First Assessment of WEF- Nexus in Bolivia - … · First Assessment of WEF- Nexus in Bolivia ......

First Assessment of WEF- Nexus

in Bolivia

Franz Rojas-Ortuste y Michael Heiland

June 9, 2015

Nexus Concept

• Its a new approach

• It enables better understanding of the interdependencies and

interactions between water, energy and food security, in a sustainable

development perspective.

• Forcing us to consider the impacts of a decision in one of the sectors on

the other sectors. If it is possible to anticipate the trade-offs and

synergies, it is possible to design, evaluate and prioritize response

options that are viable for the various sectors.

Actual situation, aims and interventions in the water sector

SECTOR ACTUAL SITUATION AIMS FOR 2025 INTERVENTIONS

WATER

For human

consumption

80% coverage of potable water

2 mill. people without access to water

(1.0 mill. Urban , 1.1 mill. Rural areas)

55% coverage of sanitation

Approx. 4.5 mill. people without

sanitation (1.9 mill. urban, 2.6 mill. rural

areas)

15%-20% sewage treatment (the majority

with operational problems).

Contamination of rivers, lakes and

groundwater

100% coverage of potable water

5.2 mill. people more: 3.7 mill.

Urban, 1.5 in rural areas.

100% coverage of sanitation

7.6 mill. people more: 4.7 mill.

Urban, 2.9 mill. rural areas

100% of sewage treated

Extension of water supply systems

Andes region and valleys: superficial

water and ground water

Plain zones: ground water (high

dependency of pumping)

Construction of new sewage systems and

amplification of existing urban systems

Plain zones: pumping required

Sewage Treatment

lagoon systems combined with mechanical

components (energy consumption)

WATER

For irrigation

303.000 ha irrigated ares; 216 irrigation

dams;

El 69% of irrigation from rivers, 13% from

reservoirs, 9% from groundwater aquifers

(640 pozos), 7% de vertientes y 2% re-use

9.450 ha technical irrigation (solo 3%)

700.000 ha a 1.0 million ha

80.000 ha technical irrigation

(70.550 ha more, i.e. 11.5%)

50 additional medium size dams (above 15 m

height)

160 additional small dams

Rehabilitation of 1,500 irrigation systems

Enlargement of 8.5 times of technical

irrigation(use of electrical power)

Water sources for irrigation

Fountains

Reservoirs Wells

Re-use

Rivers

Actual situation, aims and interventions in the food sector


FOOD

SECURITY

15 mill. tons of food : 2 mill. tons under

irrigation

Cereals: 2.0 million tons

Tubercles: 975.000 tons

Trigo: 226.000 Tn (IBCE)

Oleaginosas and industrial products

11.3 million tons

Fruits: 1.0 million tons

Unsatisfied Demand

Trigo, unsatisfied demand 42%

Potato from October to Dicember

Hortalizas, unsatisfied demand 31%.

Cereals: 3.5 million tons

Tubercles: 1.1 million tons

Trigo: 1.0 million tons

Recovered soils for agricultural production:

150.000 ha

Conserved soils for agricultural production:

150.000 ha

Amplification of irrigated area

Energy Mix in Bolivia 2012

Natural Gas 63 %

Diesel 6 %

Biomass 1 % Hydropower (storage)

11 %

Hydropower (run-of-river) 19 %

Actual situation, aims and interventions in the energy sector


ENERGY

National Interconnection

System (SIN): 1384.8 MW

generation capacity

Isolated systems : 179.4

MW

Unregulated systems

Coverage of electrical

power: 82 %

3500 MW (2115 MW

additional capacity)

Coverage of electrical

power: 100 %

3.80 million households

1599 MW (planned additional capacity):

Hydropower projects under construction:

Misicuni (phase one: 80 MW, phase two: 40 MW) in

Cochabamba

San José (120 MW) in Cochabamba

Portfolio of hydropower projects:

Miguillas (196 MW) in La Paz

Ivirizu (164 MW) in Cochabamba

Rositas (400 MW) in Santa Cruz

Icla (102 MW) in Chuquisaca y Potosí

Carrizal I, II y III (347 MW) in Tarija and Chuquisaca

Margarita (150 MW) in Chaco tarijeño.

Proyectos con energías alternativas

Wind power in Qollpana (3 MW)

Biomass in San Buenaventura (10 MW)

Geothermic Plant Laguna Colorada (100 MW)

Wind power installations (50 MW)

Solar power plant at altiplano (20 MW)

Thermal power projects: 1100 MW.

