First President of U.S. Won unanimously in 1788 (69 Electoral Votes) and 1792 (132 votes). Only...
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Transcript of First President of U.S. Won unanimously in 1788 (69 Electoral Votes) and 1792 (132 votes). Only...
First President of U.S.Won unanimously in 1788 (69 Electoral Votes)
and 1792 (132 votes).Only president to get all electoral votesNo Designated Party “Reluctant President”Only 10 states participated in the 1788
election, N.Y. chose no electors, N.C. and R. I. hadn’t ratified the Constitution.
George Washington (1732-1799)election of 1788/1792
George Washington (1732-1799)election of 1788/1792
Issues include:
Starting a new country
French Revolution
George Washington (1732-1799)election of 1788/1792As President: Starting a new country
Hamilton had plans to establish a national credit and build a financially powerful nation – basis of Federalist Party. Jefferson is opposed to Hamilton – Jeffersonian Republicans.
Washington held regular cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision.
Promoted neutrality for the country, until it grew stronger.
George Washington (1732-1799)election of 1788/1792
As President: French RevolutionRefused to accept recommendations from
Secretary of State: Jefferson (pro-French) or Secretary of Treasury: Hamilton (pro-British).
Insisted on neutral course until the U.S. was stronger.
George Washington (1732-1799)election of 1788/1792
Set many precedents and customs of the presidency, such as serving max. of two terms
Two parties were developing by the end of Washington’s second term.
In his farewell speech, Washington warned against excessive party spirit, geographical distinctions, and long term alliances.
Bibliography www.u-s-history.com/pages/h378.html www.u-s-history.com/pages/h381.html www.archontology.org/nations/us/us2/washington.php www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gwl.html www.wikipedia.org
V.P. under G. Washington Election in 1796 as Federalist Strong central w/ weak states rights “loose interpretationalist” More electable than Hamilton Main support from New England Defeats T. Jefferson (Dem-Rep) by 3
e.v. (& Pinckney & Burr)
John Adams (1735-1826)election of 1796
John Adams (1735-1826)election of 1796
Issues include: Federalist handling of Whiskey rebellion and.. Jay’s Treaty (too British-sympathetic)
As President: XYZ Affair creates undeclared war w/ French ’97
(“Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”) “Quasi-War” required taxes --- John Fries revolt in Penn. Convention of 1800 leads to peaceful resolution w/
French and later the Louisiana Purchase And….
John Adams (1735-1826)election of 1796
As President: Alien and Sedition Acts target Dem-Reps and
their supporters Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions create
“nullification talk”
John Adams (1735-1826): election of 1796
Politics moves towards two declared parties Elections about personalities and ……..on sectional interests Adams avoided “entangling alliances” U.S. beginning to form “an identity”, but… Federalists mimic British culture
(furniture/literature/art/etc) America must choose Feds or Dem-Reps in
1800!
1800 and 1804 Jefferson (dem-rep) vs.
Adams (fed) Democratic-republicans:
Strict interpreters States’ rightists Feared
monarchy/dictatorship Federalists:
Loose interpreters Valued strong central
gov’t Feared anarchy
Thomas Jefferson elected162 electoral votes compared to 14 for his Federal opponent
Federalists too radical for public, campaigns fizzled out,
The Men Jefferson
Somewhat passive, weak voice
Writer Appealed to middle class
(farmers, artisans, etc.) Liberal Sympathized with
downtrodden Favored agriculture Advocated “rule of the
people” Minimal military French influence
Adams Aggressive Strong speaker Appealed to upper class
(North) Traditional Focused on National Bank Advocated “rule of best
people” Strong military British influence
The Election Federalists angry with
President John Adams Didn’t allow war with
France against Napoleon Resulted in increased
taxes and higher public debt
Loyal Federalists bash Jefferson
Rumors of atheism: believed in separation of church and state
Thief Adulterer
Jefferson elected Southern states had more
votes (slaves counted as 3/5)
Aaron Burr helped swing important NY votes from Adams
Jefferson and Burr tie, broken by House of Representatives (picked “lesser of two evils”)
John Adams is last Federalist President of the USA
What’s going on00-04
USA adjusts to new Constitution US Expansion: Louisiana Purchase,
Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806 World: Napoleon invades parts of
Europe, Africa, and the Americas Hated Embargo Act of 1807
Elections 1808 and 1812
Election of 1808
-James Madison (Dem. Rep.)
