FOURTH CONJUGATION

REVIEW of Conjugations and Qualities of Verbs

Latin groups its verbs into four families called “conjugations.” Verbs within the same conjugation will follow a similar pattern of principal parts and the same paradigms (pattern of endings) in each tense. Now take note of some general features of Latin verbs:o Most regular Latin verbs have 4 principal parts:

1st principal part: the 1st person singular, present active indicative form, e.g. audio

2nd principal part: the present active infinitive, e.g. audīre 3rd principal part: the 1st person singular, perfect active

indicative form, e.g. audīvī 4th principal part (can be one of the following, depending

on the book): the perfect passive participle, e.g. audītus, -a, -um the accusative supine, e.g. audītum the future active participle, e.g. audītūrus, -a, -um

o Latin verbs are one of 3 PERSONS (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and one of 2 NUMBERS (singular, plural)

o Latin verbs can be conjugated in 6 TENSES: Present System: tenses formed from the “present stem”

Present tense, e.g. “I hear,” “I do hear,” and “I am hearing”

Imperfect tense, e.g. “I was hearing,” “I heard,” “I used to hear”

Future tense, e.g. “I will hear” Perfect System

Perfect tense, e.g. “I have heard,” “I did hear,” and “I heard”

Pluperfect tense, e.g. “I had heard” Future Perfect tense, e.g. “I will have heard”

o Latin verbs can be conjugated in 2 VOICES: Active Voice: e.g. “We hear,” “She hears,” “They will

hear”

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Passive Voice: e.g. “We are heard,” “She was (being) hear,” “They will be heard”

o Latin verbs also have 3 MOODS: Indicative: e.g. You hear me. You do hear me. You are

hearing me. Imperative: e.g. Hear me! Subjunctive: e.g. Should you hear me? You may hear me.

Would that you were leading me! Let you lead me!

The active voice personal endings of Latin verbs (cf. p. 9 of your textbook) are as follows.

singular plural

1st person -ō or m -mus

2nd person -s -tis

3rd person -t -nt

Now study this PRESENT (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The additional vowel needed for fourth conjugation will be in red. The traditional personal endings will appear in boldfaced blue.

singular plural

1st person audiō audīmus

2nd person audīs audītis

3rd person audit audiunt

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Conjugating 4 th Conjugation verbs in the PRESENT SYSTEM To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the present system (present,

imperfect, and future tenses), you need to follow a few simple steps.o STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part.

N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of the verb followed by the other principal parts

SAMPLE ENTRY: mun·iō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -sītus, tr to built, fortify; to strengtheno muniō is the 1st principal parto mun- + -īre = munīre, the 2nd principal parto mun- + -īvī (or -iī) = munīvī (or muniī), the 3rd

principal parto mun- + -ītus = munītus, the 4th principal part

All fourth conjugation verbs will have a -īre for the second principal part.

o STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second principal part TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple

math problem. Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:

(2nd principal part) –– (-re) = present stem of the verb

EXAMPLE: o 2nd conjugation: (docēre) –– (-re) = doce- o 4th conjugation: (munīre) –– (-re) = munī-

o STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s present stem (you will need to and an –ē for before the standard endings for imperfect tense for both third and fourth conjugation)

Now that you have the present stem of the verb, you can change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense you want (of present, imperfect, and future)

The steps, you can see, are consistent with the steps followed in conjugation of verbs in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conjugation.

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A Closer Look at the 4 th Conjugation

Now look at this IMPERFECT (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The additional vowel needed for 4th conjugation will be in red. The endings will appear in boldfaced blue.

s ingular plural

1st person audiēbam audiēbāmus

2nd person audiēbās audiēbātis

3rd person audiēbat audiēbant

Now look at this FUTURE (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The future endings will appear in boldfaced blue.