Megaprojects under studies, for power export

El Bala (1680 MW)

Cachuela Esperanza (990 MW)

Hydropower scheme Río Grande (en total 2.882 MW)

Interconnections Water - Energy - Food Security WATER

Requires : ENERGY

Requires : FOOD SECURITY

Requires :

WATER

At least 8 large hydropower

projects with total capacity

1599 MW

9 more hydropower projects for

power exportation (Cachuela

Esperanza, El Bala and others)

Significant amount of water to

increase from 303.000 ha to

700.000 ha or 1.0 million ha

(Reference 8000 m3/ha).

Possibility to use treated

residual water

ENERGY

Operational cost of energy

represent 34% total costs of

supply companies in Bolivia

Power for technical irrigation

(possibility of use of local

renewable energy sources)

FOOD (land)

Efficient use of water for

irrigation (avoid losses)

Amplification of technical

irrigation (drop, aspersion) which

uses much less water than gravity

systems

Reduction of use of pesticides

that contaminate rivers,

reservoirs and others

Pilot areas destined for bio-

combustible production

Coordination of national policies

It is necessary to consider various aspects, such as the following:

• Surface irrigation. They are 500 thousand or 700 thousand hectares, will

involve a significant increase in the amount of irrigated land, with strong

investment requirements, implementation capacity and pressure on water

resources;

• Energy Plan does not explicitly show the electricity demand of the potable

water and sanitation systems (possibly its included in the projected demand

of the distribution companies).

• Energy demand of the EPSA is not linear, due to the energy implications of

the new sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants;

• Necessary to incorporate the energy potential that may exist through the

capture of biogas from sewage treatment plants.

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Coordination of national level with sub-national governments

• Framework Law on Decentralization creates Sectoral Coordination Councils as

consultative bodies, for proposal and consultation between the government of

the central State level and the competent sector authority of the autonomous

governments.

• The structures of the governorates are different from the central level, that may

hinder the proper coordination:

• while the Secretariats of Environment and Sustainable Development of

Santa Cruz and Tarija integrate the functions of the environment and basic

sanitation, the functions of irrigation are in another Secretariat.

• In Cochabamba, the Secretariat of the Mother Earth of the governorate has

functions in the environment, watershed management and governance of

the water, while the functions of irrigation can be found in the Secretariat of

Productive Development and Economy and the plural of drinking water and

sanitation are in a third Secretariat (Works and Services).

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identify interlinkages water-energy-food

context sustainability diagramme

prepare interlinkage matrix

verify key interlinkages, their synergies and trade-offs

define country typology

select context sustainability indicators

Data Collection

calculate score of context sustainability indicators

define interventions and key performance indicators

calculate score of performance indicators

performance radar diagramme

performance/sustainability diagramme

Methodology for Nexus Assessment Water-Energy-Food

Evid

ence

Sc

enar

io d

evel

op

men

t R

esp

on

se

Op

tio

ns

Pre

par

atio

n

Co

nte

xt

anal

ysis

P

erfo

rman

ce

anal

ysis

Final workshops GIZ

Final Report

First Report

stak

eho

lder

d

ialo

gue

Reference to FAO Model

Chapter 4

Table 2, 3, 4

Page 25

Table 5 /Annex 1

Box 4 Table 5 (Table 7)

Figure 3 (Figure 6)

Table 6 (Table 8)

Box 5 (Table 9)

Figure 5 (Figure 7)

Figure 8

( ) reference to case studies

Quantitative Context Analysis of Bolivia

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Country typology 2: Water rich country, agriculture-based economy WATER ENERGY FOOD LABOR CAPITAL

Area under

agricultural water

management as a %

of irrigation potential

Proposed weight: 2

Benchmark: 39%

Share of households using

traditional fuels

Proposed weight: 2

Benchmark: 43%

Average dietary energy

supply adequacy (%)

Proposed weight: 3

Benchmark: 112%

Average salary in non-

agricultural activities/

average salary in

agricultural activities

Proposed weight: 1

Benchmark: 3.38

ODA to agriculture/

cross domestic product

(GDP) (current

prices/1000 USD)

Proposed weight: 1

Benchmark: 1.5

Rural population

without improved

drinking water

sources

Proposes weight:2

Benchmark: 25%

Total fossil energy

consumption in

agriculture/gross

agricultural production

Proposes weight: 1

Benchmark: 2.3 x 1000 $/GJ

Arable land per gross


Proposes weight: 1

Benchmark: 0.6

Ha/1000 int $

Rate of unemployment

(skilled /unskilled

occupation)