-Charles Pinckney (Federalist)
-Madison former Sec. of State and a friend of Jefferson’s. (Virginian)
-Pinckney ran against T-Jeff in 1804.
Election of 1812
-James Madison (Dem. Rep.)
-Dewitt Clinton (Federalist)
-Madison wartime president
-Dewitt a Dem. Rep. chosen by Federalists as best chance to beat the Dem. Rep.’s out of office. (He is also the Nephew of Madison’s late V.P.)
Party platforms/strategyElection 1808
-Dem. Rep. Madison had Jefferson’s support and T-Jeff still popular.
-Running as previous Sec. of State and a Virginian
-Federalist Pinckney uses the embargo act and bad foreign politics with Britain and France against Madison and T-Jeff
Election 1812
-Dem. Rep. Madison running as a wartime president.
-People don’t want to switch power in the middle of a conflict. (First example of this)
-Federalist Dewitt Clinton changed politics according to popular feeling and geography. (South W=pro war-Dewitt=Pro war, New England against-Dewitt=against)
-Ran hoping to get people who did not want another term with a Virginian President.
Election ResultsElection 1808
-Dem. Rep. Madison Wins by a lot. Pinckney loses.
-Madison (122) Clinton (47)
Election 1812
Dem. Rep. Madison Wins again by a lot (though not as much as before), Dewitt Loses.
-Madison (128) Dewitt (89)
Brief History1808
-Embargo of Britain unpopular in New England.
-Congress doesn’t cooperate with Madison like it did with T-Jeff.
-Divided feelings on seemingly unavoidable war.
-Troubles with natives, belief that they had British assistance.
-War to reestablish belief in republican system.
-Madison asked congress to declare war on June 1, 1812.
1812-Madison’s War
-United States not really united
-Some in New England helping the British.
-U.S. not prepared, regular army scattered and ill trained.
-American navy, shining example (Oliver Hazard Perry)
-Francis Scott Key Star Spangled Banner.
-Jackson Victory in New Orleans.
Under James Madison Secretary of State (1812) Secretary of War (1814)
Elected in 1816 as Democratic-Republican
Defeats Rufus King (Federalist) by landslide Federalist party weak due to War of 1812
James Monroe (1758-1831)election of 1816
James Monroe1816-1819
As President: “Era of Good
Feelings” Economic “Panic of
1819” Missouri Compromise
Prohibited Slavery in 36° 30’ Parallel
Florida ceded to United States by Spain
James Monroe Election of 1820
Ran for re-election unopposed Not elected unanimously by electoral college
One elector voted for John Q. Adams
As President: Andrew Jackson attacked Florida Monroe Doctrine
The Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams (Mass)
Secretary of State – (Mastermind of Monroe Doctrine)
Andrew Jackson (Tenn) Military Hero (New Orleans/Indian Fighter)
William Crawford (Geor) Henry Clay (Kent)
Speaker of the House All candidates were “Republicans”
John C. Calhoun ran as VP with Adams and Jackson
The Election
Only 25% of eligible voters voted Voting by section
Adams won New England Jackson won the South and West
Election decided by Congress Clay did not have enough electoral votes
to be considered
The Result
Speaker of House Henry Clay promises victory to Adams Adams agreed with Clay’s American System
Federal Bank, Tariffs, and Roads/Canals Jackson to military/states rightist Crawford finished by a stroke
Adams becomes the first “minority President”
The “Corrupt” Bargain
Adams becomes President Clay becomes Secretary of State
3 out of 4 last Secretaries of State became President
Corruption unlikely because Adams was honest to a fault. Rumors of corruption plagued both
Adam’s and Clay’s political careers
Adams as President
Respect > Popularity A Failure at “Baby kissing” democracy.