N.B. You do NOT use the endings –bō, bis, bit,bimus, bitis, bunt for either the 3rd or 4th conjugations.

singular plural

1st person audiam audiēmus

2nd person audiēs audiētis

3rd person audiet audiēnt

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ACTIVE VOICE

Indicative Mood

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

3rd-io Conjugation

4th Conjugation

PRESENT Pres. stem + ending

Pres. stem + ending

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings

Pres. stem (+ i) + endings

Pres. stem + ending

1 singular par-ō doce-ō reg-ō capi-ō audi-ō2 parā-s docē-s reg-i-s capi-s audī-s3 para-t doce-t reg-i-t capi-t audi-t1 plural parā-mus docē-mus reg-i-mus capi-mus audī-mus2 parā-tis docē-tis reg-i-tis capi-tis audī-tis3 para-nt doce-nt reg-u-nt capi-u-nt audi-u-ntIMPERFECT Pres. stem + tense

sign + endingPres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem (+ ē) + tense sign + endings

Pres. stem (+ iē) + tense sign + endings

Pres. stem (+ ē) + tense sign + endings

1 singular parā-ba-m docē-ba-m reg-ē-ba-m capi-ē-ba-m audi-ē-ba-m2 parā-bā-s docē-bā-s reg-ē-bā-s capi-ē-bā-s audi-ē-bā-s3 parā-ba-t docē-ba-t reg-ē-ba-t capi-ē-ba-t audi-ē-ba-t1 plural parā-bā-mus docē-bā-mus reg-ē-bā-mus capi-ē-bā-mus audi-ē-bā-mus2 parā-bā-tis docē-bā-tis reg-ē-bā-tis capi-ē-bā-tis audi-ē-bā-tis3 parā-ba-nt docē-ba-nt reg-ē-ba-nt capi-ē-ba-nt audi-ē-ba-ntFUTURE Pres. stem + tense

sign + endingPres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem +tense sign + ending

Pres. stem +tense sign + ending

1 singular parā-b-ō docē-b-ō reg-a-m capi-a-m audi-a-m2 parā-bi-s docē-bi-s reg-ē-s capi-ē-s audi-ē-s3 parā-bi-t docē-bi-t reg-e-t capi-e-t audi-e-t1 plural parā-bi-mus docē-bi-mus reg-ē-mus capi-ē-mus audi-ē-mus2 parā-bi-tis docē-bi-tis reg-ē-tis capi-ē-tis audi-ē-tis3 parā-bu-nt docē-bu-nt reg-e-nt capi-e-nt audi-e-nt

What about the Imperative mood?o Like 1st conjugation verbs, getting the present stem is the same

as creating the singular imperative: STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part. STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second

principal part EXAMPLES :

o 1st conjugation: (amāre) –– (-re) = amā o 2nd conjugation: (sedēre) –– (-re) = sedē o 3rd conjugation: (mittere) –– (-re) = mitteo 4th conjugation*: (audīre) –– (-re) = audī

STEP #3: To make the imperative form plural, add –te to the singular form

EXAMPLE: audī + - te = audīte

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Conjugating 4 th Conjugation verbs in the PERFECT SYSTEM To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the perfect system (perfect,

pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), you need to follow a few simple steps.o STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 3rd principal part.

N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of the verb followed by the other principal parts

If a dictionary includes a dot ( · ), it does that to show you where you can remove the first principal part ending and add the additional information listed to form the second, third, and fourth principal parts

SAMPLE ENTRY: aud·iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum tr to hear

o STEP #2: Remove the –ī from the verb’s 3rd principal part TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple

math problem. Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:

(3rd principal part) –– (-ī) = perfect stem of the verb EXAMPLE:

o 1st conjugation: (amāvī) –– (-ī) = amāv-o 2nd conjugation: (docuī) –– (-ī) = docu- o 3rd conjugation: (rēxī) –– (-ī) = rēx-o 4th conjugation: (audīvī) –– (-ī) = audīv-

o STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s perfect stem Now that you have the perfect stem of the verb, you can

change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense you want for the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.

Fourth conjugation follows the same steps and uses the same endings for the perfect system as first, second, and third conjugation. There is no difference between any of the conjugations in how they conjugate these three tenses.

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ACTIVE VOICE

Indicative Mood

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

3rd-io Conjugation

4th Conjugation

PERFECT Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

1 singular parāv-ī docu-ī rēx-ī cēp-ī audīv-ī2 parāv-istī docu-istī rēx-istī cēp-istī audīv-istī3 parāv-it docu-it rēx-it cēp-it audīv-it1 plural parāv-imus docu-imus rēx-imus cēp- imus audīv-imus2 parāv-istis docu-istis rēx-istis cēp-istis audīv-istis3 parāv-ērunt

(-ēre)docu-ērunt(-ēre)

rēx-ērunt(-ēre)

cēp-ērunt(-ēre)

audīv-ērunt(-ēre)

