samples, 75% overlap, a hop size of 64 samples, dFT of1024 samples, and Hamming window type.Oscillogram and spectrogram figures wereproduced using TuneR 1.0 (liGGES et al.2013) and Seewave 1.7.3 (SuEuR et al. 2008)packages for R version 3.3.3 (R dEvElOP -MENT CORE TEAM 2016). voucher speci-mens are housed at the zoological collectionof universidade Federal de Goiás (ZuFG),Goiás state and the herpetological collectionof Museu Nacional, universidade Federaldo Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), Rio de Janeirostate, Brazil (R. abei: ZuFG 9884; ZuFG9885; R. icterica: MNRJ 89526; MNRJ



First record of Eˆ ˚˘ ˜# #˛ - , 1790), from the island of dugi Otok ... · PDF...

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