Proposes weight: 3

Benchmark: 5.2%

Total economically

active population in

agriculture/net


Proposes weight: 3

Benchmark:

1 pers/1000 int $

Variables of quantitative analysis

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Variables for analysis of Context Sustainibility Unity Source Context: BOLIVIA

WATER

Area under irrigation Ha AQUASTAT, cod 4317 303,000

Potential irrigation area Ha AQUASTAT, cod 4307 4,500,000

Rural population without improved water supply (%)

% WB Statistics 28.10%

ENERGY

Households using traditional combustibles % INE, 2012 25.90%

Fossil energy consumption for agriculture, 2003

GJ FAOSTAT 216,900

Gross agricultural production (int) 1000 $ FAOSTAT, cod 152 3,860,602

FOOD

Average dietary energy supply adequacy (%) % FAOSTAT, cod 6121 105%

Arable land Ha AQUASTAT, cod 4101 4,296,000

Gross agricultural production (int) 1000 $ FAOSTAT, cod 152 3,860,602

LABOR

Average salary of non-agricultural activities USD INE, 2012 4701.92

Average salary of agricultural activities USD INE, 2012 3107.00

Rate of unemployment (skilled/unskilled occupation), 2009

% WB Statistics, 2012 3.40%

CAPITAL

ODA to agriculture, 2013 USD OECD Statistics 81,767,000

GDP (current prices/1000 USD), 2013 USD WB Statistics 30,601,158

Population economically active in agriculture Pob FAOSTAT, cod 601 2,195,000

Net agricultural production (int) 1000 USD FAOSTAT, cod 154 3,654,992.4

Quantitative Context Analysis of Bolivia

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Water 1.78

Energy 1.41

Food 2.08

Labor 1.60

Capital 1.90

• Situation in Bolivia adequate

• Low pressure in Energy

• Moderate pressure in Water and

Labor

• Still inferior of majority of

countries in Capital

• Pressure lightly superior of

majority of countries in Food

Context analysis

E

F

L C

W

Variables for analysis of specific project

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Variables para análisis de la

Sostenibilidad del ContextoUnidad

Proyecto: Presa San

Jacinto

Referencia nacional de

Bolivia

Volumen de riego por bombeo Hm3/año 0.77 141.60

Volumen utilizado en riego Hm3/año 7.00 1,920

Energía utilizada en el riego GW-H-año 3.1 82.7778

Superficie de riego ha 1,350 303,200

Producción agricola con riego Tn 9,864 1,800,000

Ingresos generados en agricultura por

riegomiles USD 5,603 1,657,427

Generacion hidroeléctrica GW-H-año 17.97 1,981.2

Area de cuenca/Volumen embalse Km2/Hm3 8.40 13.47

Producción piscicola Tn 70.0 6,585

Precio de energía Miles USD/año 503.06 569,310

Familias beneficiarias de riego

proveniente de presa261.00 283,000

Analysis of specific project: San Jacinto

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Componente

Nexo

Indicador de Sostenibilidad del

Proyecto

Valor actual en el

Proyecto San

Jacinto

Valor de

Referencia de

Bolivia

Cambio en el

IndicadorPuntuación

Peso

Asignado

Puntuación

ponderada

Volumen de riego por bombeo / energía

utilizada en riego0.2484 1.7106 -85.48% 1.29 1.00

Volumen de riego por bombeo /

Superficie de riego0.0006 0.0005 22.13% 3.44 3.00

Energía utilizada en riego / Superficie de

riego0.0023 0.00027 741.09% 5.00 1.00

Produccion hidroenergética /(Relación

cuenca/volumen de embalse)2.14 147.03 -98.55% 1.03 2.00

Produccion agricola con riego/Volumen

de riego1409.14 937.50 50.31% 4.01 2.00

Produccion piscicola / generacion

hidroeléctrica3.8962 3.3237 17.22% 3.34 2.00

TRABAJO Ingresos agricolas por riego/rendimiento 0.56807 0.92079 -38.31% 2.23 3.00 2.234

CAPITALPrecio energia hidroeléctrico/ Superficie

de riego0.3726 1.8777 -80.15% 1.40 3.00 1.397

AGUA

ENERGÍA

ALIMENTACIÓN

2.905

2.353

3.675

• Major pressure in Food Due to

productivity lower than the

average (Priority more to quality

of the vid)

• Moderate pressure in Water still

inferior of the average

• Light pressure in Energy and

Labor

• Low pressure in Capital

Analysis of specific project: San Jacinto

Value of the comparison of

indicators Scale of

specific project

>= +100 % 5

+ 50 % 4

0 % 3

- 50 % 2

=< -100 % 1

Water 2.91

Energy 2.35

Food 3.68

Labor 2.23

Capital 1.40

E

F

L C

W

Multipurpose Projects

• San Jacinto

Energy generation dependent of other users

• Misicuni and Huacata

Irrigation and Water Supply after energy generation

Drinking water and irrigation have priority!