PLUPERFECT Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

1 singular parāv-eram docu-eram rēx-eram cēp-eram audīv-eram2 parāv-erās docu-erās rēx-erās cēp-erās audīv-erās3 parāv-erat docu-erat rēx-erat cēp-erat audīv-erat1 plural parāv-erāmus docu-erāmus rēx-erāmus cēp-erāmus audīv-erāmus2 parāv-erātis docu-erātis rēx-erātis cēp-erātis audīv-erātis3 parāv-erant docu-erant rēx-erant cēp-erant audīv-erantFUTURE PERFECT

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

Perf. stem + ending

1 singular parāv-erō docu-erō rēx-erō cēp-erō audīv-erō2 parāv-eris docu-eris rēx-eris cēp-eris audīv-eris3 parāv-erit docu-erit rēx-erit cēp-erit audīv-erit1 plural parāv-erimus docu-erimus rēx-erimus cēp-erimus audīv-erimus2 parāv-eritis docu-eritis rēx-eritis cēp-eritis audīv-eritis3 parāv-erint docu-erint rēx-erint cēp-erint audīv-erint

PERFECT SYSTEM SYNOPSIS: Now study this perfect system (tenses), active (voice), indicative (mood) synopsis of the second conjugation verb docēre, to teach, done in the third person.

singular plural

PERFECT audīvīt audīvērunthe (has) heard they (have) heard

PLUPERFECT audīverat audīverantshe had heard they had heard

FUT. PERFECT audīverit audīverint(s)he will have heard they will have heard

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What is Voice? Voice is the relationship of the subject to the action of the verb. Voice defines whether the subject performs the action of the verb or receives the action of the verb. If the subject performs the action of the verb, the verb is in the

active voice. a. “The mailman delivers my DVD.”b. “The dog bites the mailman in the butt.”

If the action of the verb is received by the subject, the verb is considered passive voice. e.g. “My DVD is delivered by the mailman.”

a. “My DVD is delivered by the mailman.”b. “The mailman is bitten in the butt by the dog.”

How does Passive Voice Sound in English? In English, the Passive Voice is going to require the verb “to be” in some form with the past participle.

Active Voice Passive Voice

He hits me. I am hit by him.He is hitting me. I am being hit by him.

He will hit me. I will be hit by him.

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How does it work in Latin?

1. In the present system the passive is conjugated like the active, but with a different set of personal endings.

a. Passive Personal Endings:

Singular Plural1st -or, r -mur2nd -ris -minī3rd -tur -ntur

b. Rule for Conjugation: i. Present Stem (+ tense signifier) + passive

personal endingsii. Note that forming the present stem may differ

based on the conjugation of the verb

c. Examples:

Present: auditur she is (being) heard

Imperfect: audiēbātur he was being heard

Future: audiētur it will be heard

2. See pp. 104, 109, 128, and 169 for further paradigms and examples, including for other conjugations.

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PERFECT SYSTEM: PASSIVE VOICE, INDICATIVE MOOD

PASSIVE VOICE

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

3rd-io Conjugation

4th Conjugation

PRESENT Pres. stem + endings

Pres. stem + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings

1 singular par-or doce-or reg-or capi-or audi-or2 parā-ris (-re) docē-ris (-re) reg-e-ris (-re) cap-eris (-re) audī-ris (-re)3 para-tur doce-tur reg-i-tur capi-tur audī-tur1 plural parā-muur docē-mur reg-i-minī capi-mur audī-mur2 parā-mini docē-minī reg-i-minī capi-minī audī-minī3 para-ntur doce-ntur reg-u-ntur capi-untur audi-u-nturIMPERFECT Pres. stem + tense

sign + endingPres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + tense sign + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + tense sign + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + tense sign + endings

1 singular parā-ba-r docē-ba-r reg-ē-ba-r capi-ē-ba-r audi-ē-ba-r2 parā-bā-ris (-

re)docē-bā-ris (-re)

reg-ē-bā-ris (-re)

capi-ē-bā-ris (-re)

audi-ē-bā-ris (-re)