Only replaced 12 government officials No spoils lost Adams party support
Unpopular policies American System Fair with Indians in Georgia (Cherokees) Adams=nationalist, America=sectionalist
The Elections of Andrew Jackson
Truly the coolest President
Election of 1828 Criticized Adams’
National Republican administration
“People’s Candidate” on Democratic-Republican ticket.
Rachel
Issues of Elections
1828 – against Pres. John Q. Adams “Corrupt Bargain” Mud-Slinging Tariff of Abominations
1832 – against Henry Clay Rechartering of the National Bank
Jackson as President
Spoils System Veto! Veto! Veto! Weak Cabinet Reduction of National Debt Indian Removal
Legacy of “Old Hickory”
No banking system until 1913 Appeal to common man Importance of personality in elections
Election of 1836 Democrats/Jacksonians
Jackson ensured the nomination of Martin Van Buren (his “yes man”) in 1836. Van Buren promised to “tread generally” in the shoes of Andrew Jackson, but was not wildly supported by Jacksonians.
Against tariffs and federally funded internal improvements.
Mostly pro-slavery.
Supported independent treasury.
Supported by South and West.
Whig Party
Chose “favorite sons,” each with regional appeals, hoping to split the vote and force it to the House of Representatives.
Pro-bank, pro-protective tariff, pro-internal improvements.
Supported moral reform. Based in New England.
Election of 1836
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren, Democrat.
General William Henry Harrison (“Old Tippecanoe”),
Whig’s leading “favorite son.”
Hugh White, Whig
Daniel Webster, Whig
Willie Mangum, Independent
Candidates
Election of 1836
Tariffs National Bank vs. Independent Treasury Slavery Internal Improvements (Federal or State funded)
Major Issues
Election of 1836
Population is moving west. Women have more opportunities, but are
still not equal. Blacks continue to have no rights, whether
free or slave. The nation is beginning to be overcome by
“manifest destiny.”
America in 1836
The Election of 1836
Van Buren won with 170 to 124 electoral votes, but a much closer popular margin.
The Whig’s strategy failed, the election never made it to the House of Representatives.
Martin Van Buren became the eighth U.S. president, and the first to have been born under the American flag.
Results
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren v. William H. Harrison
Election Results
1,274,624 1,127,781
234 60
Popular vote
Electoral Vote
William H. Harrison Martin Van Buren
Demographics U.S. Population-
17,069,453 (1840 Census)
White= 83.2% Black= 16.8%
89% rural 11% urban
Average U.S. age= 18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Rural/Urban White/Black
Harrison Background Not best statesman on Whig ticket, but best
“Vote-getter” Portrayed as poor Western Farmer living in
log cabin (actually aristocrat) Resulting from inaugural address, died of
pneumonia after 31 days in office 1840 Election firmly established 2 party
system of government John Tyler was Vice President
Issues Debated
Since there were no formal party platforms were established, characteristics of the candidates were the main issue of discussion
Issues regarding the time were Mexico/Texas, Economic troubles, and relations with Britain in the Oregon region
Party Platforms
Neither party had established platforms, but rather relied on mass-gathering campaigns designed to make their candidate appeal to the voters.