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Multipurpose Project San Jacinto

Dam

Raw water Intake

Hydropower

Plant

Irrigation by pumping

Treatment

plant

Embalse San Jacinto

Agricultural

areas

Dam



• Arch-gravity dam, double curved

• Height 46.5 m, crest length 100 m

• Usable storage volume 49 Mio m³ (elev. 1884 masl)

• Spillway 900 m³/s; 4 inflatable rubber gates, height 1.50 m

• 2 bottom outlets with gates (sediment control)

• Intake tunnel, surge tank, penstock head 51 m

• Hydroelectric power plant 8 MW (4 Francis turbines)

• Flow discharge 4,100 l/s, each turbine

• For irrigation ~ 600 l/ s, distribution per gravity and pumping

• For water supply ~ 230 l/s (1996 – 2005)

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Arch-

gravity dam

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Powerhouse

Surge Tank and

Penstock

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Irrigation Outlet

Penstock

Turbines (4 x 2 MW)

Surge Tank


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Treatment Plant

Flocculation

Sedimentation


Synergies

• Dam for multiple use (drinking water,

irrigation, energy y acuaculture)

• Economy of scale in operating costs

• 22 % of energy for Tarija come from

HPP San Jacinto

• Potential for abstraction of larger

volumes of water (spillway operating

from February to April)

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Trade-offs

• Irrigation around the reservoir

pollutes the water, affecting use for

drinking water

• Water treatment plant out of service

(since 2005, cost 500,000 US$)

• Insufficient water supply of Tarija

Proyecto Multipropósito Misicuni

Dam

Transfer

Tunnel

Penstock

Powerhouse

Reservoir

Surge Tank

Proyecto Multipropósito Misicuni

• Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD)

• Height 120 m, crest length 434 m (elev. 3784 masl)

• Spillway, capacity1200 m³/s (PMF)

• Total storage volume 185 Mio m³, active storage volume 154 Mio m³

• Storage area 4.6 km² (elev. 3774 masl)

• Transfer tunnel 19 km

• Penstock length 3.8 km, with surge tank

• Total head 1020 m

• Hydropower Plant 80 MW (120 MW),

• Annual generation 217 GWh

• Total discharge 3 m³/s, 2 m³ for water supply, 1m³ for irrigation of 4000 Ha

Multipurpose Project Misicuni

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Dam

Penstock

Proyecto multipropósito Huacata

• Presa derivadora sobre Rio Huacata

• Canal de trasvase de 4 Km, caudal 860 l/s

• Presa de enrocamiento con cara de hormigón, altura 27.5 m

• Vertedero 18 m³/s (tipo bico de pato)

• Volumen útil de embalse 13.8 Mio m³, Area 154 Ha

• Tunel de trasvase 900 m, caida 550 m (por quebrada natural)

• Canal de salida de 10 Km, area de riego 1000 Ha

• Caudal para riego 600 l/s, agua potable 260 l/s

• Planta Hidroeléctrica 5.5 MW Pelton (a construir)

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Multipurpose Project Huacata

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Diversion Dam

Huacata Reservoir

Preliminary Reflections

• Management Model to ensure its sustainability

• Define policies for operation of the dam (rules and priorities)

• Improve irrigation efficiency (encouraging

• Renewable Energy through sustainable tariffs

• Business Model for different multipurpose projects

• Ensure protection strip around the reservoir

• Sediment control

• Concept of use for multiple uses (San Jacinto generation of independent

energy; Misicuni Huacata using turbined water)

• Prohibit the change of land use in the basin

• Integrated Management of the River basin (MIC)

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Thanks for your attention!

ANEXOS

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Dam Site


Plinth on left bank

Plinth on right bank

(geological fault zone)


Dam site

Entrance of

Transfer Tunnel

Site camp


Powerhouse

Treatment Plant Compensation

Storage

Surge tank

Penstock

Penstock

Pit for Powerhouse


Compensatioon

Storage

Treatment Plant



View of left bank with

future spillway area

Grouting works

First Assessment of WEF- Nexus in Bolivia - … · First Assessment of WEF- Nexus in Bolivia ......

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