3 parā-bā-tur docē-bā-tur reg-ē-bā-tur capi-ē-bā-tur audi-ē-bā-tur1 plural parā-bā-mur docē-bā-mur reg-ē-bā-mur capi-ē-bā-mur audi-ē-bā-mur2 parā-bā-minī docē-bā-minī reg-ē-bā-minī capi-ē-bā-minī audi-ē-bā-minī3 para-ba-ntur docē-ba-ntur reg-ē-ba-ntur capi-ē-ba-ntur audi-ē-ba-nturFUTURE Pres. stem + tense

sign + endingPres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

1 singular parā-b-or docē-b-or reg-a-r capi-a-r audī-a-r2 parā-bē-ris (-

re)docē-bē-ris (-re)

reg-ē-ris (-re) capi-ē-ris (-re) audī-ē-ris (-re)

3 parā-bi-tur docē-bi-tur reg-ē-tur capi-ē-tur audī-ē-tur1 plural parā-bi-mur docē-bi-mur reg-ē-mur capi-ē-mur audī-ē-mur2 parā-bi-minī docē-bi-minī reg-ē-minī capi-ē-minī audī-ē-minī3 parā-bu-ntur docē-bu-ntur reg-e-ntur capi-e-ntur audī-e-ntur

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How does it work in Latin? (continued)

1. The perfect system forms in the passive voice are created by combining the perfect passive participle (the fourth principal part) with forms of sum (for the perfect), eram (for the pluperfect), and erō (for the future perfect).

a. Passive Personal Endings: NA, just use

sum, etc. / eram, etc. / erō, etc.

b. Rule for Conjugation: i. 4th principal part + a form of esse

ii. Make 4th principal part agree in no. and gender to the subject

c. Examples:

Perfect: audītus, -a, -um est(s)he/it was heard(s)he/it has been heard

Pluperfect: audītus, -a, -um erat(s)he/it had been heard

Future perfect: audītī, -ae, -a erunt (pl.)they will have been heard

2. All conjugations form the passive voice forms in the perfect system in the same way.

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PERFECT SYSTEM: PASSIVE VOICE, INDICATIVE MOOD

PASSIVE VOICE

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

3rd-io Conjugation

4th Conjugation

PERFECT 4 principal part + present forms of esse

4 principal part + present forms of esse

4 principal part + present forms of esse

4 principal part + present forms of esse

4 principal part + present forms of esse

1 singular parātus sum docta sum rectum sum captus sum audita sum2 parātus es docta es rectum es captus es audita es3 parātus est docta est rectum est captus est audita est1 plural parātī sumus doctae sumus recta sumus captī sumus auditae sumus2 parātī estis doctae estis recta estis captī estis auditae estis3 parātī sunt doctae sunt recta sunt captī sunt auditae sunt

PLUPERFECT 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse

4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse

4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse

4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse

4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse

1 singular parātus eram docta eram rectum eram capta eram auditus eram2 parātus erās docta erās rectum erās capta erās auditus erās3 parātus erat docta erat rectum erat capta erat auditus erat1 plural parātī erāmus doctae erāmus recta erāmus captae erāmus auditī erāmus2 parātī erātis doctae erātis recta erātis captae erātis auditī erātis3 parātī erant doctae erant recta erant captae erant auditī erantFUTURE PERFECT

4 principal part + future forms of esse

4 principal part + future forms of esse

4 principal part + future forms of esse

4 principal part + future forms of esse

4 principal part + future forms of esse

1 singular parātus erō docta erō rectum erō capta erō auditus erō2 parātus eris docta eris rectum eris capta eris auditus eris3 parātus erit docta erit rectum erit capta erit auditus erit1 plural parātī erimus doctae erimus recta erimus captae

essēmusauditī erimus

2 parātī eritis doctae eritis recta eritis captae eritis auditī eritis3 parātī erunt doctae erunt recta erunt captae erunt auditī erunt

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PRACTICE

1. You didn’t even find the exit, did you*? *use interrogative particle that expects “no”

2. In a brief time, that course will hinder us all.

3. From where (one adverb for “whence” or “from where”) are all of these armies coming?

4. Many men (use form of homo) will gather in the senate.

5. Can (use potes, 2nd person singular present active of possum, posse) you hear me now?

6. We will be there (use form of adsum, adesse and an adverb for “there”) in a few paces.

7. At sunset (= “at the setting of the sun,” using form of occasus and sol, solis, m.) we will sleep because the waves from the sea are not large.

8. The envoys will have reached the harbor in three days.

9. The soldiers will soon fortify the walls (use moenia, moenium, n. pl.) of the city.

10. When will the teacher punish (use puniō, -īre) (his) bad students?

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