One such example would be the “Huzza-For-Harrison” campaign
Election of 1848 (Zachary Taylor)
Whig Presidential Candidate
Zachary Taylor Whig Ran with Millard
Fillmore for VP Mexican War
General (received votes from both Whig and Democratic)
Election of 1848 Democratic Party
Candidate Lewis Cass Served as Gov. and
Senator of Michigan Secretary of War
under Jackson!!!!! Silent on slavery
(suspected of pro-slavery)
Election of 1848 Free Soil Party
Nomination Van Buren Party formed for
election to oppose slavery in western states
Election of 1848
Issues Slavery (division of Democrats over
slavery gave Northeast to Taylor) Whether annexed Mexican lands
should allow slavery Since candidates were being vague on
slavery, some people voted on personality
Election of 1848
As President: California wrote constitution with no
slavery Opposed Compromise of 1850 (after
his death was passed) Mysterious death South spoke of succession, Taylor said
he would “Lead the Army”
Election of 1848 The Results Electoral Votes: Taylor- 163 Cass- 127 Van Buren -0 (maybe next
time!!)
Popular Votes: Taylor- 47.3% Cass- 42.5%
Van Buren- 10.1%
Candidates• Franklin Pierce (William King)-Democratic• Winfield Scott (William Graham)-Whig• John P. Hale (George Julian)-Free Soil
Marked the end of the Whig party• Eclipse of national parties• Rise of sectional parties
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)election of 1852
Party Platforms• Whig and Democratic platforms were
almost indistinguishable• No major issues were debated• Campaign was reduced to personal
attacks on the candidates. Pierce
• Mexican-American War brigadier general
• Served in the House of Representatives and the Senate
• Northerner (NH) with Southern sympathies
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)election of 1852
Scott• War hero with a 50 year career• Scott was anti-slavery which lost him
support in the South • Whigs were pro-slavery which lost
him support in the North Hale
• Served in the House of Representatives and the Senate
• Lawyer• Opponent of the Mexican-American
War• Anti-slavery
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)election of 1852
Election results: popular vote• Pierce: 50.8%• Scott: 43.9% • Hale: 4.9%
Election Results: Electoral vote
• Pierce: 254• Scott: 42• Hale: 0
Lowest voter turnout since 1836
Only president from NH
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)election of 1852
Pierce as president:• Favored the Kansas-Nebraska
Act • Repealed the Missouri
Compromise• Ostend Manifesto (plan to
acquire Cuba from Spain) • Widely criticized
Sources Consulted
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/fp14.html
Kennedy, David M. , Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant: A History of the Republic. 13th . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006.
http://www.historycentral.com/elections/1852.html
http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Election_of_1852
James Buchanan (1791-1868) Election of 1856
• Representative from Pennsylvania, elected five times
• Served in the senate for ten years
• Secretary of State under Polk
• Served as both a minister to Russia and Great Britain
• Election 1856, ran as a democrat
• Despite not pulling in the majority of the popular votes Buchanan gets the presidency
• Defeats Fremont 174 to 117, with Fillmore at 8 E.V.
James Buchanan (1791-1868)Election of 1856
• Issues during election:
- Kansas/Nebraska Uproar: Buchanan had served as minister to Great Britain at this time, thus he remained enemyless. Though of course the issue of slavery had yet to be resolved as a whole.
- Immigration influx, mainly more from Ireland and Germany.
• As President:
- Dred Scott decision opens up all territories to slavery, declaring the 1820 compromise unconstitutional.
- Not forgetting ….
James Buchanan (1791-1868) Election of 1856
• As President:
- Late during 1857 an economic plunge combined with the social turmoil of the times created much distress and anger.
- Buchanan’s veto on the Homestead act in 1860, kept the power southerly, where his support flowed from.
James Buchanan (1791-1868)Election of 1856
As a result of the turmoil economically, the north begins to demand free farms of 160 acres to be given to the public.
Congress enacts tariff of 1857, reduces duties twenty percent on dutiable goods.
Northern Manufactures blame the tariff for the hard times. Two issues emerge via Republicans: - Protection for the Unprotected
- Farms for the farmless Senatorial Election of 1858 and the Lincoln-Douglas
Debates; a prelude to the union split.